01 OWJ100001 WCDMA RNP Fundamental (With Comment) ISSUE1

WCDMA RNP
Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Get familiar with principles of radio wave propagation, and
theoretically prepare for the subsequent link budget.
Introduce the knowledge about antennas and the meanings of
typical indices.
Page2
Contents
1. Radio Wave Introduction
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
4. Symbol Explanation
Page3
Contents
1.1 Basic Principles of Radio Wave
1.2 Propagation Features of Radio Wave
1.3 Propagation Model of Radio Wave
1.4 Correction of Propagation Model
Page4
Radio Wave Spectrum

Frequency
3-30Hz
30-300Hz
300-3000Hz
3-30KHz
30-300KHz
300-3000KHz
3-30MHz
30-300MHz
300-3000MHz
3-30GHz
30-300GHz
Classification
Designation
Extremely Low
Frequency
Voice Frequency
Very-low Frequency
Low Frequency
Medium Frequency
High Frequency
Very High Frequency
Ultra High Frequency
Super High Frequency
Extremely High
Frequency
ELF
VF
VLF
LF
MF
HF
VHF
UHF
SHF
EHF
300-3000GHz
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
Page5
Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

When the radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction
changes regularly. If the electric field direction of radio wave is vertical to
the ground, the radio wave is vertical polarization wave
If the electric field direction of radio wave is parallel with the ground, the radio
wave is horizontal polarization wave
Dipole
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
Electric Field
Electric Field
Electric Field
electric wave transmission direction

Page6
Propagation Path
Perpendicular incidence wave

and ground refraction wave
(most common propagation modes)
Troposphere reflection wave

(the propagation is very random)
Mountain diffraction wave

(shadow area signal source)
Ionosphere refraction wave

(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
Page7
Propagation Path
Building reflection wave

Diffraction wave
Direct wave
Ground reflection wave
Page8
Contents
Page9
Radio Propagation Environment

Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure
and man-made environment. The radio propagation
environment directly decides the selection of propagation
models. Main factors that affect environment are:
Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)
Quantity, layout and material features of man-made buildings
Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions
Weather conditions
Vegetation features of the region
Page10
Landform Categories
Quasi-smooth landform
T
R
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and

the surface height difference is less than 20m
Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant
landform, and land & water combined landform
Page11
Signal Fading
Receiving power (dBm)
-20
fast fading
slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
30
distance (m)
Page12
Signal Fading
Receiving power (dBm)
-20
fast fading
slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
30
distance (m)
Page13
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
Time diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Page14
Signal Diversity
Measures against fast fading --- Diversity
Time diversity
Space diversity
Frequency diversity
Page15
Radio Wave Delay Extension

Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference
caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main
signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver
The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the
receiving antenna
Solution
RAKE
RAKEtechnology
technology
Page16
Diffraction Loss
The electromagnetic wave diffuses around at the diffraction
point
The diffraction wave covers all directions except the obstacle
The diffusion loss is most severe
T
R
Page17
Penetration Loss
Penetration loss caused by obstructions:
WdBm
XdBm
Penetration
Penetrationloss
loss=X-W=B
=X-W=BdB
dB
Page18
Contents
Page19
Propagation model
Propagation model is used for predicting the medium value of path loss.
The formula can be simplified under if the heights of UE and base station
are given
PathLoss = f (d , f )
where: d is the distance between UE and base station, and

frequency
is the
Propagation environment affect the model, and the main factors are :
Natural terrain, such as mountain, hill, plain, water land, etc;
Man-made building (height, distribution and material);
Vegetation;
Weather;
External noise
Page20
Free Air Space Model
Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHz

Lo=97.98+20lgd, for f=1900MHz
Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless

environment with isotropic propagation media (e.g.,
vacuum), and is a theoretic model
This environment does not exist in real life
Page21
Flat Landform Propagation Model

Ploss = L0+10 lgd -20lghb - 20lghm
Path loss gradient , usually is 4
hb
BTS antenna height
hm
mobile station height
L0
parameters related to frequency
T
R
Page22
Okumura-Hata Model
Application Scope
Frequency range
f:150~1500MHz
BTS antenna height
Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Distance
d:1~20km
Characteristic
Macro cell model

The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
Predication is not applicable in 1km
Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is
above 1500MHz
Page23
COST 231-Hata Model

Application Scope
Frequency range
f:1505~2000MHz
BTS antenna height
Hb:30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Distance
d:1~20km
Characteristic
Macro cell model

The BTS antenna is taller than the surrounding buildings
Predication is not applicable in 1km
Not applicable to the circumstance where the frequency is
above 2000MHz or below 1500MHz
Page24
COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model

Application Scope
Frequency range :
800~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hbase :
4~50m
Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m

Distance d :
0.02~5km
Characteristic
Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell

Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
Page25
Standard Propagation
Experimental formula
PathLoss = K1 + K 2 log(D ) + K 3 log(H Txeff ) + K 4 Diffraction loss
+ K 5 log(D ) log(H Txeff ) + K 6 (H Rxeff ) + K clutter f (clutter )

