REWRITE PAPERS FOR MIDLE TEST

LECTURER : Mr Supriyadi Ph.D

By :
Abid Zulfaqor (11141330000015

Mining Engineering
Faculty of Nature Resources and Environment
State Islamic of University Syarif Hidayatullah
Jakarta
2015
INTRODUCTION

The tin that 44-year-old Suge has mined over the past 12 years on Bangka island a granite
outcrop just east of Sumatra in Indonesia has been in heavy demand for the past few
centuries. Bangka is a key point in its global trade. A long, boot-shaped belt of the metal
stretches from Burma all the way down through Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and
Indonesia, with Bangka and its sister island Belitung comprising its toe.
Bangka and Belitung produce 90% of Indonesia's tin, and Indonesia is the world's
second-largest exporter of the metal. A recent Businessweek investigationinto tin mining in
Bangka found that Indonesia's national tin corporation, PT Timah, supplies companies such
as Samsung directly, as well as solder makers Chernan and Shenmao, which in turn supply
Foxconn (which manufactures many Apple products). Chernan has also supplied Samsung,
Sony and LG. So it is highly likely that the smartphone or tablet you use has Bangkanese tin
in it, perhaps mined by Suge or one of the many tens of thousands of men like him, most of
whom earn around 5 a day in a local industry that fetches roughly 42m of revenue for
Indonesia every year.
Paleochannel survey and gravel bed surveys are concepts which have been
successfully applied, but in certain circumstances the use of paleochannel targets is too
restrictive. Then the general gravel bed approach is used, irrespective of the association to
water courses. Before commencing field exploration, studies into the dynamic controls on
sediment movement and deposition in the development of the Quatenary basins need to be
made to allow appropriate models and hence exploration targets to be generated.

Exploration is the process of finding ores (commercially viable concentrations of minerals)

to mine. Mineral exploration is a much more intensive, organized and professional form of
mineral prospecting and , though it frequently uses the services of prospecting , the process of
mineral exploration on the whole is much more involved.Mineral exploration methods vary at
different stages of the process depending on size of the area being explored, as well as the
density and type of information sought. A side from extraplanetary exploration, at the largest
scale is a geological mineral Province (such as the Eastern Goldfields Province of Western
Australia), which may be sub-divided into Regions. At the smaller scale are mineral
Prospects, which may contain several mineral Deposits.
Current exploration concept .
The concept of exploration adopted for a long time uses basic and supporting data that is
available within PT Timah. These data are:
Basic data

Topographical maps at a scale of 1:100 000; 1:50 000; 1:25 000

Aeromagnetic maps

Airphotographs

Regional geological maps

Bathimetry maps

Regional Bouguer anomaly maps

Other geophysical maps (seismic, magnetic and resistivity)

Supporting data

Mining maps and detail location information

Resources distribution maps

Weather data (wind, waves and rainfall)

The exploration stages which have been established by PT Timah are:

First: Area identification. A literature study is undertaken to compile data on the area
selected.

Second: Reconnaissance. A short reconnaissance field visit is undertaken to the

proposed-area-of exploration Some samples might be taken.

Third: Quatenary geological mapping. Mapping is undertaken to study the gravel

distribution, paleochannel patterns and bedrock lithology. Random sampling is
undertaken using auger, bangka drill and others.

Fourth: Geophysical exploration. - The geophysical exploration is undertaken to

identify possible paleochannel patterns on-shore as well as off-shore.

Fifth: Exploration drilling. This drilling is a preliminary sampling program on a widespaced grid of 40 x 320 m on-shore and 100 x 400 m off-shore.

Sixth: Detailed reserve drilling. The detailed drilling is undertaken to estimate the
reserve that is required for mine planning. The drilling grid is 40 x 40 m on-shore and
100 x 100 m off-shore. The Australasian code for reporting of mineral resources and
ore reserves has been adopted (JORC, 1992).

Problems facing current exploration

Exploration have some problem, in this situated can be used traditional method, identifying
geological targets and more difficult topographical environments
Exploration concept
because traditional method can be used in this exploration, PT Timah have solved this
problem with Geophysycs science ( Paleochannel Concept and Gravel bed Concept)
Paleochannel search concept
Paleochannels are ancient riverbeds created when sea level was lower that now lie
buried beneath the seafloor, filled with aggregate (sand/gravel/cobbles). Sea Surveyor uses
sophisticated seismic reflection and refraction techniques to map buried paleochannels.
Paleochannels are unique, with each having different subbottom layering, thicknesses and
aggregate compositions. Sea Surveyor uses a combination of CHIRP, boomer, and sparker
systems to map buried paleochannels. After completing the seismic reflection survey, Sea
Surveyor interprets the subbottom profiles and creates an isopach (sediment thickness) map.
Elevation contour maps of the seafloor and subbottom layers are prepared in graphic and
digital formats. Seismic reflection surveys are ground-truthed using an ALPINE vibracore
to collect continuous 20 to 40 long core samples of the aggregates within the paleochannel.
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This long established concept assumes that gravels containing cassiterite and others
heavy minerals are commonly deposited in paleochannels. This concept believes that the
recent valleys generally follow or are closely related to the paleochannels. Therefore, recent
valleys ai-e successfully used as a guide to the discovery of tin concentrations. The use of
geophysical techniques provide helpful tools in identifying buried paleochannels, particularly
in off-shore environments.

Gravel bed concept

Gravel bed concept assumes that cassiterite accumulations is associated with gravel
accumulations. Therefore, the gravel horizons are the target for exploration even though these
may not necessary form in valley or tight paleochannel systems. This concept has been
applied successfully by NV BEMI company to discover tin deposit at Pulau Tujuh. Using the
same method, PT Timah discovered tin at the Air Kantung Sea in 1985.

CONCLUSIONS

PT timah have problem with their exploration methods, because bangka belitung has swamp
marsh land, pt timah has been a few changed method exploration to has economic mining.
PT timah indonesia.Tbk firstly using traditional search concept because this method not
useable and not supporting with this surface area, and then pt timah.tbk use another concept
exploration, that its paleochannel exploration. Paleochannel exploration are ancient
riverbeds created when sea level was lower that now lie buried beneath the seafloor, filled
with aggregate (sand/gravel/cobbles). But this concept exploration not exactly soved the
problem so pt timah use gravel bed seacrh concept too, Gravel bed is Gravel bed concept
assumes that cassiterite accumulations is associated with gravel accumulations.

REFFERENCE
Supriyadi and N.Umar.1996. Tin Exploration in indonesia-Problem and Solution,
pp 388. The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy : Australia
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/23/tin-mining-indonesia-bangka (access
on 21 oct 2015)
http://www.seasurveyor.com/paleochannel-surveys ( access on 22 oct 2015)
http://www.prbinfraprojects.com/exploration.php (accesson 22 oct 2015 )