Tokyo Model 23 Cities E

Tokyo Model
Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities
- The history and strengths of improving municipal waste management operations November 2014
Supervised by: 23 Cities of Tokyo

Issued by: Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management
2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management


-1-
Former Conditions
Present Conditions
1930s
Fukagawa Garbage
Treatment Plant
2010s
Shin-Koto
Incineration Plant
1957
Bell collection
by handcarts
2010s
Waste collection
1970s
Direct landfill disposal
of large-sized waste
2010s
Landfill site
What is the
Tokyo Model?
23 Cities of Tokyo refers to 23 individual municipal authorities which make up an

area within Tokyo Metropolitan (provincial) Area. It is the central area of Tokyo, in
which political, administrative, and economic core functions of Japan are allocated.
The Tokyo Model systematically explains municipal waste management systems
and their strengths within 23 Cities of Tokyo.
The main organizations which play a major role in the Tokyo Model are the 23
Cities of Tokyo and Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities(a special-purpose local
government basically to deal with intermediate treatment of municipal solid waste).
Tokyo Metropolitan
(provincial) Area

23 Cities of Tokyo
-3-
1. Introducing Tokyo
2. Waste management development process
3. The strengths of the Tokyo Model
4. Provided services and supporting schemes
5. Reference: Achievement in international cooperation / support

-4-
Introducing Tokyo
Tokyo is one of the largest cities in the world in terms of its economy, and it has a
high reputation for its environment.
Population
City GDP
Main industries
Approx. 9 M
85,201.6 B Yen
Finance, information
and service industries
(No. 1 city by GDP globally)
The worlds largest city in terms of

its economy
The Global Power City Index ranks
Tokyo in 1st place in terms of the size
of economy
High reputation in terms of its

environment
The Global Power City Index ranks
Tokyo in 6th place in terms of its
environment
New York: 2nd place
New York: 24th
London: 4th
London: 12th
Paris: 7th
Paris: 15th
Geneva: 10th
Geneva: 1th
Note: The population stated here is that for the 23 Cities area of Tokyo, all other data shown are those for the whole of Tokyo Metropolitan (provincial) Area.
Source: Tokyo Statistical Yearbook (Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 2009), Global Power City Index (MMF, 2011)
-5-

-6-
Japan - a country generating low amount of municipal waste
As countries grow, they either become high-polluters or low-polluters, and Japan

produces relatively low amount of waste compared to other countries, despite of its
high economic output.
Relationship between municipal waste output and GDP (values for the year 2000)
Per capita municipal waste output (kg/ year)
800
USA
France
600
Singapore
UK
Germany
Korea
400
Malaysia
Japan
Thailand
Philippines
200
China
Vietnam Indonesia
0
0
10
20
30
40
GDP per capita (Unit: thousand US dollars/ year)

Note: Data are actual values for 2000. Also, municipal waste volumes are adjusted considering differences in the definition of municipal waste among countries.
Source: Masaru Tanaka et al., Estimates of the Volume of Generated Waste throughout the World, and Research on Future Forecasts
(Graduate School, Okayama University 2004)

-7-
History of reducing the volume of generated municipal waste in Tokyo
Tokyo has been successful in reducing the volume of per capita waste generation
while maintaining economic growth by taking various measures.
Changes in the volume of generated waste and GDP (1950-2008)
30,000
Per capita GDP of Japan

Per capita municipal waste output in Tokyo
-41%
400
25,000
20,000
15,000
200
10,000
5,000
Per capita GDP of Japan(Unit:GK dollars / year)
Per capita municipal waste output in Tokyo (kg/year)
600
0
1950
1955
Commencement of
periodic waste collection
using bins (volume of
approximately 40 liters)
1960
1965
Commencement of
separated collection of
bulky waste
1970
1975
Commencement of
separated collection of
incombustible waste
(such as plastics)
1980
1985
Commencement of Tokyo
SLIM campaign
1990
1995
Establishment of full-scale
waste intermediate
treatment system
2000
2005
Full implementation
of recycling waste
collection project
(used papers,
bottles, and cans)
2008
Actual roll-out of
thermal recycling of
waste plastics
Source: Angus Maddison Historical Statistics of the World Economy 1-2008 AD (University of Groningen) Centurial Chronology of Waste Management by Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Tokyo Environmental
Public Service Corporation, 2000), Statistical Information of Tokyo Metropolitan Government, The History of Waste Management in 23 Cities of Tokyo (Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities, 2013)

