Santa Ignacia, Tarlac

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Santa Ignacia
Municipality

Seal

Map of Tarlac showing the location of Santa Ignacia

Santa Ignacia
Location within the Philippines

Coordinates:

1537N 12026ECoordinates:

1537N 12026E

Country

Philippines

Region

Central Luzon (Region III)

Province

Tarlac

District

1st District

Barangays

24

Area[1]
Total

146.07 km2 (56.40 sq mi)

Population (2010)[2]
Total

43,787

Density

300/km2 (780/sq mi)

Time zone

PST (UTC+8)

ZIP code

2303

Dialing code

45

Income class

2nd class

Website

santaignaciatarlac.gov.ph

Demographics[edit]
Population census of Sta. Ignacia

Source: National Statistics Office[2][4]

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Larval mosquito fauna (Family Culicidae) of

Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac Province, Philippines

UPLOADED BY

Anna Santiago

ATTACHMENTS
1 of 2

VIEWS
610

INFO
more

D OW N LOA D

OAK:Obihiro

university Arch
ives
of Knowledge
''

Title
Larval mosqu
ito fauna

(Family
Culicidae) of
Sta.Ignacia,T
arlac,Provin
ce,Philippine
s

Author(s)

Santiago, A.
T. A., Claveri
a, Florencia
G.

Citation

The
Journal of Pro
tozoology Re
search, 18(1)
: 17-25

Issue Date

2008-06

URL
http://ir.obihir
o.ac.jp/dspac
e/handle/103
22/1834

Rights
National Rese
arch Center f
or
Protozoan Dis
eases

J. Protozool. Res.
18, 17-25
(2008)Copyright2
008, National
Research Center for
Protozoan Diseases

Larval
mosquito
fauna (Family

Culicidae) of
Sta. Ignacia,
Tarlac,Provinc
e, Philippines

Santiago, A.T.A.
1, 2

and Claveria,
F.G.

Biology
Department,
College of
Science, De La
Salle University-

Manila, 2401
Taft Avenue,
Manila,Philippin
es;
2

Department of
Biology, College
of Arts and

Science,
University of
the Philippines
Manila,Padre
Faura St.,
Ermita, Manila
1000,
Philippines*Corr

esponding
author:
Claveria, F.G., Email:
claveriaf@dlsu.
edu.ph
ABSTRACT

Surveillance of
the presence of
larval mosquito
es was
performed in
the suburban
municipality of
Sta.

Ignacia,Tarlac
Province,
Philippines, with
approximately
94.0% of the
land area still
devoted to
agriculture.

Fivedistricts
were covered,
namely:
Macageuing,
San Francisco,
San Vicente,
Sta. Ines

Centro, and Sta.

Ines East.
The standard
dipping method
was used to
collect
mosquito larvae

from rice fields,

ponds, creeks,
streamsand
used tires and
larvae were
identified at the
genus level.
Culex

sp. was the

most abundant
with acalculated
mean breeding
index of 22
larvae per dip.
Anopheles
sp. and

Aedes
sp. were
likewise
identifiedwith
mean breeding
indices of five
and two larvae
per dip,

respectively. In
two samplings,
Culex
sp. had
thehighest
mean larval
breeding index
(MLBI) of 9

larvae/dip in
Sta. Ines Centro
(West); while
Sta.
Vicenteregistere
d higher MLBI
of
Anopheles

sp. and
Aedes
sp. relative to
sites in other
districts.
Considering
theendemicity
of malaria,

lymphatic
filariasis and
dengue in the
country,
present findings
are valuable in
theformulation
of control

measures
specifically
targeting
presently
identified
breeding sites
that
revealedconside

rable mosquito
population. To
arrive at a
comprehensive
picture, we
highly
recommend a
validationof

current data in
similar
sampling sites
in the other
districts of Sta.
Ignacia,
concurrent with
a species-

specific
surveillance of
culicidae
mosquitoes.
Key words:

mosquito larval
surveillance;
breeding index;

Sta. Ignacia;
Tarlac Province;
Philippines
INTRODUCTIO
N

In tropical
countries like

the Philippines
where many
viral and
parasitic
infections are
endemic,mosqu
ito surveillance
is an integral

part in the
prevention and
control of
vector-borne
diseases and in
theevaluation of
pest control
strategies.

