MATHEMATICS DIGITAL

TEXT BOOK
CLASS IX

BINCY S BABY
B. Ed Mathematics
Reg. No : 18014350005

CONTENT
Chapter 1
Simple triangles
Of the angles and sides1
Of the sides and angles3
Similarity.6
Third way.7
Chapter 2
Polynomials
Polynomial..8
Polynomial peculiarities9
Addition and subtraction.10
Polynomial multiplication.11
Multiplication and addition........11
Degree of a polynomial..............12
Meaning of remainder................13
Doing Division............................13

Chapter 1
SIMILAR TRIANGLES
OF ANGLES AND SIDES
Here a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of
a triangle and x, y, z are the lengths of the sides
of another triangle with the same angles.
We started with the triangles ABC and
XYZ in which A=X, B=Y, C=Z.
X
A

The numbers pairs (x, a), (y, b), (z, c) are

the lengths of the sides opposite the pairs of
equal angles.
1

Now

x
a

is the number which shows how

many times the number x is the number a (or

what part of x is a).The other numbers
z
c

y
b

and

have similar meanings.

Whatever times (or part) we take to change

the side of length a to the side of length x, such

times(or part) is to be taken to change the side of
length b to the side of length y and the side of
length c to the side of length Z.
In other words, all these pairs of lengths
are in the same ratio. So, we can state this result
about the angles lengths of the sides of a
triangle with the same angles, as follows:
If all the angles of a triangle are equal to
the angles of another triangle, then all the pairs

of sides opposite equal angles have the same

ratio.

OF SIDES AND ANGLES

Does the pair of triangles with proportional
sides also have the same angles?
Lets consider the triangle shown below
A

Y
B

a
We have

C
x
a

y
b

z
c

We want to check whether the triangles

have the same angles.
For that, what we do is draw a third triangle
with the same angles of ABC, and which is
congruent to XYZ.

A
P

In PQR,

z
Y

OR = x, Q=B, R=C

So, we must also have P=A. Thus the angles

of PQR are equal to the angle of ABC.
So, by the theorem we have proved,
QR
a

RP
b

PQ
c

We actually draw PQR with QR = x, So,

4

x
a

RP
b

PQ
c

We started with
x
a

y
b

z
c

Comparing the last two questions, we get

RP A
=
b

y
b

and

From these, we get

PQ
c

z
c

RP = y and PQ = z

Y
5

Thus the three sides of PQR are equal to the

three sides of XYZ and so these triangles are
congruent. So, the angles opposite their pairs of
equal sides are also equal:
X=P, Y=Q, Z=R
We have already seen that
P=A, Q=B, R=C
Thus we have

X=A, Y=B, Z=C

How do we state the result just proved?
If the sides of a triangle are proportional to the
sides of another triangle, then the angles
opposite such sides are equal
SIMILARITY
If the angles of a triangle are all equal to the
angles of another triangle, then the sides of the
6

two

angles

are

proportional:

and

on

the

otherhand, if the lengths of the sides of another

triangle, then the angles of one triangle are equal
to the angles of the other.
Two triangles related in this way are said to
be similar.
THIRD WAY
We have seen two ways to show that two
triangles are similar: either proves that they have

the same angles or prove that their sides are

proportional.
There is a third way; if a pair of sides is
proportional and their included angles are equal,
then also the triangles are similar.
if two sides of a triangle are proportional
to two sides of another triangle and if their
included angles are equal, then the triangles are
similar.
7

Chapter 2
POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIALS
Various positive integral powers of x are
multiplied by specific numbers (if may be by 1
also), the products are added or subtracted and
finally a specific number is added or subtracted

(it may be 0) such algebraic expression are

called polynomials.
A polynomial is usually written with the
exponents of x in descending order, the number
without x at the end.
Thus for example, 35x-24x2+4x3 is usually
written as 4x3-24x2+35x; and 15+3x as 3x+15.

POLYNOMIAL PECULARITIES
Look at 2x3-3x2+x-5. We can write it as 2x3+
(-3)x2+x+(-5)
Each such addend is called a term of the
polynomial.
Thus in the polynomial we considered just
now, the terms are 2x3, -3x2, x, -5.

Now lets look at the terms themselves.

Apart from the last term, all others are got by
multiplying (Positive integral) powers of x by
specific numbers. Each such multiplier is called
the Co-efficient of the corresponding power.
Thus in our example, the coefficient of x3 is
2, the coefficient of x2 is -3 and the coefficient of
x is 1.
Thus the number added at the end is called
the constant term.
9

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Lets simplify (2x+3) + (4x+6)
(2x+3) + (4x+6) = 2x+3 + 4x+6
= (2x+ 4x) + (3 +6)
= 6x+9
(2x +3) - (4x+6) = 2x+3 - 4x-6
= (2x- 4x)+(3 -6)

= - 2x-3
(4x2+3x+1)+(2x2+5x-2)
= (4+2) x2+ (3+5) x+(1-2)
= 6x2+8x-1
(4x2+3x+1) - (2x2+5x-2)
= (4 - 2)x2+(3 - 5)x+(1 + 2)
= 2x2 - 2x + 3

10

POLYNOMIAL MULTIPLICATION
(x+y) (u+v) = xu+xv+yu+yv
ie, Each number in the first sum should be
multiplied by each number in the second sum
and all these products should be added.
(2x+5)(4x+3
= (2x4x) + (2x 3) + (54x) + (53)
= 8x2+6x+20x+15

= 8x2+26x+15
MULTIPLICATION AND ADDITION
We can see that for any 3 polynomials
p(x), q(x), r(x).
p(x)r(x)+q(x)r(x) = (p(x)+q(x))r(x)

11

Example:
(2x+3)(x+1)+( x+4)(x+1)
=((2x+3)+( x+4)) (x+1)
= (3x+7) (x+1)
= 3x2+10x+7
DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL

The polynomial P(x) =6x4+4x3+5x+1.The

power of x in it are x4, x3, x. The largest
exponent among them is 4. It is called the
degree of the polynomial.
A polynomial whose degree is 1 is called a
first degree polynomial. A polynomial whose
degree is 2 is called a second degree polynomial
and so on.

12

MEANING OF REMAINDER
In general, when a polynomial cannot be
completely divided by another polynomial, the
remainder should be a polynomial of degree less
than that of the divisor, or a number.
DOING DIVISION
We want to find the quotient and reminder
when 4x2+5 is divided by 2x+3.As taking the

quotient as ax+b and the remainder as c, we get

here
(ax+b)(2x+3)+c = 4x2+5
ie, 2ax2+(3a+2b)x+(3b+c) = 4x2+5
Therefore, 2a= 4, 3a+2b=0, 3b+c=5
ie, 2a=4 ; a=2
For a=2 and 3a+2b=0.We must have 2b= -3a =-6
ie, b= -3 and for b= -3 and 3b+c=5,
Therefore, c=5-3b=14
Thus the quotient is (2x-3) and the remainder 14
13