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EXPERIMENT
: MEMBRANE SEPARATION
DATE PERFORMED
: 16/5/2014
SEMESTER
:4
PROGRAMME CODE
SUBMIT TO
DATE SUBMITED
: 2 /5/2014
No
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Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
TOTAL MARKS
Remarks:
Checked by:
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Date:
TABLE CONTENT
Number
Title
Pages
Marks
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference
Appendix
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10-13
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1.0 ABSTRACT
The experiment is carried our to study on four different types of membranes by using
Membrane Test Unit model TR14.The experiment is conducted to study characteristics based
on 4 different types of membrane which are AFC99(polyamide film),AFC 40 (polyamide
film),CA 202 (cellulose acetate) and FP 100 (PVDF),by using Membrane Test Unit model
TR14. In plus, this experiment was made to determine the characteristics of 4 types of
membranes which different in term of pore size by separation driving force is namely as
reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF) and microfiltration (MF)
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2.0 INTRODUCTION
In our real life, the membrane technology is mostly used in transport of substances
between two fractions with the help of permeable membranes for separation of gaseous or
liquid streams .Membrane technology are available in variety of separation capabilities have
become the technology .It used not only removal of turbidity, precursors, microorganism
relating to underground , surface water supplies and other. But for our experiment, the
Membrane Test unit Model TR 14 shown in Figure 2.1 has been designed to demonstrate the
technique of membrane separations which highly popular as they provided effective
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The AFC 99 is rated with 99% NaCl rejection at maximum pressure and temperature which is
64 bar and 80 whereas the AFC 40 has 60% CaCl2 rejection at 60 bar and 60 .
Both of these membranes use in operation of reverse osmosis. Meanwhile, the CA 202 is
rated with apparent retentation of 2000 MWCO and the FP 100 is 100000 MWCO. Both of
these two membranes use in ultrafiltration process which CA 202 operates at 25 bars and 30
while the FP 100 is at 10 bar and 80 .
Many processes for separation of gaseous or liquid mixtures use semi permeable membranes
that allow one or more constituents of the mixture to pass through more readily than the
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membrane
In reverse
greater than that in permeate. This provides an activity gradient across the membrane even
through the concentration of water in the product is higher than in the feed.
There are several processes for the separation of liquid mixtures using porous membranes or
asymmetric polymer membrane. With porous membranes, separation may be depending just
on differences in diffusivity, as is the case with dialysis, where aqueous solutions at
atmospheric pressure are on both sides of the membrane. For liquid-liquid extraction using
porous membranes, the immiscible raffinate and extract phases are separated by the
membrane, and differences in the equilibrium solute distribution as well as differences in
diffusivity determine the extract composition.
Microfiltration (MF) and ultra-filtration (UF) systems used a lower pressure compare
to reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltartion (NF). Both the MF and UF have been shown to
exceed the removal efficiencies. MF and UF membrane system generally use hallow fibers
that can be operated in the outside in or inside out direction of flow.
In desalination, salt water on one side of a semi-permeable RO membrane is subjected
to high pressure. This cause fresh water to diffuse through the membrane and leaves behind
more concentrated solution that the source supply, containing the majority of the dissolved
minerals and other contaminants. A loose version of RO called Nanofiltration typically
operates at 85to 95% recovery, without pressures. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis
membranes are mainly used for water purification purposes.
Reverse osmosis separates aqueous ionic solutions of different concentration. In
osmosis, solvent transports from a dilute solute or salt solution to a concentrated solute or salt
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3.0 OBJECTIVES
The experiment is conducted in order:
4.0 THEORY
There are several types of equipment for membrane processes. The membrane acts as
a semipermeable barrier and separation occurs by the membrane controlling the rate of
movement of various molecules between two liquid phases. The two fluid phases are usually
miscible and the membrane barrier prevents actual, ordinary hydrodynamic flow. First is flat
membrane is usually to characterize the permeability of the membrane. The modules are easy
to fabricate and use and the areas of the membranes are well defined. Next, spiral wound
membranes and this configuration retains the simplicity of fabricating flat membranes while
increasing markedly the membrane area per unit separator volume. Third is hallow fibre
membranes and the membranes are in the shape at very small diameter hollow fibres.
The graph of permeate weight versus time that should we get is increase in permeate weight
as time increase. But at certain time, the curve shape will be seen as time of separation
Figure 4.1 :The figure above shown that ,the filtration range for every each type of
membrane.
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Figure 4.2 : The figure shown that type of membrane use to separate components.
Membrane separation can be classified by pore size and by the separation driving force for
example Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), Ion-Exchange (IE)
and Reverse Osmosis (RO).
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The membrane separation techniques utilized in the dairy industry serve different purposes:
RO mostly it used for dehydration of whey, UF permeate and condensate.
NF mostly it used when partial desalination of whey, UF permeates or retentate is
required.
UF -typically used for concentration of milk proteins in milk and whey and for
protein standardization of milk intended for cheese, yoghurt and some other products.
MF -basically used for reduction of bacteria in skim milk, whey and brine, but also
for defatting whey intended for whey protein concentrate (WPC) and for protein
fractionation.
Membrane processes are characterized by the fact that a feed stream is divided into 2
streams: retentate and permeate. The retentate is that part of the feed that does not pass
through the membrane, while the permeate is that part of the feed that does pass through the
membrane. The optional "sweep" is a gas or liquid that is used to help remove the permeate.