Agroecosystem
s, rice fields,
coastal areas
and artificial
waterholdingcontaine
rs provide
suitable

breeding places
of adult
mosquitoes
(Lichtenberg
and Getz, 1985;
Mutero
et al

.,2000;
Sunahara
et al
., 2002; Caglar
et al
., 2003; Muturi
et al

., 2006;
Blaustein and
Chase, 2007).
Mosquitovector
s rely on
vertebrate
blood meals for
egg

development
partly utilized
for yolk-protein
and renewed
lipidsynthesis
and storage
synthesis, and
on sugars from

plants essential
for flight and
energy reserves
(Scott
et al
., 1997; Ziegler
and Ibrahim,
2001; Briegel,

2003).In the
Philippines,
mosquitoes
(family
Culicidae) are
widely
distributed
(Delfinado,

1966;
Basio,1971). In
Northern Luzon,
Palawan and
Mindanao,
Anopheles
spp.,
Aedeomyia

spp.,
Aedes
spp., and
Culex
spp. commonly
inhabit paddy
fields, shaded
pools, streams

and artificial
water holdingcontainers
(Miyagi
et al
., 1985).
Several
Culex

spp. and
Aedes
spp. transmit
viral pathogens
(Rudnick
et al
., 1962; Doherty

et al
.,1963; Chow
et al
., 1998; Kay
et al
., 2002); while
Anopheles

spp. and
Aedes
spp. are
important
vectors
of malaria and
lymphatic filaria
(Ishii

et al
., 1983;
Belizario, 1993;
Lansang
et al
., 1997; Espino
and

Manderson,200
0; Bell
et al
., 2001 and
2005). In view
of the
importance of
data on

mosquito fauna
in the
developmentan
d execution of
appropriate
programs for
the prevention
and control of

mosquito-borne
diseases
likemalaria,
dengue and
lymphatic
filariasis, all of
which are
endemic in the

country, the
present
surveillance

17
Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.
Ignaciawas

carried out in
Sta. Ignacia,
Tarlac Province,
Philippines, a
suburban
municipality
with
approximately9

4.0% of the
land area still
devoted to
agriculture.
MATERIALS
AND
METHODSStud
y Area

Sta. Ignacia is a
suburban
municipality of
Tarlac Province
divided into 24
districts
(NationalStatisti
cal Coordination

Board, 2007). It
covers a
14,607-hectares
land area, of
which only
approximately6.
5% are used for
residential,

commercial and
industrial
purposes. Its
2007 projected
population is
44,742with a
population
density of three

persons per
hectare.
Currently, there
are 8,054
households
(averagehouseh
old size: 6
persons). The

mosquito
surveillance
study covered
three rural
(Macagueing,
San Vicenteand
Sta. Ines East)
and two urban

(San Francisco
and Sta. Ines
West) districts
(Fig. 1).
Larval
Mosquito
Sampling and
Identification

Mosquito
surveillance
consisted of
three
collections
period in June,
2007, which
were

scheduledoneweek apart. The

specific sites
surveyed in the
rural districts
were stagnant
creeks to
streams(Macag

ueing), rice
fields and
streams (San
Vicente) and
rice fields and
old/unused tires
(Sta. Ines
East),while the

sites surveyed
in the urban
districts of San
Francisco and
Sta. Ines Centro
(West) were rice
fieldsand
shallow ponds,

respectively
(Fig. 2).
Mosquito larvae
were collected
using the
standard
dipping
method(OMalle

y, 1989).
Sampling sites
were first
observed for
the presence of
larvae which
were collected
using awhite

plastic dipper,
then larvae
were placed in
hot water and
preserved in
80% ethyl
alcohol. Larvae
wereidentified

at the genus
level based on
established
morphological
characteristics
(Pratt, 1993;
DagnallTeachin
g Laboratory,

1998). Larvae
of
Anopheles
sp. were
distinguished
based on the
absence of a
breathingtube

at the 8th
abdominal
segment and
presence of
ventral palmate
hairs; and the
presence of a
breathingtube

with more than

one pair of hair
tufts for
Culex
sp. contrasted
with the
presence of

single pair of
hair tufts in
Aedes
sp. (Fig.
3).Figure 1. Five
districts
covered by
mosquito larval

survey, Sta.
Ignacia, Tarlac
Province, 2007.

