Switch Mode Power Supply:

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The basic concept behind a switch mode power supply is the fact that the regulation is
undertaken by using a switching regulator. Ideally, a switch mode power supply dissipates
no power. Let see how SMPS works.
There are seven sub blocks in above diagram. Let discuss them one by one.
Rectifier AC Voltage:

The first stage is to rectify the AC voltage.AC input voltage is rectified using some rectifier.
It is better to use filter before the rectifier stage. Because if there is some surge in the AC
Voltage, so it will absorb them and protect the power supply from series damage. So, the
main purpose of rectifier is to convert the input AC Voltage to DC voltage. The voltage here
is pulsating voltage. These voltages are now smoothed by bulk capacitors.
Switching:

Faiz Sir

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The rectified DC voltage are now being switched in this stage with very high speed.Some
wrong switching can cause a switch or may be power supply to burn.Actually these
switches can be transistors, mosfets or some other switching devices.It is the pulse train
that is applied to the base or gate of transistor or mosfet.Transistors or mosfets operate in
switching mode.The frequency of this pulse train is high enough to lower the switching
losses in these devices.
Transformer:

Now the next stage is transformer.So,the question arises Why there is a need of
transformer?.The answer is to get the required output voltage,we have to step up or down
the voltage.Thats why transformer steps up or down the voltage.The DC voltage that is

being switched is now induceded emf.This induced emf will now induce the voltage to the
secondary winding.This transformer is delivering power to the other side.So,it is also called
power transformer.
Rectifier:

Faiz Sir

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The next stage is again rectifier.Now it is the rectification of secondary voltage.The

secondary voltage are rectified using schottky diodes because their speed is high and
forward voltage drop is less.
Reference/Error amplifier:

The reference or error amplifier are the feedback components which are used to keep the
output voltage stabe.Due to load change,output voltage can vary.But this section (error
amplifier/reference) will keep the output voltage constant by varying the duty cycle of
voltage that is driving the transistor or mosfet.If load is applied to the output of smps,error
amplifier will increase the duty cycle so that the mosfets or transistors should turn ON for
comparatively long time.
Optoisolator:

Sometimes there is need of isolation between VCC and output voltage.So,we need to use
optoisolator.Optoisolator is just like a transistor but the difference is that there is LED in it
which causes the base current to flow.If there is no need of isolation then this part can be
neglected.
PWM/Driver:

PWM/Driver is the stage that drives the transistor or mosfet.There is many functions in
this stage.For example,this switching frequency is selected in this stage by using resistors
and capacitors.Sometimes there is build-in error amplifier in it.Some PWM/Driver IC has
shutdown option which can be used to pull the output voltage of the IC down.So,it is how
smps works.
Advantages of SMPS:

UPS:

High efficiency upto 95%

Smaller size
Low cost

[Refer Exam Solution]