-8-
Issues and measures taken at different times
Appropriate measures have been taken as required in dealing with issues which
arose at different times.
Stages
The early
period of
waste issues
Issues
Measures
Public health measures taken for dealing with the epidemics of

cholera and black plague throughout the world
Drastic increase in waste volume accompanying the growth of
cities
Feculence Cleansing Act (1900) was promulgated, asking local

governments to be responsible for municipal waste management.
Collection contractors were registered. (1900)
Obligation of waste incineration (1930)
(1900-1955)
Rapid economic
growth issues
becoming
apparent
(1955-1973)
Stable growth
period dealing with
Environmental
issues
Increasing necessity of fundamental

waste measures due to drastic changes
in society and economic situations
Shortage of final disposal site due to
mass production / mass disposal
Acceptance of waste containing high
water content for incineration
Tokyo Waste War(1971)
Dealing with environmental issues

Increasing requirement for reuse of waste and converting it into a
resource
Full operation of new and innovative incineration plant

equipped with pollution measures
Commencement of separated collection (1973)
Promotion of recycling campaigns
The commencement of community-based voluntary collection
In-depth dialogues with residents through explanatory meetings
and construction / operating committees
Further rapid increase in waste volumes and changes in quality

such as use of PET bottles
Commencement of the Tokyo SLIM campaign (1989)

Progress with waste volume reduction and recycling (3Rs) due
to the amendment of Waste Management and Public Cleansing
Act
(1973-1985)
Significant
increase in
volume of waste
Enactment of the Cleaning Act (1954)

Act on Urgent Measures for Improving the Living Environment and
Related Facilities (1963)
Progress with waste incineration and land-filling of residues
Development and introduction of incineration technologies
Improvement of efficiency in collection and transport
Principle to treat waste within each municipality gained consensus
(1985-1990)
Opening
of 3R era
Commencement of charging for all bulky waste(1991)

Act on Special Measures against Dioxins (1999)
Basic act on Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society (2000)
Establishment of various recycling acts
Transfer of municipal waste management duties to 23 Cities(2000)
Development / introduction of gasification furnaces, ash melting
facilities and others (2008)
Commencement of waste plastic thermal recycling (2009)
Dealing with environmental issues (dioxins)

Promotion of a sound recycling-oriented society
Clearly defining 23 Cities of Tokyo as basic municipal
governments
(1990- present)

-9-
Source: Whitepaper using Diagrams on the Environment, a Recycling-Oriented Society and Biodiversity (Ministry of Environment, 2011),
Centurial Chronology of Waste Management by Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation,
2000), Analysis of Approaches Taken in Japan and Other Developed Countries to Waste Incineration Technologies and Report on
Research on the Possibility of Applying such Technologies to Developing Countries (JICA 2012), website of the Clean Authority of
TOKYO 23cities

- 10 -
An overall picture of the Tokyo Model
Residents, public as well as private sectors worked together in exploring ideal models for
municipal waste management in large cities throughout the history of waste management
improvement over the last century, with a view to implementing such models.
Waste generation
Collection/transport
Incineration/
energy recovery
Final disposal
Working on reducing waste

volume, sorting waste at
source, and recycling based on
the 3R approach
Classifying waste inappropriate
for incineration by ensuring
sorting and turning waste into
resources
Efficiently collect all generated

waste within the day and
transport it to treatment
facilities such as waste
incineration plants
Collection/transportationcollection rate: 100%
Waste is treated safely by

brought into incineration plants
situated in the center of cities
Generating and collecting a
large amount of power and
thermal energy using thermal
recycling technology
Setting and operating hygienic

management type landfill site
Newly reclaimed land has
been created by disposing of
incombustible waste,
incineration ash etc. to sea
surface area
The 3R principle
Compact waste collection cars
Waste processing facilities located in

the center of large cities
Sea surface land-filling and land

reclamation
Power Heat
Environmental education provided

to school children
Waste collection visits

for old residents

Generating power and

thermal energy recovery
- 11 -
Facilities built on reclaimed land

after the end of landfill service life
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Given that waste volume peaked during the bubble economy period in the 1980s,
good progress has been made in measures for reducing waste generation , sorting
waste and recycling based on the concept of 3Rs.
Main measures for waste volume reduction
and recycling taken since the end of Japanese bubble
1989
Commencement of the Tokyo SLIM campaign
1991
Commencement of charging for all bulky wastes
1993
Starting use of semi-transparent waste bags
1995
Commencing consideration of setting up Tokyo Rules (resource

collection, waste collection by waste-generating businesses, and PET
bottle collection)
1996
Commencement of charging for all types of business-related waste

