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3 AUTHORS:
Antonin Miks
Jiri Novak
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Pavel Novak
Czech Technical University in Prague
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Optical systems with variable optical characteristics (zoom lenses) find broader applications in practice
nowadays and methods for their design are constantly developed and improved. We describe a relatively
simple method of the design of zoom lenses using the third-order aberration theory. It presents one of the
possible approaches of obtaining the Seidel aberration coefficients of individual members of a zoom lens.
The advantage of this method is that Seidel aberration coefficients of individual elements of a given
optical system can be obtained simply by solving of a set of linear equations. By using these coefficients,
one can determine residual aberrations of the optical system without detailed knowledge about the
structure of its individual elements. Furthermore, we can determine construction parameters of the
optical system, i.e., radii of curvature and thicknesses of individual elements of a given optical system.
The proposed method makes it possible to determine which elements of the optical system can be
designed as simple lenses and which elements must have a more complicated design, e.g., doublets
or triplets. 2008 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes:
220.0220, 220.3620, 220.1000, 080.0080, 080.3620, 080.1010.
1. Introduction
1 1
n 1
;
r r0
s0
1
:
s 1 s
6089
where
r0 r
:
r0 r
s0 s
:
s0 s
2n 1
;
X 1
r0
2n 1
:
X 1
s0 s m 1
2
2
1
1 0 :
Y 0
s s m1
s
s
h4i M i ;
i1
SII
K
X
i Mi
h3i h
i1
SIII
K
X
i1
K
X
i1
iNi
hi h
K
X
i1
SV
h2i N i ;
i1
SIV
K
X
K
X
3 Mi 3
hi h
i
i1
2Mi 2
h2i h
i
K
X
i1
13
K
X
i ;
2N i
h
i
Y i1
i1
2ni 1
;
2ni
Xi
r0i ri
;
r0i ri
hi i
Y 1 1:
hi1 i1 i
14
2ni 1
;
i X i 1
r0i
2ni 1
:
i X i 1
yP y2P x2P
y1 3y2P x2P
S
SII
I
1
2s1 s1 3 u31 u0K
2s1 s1 3 u21 u0K u
y0
y21 yP
3SIII I 2 SIV
21
2s1 s1 3 u1 u0K u
y31
SV ;
31
2s1 s1 3 u0K u
11
K
X
Fi
s0i si mi 1
2
2
1
1 0 ;
0
si si
mi 1
si i
si i
10
i1
i
;
ni
n2i
;
Ei Bi =2;
4ni 12
1 1
1 1
0 0 ;
i ni 1
ri ri
si si
Di
i
1
h
3
;
hi
ni i
12
6090
ni 1
;
ni ni 1
Yi
SI
Bi
Ai
ni 2
;
4ni ni 12
3n 2
Ci i
;
4ni
N i 2i Ei X i F i Y i ;
M i 3i Ai X 2i Bi X i Y i Ci Y 2i Di ;
x0
xP y2P x2P
2y1 yP xP
SI
S
1 II
2s1 s1 3 u31 u0K
2s1 s1 3 u21 u0K u
y21 xP
SIII I 2 SIV ;
21
2s1 s1 3 u1 u0K u
1 1
s1 s1
1 u
1 h1 :
u1 h
j
X
di1
hj hj h1
;
h h
i2 i1 i
where di denotes the axial separation between the
ith and i 1th lenses.
4. Modification of the Formulas for Third Order
Aberration Coefficients
The aberration coefficients [8] are quadratic functions in X and Y. Their dependence on the refractive
index is very complicated. It is a very difficult problem to obtain a solution for X and n for the complex
optical system because we must solve several nonlinear equations. To obtain the solution for X and
n for a complex optical system, we define new set
of variables. If we put i 1 and Y i 0 (without loss
of generality) in Eq. (13), we can define new
parameters:
16
1 ni 1
X :
Ni
2 ni ni 1 i
17
i M i i 1; mi 1;
M
i N i i 1; mi 1;
N
i Ai X 2 D i ;
i Ei X i :
M
N
N=2;
m H 2 M
15
and N
describe the spherical
The parameters M
aberration and the coma for the thin lens having unit
focal length and unit magnification (m 1). We
obtain, for the spherical aberration,
Di
n2i
;
4ni 12
Ai ni ni 2
:
E2i
ni 12
18
19
i 1:31Y i ;
N i 2i N
20
i f 03 M i 2f 02 N i Y i 1:56Y 2 ;
M
i
i
i
21
i f 02 N i 1:31Y i :
N
i
22
s0 2H 2 M;
and for the sine condition
6091
These formulas are sufficiently accurate for all practical cases. As we can see, Eqs. (19) and (20) are lin and N.
The Seidel sums are also
ear in parameters M
linear in these parameters. We have the possibility to
obtain not only shapes of the lenses, but also the refractive indices of the glasses from which the lenses
are made.
The following steps are used in a third-order aberration design of a lens system. First, we choose which
Seidel sum must be corrected and then we solve the
and N.