18

Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.
IgnaciaABC DEFi
gure 2. Sample

sites
from the five
districts
covered in the
study: (A)
Macagueing
creek,(B) San
Francisco rice

field, (C) San

Vicente rice
field, (D) Sta.
Ines East rice
field, and(E)
Sta. Ines Centro
pond, Sta.

Ignacia, Tarlac,
2007.

19

Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.
Ignacia

A B CD E

Figure 3. Larval
mosquitoes. A a
nd B.
Anopheles
sp. Absence of
a breathing
tube (BT)

(arrow)
and presence
of ventral
palmate hairs.
C and D.
Culex
sp. E.
Aedes

sp.
Note presence
of BT (arrow)
with morethan
one pair of hair
tufts in
Culex

sp.,
and presence of
single pair of
hair tufts only in
Aedes
sp.
Data Analysis

The first larval

collections for
the five districts
were pooled to
serve as
baseline data
for
themunicipality.

In the second
and third
sampling, the
number of
larvae per
genus per
district was
recorded,

andthe data
were compared
across the five
districts. To
determine the
total density of
mosquito larvae
per genusin the

municipality
and for each of
the five
districts, the
breeding index
(Belkin, 1954)
was used
calculatedas: BI

= TLP/ ND x BP,
where BI =
breeding index;
TLP = total
number of
larvae
collected; ND =
number of dips;

and BP =
number of
sampling
stations/
breeding
places.
a

RESULTS AND

DISCUSSION

A total of 226
mosquito larvae
were collected
from 36
sampling
stations (Table

1). Of the total

137larvae
collected during
the second and
third sampling,
56 (40.9%)
were from Sta.
Ines Centro

(West),followed
by 48 (35.1%)
from San
Vicente (Table
2).The larvae
identified were
predominantly
Culex

sp. (176:
~78%),
followed by
Anopheles
sp. (39:~17.0%)
and
Aedes

sp. (11: ~5.0

%). Variation in
the larval
breeding
indices between
sampling
periodsrevealed
significantly

higher density
of
Culex
sp. (Fig. 4). The
mean larval
breeding index
(MLBI)

wascomputed
as follows:
Culex
sp. (22

5.7 larvae/dip);
Anopheles
sp. (5

3.0 larvae/ dip);

and
Aedes
sp. (2

20

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Terms

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Copyright

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SIGN UP

Larval mosquito fauna (Family Culicidae) of

Sta. Ignacia,Tarlac Province, Philippines

UPLOADED BY

Anna Santiago

ATTACHMENTS
1 of 2

VIEWS

610

INFO
more

D OW N LOA D

OAK:Obihiro
university Arch
ives
of Knowledge
''

Title
Larval mosqu
ito fauna
(Family
Culicidae) of
Sta.Ignacia,T
arlac,Provinc
e,Philippines

Author(s)
Santiago, A.
T. A., Claveri
a, Florencia
G.

Citation

The
Journal of Pro
tozoology Re
search, 18(1)
: 17-25

Issue Date
2008-06

URL
http://ir.obihir
o.ac.jp/dspac
e/handle/103
22/1834

Rights

National Rese
arch Center f
or
Protozoan Dis
eases

J. Protozool. Res.
18, 17-25
(2008)Copyright2
008, National

Research Center for

Protozoan Diseases

Larval
mosquito
fauna (Family
Culicidae) of
Sta. Ignacia,
Tarlac,Provinc
e, Philippines
Santiago, A.T.A.

1, 2

and Claveria,
F.G.
1
1

Biology
Department,
College of
Science, De La

Salle UniversityManila, 2401

Taft Avenue,
Manila,Philippin
es;
2

Department of
Biology, College
of Arts and
Science,

University of
the Philippines
Manila,Padre
Faura St.,
Ermita, Manila
1000,
Philippines*Corr
esponding
author:

Claveria, F.G., Email:

claveriaf@dlsu.
edu.ph
ABSTRACT
Surveillance of
the presence of
larval mosquito
es was

performed in
the suburban
municipality of
Sta.
Ignacia,Tarlac
Province,
Philippines, with
approximately
94.0% of the

land area still

devoted to
agriculture.
Fivedistricts
were covered,
namely:
Macageuing,
San Francisco,
San Vicente,

