RESULTS

a) Preparation of Calibration Curve

Solution Mixtures
Conversion

0.1M
NaOH

0.1M
Et(Ac)

Concentratio
n of NaOH
(M)

Conductivit
y (s/cm)

H2O

0%

100mL

100
mL

0.0500

3.62

25%

75mL

25mL

100m
L

0.0375

3.12

50%

50mL

50mL

100m
L

0.0250

13.78

75%

25mL

75mL

100m
L

0.0125

14.57

100%

100mL

100m
L

0.000

24.60

Table 1: Preparation of Calibration Curve

b) Experiment 1 : Effect of Resident Time of the Reaction in CSTR

Flowrate water
(LPM)

Volume NaOH (ml)

Conductiv
ity
(ms/cm)

P1

P2

1st

2nd

3rd

Average

0.1

0.1

26.5

26.0

26.5

26.33

2.96

0.15

0.15

23.6

23.2

23.4

23.4

2.67

0.2

0.2

21.6

21.1

21.2

21.3

2.42

0.25

0.25

17.2

17.6

17.4

17.4

2.28

0.3

0.3

16.0

15.6

16.2

16.0

2.23

Table 1.2: Effect of Residence Time of the Reaction in a CSTR

Flowrate Residence Conversion, Reaction rate Rate law, -rA

of NaOH time,
X (%)
constant, k
( mol/L.min
-1
-1
and
(M min )
(min)
Et(Ac)
(L/min)
0.10
50.0
94
104.44
9.40x10-4
0.15
33.33
92
86.26
1.38 x 10-3
0.20
25.0
84
26.25
1.68 x 10-3
0.25
20.0
68
6.64
1.70 x 10-3
0.30
16.67
64
5.92
1.92 x 10-3
Table 1.3: Data for Residence time, Conversion (X), k constant and Rate
law

c) Graph of calibration curve of conductivity versus conversion

Conductivity vs Conversion
30
25
20

Conductivity

15
10
5
0
0

25

50

Conversion, X

75

100

Figure 1.1: Conductivity versus conversion

d) Graph of residence time versus conversion x

Resident of time (min)vs conversion x (%)

60
50
40

resident time (min)

30
20
10
0
94

92

84

conversion of x (%)

68

64

CALCULATION
NaOH + HCl NaCl+ H 2 O
Flow rate set value: 0.10 L/min
i.

Concentration of NaOH entering the reactor, CNaOH,0

1
C NaOH ,0 = C NaOH ,f
2
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L

ii.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

V 2=

C NaOHs
xV1
C HCls

0.1
x 26.33
0.25

= 10.53mL
iii.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

V 3=V HClsV 2
= 10 10.53
= - 0.53 mL 0.53 mL

iv.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1=(C HCls x V 3 )/1000
= (0.25 x 0.53) /1000
= 0.00013 mol

v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2=n1
= 0.00013 mol
vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

C NaOH =

n2
x 1000
Vs
= (0.00013/50) x1000
= 0.003 mol/L

vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

C NaOH
X = 1
x 100
C NaOH , 0

x 100
(1 0.001
0.05 )

= 94.0%
viii.

Residence time,
V
= CSTR
F0
= 10/0.20
= 50 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

( C A 0 C A )
k=
C A
2

(0.050.003)
50 x 0.0032

= 104.44 M-1 min-1

x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

r A=k C A

= 104.44 x 0.0032
=9.40x10-4 mol/L.min

Flow rate set value: 0.15 L/min

i.

Concentration of NaOH entering the reactor, CNaOH,0

1
C NaOH ,0 = C NaOH ,f
2
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L

ii.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

V 2=

C NaOHs
xV1
C HCls

0.1
x 23.4
0.25

= 9.36 mL
iii.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

V 3=V HClsV 2
= 10 9.36
= 0.64 mL

iv.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1=(C HCls x V 3 )/1000
= (0.25 x 0.64) /1000
= 0.0002 mol

v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2=n1
= 0.0002 mol
vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

C NaOH =

n2
x 1000
Vs
= (0.0002/50) x1000
= 0.004 mol/L

vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

C NaOH
X = 1
x 100
C NaOH , 0

x 100
(1 0.004
0.05 )

= 92.0%
viii.

