Green Toilet Design

This Online Learning Seminar is available through a
professional courtesy provided by:
Excel Dryer, Inc.

357 Chestnut Street P.O. Box 365.
East Longmeadow, MA 01028 U.S.A.
Tel: (413) 525-4531 Fax: (413) 525-2853.
Email: sales@exceldryer.com
Web: www.exceldryer.com
Next Generation Green

Restroom Design
Sloan Valve Company.

10500 Seymour Avenue.
Franklin Park, IL 60131.
Tel: 847-671-4300 Fax: 847-671-6944.
Toll-Free: 800-745-0800.
Email: conservewater@sloanadministration.com
Web: www.sloanvalve.com
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2010, 2013
2010, 2013 Excel Dryer, Inc./Sloan Valve Company. The material contained in
this course was researched, assembled, and produced by Excel Dryer,
Inc./Sloan Valve Company and remains its property. LEED and related logo is
a trademark owned by the U.S. Green Building Council and is used by
permission. Questions or concerns about the content of this course should be
directed to the program instructor. This multimedia product is the copyright of
AEC Daily.
Slide 1 of 85
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Next Generation Green Restroom Design

Presented By: Excel Dryer, Inc., 357 Chestnut Street, P.O. Box 365, East Longmeadow, MA 01028 U.S.A.
Sloan Valve Company, 10500 Seymour Avenue, Franklin Park, IL 60131 U.S.A.
Description: Provides an overview of the newest technologies in high-efficiency plumbing products and fixtures for
sustainable restroom design, including practical, economical and environmental benefits of high-speed, energy-efficient
hand dryers, water use and trends, how to choose water-saving products and an explanation of how these products
apply to new, best practice green building.
To ensure the accuracy of this program material, this course is valid only when listed on AEC Dailys Online Learning
Center. Please click here to verify the status of this course.
If the course is not displayed on the above page, it is no longer offered.
The American Institute of Architects Course No. AEC444 This program qualifies for 1.0 LU/HSW Hour.
AEC Daily Corporation is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s)
earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and nonAIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method
or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services
will be addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
This course is approved by other organizations. Please click here for details.
2010, 2013 Table of Contents
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AEC Daily Corporation has met the standards and requirements of

the Registered Continuing Education Program. Credit earned on
completion of this program will be reported to RCEP at RCEP.net.
A certificate of completion will be issued to each participant. As
such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed
to be an approval or endorsement by the RCEP.
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Purpose and Learning Objectives

Purpose: Provides an overview of the newest technologies in high-efficiency plumbing
products and fixtures for sustainable restroom design, including practical, economical and
environmental benefits of high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers, water use and trends,
how to choose water-saving products and an explanation of how these products apply to
new, best practice green building.
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
review facts about water and water use in the U.S.
discuss specific green design restroom applications, including performance testing
information
describe what to look for when choosing water-efficient products
explain the environmental costs and benefits, including a complete life cycle
assessment measuring the carbon footprint, of virgin and recycled paper towel use,
standard hand dryers and high-speed, energy-efficient (HSEE) hand dryers, and
list financial and maintenance benefits of the high-speed, energy-efficient dryers.
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How to use this Online Learning Course

To view this course, use the arrows at the bottom of each slide or the up and down
arrow keys on your keyboard.
To print or exit the course at any time, press the ESC key on your keyboard. This will
minimize the full-screen presentation and display the menu bar.
Within this course is an exam password that you will be required to enter in order
to proceed with the online examination. Please be sure to remember or write down this
exam password so that you have it available for the test.
To receive a certificate indicating course completion, refer to the instructions at the
end of the course.
For additional information and post-seminar assistance, click on any of the logos
and icons within a page or any of the links at the top of each page.
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Table of Contents
Green Restrooms
High-Efficiency Factor
10
Water Consumption
14
Water-Saving Products
27
High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Hand Dryers
39
Green Building Programs
59
Summary
81
Click on title to view
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Green Restrooms
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Green Restrooms
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Green Restrooms
Building owners, facility managers and architects are all

concerned with the impact building creation and
occupation/use have on our energy and resources. A
critical reevaluation of traditional practices and products
used for each space within a building is necessary to
satisfy sustainability requirements.
Green buildings not only provide environmental benefits
by reducing the impacts of natural resource
consumption, but also provide economic and health and
safety benefits.
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Green Restrooms
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Green Restrooms
In this course, were going to take a look at products for the commercial restroom, which
are responsible for the majority of water use and a good deal of waste in a building. We
are going to see some simple solutions for meeting the requirements of a variety of
green building programs.
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The High-Efficiency Factor
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High-efficiency products are the key element in next generation green restroom
Design. From toilets and urinals to faucets and high-speed hand dryers, todays green
restrooms blend design and innovation to reduce water, energy, maintenance and
waste.
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Restrooms are a cost center. Water, electricity, paper, maintenance and waste removal
expenses add up quickly, impacting a facility managers bottom line. Upgrading
restrooms with high-efficiency products immediately saves time, money and the
environment.
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High-efficiency products conserve water, reduce electrical consumption and
eliminate waste:
High-efficiency toilets, urinals, and faucets: Low-flow fixtures save water, and that
results in pumping less water, which in turn saves energy. Less water also means
reduced drainage, which equates to less energy for treatment and discharge.
High-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers: Next generation high-speed hand dryers

use 80% less energy than conventional hand dryers. They also deliver a 95% cost
savings compared to paper towels and eliminate their maintenance and waste, while
creating a more hygienic restroom environment.
High-efficiency products help facilities qualify for a range of LEED credits.
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Water Consumption
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Why Is Water Important?
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Water Consumption
Water is the oil of the 21st Century Andrew