Sta. Ines
Centro, and Sta.
Ines East.
The standard
dipping method
was used to
collect
mosquito larvae

from rice fields,

ponds, creeks,
streamsand
used tires and
larvae were
identified at the
genus level.
Culex

sp. was the

most abundant
with acalculated
mean breeding
index of 22
larvae per dip.
Anopheles
sp. and
Aedes

sp. were
likewise
identifiedwith
mean breeding
indices of five
and two larvae
per dip,
respectively. In
two samplings,

Culex
sp. had
thehighest
mean larval
breeding index
(MLBI) of 9
larvae/dip in
Sta. Ines Centro
(West); while

Sta.
Vicenteregistere
d higher MLBI
of
Anopheles
sp. and
Aedes
sp. relative to
sites in other

districts.
Considering
theendemicity
of malaria,
lymphatic
filariasis and
dengue in the
country,
present findings

are valuable in
theformulation
of control
measures
specifically
targeting
presently
identified
breeding sites

that
revealedconside
rable mosquito
population. To
arrive at a
comprehensive
picture, we
highly
recommend a

validationof
current data in
similar
sampling sites
in the other
districts of Sta.
Ignacia,
concurrent with
a species-

specific
surveillance of
culicidae
mosquitoes.
Key words:
mosquito larval
surveillance;
breeding index;

Sta. Ignacia;
Tarlac Province;
Philippines
INTRODUCTIO
N
In tropical
countries like
the Philippines
where many

viral and
parasitic
infections are
endemic,mosqu
ito surveillance
is an integral
part in the
prevention and
control of

vector-borne
diseases and in
theevaluation of
pest control
strategies.
Agroecosystem
s, rice fields,
coastal areas
and artificial

waterholdingcontaine
rs provide
suitable
breeding places
of adult
mosquitoes
(Lichtenberg

and Getz, 1985;

Mutero
et al
.,2000;
Sunahara
et al
., 2002; Caglar
et al
., 2003; Muturi

et al
., 2006;
Blaustein and
Chase, 2007).
Mosquitovector
s rely on
vertebrate
blood meals for
egg

development
partly utilized
for yolk-protein
and renewed
lipidsynthesis
and storage
synthesis, and
on sugars from
plants essential

for flight and

energy reserves
(Scott
et al
., 1997; Ziegler
and Ibrahim,
2001; Briegel,
2003).In the
Philippines,

mosquitoes
(family
Culicidae) are
widely
distributed
(Delfinado,
1966;
Basio,1971). In
Northern Luzon,

Palawan and
Mindanao,
Anopheles
spp.,
Aedeomyia
spp.,
Aedes
spp., and
Culex

spp. commonly
inhabit paddy
fields, shaded
pools, streams
and artificial
water holdingcontainers
(Miyagi
et al

., 1985).
Several
Culex
spp. and
Aedes
spp. transmit
viral pathogens
(Rudnick
et al

., 1962; Doherty
et al
.,1963; Chow
et al
., 1998; Kay
et al
., 2002); while
Anopheles
spp. and

Aedes
spp. are
important
vectors
of malaria and
lymphatic filaria
(Ishii
et al

., 1983;
Belizario, 1993;
Lansang
et al
., 1997; Espino
and
Manderson,200
0; Bell
et al

., 2001 and
2005). In view
of the
importance of
data on
mosquito fauna
in the
developmentan
d execution of

appropriate
programs for
the prevention
and control of
mosquito-borne
diseases
likemalaria,
dengue and
lymphatic

filariasis, all of
which are
endemic in the
country, the
present
surveillance

17
Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.

Ignaciawas
carried out in
Sta. Ignacia,
Tarlac Province,
Philippines, a
suburban
municipality
with
approximately9

4.0% of the
land area still
devoted to
agriculture.
MATERIALS
AND
METHODSStud
y Area

Sta. Ignacia is a
suburban
municipality of
Tarlac Province
divided into 24
districts
(NationalStatisti
cal Coordination
Board, 2007). It

covers a
14,607-hectares
land area, of
which only
approximately6.
5% are used for
residential,
commercial and
industrial

purposes. Its
2007 projected
population is
44,742with a
population
density of three
persons per
hectare.
Currently, there

are 8,054
households
(averagehouseh
old size: 6
persons). The
mosquito
surveillance
study covered
three rural

(Macagueing,
San Vicenteand
Sta. Ines East)
and two urban
(San Francisco
and Sta. Ines
West) districts
(Fig. 1).

Larval
Mosquito
Sampling and
Identification
Mosquito
surveillance
consisted of
three
collections

period in June,
2007, which
were
scheduledoneweek apart. The
specific sites
surveyed in the
rural districts
were stagnant

creeks to
streams(Macag
ueing), rice
fields and
streams (San
Vicente) and
rice fields and
old/unused tires
(Sta. Ines

East),while the
sites surveyed
in the urban
districts of San
Francisco and
Sta. Ines Centro
(West) were rice
fieldsand
shallow ponds,

respectively
(Fig. 2).
Mosquito larvae
were collected
using the
standard
dipping
method(OMalle
y, 1989).

Sampling sites
were first
observed for
the presence of
larvae which
were collected
using awhite
plastic dipper,
then larvae

were placed in
hot water and
preserved in
80% ethyl
alcohol. Larvae
wereidentified
at the genus
level based on
established

morphological
characteristics
(Pratt, 1993;
DagnallTeachin
g Laboratory,
1998). Larvae
of
Anopheles

sp. were
distinguished
based on the
absence of a
breathingtube
at the 8th
abdominal
segment and
presence of

ventral palmate
hairs; and the
presence of a
breathingtube
with more than
one pair of hair
tufts for
Culex

sp. contrasted
with the
presence of
single pair of
hair tufts in
Aedes
sp. (Fig.
3).Figure 1. Five
districts

covered by
mosquito larval
survey, Sta.
Ignacia, Tarlac
Province, 2007.

18

Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.
IgnaciaABC DEFi
gure 2. Sample

sites
from the five
districts
covered in the
study: (A)
Macagueing
creek,(B) San
Francisco rice
field, (C) San

Vicente rice
field, (D) Sta.
Ines East rice
field, and(E)
Sta. Ines Centro
pond, Sta.
Ignacia, Tarlac,
2007.

19

Larval mosquito
fauna of Sta.
Ignacia
A B CD E

Figure 3. Larval
mosquitoes. A a
nd B.
Anopheles
sp. Absence of
a breathing
tube (BT)
(arrow)
and presence

of ventral
palmate hairs.
C and D.
Culex
sp. E.
Aedes
sp.
Note presence
of BT (arrow)

with morethan
one pair of hair
tufts in
Culex
sp.,
and presence of
single pair of
hair tufts only in
Aedes

sp.
Data Analysis
The first larval
collections for
the five districts
were pooled to
serve as
baseline data
for

themunicipality.
In the second
and third
sampling, the
number of
larvae per
genus per
district was
recorded,

andthe data
were compared
across the five
districts. To
determine the
total density of
mosquito larvae
per genusin the
municipality

and for each of

the five
districts, the
breeding index
(Belkin, 1954)
was used
calculatedas: BI
= TLP/ ND x BP,
where BI =

breeding index;
TLP = total
number of
larvae
collected; ND =
number of dips;
and BP =
number of
sampling

stations/
breeding
places.
a

RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
A total of 226
mosquito larvae
were collected

from 36
sampling
stations (Table
1). Of the total
137larvae
collected during
the second and
third sampling,
56 (40.9%)

were from Sta.

Ines Centro
(West),followed
by 48 (35.1%)
from San
Vicente (Table
2).The larvae
identified were
predominantly

Culex
sp. (176:
~78%),
followed by
Anopheles
sp. (39:~17.0%)
and
Aedes

sp. (11: ~5.0

%). Variation in
the larval
breeding
indices between
sampling
periodsrevealed
significantly

higher density
of
Culex
sp. (Fig. 4). The
mean larval
breeding index
(MLBI)
wascomputed
as follows:

Culex
sp. (22

5.7 larvae/dip);
Anopheles
sp. (5

3.0 larvae/ dip);

and
Aedes

sp. (2

20

Job Board

About

Press

Blog

People

Terms

Privacy
Copyright

We're Hiring!

Help Center

Find new research papers in:

Physics
Chemistry

Biology
Health Sciences

Ecology
Earth Sciences

Cognitive Science

Mathematics
Computer Science

Engineering
Academia 2015

Harvest City would be a place for Haitians to live and start their lives again, but it would also be a place for
agriculture and jobs to thrive. Two thirds of the city would be dedicated to farming and one third to light industry.
The city would be composed of a collection of tethered, floating modules that span a diameter of 2 miles.
Divided into four zones interconnected by a linear canal system, neighborhoods would be made up of four story
housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the city would be composed of crop circles with secondary feeder
canals, while the city center with schools, offices, and public space would be located in the inner harbor area.
The floating islands of Harvest City will be secured to the sea bed by a cable and were designed to weather
hurricanes and typhoons. A low profile, low draft dead weight capacity and perimeter wave attenuators are

some factors that Schopfer incorporated into the city to ensure it would be safe from storms. A breakwater
using the concrete rubble debris from the earthquake would also be constructed to add to the citys stability.
In addition to being a new beginning for the people of Haiti, it is Schopfers hope that Harvest City will be
established as a charter city to be used as an example of a new and advanced economic model specifically
developed for struggling nations.

+ Tangram3ds

Read more: Harvest City: Floating Islands to Bring Agriculture and Industry to Haiti Harvest City Haiti
Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building

Stunning Harvest City as Floating Agricultural and Industrial

City for Haiti
January 13, 2011 by admin Leave a Comment

harvest-city-agricultural-infrastructure

Its been almost a year now since Haiti was ravaged by a horrific earthquake, and while its citizens are
still picking up the pieces, the good news is that there is no shortage of creative ideas about how to
rebuild an even better, more sustainable infrastructure for the country. Boston based architect E. Kevin
Schopfer in collaboration with Tangram 3DS (visualization) envisioned Harvest City in Haiti as a floating

agricultural/light industrial city off the shores of the island. Harvest City would be a vibrant fully functioning
city of 30,000 residents which embraces three major concepts.
Harvest City would be a place for Haitians to live and start their lives again, but it would also be a place
for agriculture and jobs to thrive. Two thirds of the city would be dedicated to farming and one third to light
industry. The city would be composed of a collection of tethered, floating modules that span a diameter of
2 miles. Divided into four zones interconnected by a linear canal system, neighborhoods would be made
up of four story housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the city would be composed of crop circles
with secondary feeder canals, while the city center with schools, offices, and public space would be
located in the inner harbor area.
The floating islands of Harvest City will be secured to the sea bed by a cable and were designed to
weather hurricanes and typhoons. A low profile, low draft dead weight capacity and perimeter wave
attenuators are some factors that Schopfer incorporated into the city to ensure it would be safe from
storms. A breakwater using the concrete rubble debris from the earthquake would also be constructed to
add to the citys stability.

harvest-city-water-canal

harvest-city-rain-water-collect

harvest-city-night-view

harvest-city-industrial-area

harvest-city-design-view

source: evolo, schopferassociate, tangram3ds

Harvest City by Tangram 3DS

After the tragic earthquake of 2010 which destroyed Port-au-Prince and a large part of the country, a
certain number of architects and urban planners decided to intervene to help the country for its
reconstruction. A series of Haitian issues have raised that we summarize in few points: a strong

concentration in the capital Port-au-Prince, a serious lack of infrastructure, a disruption of agriculture

and fishing, so forth.

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

A set of solutions have been formulated such as:

1.
Redistribution of population
2.
Establish stable population zones
3.
Restructure agriculture/Fishing growth
4.
Generate new economic growth generation
For Tangram 3DS, in collaboration with Boston-based Schopfer Associates LLC, which just unveil their
proposal, a fifth solution should be added to this list: innovation insofar as "in the midst of the turmoil,
Haiti has a unique opportunity to explore not only conventional (and necessary) rebuilding models, but
also to embrace innovation."

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

Their proposal consists of building a floating agricultural and light industrial city off the shores of Haiti.
Their Harvest City is envisioned as a vibrant fully functioning city of 30,000 residents which embrces
three major concepts.
1.
The creation of an artificial, floating, productive and livable land desperately needed for Haiti
2.
A city designed based on the principle of Arcology (Architecture and Ecology) which embodies
an ecologically sustainable and practical urban platform
3.
That harvest City should be established as a "Charter City". Charter City is a relatively new and
advanced economic model specifically developed for struggling nations. In addition
to accommodating city services, Harvest City has been designed with an integral program of economic
capabilities. This mixture is two thirds agriculture and one third light industrial.

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

Tangram 3DS outlooks the master plan as following:

Harvest City is envisioned a 2 mile diameter complex of tethered floating modules. Four zones or
communities will be interconnected by a linear canal system. The four major canals will focus built
neighborhoods consisting of four story housing complexes. The outer perimeter of the design is
predominately "one acre" crop circles with secondary feeder canals. The inner "harbor will house the
city center with schools, administrative, community activities and general marketplace. The entire
complex will float and be cable secured to the sea bed. Because of its low profile, low draft dead
weight capacity and perimeter wave attenuators, hurricanes and typhoon will have little effect other
than collection of much needed water harvesting. A breakwater will be constructed to add to the city's
stability. (It should be noted, this proposal suggests using all the concrete rubble debris from the
earthquake as the breakwater filler). Harvest City is seen as the first floating city for Haiti. The system
of floating platforms allows for a master plan to grow and link to other future cities within the harbor.

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

Specifically, the design must be easily constructed and practical. As the firm follows, Harvest City
design will be articulated onto nine points:
1.
Concrete Hulls: Concrete is the ideal material and method of construction for this project.
Concrete hulls have a long successful history of use, particularly in salt water. Life cycles range from 60
to 100 years. These hulls are easily manufactured in a staging area on land and then towed into place.
The process and materials is very low tech, economical, and can assume many shapes. The
manufacturing of concrete hulls is in itself a new industry for Haiti.
2.
Crop Circles: The basic crop circle is one acre in size, (US). The "crop circles" can be imagined
as floating "pie pans" filled with top soil (any shape is possible). The circle was chosen to deflect waves
and for its use of rotation irrigation systems. Circle walls remain high to stop wave penetration. A
series of wide floating walkways interconnect ones of crop circles allowing movement of crops. Crop
circles are a generic term focused on cash crop production. However it should not rule out other uses
including livestock, etc.
3.
Residential Neighborhoods: Basic construction is simple "tilt wall", 4 stories, concrete wall and
floor systems. These hurricane resistant materials also provide insulation. For estimating purposes we
are assuming an average of 3 persons per unit. The typical unit size is 490 square feet and is an
enlarged studio apartment. Though 90% of all units are studios, design provisions have been made for
one or two bedrooms types with light and air shafts. There are 560 units per neighborhood averaging
1,500 residents per neighborhood. These are minimal units, providing a pre-fabricated kitchenette and
two dividing walls. Roofs slope to water fill tanks and are supplemented by limited single unit portable
desalination units. Window placement allows cross ventilation and air is further cooled by large passive
bamboo shades. Initially, all bathrooms/ showers will be dormitory style. Four such areas (men and
women) will be located on each floor. These locations will centralize sewage and waste water / gray
water collection.
4.
Color and color design pallets are initially proposed to suggest individuality and a vibrant
vitality.

5.
Processing Warehouses are simple Quonset hut structures, secured to concrete hulls. Long
airport hanger doors allow air flow for use and protection from heavy winds. These Quonset structures
are also ideal for light industrial and assembly types of usage.
6.
Crops: In addition to the crop circle agriculture, all plantings are cash crops. This includes
neighborhood plantings and all other designated vegetative areas.
7.
Power Current electrical power for Haiti is sporadic and not totally dependable. Their best
solution is to refurbish its existing land based hydro electric dam. Harvest City must look to a more
sustainable energy source, in this case, a combination of solar collection roof panels, and proportioned
perimeter wind turbine arrangement.
8.
Water Floating aquifers have been proposed as water tanks, secured to concrete hulls with
gravity fed piping to specific neighborhoods. These facilities will use covered tops to collect water and
protect it. This proposal recommends that some water be piped from land to these aquifers to protect
the land based aquifers to protect the land based aquifer supply. (Another earthquake could rupture
the land aquifers and allow saltwater to contaminate them) As a supplement, compact desalination
units could add additional water sources. These units would be solar panel electric sources.
9.
Waste: There is no central sewerage treatment plant. In its place are a series of compact
treatment plants requiring little energy consumption. In addition, central bathroom facilities would
recycle all gray water and use newly developed compost toilets.

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

The Harvest City will be a model of sustained and functioning city with the aim of providing its
inhabitants a best conditions of living.

Harvest City Render, Tangram 3DS, Republic of Haiti, Tangram 3DS

As the architects conclude, "Harvest City attempts to bridge both short and long term objectives for
Haiti's ongoing recovery." This proposal should be considered as "conceptual only and can easily
accommodate whatever program is determined".
Innovation as the key element, should be a "tool which can solve problems and provide refocused hope
on seemingly unsolvable situations."