Residence time,
V
= CSTR
F0
= 10/0.30
= 33.33 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

( C A 0 C A )
k=
C A
2

(0.050.004)
33.33 x 0.0042

= 86.26 M-1 min-1

x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

r A=k C A

= 86.26 x 0.0042

= 1.38x10-3 mol/L.min

Flow rate set value: 0.20 L/min

i.

Concentration of NaOH entering the reactor, CNaOH,0

1
C NaOH ,0 = C NaOH ,f
2
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L

ii.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

V 2=

C NaOHs
xV1
C HCls

0.1
x 21.3
0.25

= 8.52mL
iii.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

V 3=V HClsV 2
= 10 8.25
= 1.48 mL

iv.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1=(C HCls x V 3 )/1000
= (0.25 x 1.48) /1000

= 0.0004 mol
v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2=n1
= 0.0004 mol

vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

C NaOH =

n2
x 1000
Vs
= (0.0004/50) x1000
= 0.008 mol/L

vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

C NaOH
X = 1
x 100
C NaOH , 0

x 100
(1 0.008
0.05 )

= 84.0%
viii.

Residence time,
V
= CSTR
F0
= 10/0.40
= 25 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

( C A 0 C A )
k=
C A
2

(0.050.008)
25 x 0.0082

= 26.25 M-1 min-1

x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

r A=k C A

= 26.25x 0.0082
= 1.68x10-3 mol/L.min

Flow rate set value: 0.25 L/min

i.

Concentration of NaOH entering the reactor, CNaOH,0

1
C NaOH ,0 = C NaOH ,f
2
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L

ii.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

V 2=

C NaOHs
xV1
C HCls

0.1
x 17.4
0.25

= 6.96 mL
iii.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

V 3=V HClsV 2
= 10 6.96
= 3.04 mL

iv.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1=(C HCls x V 3 )/1000
= (0.25 x 3.04) /1000
= 0.0008 mol

v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2=n1
= 0.0008mol

vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

C NaOH =

n2
x 1000
Vs
= (0.0008/50) x1000
= 0.016 mol/L

vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

C NaOH
X = 1
x 100
C NaOH , 0

x 100
(1 0.016
0.05 )

= 68.0%
viii.

Residence time,
V
= CSTR
F0
= 10/0.50
= 20 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

( C A 0 C A )
k=
C A
2

(0.050.016)
20 x 0.0162

= 6.64 M-1 min-1

x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

r A=k C A

= 6.64 x 0.0162
= 1.70 x10-3 mol/L.min

Flow rate set value: 0.30 L/min

i.

Concentration of NaOH entering the reactor, CNaOH,0

1
C NaOH ,0 = C NaOH ,f
2
= (0.1)
= 0.05 mol/L

ii.

Volume of unreacted quenching HCl, V2

V 2=

C NaOHs
xV1
C HCls

0.1
x 16.0
0.25

= 6.4 mL
iii.

Volume of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, V3

V 3=V HClsV 2
= 10 6.4
= 3.6 mL

iv.

Moles of HCl reacted with NaOH in sample, n1

n1=(C HCls x V 3 )/1000
= (0.25 x 3.6) /1000
= 0.0009 mol

v.

Moles of unreacted NaOH in sample, n2

n2=n1
= 0.0009 mol

vi.

Concentration of unreacted NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH

C NaOH =

n2
x 1000
Vs
= (0.0009/50) x1000
= 0.018 mol/L

vii.

Conversion of NaOH in the reactor, X

C NaOH
X = 1
x 100
C NaOH , 0

x 100
(1 0.018
0.05 )

= 64.0%
viii.

Residence time,
V
= CSTR
F0
= 10/0.60
= 16.67 min

ix.

Reaction rate constant, k

( C A 0 C A )
k=
C A
2

(0.050.018)
16.67 x 0.0182

= 5.92 M-1 min-1

x.

Rate of reaction, -rA

r A=k C A

= 5.92 x 0.0182
= 1.92 x10-3 mol/L.min