The component(s) of interest in membrane separation is known as the solute. The solute can
be retained on the membrane and removed in the retentate or passed through the membrane in
the permeate.
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Figure 5.1:The figure shown that Membrane Test Unit model TR14.
6.0PROCEDURES
6.01 General Start-Up Procedures:
1. Ensure all valves are initially closed.
2. A sodium chloride solution was prepared by adding 100 gram of sodium chloride into
20L of water.
3. The feed tank was filled up with salt solution prepared in step 2. The feed shall always
be maintained at room temperature.
4. The power was turned on for the control panel. All sensors and indicators are checked
for functioning properly.
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7.
Membrane
Open Valves
Sampling Valves
(step 2)
Retentate
Membrane
Control Valve
maximum inlet
V2,V5,V7,V11
V15
pressure (bar)
18
and V15
V2,V5,V8,V12
close V11
Open V20 and
V16
12
and V16
V2,V5,V9,V13
close V12
Open V21 and
V17
10
and V17
V2,V5,V10,V14
close V13
Open V22 and
V18
8.5
and V18
close V14
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7.0 RESULTS
Time (min)
Max P=18
1
49.07
2
95.57
3
138.60
4
182.57
5
225.00
6
267.79
7
312.23
8
356.68
9
401.99
10
446.00
8.0 CALCULATION
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Max P=12
70.95
134.80
198.53
261.90
325.20
389.30
459.63
519.49
582.07
647.58
Membrane 3
Membrane 4
Max P=10
32.09
57.65
89.91
121.73
155.67
190.73
223.47
257.20
291.28
325.53
Max P=8.5
559.16
1168.04
1779.58
2386.42
2974.54
3587.32
4194.05
4802.24
5622.92
6221.85
4000
Membranes of permate(g)
Membrane 2(P=12)
3000
Membrane 3(P=10)
Membrane 4(P=8.5)
2000
1000
0
0
10
12
Time(min)
9.0 DISCUSSION
In this experiment, we were to characterize the differences between four types of
membranes, which are the reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), ultrafiltration (UF), and
microfiltration (MF). In doing this experiment, the apparatus used to accomplish the objective
is SOLTEQ Membrane Test Unit (Model: TR14). This unit has been designed to demonstrate
the technique of membrane separations which has become highly popular as it provide
separation in effective way without using heat energy as used in distillation process. Heat
sensitive materials, such as fruit juices can be separated or concentrated by virtue of their
molecular weight.Membrane separation is a process of which a solution sample and water is
run through a semi permeable membrane that allows them to separate. The separated water
will equilibrate the system, which is commonly known as osmotic pressure. When a
mechanical force is applied to exceed the osmotic pressure, the water is forced to move from
low concentration to higher concentration. Permeates designates the liquid passing through
the membrane and retentate, or concentrate designates the fraction to not pass through the
membrane.
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10.0 CONCLUSION
This experiment was a quite success and conclusions can be made. Firstly, based on
the theory, the weight of permeates collected from membrane 1 to 4 can be different due to
different maximum inlet pressure of each membrane. The highest amount of permeate at
product is 6221.85 g and the lowest is about 325.53 g. It can be seen that the forth membrane
carried the largest value of weight of the collected. This shows that every membrane will give
out the same pattern at the outlet however, only the values of the weight were different from
each other. Therefore, this shows that the separation process was the fastest in the forth
membrane and the first membrane was the slowest. From the graph, the permeate weight
increases while the time increases. For the membrane 4, the line increases steadily. For the
membrane 1, 2 and 3 the lines show sloppier with increase in the percentage of composition
of salt at product. Therefore, the objectives of this experiment are successfully achieved.
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11.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
In carried out the experiment, there are a few steps of recommendation that can be
considered in order to get accurate data and smoothly in progressing the experiment. Firstly,
general step-up must be conducted as given then followed by the experiment procedures and
end with the general shut-down procedures. This is to ensure that the experiment can be
progress successfully. During taking the reading of weight permeates by using digital
weighing balance, the reading of weight should be taking in more significant figures so that
to avoid any error and to get result more accurate in order word the true values could be
minimized. Moreover, the average weight of permeates should be calculated by taking weight
of permeates in three or two times in order to get more accurate value of result. The system
should run more than 5 minutes so that the system can work more stabilized in order to get
more accurate value of weight of permeates. During collect the samples, the sampling valves
should be open and close simultaneously and immediately so that no occur in term of
interruption during collecting samples. Besides that, leftover sodium chloride in membrane 1
should be dried first before the starting of experiment for others membrane to avoid leaking
during the experiment. Before conducting to next experiment, every each of membranes must
be cleaned before and after usage to avoid fouling which might affect the final results. The
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12.0 REFERENCES
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Figure 13.1:The figure shown that Membrane Test Unit model TR14.
Figure 13.2:The figure shown that the location 4 type of membrane Membrane Test
Unit model TR14.
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Figure 13.3 :The figure shown that jars and Digital weighing balance
Figure 13.4 :The figure shown that pressure gauge of Membrane Test Unit model TR14
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Figure 13.5 :The figure shown that the type of valve for each type membrane 1,2,3,4 of
Membrane Test Unit model TR14
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