Liveris, Chief Executive of Dow Chemical
Company
In 2012, two-thirds of the U.S. experienced a
drought and the US cost of water has risen, on
average, 27% in the past five years.
It is predicted that by 2015 drinking water
access could be a major source of world conflict.
(U.S. Central Intelligence Agency).
Slide 15 of 85
Water and Energy
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Water Consumption
Water is needed to produce energy. Energy is needed to deliver water; energy plants are
dependent on water. Water is used for cooling at power plants and operations are
affected if water levels in rivers, lakes or aquifers get too low. Water shortages lead to
blackouts.
The biggest use of electricity for most cities is supplying and treating water. 13% of our
electrical energy goes to heat, treat and pump water supplies.
U.S. public water supply/treatment
facilities consume about 50 billion
kilowatt-hrs per day. Thats enough
energy to power over 4.5 million
homes for an entire year.
Bio Fuels: Making 1 gallon of ethanol
consumes 100 gallons of water on
average.
Slide 16 of 85
Cost of Water
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Water Consumption
Researchers say the cost of water

will increase more than the rate of
inflation. The price is determined by
a few main factors: the cost of
transporting from source, total
demand, price subsidies, and
treatment. The water rates are
cheaper now than they ever will be
in the future.
Average rates in the top 30 U.S.
cities went up over 9% in 2011
alone. In some places, rates have
gone up over 25%. Some people
are starting to call water Blue
Gold.
Water costs are rising faster than any other utility service.
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Water Consumption
Cost of Water
Water Cost
Sewer Cost
Pre-Treatment
Energy
Labor
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Chemicals
Solid Waste
Disposal
Capital Equipment
Liability
It costs money to treat and pump water through the water

supply cycle. Water prices are going up because
operational inputs like chemicals, energy and labor are all
Water Supply Cycle
getting more expensive. In Phoenix over the past 10
years, chemical cost per million gallons of treated water has increased 493%, electricity cost
by 68%, and raw water cost by 41%.
San Diego imports 90% of its water. The city is paying 66% more for untreated water
because prolonged droughts have reduced deliveries of cheap water from the Colorado
River. $4 billion is spent annually in the U.S. for energy to run drinking water and wastewater
utilities.
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Water Consumption
Reducing Water Use: Legislative
Water shortages in the United States are prompting legislation and development of water
conservation programs on a larger scale.
Arizona
City of Surprise Ordinance 08-22 - Maximum Allowable Water Consumption Flow Rated
California
California Green Building Code
Colorado
Boulder County Build Smart; Fort Collins Water Conservation Ordinance draft
Florida
Miami Dade Ordinance 08-14 - Relating to Water Efficiency Standards
Georgia
Dekalb County Inefficient Plumbing Fixtures Replacement Ordinance
Hawaii
Senate Bill SB556 Relating to Low-Flush Toilet
North Carolina
Recommendations for Water Efficiency Standards
New Jersey
House Bill A1628 Permits water supply service and sewerage service sub-metering in
multi-family dwellings to promote water conservation
Texas
House Bill 2667 Relating to Performance Standards for Plumbing Fixtures Sold in this
State; Dallas Green Building Ordinance
Washington
Senate Bill 2047 Water Efficiency Appliances
Slide 19 of 85
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Reducing Water Use: Rebates
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Water Consumption
Another method that we can use to help reduce water usage is water rebate programs.
These are available in several states. A water rebate program is really quite simple: You
replace a high water-consuming product with a lower water-consuming product, and the
state will reimburse a certain amount of money to help offset the cost of the new product
that was purchased and installed.
In some cases, the new product may be paid for outright; some pay 50 percent. Either
way, you are given some amount of money as an incentive to replace the old waterconsuming product with a higher efficiency product.
Arizona
The state is offering a rebate on replacement HE water heaters. City of Tucson is offering a rebate on
HETs that are installed to replace pre-1991 toilets in nearly all applications.
California
Bay Area water providers are offering rebates for HETs in households, and HETs and HEUs in
commercial restrooms.
Colorado
City of Boulder is offering a rebate to both residential and commercial customers who install HETs.
New York
New York City is offering a rebate of $125 to replace old, water-guzzling toilets.
Texas
San Antonio Water Systems provide free HET, HE showerheads and aerators - $150 rebate for on
demand hot water heaters.
Washington
Seattle area water providers are offering rebates for WaterSense- labeled toilet replacements.
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Water Use
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Water Consumption
In terms of water use, we need to understand that in 1950 with a population of about a
150 million people, water usage was at 14 billion gallons per day in the United States.
In the year 2000, with population at 282 million, water usage was 43 billion gallons per
day. That is a population growth of 88 percent, yet it is a water use increase of 207
percent. This means that not only do we have more people using the finite amount of
water, but the way were using it has also increased significantly.
As the population expands and communities grow, water is being used to fill swimming
pools, for sprinklers, and even to hose down patios or places where people eat outside.
Slide 21 of 85
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Water Usage per Industry
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Water Consumption
In order to truly understand the water use, we need to look at it industry by industry. Note
that office buildings, schools, hospitals, hotels and motels do not use water the same way.
Not surprisingly, hotels and motels use a lot in their guestrooms and in their laundry
facilities.
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Water Usage per Industry
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Water Consumption
Similarly, hospitals use large amounts in their domestic bathrooms and restrooms,
whereas in office buildings, youll see that heating and cooling, much like in schools,
represents a higher percentage of the water use. There is still a high percentage of water
used in restrooms or domestic bathrooms in each and every one of these applications.
Slide 23 of 85
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Typical Indoor Commercial Water Use
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Water Consumption
The chart below shows a breakdown of typical indoor commercial water use. Toilets and
faucets consume the most amount of water, followed by laundry and washing/sanitation.
Slide 24 of 85
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Indoor Domestic Water Use
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Water Consumption
A similar trend occurs in domestic water use, with toilets and showering using the
majority of the water. The plumbing fixtures specified for those areas will have a
definite impact on overall water use.
According to the EPA, a leaking toilet can waste 200 gallons a water a day. A dripping
faucet or showerhead can waste up 1000 gallons per week. If these leaks were fixed, it
would save approximately 177 billion gallons of water a day.
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Water Use
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Water Consumption
In summary, whether its commercial or domestic water use, restrooms themselves use
the highest percentage of indoor water.
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Slide 27 of 85
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High-Efficiency Toilets (HET)
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What is a high-efficiency toilet?