Completion of Keihinjima Island Incombustible Wastes Processing
Center (A system for full-volume intermediate processing of
incombustible waste was established)
1997
Commencement of in-store PET bottle collection
2000
Overall roll-out of resource collection projects (newspapers,

magazines, glass bottles and cans; resource collection to be once
a week)
2009
Actual implementation of thermal recycling of waste plastic and

others
2008
Overview of measures
Implementing
campaigns using
various types of
media such as TV,
newspapers and
exhibitions during
the 11 years from
1989
Break up waste into

small pieces so that it
can be efficiently landfilled
Select and separate

out iron, aluminum and
other types of metals,
and collect them as
resources
Approximately 13% of
generated waste is
collected as resources
The photo on the left
shows a newspaper
magazine collection
vehicle
The background to successful incineration/energy conversion models at present is the fact that stable progress has
been made with separating-out waste inappropriate for incineration, with processing it, and turning it into resources
Source: Centurial Chronology of Waste Management by Tokyo Metropolitan Government ( Tokyo Environmental Public Service Corporation,
2000), The History of Waste Management in 23 Cities of Tokyo (Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities 2013), Suginami City website
- 12 -
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Incombustible waste is transported to an incombustible waste processing center, which is an

intermediate processing facility, and is appropriately processed (pulverization and separation).
In particular, thanks to thermal recycling of waste plastics, which commenced in 2006,
processing volume was significantly reduced by approximately 80%.
Change in incombustible waste processing volumes (volume transported to incombustible waste processing centers)
Processing volume
(unit: thousand tons)
600
500
300
84
441
453
21
77
64
65
462
48
15
459
459
65
66
462
451
54
13 40
Non-ferrous metals
Rubber/ leather
Glass
Plastic
451
39
13 375
15
15 33 7 35 16 37
14
45
17
42
41
11 21 11 47
6 51 6 48 7 25 6 21 6 20 6 18 20 22
14
15
13
20
21
16
32
17
23
21
24
11
21 23
19
15
272
259
277
303
1998
1999
2000
2001
293
295
317
2002
2003
2004
314
237
2007
2008
315
0
2006
Commencement of
a model project
for thermal recycling of
waste plastics
Source: Internal documents of Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

2005
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-77%
184
47 6
20 13 106 16 104 9 104
28
12 33
32
14
17
82 4 21 18
20
16 12
200
100
Others
Stones/ pottery
507
400
Iron
2009
2010
Full implementation of
thermal recycling of
waste plastics
2011
7
19
16
13
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
In order to make progress with reducing waste generation, Tokyo is focusing on faceto-face communication, particularly working on education to the next generation of
waste generators, aiming at building a further-improved resource recycling-oriented
society.
Awareness raising and education for residents
Examples of work
Raising awareness of waste generators
Focusing on face-to-face communication

- Holding briefings with town-based groups and local communities
Planning stage
- Visits by members of staff from waste management offices to residents

houses, etc.
Various types of tools for raising awareness and providing education

- Multilingual advertisements/ leaflet on 3Rs
- Special articles on waste management in newsletters and others issued by
City Offices
Building a system with which it will ensured that

announcements are sent to residents
Implementation
stage
(collection/
transport)
Educating the
next generation
Fostering
childrens
awareness on
environment
- Setting up an interactive advice group which gives advice on the way of

waste disposal by waste management administration
Suginami City held 83 sessions on plastic

thermal recycling per year, communicating
with approximately 3,500 residents in total
- Setting up waste volume reduction promotion teams based on residents

volunteer activities
Ensuring that indirect announcements are sent to a larger number of

residents
Patrolling waste collection sites and making reports to government

administrative organizations and bodies
Providing education to the next generation of waste

generators
- Providing school children with opportunities to learn about
environment
- Holding environment summits with junior high school students,
and handling issues related to environment, energy and others
Suginami City provided a total of 18 opportunities

in 2011 for schoolchildren to learn about
environment, with 3,101 participants; and 21
opportunities in 2012, with 4,992 participants (as
of October 2012)
Activities for awareness raising and education are being continuously provided over a long-term,
and efforts have been made in raising residents awareness and shaping their habits
Source: Interviews to Suginami City, Suginami City website, Internal documents of Suginami City
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Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
In order to achieve a waste collection rate of 100% on a daily basis, 23 Cities are
taking various measures based upon plans by quantitative data as well as on-site
experiences
Measures for collection/transport to assist 100% collection
Planning
Set up plans for