We then
system of the linear equations in M
and N
for the individual
obtain the values of M
and N
into
lenses. Upon substitution for M
Eq. (18), we have
0:86N
2:
DM
optical elements with given values of Seidel aberration coefficients can be found especially in [1,2,23],
where both the necessary theoretical relations and
numerical examples of calculations of such optical
systems are provided. As we can verify by direct
calculation, the approximations used give almost
the same results as exact calculation.
5. Seidel Aberration Coefficients for Zoom Lens
Design
23
K
X
i2
h4ji 3i M
i1
2n 1
;
X 1
r0
1:06
SIIj
K
X
ji 3 M
i
h3ji h
i
1
Y 1:
s0 2
ji i Y ji 1N
i
h2ji 2i 2hji h
i1
K
X
ji i Y ji 1:31;
h2ji 2i Y ji 1:06hji h
i1
K
X
2 3 M
i
h2ji h
ji i
i1
ji 2 hji h
ji i Y ji 1N
i
hji h
i
K
X
ji 2 Y ji 1:06hji h
ji i Y ji 2:62
hji h
i
i1
25
K
X
i1
h4ji 3i Y 2ji ;
K
X
i1
K
X
i1
SIIIj
2n 1
:
X 1
i
h4ji 3i Y ji N
i1
24
The real value for the refractive index (1:43 < n < 2)
we obtain 1 < D < 2:76. In the case when the value of
D exceeds the above-mentioned bounds, we must
replace the simple lens by a more complex optical
system, for instance, a cemented doublet or triplet.
The shape parameter X we determine from
Eq. (16) or Eq. (17). We can calculate the radii of
lenses using Eq. (6), repeated here:
K
X
K
X
i ;
i1
SIVj
K
X
i
i1
SVj
K
X
3 3 M
i
hji h
ji i
i1
K
X
2 2 2hji h
ji i Y ji 3N
i
h
ji i
2 2 Y ji 1:06hji h
ji i Y ji 3:93
h
ji i
K
X
hji
i1
i1
i1
K
X
ni
hji
1
;
ni i
bj SIj aj;2K1 ;
i;
xiK N
where
G apq ;
aji h4ji 3i ;
b b1 ; b2 ; ; b4L T ;
2 ; ; M
K; N
1; N
2 ; ; N
K T ;
1; M
x M
aj;iK 2h4ji 3i Y ji ;
aj;2K1
K
X
1:06h4ji 3i Y 2ji ;
i1
ji 3 ;
ajL;i h3ji h
i
ajL;iK
K
X
ajL;2K1
ji i Y ji
h2ji 2i 2hji h
1;
ji i Y ji 1:31
h2ji 2i Y ji 1:06hji h
i1
2 3 ;
aj2L;i h2ji h
ji i
ji 2 hji h
ji i Y ji 1;
aj2L;iK 2hji h
i
aj2L;2K1
K
X
ji 2 Y ji 1:06hji h
ji i Y ji 2:62
hji h
i
i1
i ;
aj3L;i
3 3 ;
hji h
ji i
2 2 2hji h
ji i Y ji 3;
aj3L;iK h
ji i
aj3L;2K1
K
X
2 2 Y ji 1:06hji h
ji i Y ji 3:93
h
ji i
i1
3:6
ji
h
;
hji i
26
6093
and that is a very difficult problem. Another advantage of this method is the fact that the values of
and N
are always finite, which is not
variables M
necessarily true for other variables.
6. Chromatic Aberration
K
X
i1
CII
K
X
i1
h2i
i
P ;
i i
27
i
hi h
i
P ;
i i
nd 1
;
nF nC
nF n
;
nF nC
i1
i ;
2
X
i
i1
0:
30
0;
2
X
i
i1
Pi d 0: 31
28
29
2
X
i
i1
i ;
i1
where nd is the refractive index of the glass for wavelength d 589 nm, nF is the refractive index of the
glass for wavelength F 486 nm, nC is the refractive index of the glass for wavelength C 656 nm,
and n is the refractive index of the glass for arbitrary
wavelength .
The sums CI and CII are usually coupled with the
Seidel sums as constituting a group of primary aberrations. The optical system does not suffer from chromatic aberrations if CI 0 and CII 0. We call the
optical system achromatic if chromatic aberrations
are eliminated for two wavelengths, apochromatic
if chromatic aberrations are eliminated for three
wavelengths, and superachromatic if chromatic
aberrations are eliminated for four and more wavelengths.