A HET is a fixture that has an average flush
volume of 1.28 gpf or less, meets the
performance requirements of ASME
19.2/CSA B45.1, and passes the 350
grams in maximum performance testing
(MaP).
Dual-flush devices (1.6/1.1 gpf) are
considered HETs.
A HET uses 20% less water than most
toilets on the market today, which are
generally rated at 1.6 gpf.
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Single-Flush HETs
Single-flush 1.28 gpf models are available as manual, battery-powered and hardwired
products. Electronic products have become popular because they are more hygienic and
cleanse the fixture after the user leaves; however, manual devices are still very popular.
Manual
Battery-Powered
Hardwired
Slide 29 of 85
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Dual Flush HETs: Manual
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Manual dual-flush products require highefficiency toilet bowls, the later generation
1.6 bowls or 1.28 single-flush HET bowls.
The manual dual-flush handle is available
to retrofit onto existing valves, and they are
also available as a complete valve for use
with 1.28 or 1.6 bowls.
Target Field installed over 600 manual
dual-flush flushometers. By installing these
water-efficient devices, they plan to save
$100,000 per year.
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Dual-Flush HETs: Flushometers (Battery)
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Electronic dual-flush devices operate on a similar principle to the manual dual-flush. The
small flush provides a 1.1 gpf and the larger a volume of 1.6 gpf. The images here are of
a battery-operated, dual-flush product.
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Solar-Powered Flushometers
Solar-powered flushometers are available in a single-flush electronic product or, once

again, in a dual-flush electronic product. The key advantage with the solar products is
that they use less battery power and have their power source augmented by the light in
the room. The battery life is extended two to three times the normal battery life of a
regular battery-powered product.
Electronic Single-Flush
Electronic Dual-Flush
Slide 32 of 85
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Pressure-Assist Toilets
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Another method of achieving a highefficiency toilet is to use a pressure-assist

toilet. These products use compressed air
as a medium to increase the flush velocity.
These are available in 1.6 gpf, 1.28 gpf and
1.0 gpf. All but the 1.6 gpf unit qualify as
HETs.
Slide 33 of 85
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High-Efficiency Urinals (HEU)
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An HEU is a urinal with a maximum flush

volume of 0.5 gpf or less, and must meet the
performance requirements of ASME 19.2/CSA
B45.1.
A 0.5 gpf HEU uses 50% less water than the
standard urinal (at 1.0 gpf).
HEU gpf options are 0.5 gpf, 0.25 gpf, 0.125
gpf and waterfree.
Please remember the exam password FLUSH.

You will be required to enter it in order to proceed
with the online examination.
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High-Efficiency Urinals (HEU)
High-efficiency urinals are also available as manual, battery-powered, and hardwired

devices.
Note that replacing the diaphragm kit from a 1.0 gpf device to a 0.5 gpf device on the
wash down type urinal will lower water use by 50 percent without replacing the entire unit.
Manual
Battery-Powered
Hardwired
Slide 35 of 85
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High-Efficiency Lavatory Faucets (HELF)
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An HELF is a lavatory faucet with a maximum flow rate of 1.5 gpm and a minimum flow
rate of 0.8 gpm, and must meet the performance requirements of ASME 112.18.1/CSA
B45.0.
The current lavatory faucet standard is 2.2 gpm.
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Electronic Faucets
While not specifically qualified as a highefficiency lavatory faucet, electronic faucets
are certainly another method that will
conserve water, primarily in a commercial
environment. These are faucets that turn on
when theyre used and off when they are not.
Electronic faucets are essential to achieving
LEED points, because they are only on when
used and off during periods of nonuse, and
therefore help to conserve water and eliminate
waste. They generally offer:
vandal resistance
as much as 70% water use savings, and
increased hygiene.
power harvesting
time out settings
Electronic Faucets
Slide 37 of 85
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High-Efficiency Showerheads
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High-efficiency showerhead product specification is the newest

product standard from the EPAs WaterSense program. The
maximum flow rate is 2.0 gpm. In addition, there are very
specific performance requirements associated with how the
showerhead functions, such as the ability to rinse, the pattern
that the showerhead gives off, and the overall efficiency of the
showerhead itself. These requirements ensure the limited flow
does not hamper the shower experience.
With a low-flow showerhead, hot water use for an average
shower can be reduced from 50 gallons to 20 gallons or less.
There are a wide variety of low-flow showerheads available,
including the popular pulsating or massage type. Some of
these showerheads incorporate a valve or push-button that
interrupts the water flow while soaping up, saving even more.
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High-Speed
Energy-Efficient
Hand Dryers
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Traditional Hand Dryers
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High-Speed, Energy-Efficient
Hand Dryers
Historically, hand dryers have not been popular