Explanation
K1:
K2:
D:
K3:
HTxeff:
K4:
K5:
K6:
Propagation path loss constant value

log(d) correction factor
Distatnce between receiver and transmitter (m)
log(HTxeff) correction factor
Transmitter antenna height (m)
Diffraction loss correction factor
log(HTxeff)log(D) correction factor
Correction factor
H Rxeff : Receiver antenna height (m)
Kclutter: clutter correction factor
Page26
Contents
Page27
Basic Principles and Procedures

Target propagation environment
Selected propagated environment
CW data collection
parameter setting
Measured propagation path loss
Forecast propagation path loss
Comparison
Error compliant with

requirements?
End
Page28
Site Selection
Criteria for selecting a site
The antenna height is greater than 20m
5m
The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle
Page29
Test Platform
Transmitting subsystems
Transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna
bracket
Antenna
bracket
OmniAntenna
Feeder
Transmitter
Page30
Test Platform
Receiving subsystem
Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable
GPS-Antenna
Antenna
Positioning Receiver
System
Data Acquisition System
Page31
Test Path
Rules of selecting a test path
Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in the region.
Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must consider the
landforms of different heights in the region.
Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently away
from the site in the region.
Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be identical
with that on the widthways path.
Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should be
greater than 60km.
Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better
(>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)
Page32
Test Path
Rules of selecting a test path
Page33
Drive Test
The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths, 50
sampling points
Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8 /Tsample
The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must be
removed from the sampling data
Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;
In a tunnel
Under a viaduct
If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is selected

from the main lobe coverage area
Page34
Test Data Processing

The test data needs to be
processed before being able to be
identified by the planning software.
The processing procedure is:
Data filtering
Data dispersion
Geographic averaging
Format conversion
Page35
Test Data Processing

The test data needs to be
processed before being able to be
identified by the planning software.
The processing procedure is:
Data filtering
Data dispersion
Geographic averaging
Format conversion
Page36
Questions
Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile
communication system?
What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio
propagation environment? What are their characteristics
and reasons of generation?
Page37
Summary
This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning points
include:
Propagation path of radio wave
Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio wave, and main
compensation solutions
Typical radio wave models, main parameters involved
Methods of correcting radio propagation models
Page38
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page39
Positions and Functions of Antenna

BTS antenna & feeder system diagram
Antenna adjustment bracket
radio mast ( 50~114mm)
3-connector seal component
insulation sealing tape, PVC
insulation tape
GSM/CDMA
plate-shape
antenna
Grounding device
feeder
Indoor super
flexible feeder
Outdoor
feeder
Cabling
rack
main
(7/8)
Feeder
clip
Lightning protection
device
Feeder cabling
window
main device
of BTS
Page40
Working Principles of Mobile Antenna

Dipole
Dipole
Feed network
Feed network
Feed network
Antenna
Connector
Antenna
Connector
Directional antenna
omni antenna
Page41
Categories of Antenna
Categorize by emission direction
Directional antenna
omni antenna
Page42
Categorize by appearance
Plate-shape antenna
Cap-shape antenna
Whip-shape
Paraboloid antenna
Page43
Categorize by polarization mode
Omni antenna
Uni-polarization
Directional antenna
Dual polarization
Directional antenna
Page44
Smart antenna
Smart directional antenna
Smart directional antenna
Smart omni-antenna
Page45
Electric down tilt Antenna
Electrical down tilt Antenna

Page46
Electric Indices of Antenna
Page47
Antenna Direction Diagram

Symmetric half-wave dipole
side view
Top view
omni antenna direction diagram
directional antenna direction diagram
Page48
Antenna Gain
2.15dB
dBi
dBd
Page49
Antenna Pattern
Antenna pattern
Page50
Antenna Pattern
Side lobe
Zero point
Back
Main
lobe
filling
lobe
Max value
horizontal half-
Front to
power angles
back
Zero point
filling
ratio
Vertical pattern
Horizontal pattern
Page51
Antenna Pattern
Side lobe
Zero point
Back
Main
lobe
filling
lobe
Max value
horizontal half-
Front to
power angles
back
Zero point
filling
ratio
Vertical pattern
Horizontal pattern
Page52
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt

Mechanical down tilt
Electric down
tilt
Page53
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt

Mechanical down tilt
Electric down
tilt
Page54
Questions
How are antennas categorized by emission direction, and
by appearance?
What are electric indices of antenna?
What are mechanical indices of antenna?
Into which types does the distributed antenna system break
down?
Page55
Summary
Working principles of antenna
Categories of antenna
Electric indices of antenna
Mechanical indices of antenna
New technologies of antenna
Page56
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page57
Introduction to Power Unit

Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW.
Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal
power is x W, its size notated by dBm is:
p (dBm ) = 10 lg
PW *1000 mw
1mw
For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW. p ( dB ) = 10 lg
P1 mw
P 2 mW
Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers
For exampleIf P1 = 2w , P2 = 1w so P1 is 3dB greater than P2
Page58
Noise-Related Concepts
Noise
Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur during
the signal processing (the point frequency interference is not
counted as noise)
Noise figure
Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability of the
RF component for small signals, and is usually defined as: output
SNR divided by unit input SNR
Si
NF
Ni
So
No
Page59
Noise figure formula of cascaded network
G1
NF1
G2
NF2
Gn
NFn
NF 2 1
NFn 1
+ ... +
NFtotal = NF 1 +
G1
G1 G 2 ... Gn
Page60
Receiving Sensitivity
Receiving sensitivity
Expressed with power:
Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm

K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K) , K=1.38066*10-19 J/K
T represents absolute temperature, unit: K
B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz
Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB
(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB
If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz
Page61
RF Components
Tower Mounted Amplifier
Enlarge uplink signal, but its a loss
for downlink
Duplexer
Sharing antenna for receiving and
transmitting
Sharing antenna for multi-system
Page62
RF Components
Splitter
Coupler
Page63
Distribution System
Splitter
Coupler
Splitter
Trunk
Trunk
Splitter
Trunk
Coupler
Splitter
Splitter
Tx/Rx
Splitter
Coupler
Splitter
Splitter
Page64
Summary
Definition about dBm, dB
Receiving Sensitivity
RF Components
Page65
Contents
2. Antenna
3. RF Basics
Page66
Symbol Explanation
Ec
Average energy per Chip
Not considered individually, but used for Ec/Io
Pilot Ec is measured by the UE (for HO) or the Pilot scanner, in
the form of Received Signal Code Power (RSCP)
For CPICH Ec:
Depends on power and path loss.
Constant for a given power and path loss. Ec is not dependent on
load
For DPCH Ec:

Depends on power and path loss
Page67
Symbol Explanation
Eb
Average energy per information bit for the PCCPCH, SCCPCH,
and DPCH, at the UE antenna connector.
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/Nt
Depends on channel power (can be variable), path loss, and
spreading gain (Gp)
Constant for a given bit rate, channel power, and path loss
Can be estimated form Ec and processing gain
Speech 12.2kbps example
Ec = -80 dBm
12.2kbps data rate => Processing gain = 24.98 dB
Eb~ -80 + 24.98 = -55.02 dBm
Page68
Symbol Explanation
Io
The total received power spectral density, including signal and
interference, as measured at the UE antenna connector.
Similar to UTRA carrier Receive Strength Signal Indicator
(RSSI), at least for practical consideration (SC scanner)
RSSI in W or dBm
Io in W/Hz or dBm/Hz
Measured by the UE (for HO) or Pilot scanner in the form of

RSSI
Depends on All channel power, All cells, and path loss
Depends on same-cell and other cell loading
Depends on external interferences
Page69
Symbol Explanation
No common RF definition
Thermal noise density
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
Can be calculated
No = KT
K is the Bolzman constant, 1.38*10^-23
T is the temperature, 290 K
No = 174 dBm/Hz under typical conditions
Typically the bandwidth noise and the receiver noise figure are
also considered
No = KTBNF, where NF is noise figure
To avoid confusion, NF should be used when referring to thermal

noise
Page70
Symbol Explanation
No for WCDMA system
Total one-sided noise power spectral density due to all noise
sources
Typically not considered individually, but used for Eb/No
Defined this way, No and Io are substituted for one another:
On the uplink the substitution is valid
On the downlink, differentiating between Noise and Interference is
more challenging
Page71
Symbol Explanation
RTWP
Received Total Wide Bandwidth power
To describe uplink interference level
When uplink load increase 50%, RTWP value will increase 3dB
RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator
To describe downlink interference level at UE side
Page72
Symbol Explanation
RSCP
Revived Signal Code Power (Ec)
Ec/Io = RSCP/RSSI, to describe downlink CPICH quality
ISCP
Interference Signal Code Power; can be estimated by:
ISCP = RSSI RSCP
Page73
Summary
Ec, Eb, Io and No
RTWP, RSSI, RSCP and ISCP
Page74
Thank you
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WCDMA RNP

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radio Wave Spectrum

Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

electric wave transmission direction

Perpendicular incidence wave

Troposphere reflection wave

Mountain diffraction wave

Ionosphere refraction wave

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Building reflection wave

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radio Propagation Environment

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The landform with a slightly rugged surface and

are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant

landform, and land & water combined landform

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Radio Wave Delay Extension

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

where: d is the distance between UE and base station, and

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Free Air Space Model

Lo=91.48+20lgd, for f=900MHz

Free space propagation model is applicable to the wireless

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Flat Landform Propagation Model

BTS antenna height

mobile station height

parameters related to frequency

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

BTS antenna height

Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Macro cell model

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

COST 231-Hata Model

BTS antenna height

Mobile station height Hm:1~10m

Macro cell model

COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model

BTS antenna height Hbase :

Mobile station height Hmobile : 1~3m

Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

PathLoss = K1 + K 2 log(D ) + K 3 log(H Txeff ) + K 4 Diffraction loss

+ K 5 log(D ) log(H Txeff ) + K 6 (H Rxeff ) + K clutter f (clutter )

Propagation path loss constant value

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Basic Principles and Procedures

Selected propagated environment

Measured propagation path loss

Forecast propagation path loss

Error compliant with

The antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle