/

.
(
.)

26(1900~1926)

Fortuity and Inevitability

This Is Why Quantum Mechanics Is So
Compelling
Lung- hsing Tian

Abstract

With the upgrading of laboratory equipment and analysis capabilities, physicists

found that many phenomena seen in experiments can not be explained by using classical
physics. For example, why does the hydrogen atom spectrum show regular series
formula? What is the cause of the fine structure of the spectrum? Why does the
blackbody spectral distribution results derived from classical theory show divergence?
What is the model of the atom? For explaining these strange and special phenomena,
physicists in the early twentieth century (Planck, Einstein, Rutherfold, Bohr, de Broglie,
Heisenberg, Schrdinger, Born, Pauli, Dirac, and so on) had raised many innovative
hypotheses and concepts. After continually verified and validated for about 26 years
(from 1900 to 1926), most immature hypotheses and concepts were abandoned and the
essence of the theory was left and became the cornerstone of the construction of
quantum mechanics. This paper describes the evolution of quantum physics and its
theoretical

foundations

of

uncertainty

principle

and

statistical

probability

interpretation.

Key words uncertainty principle, statistical probability interpretation, quantum

mechanics
3

(J.C. Maxwell)1867(H. Hertz)

1887

(W. T. Lord Kelvin)

(ether) CV T 3
(Michelson)(Morley)1884-1887

(Albert Einstein)

(fine structure)

26

T(thermal radiation)

(blackbody)T
R
( R c / 4 )
(Cavity
(hole)
experiment)

R
()1890

1895-
(Rayleigh-Jeans)()
( ) (UV
catastrophe)190010(M. Planck)
1

Rybicki & Lightman 1979. p.22

6

(Wiens law)

h
e

h / kT

190012
(Planck postulate)
(Boltzmann distribution)

E nh n
n 0,1,2,... (Quantum number)

2
h 6.63 10 34 J s (Planck constant)
h / 2

2
1900

I E 2
(photoelectric effect)(A. Einstein)1905
2

(photon)

E h hc

p
N

E
c

U EM
/
h

h 6.63 10 34 J-s

E
K

1910(R. Millikan)
1923(Compton)X

Serway, Raymond; Jewett, John. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics 9th.
Cengage Learning. 2013. p.1194
8

(Wave-particle
duality)
(P. Debye) 1912
CV T 3

(phonon gas)

1897(J.J. Thomson)1910
(Millikan) me 9.11 10 31 kg e 1.6 10 19

re 10 15 m
(1amu 1.66 1027 kg )
N A
10 10 m

1900

1903(J.J. Thomson)-
(plum-Pudding model) 10 10 m

1000
(Balmer series)

10 2000

1907 3 (Ernest Rutherford)

4.003 amu(Lenard)
(1903)
(Geiger)(Marsiden)


1/8000
90
1911

10 14 m

The Scattering of and Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom, 21. May 1911: p. 669-688
10

N 1 sin 4 / 2

11

1907

10 11

11

absorption spectrum

slit

Gas
cell

White light

prism

emission spectrum

slit

vapor

tube

prism

1885

Balman

n2
, n 3,4,5,....
2
n

1896

Balmer

1
1
RH 2 2
n n3, 4,5,........
2

RH 1.0967758 10 7 / m
1908

Paschen

1
1

RH 2 2
n n 4,5,6,........
3

1 RH 12 12
Tm Tn

n nm
m
12

Tq

RH
q 1,2,3,.......
q2

1913

4
1912(Niels Bohr)

h
1913
(Balman)1885

. Ln n

1924
(1926)
.

On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. Phil.Mag. 26(1913)

13

mn E n E m
h
. (Corresponding principle)
n
n
h
h

(Lyman series)

1914(Franck-Hertz)
4.9 eV253.6 nm
1915
(m=1,n=2,3,.)1922(m

14

= 4, n =5,6,7,)1924(m=5, n=6,7,8,.)

0
n=4
n=3

-0.85ev
-1.51ev
Paschen series

n=2

-3.39ev
Balmer series

Lyman series
-13.6ev

n=1

5
1923 (Louis de Broglie)

p, E

k ,

E h

Recherches sur la thorie des quantaResearches on the quantum theory,Thesis, Paris, 1924.
15

1927 Davisson-Germer
G..P. Thomson
.

applied volter

e-gun

pattern

e-beam
target

1913(Bragg)XX
X
1927-x-ray

a (1)
x-ray

0.91 54V

1.67 2a sin n
67
67 x-ray

1937
16

6
1924-1925(W. Heisenberg),

,
?

1926(
)
,
(M. Born),
, x p
x p
(Commute),

x, p xp p x i 0
(M. Born)1926(statistical probability
interpretation)
(Complementary)

1927
(), 1927(E.H. Kennard)

Remarks on the origin of the relations of uncertainty

23
17

xp / 2 1929

()

x k domain
x k
x k
x k ( xk ~ 1 )
(x)(k)
-
xk 1 / 2

xk 1 / 2

xp / 2

Et / 2

hh

18

h 6.63 10 34 J s

/ 2
1927
UnbestimmtheitIndeterminancy1930
UncertaintyUncertainty

..
Indeterminancy

7
1926 (E. Schrodinger)
(Debye)

(Hamiltonian mechanics)

Max Jammer The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, 1966)

19

1926

2 V r, t r, t i r, t
t
2m

()

1926

(M. Born)
r,t 2 t

1954

(wave function)(eigen-function)
()

20

(Mixing state)
(completely set)

1
(wave collapse)

I I 0 cos 2
r,t 2
(Probability density)

(R. P. Feynman)
8

Max Jammer The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, 1966) Herzog,
Thomas; et al.. Complementarity and the Quantum Eraser. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1995, 75: 30343037.
doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3034
21

-
8

1961 (Jonsson)

d (

L
(1798 )

I y

d sin
2 dy
4 I 0 cos 2

4 I 0 cos

L

1
0.5
0
-3
1

-2

-1

-2

-1

0.5
0
-3
1

a=1, d=3.5

0.5
0
-3

-2

-1

0
x/z

1 2 1 2 9

1 2

22

1 2 r ,t
2

1 2 1 2
2

1926
1927
(complementarity principle) 9

23

1927(,
:,)
(:,..)

24

1. Rybicki & Lightman 1979. p.22

2. Serway, Raymond; Jewett, John. Physics for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics 9th. Cengage Learning. 2013. p.1194
3. The Scattering of and Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom, 21.
May 1911: p. 669-688
4. On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. Phil.Mag. 26(1913)
5. Recherches sur la thorie des quantaResearches on the quantum
theory,Thesis, Paris, 1924.
6. Remarks on the origin of the relations of uncertainty
23
7. Max Jammer The Conceptual Development of Quantum
Mechanics (McGraw-Hill, 1966)
8. Herzog, Thomas; et al.. Complementarity and the Quantum Eraser. Phys. Rev.
Lett. 1995, 75: 30343037. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3034.
9. 1. Niels Bohr. Discussions with Einstein on Epistemological Problems in
Atomic Physics//In P. Philosopher-Scientist. Open Court. 1949.

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