because they take too long to dry hands
completely. It takes about 10 seconds to dry
hands with paper towels, and with a traditional
dryer (the old industry standard), it can take
about 35-45 seconds.
This is why hand dryers are installed in only
10% of restroomsuntil now. The new industry
standard high-speed, energy-efficient dryer
changed the perception of hand drying.
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How High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Hand Dryers Work
High-Speed
Energy-Efficient
Hand Dryers
Research discovered that wet hands are covered with water in two forms:
Loose droplets
Residual moisture layer
The traditional hand dryer only removes the droplets of water, not the residual
moisture. Blowing droplets off with a focused high-velocity airstream eliminates
excess water in 3 4 seconds. Not all high-speed dryers have a focused enough airflow
and thus take longer to blow off excess water; 18,000 linear feet per minute (LFM) or
above is optimal. A stream of air at 135F (57C) rapidly evaporates the remaining
boundary layer of water. Not all high-speed dryers heat the air, and therefore,
they leave the residual moisture layer on hands. Damp hands are better able to carry
germs and cause cross-contamination. The traditional dryer takes 30 45 seconds
versus the high-speed dryer with hot air which dries completely in 10 15 seconds. A
scientific white paper set a value for dry hands at .2 grams of moisture left on
hands.
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Energy Use
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Comparison1
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Hand Dryers
The Environmental Building News commissioned LCA experts to perform a comparison

of:
virgin paper towels
recycled paper towel
standard hand dryers, and
high-speed hand dryers.
The study considered energy used to harvest raw materials and manufacture paper
towels and assumed two towels per use. For the dryers, the study assumed the U.S.
average of 11,470 Btu/kWh to calculate the energy to produce and transmit electricity.
The study did not include energy for the disposal of the paper towels nor the
administrative and maintenance costs for paper towel use.
1 - http://www.buildinggreen.com/auth/article.cfm/2002/1/1/XLerator-The-Electric-Hand-Dryer-Reinvented/
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Energy Use Comparison
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Hand Dryers
Results overwhelmingly support the high-speed dryer for total cost and efficiency.
1. Estimate from database developed by Franklin Associates, Ltd. of Prairie Village, Kansas and used in the SimaPro LCA software. Includes
energy used to harvest raw materials and manufacture paper towels.
2. Based on pre-folded towels from a national distributor.
3. Based on data from Excel Dryer and informal EBN testing.
4. Assumes two towels per use. For dryers, includes energy used to produce and transmit electricity, based on U.S. average of 11,470
Btu/kWh. Energy for disposal of paper towels is not included. Energy for additional cooling to compensate for dryer use is not included
adding that load would increase dryer energy burden by about 1/3 when space is mechanically cooled.
5. Assumes two towels per use, and national average electricity cost of 8/kWh. Administrative and maintenance costs for paper towel use
(ordering, receiving, storing, refilling dispensers, disposal) and additional cooling load from dryer use are not included.
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Energy Use Comparison
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Hand Dryers
This study confirmed that HSEE hand dryers are

far better than paper towels in terms of energy
use.
virgin paper towels 743 kj/use
recycled paper towels 460 kj/use
standard hand dryers 222 kj/use
high-speed hand dryers 76 kj/use
There is an 80% reduction of energy used per
hand dry versus even recycled paper towels.
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Life Cycle Assessment
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Hand Dryers
In March of 2009, a complete beginning-to-end life cycle assessment (LCA) was

performed to compare the environmental performance of paper towels, 100% recycled
paper towels, standard hand dryers and high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers. The
study was peer reviewed by an independent panel of LCA experts per ISO 14040
standards, which is internationally recognized as the gold standard for performing LCA
studies. This assessment took into account the total climate change impacts or global
warming potential over the entire life cycle of each system. It measured the carbon
footprint of each system in KgCO2 eq.
Several scenarios were usedfor example, source of electricity to power the dryers,
length of drying time, % of recycled paper in the paper towels and alternate towel usage
for the towel systems.
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Hand Dryers
The results were clear: High-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers reduce the hand drying
carbon footprint up to 70% versus conventional dryers and even 100% recycled paper
towels.
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Hand Dryers
When comparing the high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryer to the other systems, there
is no set of possible weightings of impact types that would result in any of the other
systems to be a preferable choice, concludes Jon Dettling, Managing Director, Quantis.1
1 - Quantis, March 2009, www.ecointesys.com, Boston, MA.
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Hand Dryers
Sanitation and Maintenance
Historically, there was concern that hand dryers harbor germs. In 1994, a University of
Westminster study funded by the tissue paper industry found that warm air dryers could
increase the amount of bacteria on hands and encourage the growth of bacteria. In
2000, the Mayo Clinic refuted these results in a study entitled, Effects of 4 Hand Drying
Methods for Removing Bacteria from Washed Hands: A Randomized Trial.
The Mayo Clinic study found:
no statistically significant differences between bacteria counts on
pre-wash and post-dry hands,
forced warm air dryers removed the most bacteria compared to
other methods, and
there was no difference in germs removed from hands by using paper
towels or forced warm air.
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Sanitation and Maintenance
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Hand Dryers
In the past 40 years, many studies have found that regardless of the hand washing
agent used, electric air drying produces the highest and cloth the lowest reduction of
bacteria and viruses on washed hands. The studies showed the following:
Blowing warm air may lead to an accelerated dehydration of the skin surface,
affecting the viability of the microorganism.
Warm air penetrates all the crevices in the skin versus towels that may not reach
such areas.
Paper towels create unsanitary conditions even after use.
Unless paper towel waste is regularly cleaned, it can be a lasting source of bacteria.
There has been no evidence for the actual growth of bacteria or fungi inside the
dryer, and
Bacteria counts are often 2 to 4 times lower inside the dryer than on other
surfaces in the restroom.
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Vandalism and Reliability
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Hand Dryers
In public restrooms, perception of clean is as important as sanitation. Maintaining this

image means keeping counters free of water and soap residue, keeping toilet tissue
stocked, eliminating unsightly trash on the floor and ensuring any vandalism is repaired
or prevented. Paper towel dispensers are commonly vandalized, with users breaking
the dispensers or opening them and removing large amounts of paper towels.
Hand dryers reduce these concerns:
They are well-built and very vandal-resistant. Features include tamper-proof screws
and small, round air intake holes to prevent access to any internal working parts. The
lack of buttons and moving parts provides less opportunity for tampering, and
Building owners and facility managers find that paper trash left on the floor is
reduced, clogged toilets are basically eliminated and vandalism decreases.
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Sound Levels
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Hand Dryers
High-speed hand dryers are louder than traditional

models due to air deflection noise, which is created by
the high-velocity, focused air flow bouncing off the
users hands. Depending on how close and at what
angle the users hands are to the airflow can fluctuate
the decibel levels up to the mid-90 decibel range.
The high-velocity focused airstream is what makes
these units fast and energy-efficient. If the flow of air
is reduced too much to lower decibel levels, then you
lose the high-efficiency performance of the unit, thus
negating the green benefits.
Some manufacturers offer models with a sound
reduction nozzle option that lowers the decibel level
by 9db and eliminates almost all of the air deflection
noise without sacrificing the speed and efficiency, by
only extending the drying time a few seconds.
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Aesthetics
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Hand Dryers
Hand dryers are available in a number of cover finishes, including white and custom
color, chrome plated, bulk molding compound (BMC) and stainless steel. Some
manufacturers also offer custom digital image cover graphics, allowing buyers to design
their own high-speed hand dryers with company logos, team mascots, school colors, and
any other high-resolution image. These designs can include an optional green message
that can educate the users as to why using high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers is
better for the environment than paper towels.
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Slide 52Slide
of 88
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Retrofit and ADA Compliance
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Hand Dryers
When remodeling existing buildings, some hand dryer manufacturers offer stainless steel,
adjustable, retrofit kits to replace existing paper towel fixtures. These kits provide a turnkey solution for facility managers to install HSEE dryers while saving time, labor and cost.
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Slide 53Slide
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About the Sponsor
Retrofit and ADA Compliance
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Hand Dryers
ADA compliant recess kits may also be available to help facility managers meet important
height and protrusion requirements, while keeping excess water off the wall and floor.
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Slide 54Slide
of 88
About the Sponsor
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Hand Dryers
Savings Comparison
Converting to a high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryer will result in a 90-95% savings

versus paper towel costs. In addition, the cost of ordering, storing, replenishing, collecting
and disposing of the paper towels is also eliminated. Below are hand dryer savings for a
manufacturing plant, a Class A office building, and a Major League ballpark. With a 95%
cost savings versus paper towels, the typical facility will experience payback on their
investment in less than one year.
MANUFACTURING PLANT
CLASS A OFFICE BUILDING
MAJOR LEAGUE BALLPARK
Using 5,000 cases paper towels @

$17.49/case plus freight, tax and labor
costs.

costs.

costs.
Paper Towel Cost
Paper Towel Cost
Paper Towel Cost
Hand Dryer
Operating Cost
Annual Savings
$131,175/yr
$6,000/yr
$125,175/yr
Hand Dryer
Operating Cost
Annual Savings
$128,081/yr
$5,197/yr
$122,883/yr
Hand Dryer
Operating Cost
Annual Savings
$75,327/yr
$1,830/yr
$73,497/yr
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About the Sponsor
USGBC Case Study
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Hand Dryers
After just two years at its Dupont Circle

headquarters in Washington, D.C., the USGBC
outgrew its office space. But true to its mission,
the sixteen-year-old non-profit embraced the
opportunity to renovate a circa 1970s office
building and become the first project to achieve
LEED v3 Platinum Interiors, the newest version
of its green rating system.
When compared to a traditional office space, the
new headquarters uses up to 50% less energy
and 40% less water. Plus, 95% of office waste is
diverted from the landfill.
Photo: Eric Laignel
The USGBCs new LEED Platinum headquarters is a global showcase for cutting-edge
green design and building products. Our facility tells a story about how sustainability efforts
and green building products easily combine with modern design.
Chris Smith, COO, USGBC
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Slide 56Slide
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About the Sponsor
USGBC Case Study
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Hand Dryers
During the design and construction phase, the