In the case of a thin doublet in contact and comprising two different glasses or optical materials,
the conditions that the doublet be corrected at two
wavelengths F and C are
2
X
i ;
i1
3
X
2
X
i1
3
X
i
i1
3
X
i
0;
3
X
i
i1
Pi d 0;
32
Pi g 0:
Examples
Table 1.
f0 1
i
ri
r0i
di
ni
glass
1
2
0.4123
0:8482
0:8482
3.5013
0
0
1.57488
1.73212
BaK1
SF1
1 0, m 1, s1 2, I 1
h1 1, h
i
1
2
i
M
i
N
Mi
M ia
Ni
N ia
2.0816 0.4917
16.534
16.516 0:8154 0:7765
1.7733 0.6571 10:098 10:196
3.6184
3.6436
SI 6:4364, SIa 6:2303, SII 2:803, SIIa 2:867
1 2 d1 2 ;
f0
f 01
f 01 f 02
;
f 02 d
where f 01 and f 02 are values of focal length of individual elements of the optical system. We obtain, for an
arbitrary point A1 that is situated in the distance s1
from the first element of the system,
s1 f 0
1
d
1 0 ;
m
f2
d
s02 f 0 1 m 0 ;
f1
q
1
e e2 4f 01 f 02 e 4f 01 f 02 m 12 =m :
2
This formula makes it possible to calculate the distance d of the two-element optical system with respect to the transverse magnification m of the
optical system and the distance e between the object
plane and the image plane 0 .
The process of calculation of design parameters of
a two-element zoom optical system can be performed
in the following way. We choose the distance e between the object and the image plane and determine
focal lengths f 01 and f 02 of both elements of the optical
system. The position of the entrance pupil is then given either by the distance s1 from the first lens or by
the distance p1 from the object plane. Moreover, we
set minimum and maximum values mmin ; mmax of
the transverse magnification m of the zoom lens,
the number L of chosen parameters of the zoom lens
system, and the required values of the aberration
coefficients for the design process.
Using given parameters, we can calculate dis1, h
2 , and elements
tances s1 , s02 , heights h1 , h2 , h
of matrix G and vector b. By solving Eq. (26), we ob 1, M
2, N
1 , and
tain the required values of variables M
10 November 2008 / Vol. 47, No. 32 / APPLIED OPTICS
6095
q
1
e e2 4f 01 f 02 e 4f 01 f 02 m 12 =m ;
2
f 01 f 02
;
s1 f 0
f 01 f 02 d
d
s02 f 0 1 m 0 ;
f1
f0
h1 1;
h2
2 h2 h
1 d;
h
Y 1 1
2f 01
;
s1
s02
;
s1 m
1
d
1 0 ;
m
f2
SI SII SIII 0:
2 0:232, N
1 0:077,
1 0:734, M
We obtain M
and N 2 0:102. Residual ray aberrations dx; dy
of the third order that we obtain using the abovementioned equations for the axial point (image
height y0 0 mm) and for the numerical aperture
NAmax 0:1 are shown in Fig. 2 (linear dimensions
are introduced in millimeters). As one can see, the
correction of residual ray aberrations of the third
order is very good in the whole range of required
magnification values.
C.
f 02 1=1=f 01 1=f 03 ;
d1 f 01 f 02 m3 f 01 f 02 =f 0 ;
d2 f 0 1 d1 =f 01 s03 =f 0 =m3 ;
1 s1s1 s1 p1 s1 ;
h
s1 s1
p1
Y2 1
2f 02
;
s02
1 1=f 01 ;
2 1=f 02 :
Using the previous formulas, we can calculate individual elements of matrix G and vector b and we
can solve Eq. (26) with respect to x. As an example
of the described design process, we will show calculations for two-element zoom system with the following
parameters (Table 3).
Given parameters:
f 01 50 mm;
f 02 50 mm;
mmin 0:333;
mmax 1;
6096
e 0;
K 2;
s1 0;
L 9:
Table 3.
s1
s02
f0
h1
h2
1
h
2
h
1 1.000 0
0
f0
d1
d2
60
75
105
120
44.444
48.889
53.968
55.556
91.666
79.166
54.167
41.667
6097
individual elements of the optical system can be obtained by solving a set of linear equations. In the case
that we choose other variables (e.g., radii of curvature and their various combinations), we would have
to solve a set of nonlinear equations and that is a
more difficult problem. The described process of
optical design was shown on the example of twoelement and three-element zoom lenses. As can be
seen from the presented results, the proposed method enables us to achieve a very good correction of ray
aberrations of the third order. Parameters of an optical system obtained by the described method then
can be used as a starting point for further optimization using optical design software, such as ZEMAX
or OSLO.
This work has been supported by grant
MSM6840770022 from the Ministry of Education
of Czech Republic.
References
1. B. Havelka, Geometrical Optics I, II (Czech Academy of
Science, 1955).
2. D. Argentieri, Ottica Industriale (Hoepli, 1942).
3. H. H. Hopkins, Wave Theory of Aberrations (Oxford, 1950).
4. G. G. Slyusarev, Aberration and Optical Design Theory (Adam
Hilger, 1984).
5. A. Cox, A System of Optical Design (Focal, 1964).
6. P. Mouroulis and J. MacDonald, Geometrical Optics and
Optical Design (Oxford, 1997).
7. A. Mik, Applied Optics (Czech Technical U. Press, 2000).
8. A. Mik, Modification of the formulas for third-order aberration coefficients, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 18671871 (2002).
9. A. E. Conrady, Applied Optics and Optical Design, Part I
(Oxford, 1929), Part II (Dover, 1960).
6098