USGBC and architecture firm Envision Design
worked closely with green product
manufacturers to specify products that made
significant contributions to LEED criteria while
meeting the classic aesthetic of the new space.
In order to meet rigorous LEED v3 guidelines,
all products were researched to verify they
represented the lowest environmental impact
without sacrificing performance. This philosophy
is echoed throughout our facility, including our
restrooms that utilize high-efficiency plumbing
fixtures and high-speed, energy-efficient hand
dryers.
Brendan Owens, Vice President, LEED
Technical Development, USGBC
Photos: Eric Laignel
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Slide 57Slide
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About the Sponsor
USGBC Case Study
Ask an Expert
Hand Dryers
For nearly a decade, the high-speed, energyefficient hand dryer has been a featured green
product in the USGBC headquarters restrooms.
Options for reducing energy have improved
significantly in the last ten years, said Ken Wilson,
principal, Envision Design. High speed energy
efficient hand dryers were specified at the USGBC
headquarters because they reduce waste and use
less energy than typical hand drying accessories.
Wilson specified a high speed energy efficient hand
dryer with a stainless steel cover that communicates
the USGBCs commitment to environmental
sustainability. In architecture, performance and
design are inextricably linked, added Wilson. the
hand dryer we chose delivers both.
Ken Wilson, Principal, Envision Design
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About the Sponsor
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Slide 59 of 85
About the Sponsor
Green Building Organizations
Ask an Expert
Both government and private organizations have designed materials performance and
operational requirements for green buildings. The restroom products discussed in this
course will contribute to the LEED program, and the Green Globes/Green Building
Initiative (GBI). Some products in this presentation are also governed by the EPAs
WaterSense Program, another tool that guides green design.
The EPA WaterSense Program is similar to the ENERGY STAR Program that controls
energy use of appliances.
Because there are many green programs, the EPA became involved to set standards on
a national level, equalizing the requirements. To be certain that you are meeting local
requirements, follow local jurisdiction codes and relate that to the EPAs WaterSense
Program.
Slide 60 of 85
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Overview: LEED Certification
Ask an Expert
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization

composed of leaders from every sector of the building industry working to promote
buildings and communities that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy
places to live and work. A whole-building approach encourages and guides a
collaborative, integrated design and construction process. USGBC developed the LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building certification program,
the nationally accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high
performance green buildings.
LEED credit requirements cover the performance of materials in aggregate, not the
performance of individual products or brands. Therefore, products that meet the LEED
performance criteria can only contribute toward earning points needed for LEED
certification; they cannot earn points individually toward LEED certification.
For detailed information about the council, their
principles and programs, please visit www.usgbc.org.
Slide 61 of 85
About the Sponsor
LEED Rating Systems
NEW CONSTRUCTION
LEED for New Construction & Major Renovations
LEED for Core & Shell
LEED for Commercial Interiors
LEED for Schools
LEED for Homes
LEED for Retail: New Construction
LEED for Retail: Commercial Interiors
LEED for Neighborhood Development
LEED for Healthcare
Ask an Expert
EXISTING BUILDING
LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations &
Maintenance
Slide 62 of 85
About the Sponsor
LEED
Ask an Expert
Within the LEED program, the use of high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers applies
to a number of credits, for their contribution as an energy-efficient appliance and by
their elimination of paper waste.
Existing Buildings: Operations and Maintenance:
1. Energy and Atmosphere (EA) Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance: Highspeed, energy-efficient hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies
associated with the dryer contribute to a reduction in measured building energy use.
2. EA Credit 1 Optimize Energy Efficiency Performance (1-18 points): High-speed,
energy-efficient hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies
associated with the dryer contribute to a reduction in measured building energy use.
3. Materials and Resources (MR) Prerequisite 2 Solid Waste Management Policy: Highspeed, energy-efficient hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as they reduce or
eliminate the need to purchase paper towels, an ongoing consumable product. This
contributes to waste prevention and reduction measures.
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Slide 63Slide
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LEED
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Ask an Expert
4. MR Credit 6 Solid Waste Management Waste Stream Audit (1 point): High-speed,

energy-efficient hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as the installation of hand
dryers is an opportunity to reduce or eliminate paper towel waste disposed of in
landfills.
5. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) Credit 3.1 Green Cleaning High Performance
Cleaning Program (1 point): High-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers contribute to this
credit, as they demonstrate an effort to reduce the use of janitorial paper products.
6. Innovation in Operations Credit (IO) 1 (1 point each): High-speed, energy-efficient
hand dryers may contribute to the following examples of Innovation in Operations
strategies:
a) Educational Program: Incorporate educational signage describing health and
environmental benefits of high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers, in addition to other
instructional initiatives.
b) Purchasing Program: Document and quantify reduction in volume of paper towel
waste generated compared to former purchasing practices, in addition to other
reduction methods.
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Slide 64Slide
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LEED
About the Sponsor
Ask an Expert
7. IO Credit 3 Documenting Sustainable Building Cost Impacts (1 point): High-speed,

energy-efficient hand dryers may contribute to this credit by demonstrating the reduced
or eliminated cost of paper towel purchasing and trash removal.
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Slide 65Slide
of 88
About the Sponsor
LEED
Ask an Expert
New Construction and Major Renovations:

1. EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance: High-speed, energy-efficient hand
dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies associated with the dryer are
in compliance with and contribute to a reduction in Section 8.4.1 of ASHRAE 90.12007.
2. EA Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance (1-19 points): High-speed, energy-efficient
hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies associated with the
dryer are in compliance with and contribute to a reduction in Section 8.4.1 of ASHRAE
90.1-2007.
3. MR Credit 5 Regional Materials (1-2 points): For projects within 500 miles of
manufacturers site.
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LEED
About the Sponsor
Ask an Expert
Commercial Interiors:
1. Sustainable Sites (SS) Credit 1, Path 12 Other Quantifiable Environmental
Performance (1 point): High-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers can contribute to this
credit if the project team pursues Option 1 to meet the requirements of another LEED
rating system credit for Green Cleaning. The following Green Housekeeping credit is
applicable from other LEED rating systems: LEEDEB O&M IEQ Credit 3.1 Green
Cleaning High Performance Cleaning Program.
2. EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance: High-speed, energy-efficient hand
dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies associated with the dryer are
in compliance with and contribute to reduction in Section 8.4.1 of ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
manufacturers site.
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LEED
About the Sponsor
Ask an Expert
Core and Shell:

1. EA Prerequisite 2 Minimum Energy Performance (required): High-speed, energyefficient hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies associated
with the dryer are in compliance with and contribute to a reduction in Section 8.4.1 of
ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
2. EA Credit 1 Optimize Energy Performance (3-21 points): High-speed, energy-efficient
hand dryers can contribute to this credit, as energy efficiencies associated with the
dryer are in compliance with and contribute to a reduction in Section 8.4.1 of ASHRAE
90.1-2007.
manufacturers site.
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LEED 2009 vs. LEED v4
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Ask an Expert
Before we discuss LEED and water efficiency, it is important to recognize that there are
some significant differences between LEED 2009 and the newer LEED v4.
In LEED 2009, there is one prerequisite and up to 10 possible points for water use
reductions. Of those possible points, four are for landscaping (WEc1), two are for
wastewater innovation (WEc2), and four are for indoor water use (WEc3).
In LEED v4, there are significant changes within the water efficiency section. These
include two new prerequisites (for a total of three prerequisites), removal of former WEc2
on wastewater, a revision of WEc3, and two new credits.
Slide 69 of 85
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LEED v4 Water Efficiency
Ask an Expert
Water Efficiency section takes on many changes:
Prerequisite 1 Outdoor Water Use Reduction NEW

Prerequisite 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction
Prerequisite 3 Building Level Water Metering NEW
Credit 1 Outdoor Water Use Reduction
Credit 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction
Credit 3 Cooling Tower Water Use NEW
Credit 4 Additional Water Metering NEW
We will be focusing on Prerequisite 2 and Credit 2 on indoor water use reduction.
Slide 70 of 85
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Prerequisite 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction (updated):

Renamed credit title
Reduce aggregate water consumption by 20% from the baseline. Base calculations on
the volumes and flow rates shown in Table on next slide.
All newly installed toilets, urinals, private lavatory faucets, and showerheads that are
eligible for labeling must be WaterSense labeled (or a local equivalent for projects
outside the United States).
Slide 71 of 85
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Prerequisite 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction Baseline
Commercial Fixtures, Fittings, and

Appliances
Current Baseline
Water closets (toilets)*
1.6 gallons per flush (gpf)
Urinal*
1.0 (gpf)
Public lavatory (restroom) faucet
0.5 gpm at 60 psi (all others except private

applications)
Private lavatory faucet*
2.2 gpm at 60 psi
Kitchen faucet (excluding faucets used

exclusively for filling operations)
2.2 gpm at 60 psi
Showerhead*
2.5 gpm at 80 psi per shower stall
* WaterSense label available for this product type.
Slide 72 of 85
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Ask an Expert

Credit 2 Indoor Water Use Reduction
You can figure further reductions in fixture and fitting water use with the calculated
baseline in WE Prerequisite Indoor Water Use Reduction. Additional potable water
savings can be earned above the prerequisite level using alternative water sources. See
how points are awarded in Table below.
Percentage reduction
Points
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
Slide 73 of 85
About the Sponsor
Baseline Calculation
Ask an Expert
Well use the following as an example to create a baseline calculation:

One-story building with two restrooms. There are 500 people who occupy the building
during office hours: 250 men and 250 women.
1. Mens restroom
Two urinals
Two closets
Two sinks with manual faucets
2. Womens restroom
Four closets
Two sinks with manual faucets
Assumption: Males use urinals twice per day; closets once per day; females use closets
three times per day. Both males and females use faucets three times per day.
Keep in mind that all water closets, urinals, private lavatory faucets and showerheads
need to be WaterSense labeled.
Slide 74 of 85
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Example (contd):
In calculating the Design Case, do NOT change the number of building occupants, the
number of workdays or the frequency data.
Assume the following:
1. Pint (.125 gpf) urinals will be used
2. 1.28 gpf water closets will be used
3. Electronic faucets with low-flow aerators (0.5 gpm) will be used. The electronics have
been factored for a 10-second cycle time.
Slide 75 of 85
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Calculations
DAILY
USES
FIXTURE TYPE
DURATION
(faucets)
FAUCETS (min)
FLOW RATE
(gpf); FAUCETS
(gpm)
WATER USE
(gal)
250
Mens Water Closet
1.6
400.00
750
Womens Water Closet
1.6
1200.00
500
Mens Urinal
1.0
500.00
1500
Conventional Metering Faucet
0.25
0.5
187.50
If you do the math, you will note that our daily total was a little over 2,000 gallons per day.
Multiply that by your workdays, and you come up with an annual volume use of nearly
600,000 gallons.
Slide 76 of 85
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Calculations
Design Calculation
DAILY
USES
FIXTURE TYPE
DURATION
(flushes); faucets
(min.)
FLOW RATE
(gpf); FAUCETS
(gpm)
WATER USE
(gal)
250
Mens Water Closet (ultra low-flow)
1.28
320.00
750
Womens Water Closet (ultra lowflow)
1.28
960.00
500
Mens Urinal (pint flush)
0.125
62.5
1500
Electronic Faucet
0.17
0.5
125.00
In our design calculation, daily use was just over 1,400 gallons.
Multiplying by the number of annual workdays (260) produces an annual volume of
381,000 gallons. Thus, compared to the baseline, this represents a 40% savings. This
puts you well on your way to achieving up to four points! Further reduction can be
achieved with the use of waterfree urinals instead of ultra low flow.
Slide 77 of 85
Green Globes
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Ask an Expert
The Green Globes system uses an online assessment protocol, rating system and
guidance for green building design, operation and management. It is interactive, flexible
and affordable, and provides market recognition of a buildings environmental attributes
through third-party verification. The Green Globes system is used in Canada and the
U.S. In the U.S., Green Globes is owned and operated by the Green Building Initiative
(GBI).
Green Globes consists of a series of questionnaires, customized by project phase and
the role of the user in the design team (for example, architect, mechanical engineer, or
landscape architect).
Similar to LEED, Green Globes supports a total of eight point areas: indoor environment,
project management, site development, energy, emissions, resources, and last but not
least, water use.
Slide 78 of 85
Green Globes
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Ask an Expert
Water Section D.1.1 states: Based on the water consumption estimates, does the water
consumption for the whole building (gallons/square feet) meet or surpass the
requirements set forth in the Energy Policy Act of 1992?
A range of points are awarded for achieving between 1-30% or more reduction in water
use over the base case scenario. The standards in the Energy Policy Act of 1992 are
used as the base case.
EPACT PERFORMANCE SCORE
5% or more 10 points
Slide 79 of 85
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EPA WaterSense Program
Ask an Expert
Similar to the EPA ENERGY STAR program for appliances and other energy-consuming
devices, the WaterSense program helps consumers and designers identify water-efficient
products and programs. Products that meet the water efficiency and performance criteria
are authorized to carry the WaterSense label. The program focussed first on consumer
products and then commercial products.
WaterSense has completed criteria for: high-efficiency toilets; HEUs, which stands for
high-efficiency urinals; high-efficiency lavatory faucets; and high-efficiency showerheads.
It should be noted that this program is entirely voluntary.
Slide 80 of 85
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Summary
Slide 81 of 85
Summary
About the Sponsor
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Summary
Water is a finite resource. It is predicted that by 2015, drinking water access could be a
major source of world conflict. Therefore, water conservation is of the utmost
importance.
Whether its commercial or domestic water use, restrooms use the highest percentage
of indoor water.
There are many benefits of building green: environmental benefits, economic benefits,
and health and safety benefits. All of these add up to large community benefits that
ultimately minimize the strain on the limited infrastructure we have today.
There are many water-efficient products available on the market today: high-efficiency
toilets, high-efficiency urinals, high-efficiency lavatory faucets and showerheads are
some examples. Make sure that the products you choose are approved by your local
code and legislation.
It is important to specify products that meet the needs of the facility, are easy to
maintain, have a low cost of ownership, have easily available parts and services, and,
most importantly, save water but do NOT sacrifice performance.
The LEED program, the Green Globes/Green Building Initiative (GBI) and the EPAs
WaterSense Program are all great ways in which we can look at green building.
Slide 82 of 85
Summary
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Summary
The high-speed, energy-efficient (HSEE) hand dryer is a greener alternative to paper

towels:
Uses less energy and reduces operating costs significantly
Reduces the production of non-recyclable paper and overall carbon footprint up to
70%
Eliminates continuous procurement, installation, stocking and maintenance of paper
towels
Reduces paper waste on the floor, clogged toilets and landfill space
Restrooms are getting an upgrade. New fixtures and technology create environmental,
hygienic and financial benefits. The 2009 Life Cycle Assessment measuring carbon
footprint found that the energy-efficient, high-speed hand dryers are the preferable
choice by far, even under the best case scenarios for recycled paper towel systems.
Like other touch-free fixtures, the high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryer reduces the
number of touch points in a restroom, increasing the level of hygiene and eliminating
cross-contamination. Financially, facility managers experience a payback in less than
one year with the high-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers. In addition to all these
benefits, the high-speed, energy-efficient dryers are three times faster than the
traditional dryers, completely drying hands in 10 15 seconds.
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Slide 83Slide
of 88
About the Sponsor
References and Resources
Ask an Expert
References and Resources
Martens, Katye. The science of hand washing to ward off cold, flu bugs. USA Today.
1/21/2009 http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2009-01-20-handwashing-cold-andflu_N.htm accessed Feb. 26, 2009
Bergman, Becky. Hand Dryers: Several Markets Poised To Reap Benefits. Sanitary
Maintenance, CleanLink.com.
http://www.cleanlink.com/sm/article.asp?id=9473&keywords=hand%20dryers,%20paper
%20products accessed on Feb. 26, 2009
Mertes, Ryan. Hand Dryers Offer A Safe Way To Save Big. Sanitary Maintenance,
CleanLink.com. http://www.cleanlink.com/sm/article.asp?id=871 accessed on Feb. 26
2009
Zudonyi, Corinne. Targeting Restroom Hot Spots. Housekeeping Solutions,
CleanLink.com. http://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article.asp?id=10570&keywords=restroom
accessed on Feb 26,2009
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Conclusion of This Program

If you desire AIA/CES, GBCI and/or state licensing
continuing education credits, please click on the button below
to commence your online examination. Upon successful (80%
or better) completion of the exam, please print your
Certificate of Completion.
For additional knowledge and post-seminar assistance, please
visit the Ask an Expert forum (click on the link above and
bookmark it in your browser).
If you have colleagues that might benefit from this seminar,
please let them know. Feel free to revisit the AEC Daily web
site to download additional programs from the Online Learning
Center.
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Company. The material contained in this
course was researched, assembled, and
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Company and remains its property. LEED
and related logo is a trademark owned by the
U.S. Green Building Council and is used by
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High-Speed, Energy-Efficient Hand Dryers

Green Building Programs

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Building owners, facility managers and architects are all

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The High-Efficiency Factor

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The High-Efficiency Factor

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The High-Efficiency Factor

High-speed, energy-efficient hand dryers: Next generation high-speed hand dryers

High-efficiency products help facilities qualify for a range of LEED credits.

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Why Is Water Important?

Water is the oil of the 21st Century Andrew

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Water and Energy

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