implementing collection and
transport
Create plans for allocating vehicles
and staff, transportation routes, etc.
based on waste volume estimates,
disposal rules, data such as
population density as well as on-site
experiences
Waste collection vehicles
Compaction of waste using

waste collection vehicles
There are approximately 1500 waste
collection vehicles covering
approximately 340,000 waste collection
stations (depots)
70% of the waste collection vehicles are
small-sized trucks with a small turning
circle equipped with compactors which
have a high waste compression ratio
Source: Interviews to Suginami City, Chiyoda City website, internal documents of Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

- 15 -
Door-to-door collection
Door-to-door collection
Staff visit homes of elderly and disabled
residents who have difficulty in taking out
waste for collection
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Reference) Procedures for sorting and disposing of waste

- 16 -
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Reference) Procedures for sorting and disposing of waste

- 17 -
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
There are 21 waste processing facilities* in stable and safe operation in city center
areas, where there are a large number of residential and office buildings.
There are 21 waste incineration plants
in city center areas
Kita City
Katsushika
City
Toshima
City
Sumida City
Shibuya
City
Minato City
Incineration
Plants
Incombustible Waste
Processing Center
Pulverization Processing Plant

for Large-sized Waste
Efficient operation of municipal waste management is achieved. This includes reducing collection/transportation
costs by incinerating waste and converting energy close to where it is produced,.
- 18 -
Note: Out of 21 waste incineration plants, those in Suginami and Nerima are currently being rebuilt (as of September 2012)
Source: Skills & Passion for Clean Environment (Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities)
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Waste incineration plants in Tokyo have introduced newest plants of the day,
achieving safe and stable operation
Reducing harmful gas
emissions
Average measured value of
dioxins:
0.000019ng-TEQ/m3N
(FY2012)
*Regulation limit: 0.1ng-TEQ/m3N
Treating large amount of

waste
High power generation

capacity
Daily treatment capacity:

Total of 7,580 tons
Total power produced:

1.1B kWh
Revenue from power sales:
Approximately 6.3 B Yen
(FY2012)
Reduce the volume of waste by

approximately one twentieth
with incineration
(FY2012)
Long service life
Achieving stable operation
Operating life:
25 to 30 years
Continuous 24-hour operation
Achieving a long operating life

through appropriate renovation and
repair, and by expanding usable
years of major machines
*Usually it is approximately 15 years
Thanks to advanced automation,

achieving continuous 24-hour
operation while reducing burden on
plant operators
- 19 -
Note: The 15-year operation period is based on Technical Guidance Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (World Bank, 1999)
Source: Results of questionnaire survey to plant manufacturers, and the website of Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Waste volume reduction and energy recovery (power and heat) through incineration,
and remove harmful substances from emitted gas / wastewater in subsequent
processes
Power generation monitor (kW)
Stack
Furnace
Crane
Central Control Room
Boiler
Waste bunker / crane
Cooling tower
Gas scrubber
Bag filter
Platform
Incinerator
Catalyst reaction
tower
Wastewater treatment facilities
Waste bunker
Incineration/
energy recovery
- 20 -
Removal of harmful substances from emitted gas,

wastewater, and others
Source: Skills & Passion for Clean Environment (Clean Authority of TOKYO 23 cties)
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Incineration reduces waste volume by one twentieth, and contributes to resolving the
shortage issue of final disposal sites.
Waste volume reduction effects through incineration
Change in landfill disposal volumes
Waste volumes can be reduced by approximately

1/20 through incineration
Before incineration
Landfill disposal volumes (thousands of tons)
Waste volume
1/20
Landfill volumes have been reduced by an average

of 7% per year due to waste volume reduction
effect of incineration
-
250
200
-7%
150
100
50
0
1987
After incineration
Source: Waste Report 2012 (Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities), internal documents of Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

- 21 -
In particular, there is a significant year-on-year reduction in

disposal volumes in years in which relevant policies are
implemented
1990
Commencement
of Tokyo SLIM
campaign
1995
2000
Commencement
of charging for all
business-related
waste
2005
2008
Full implementation
of thermal
recycling of
waste plastics
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
By ensuring strict compliance with antipollution standards and sufficient attention

paid to residents as well as surrounding environment, construction and operation of
waste incineration plants within residential areas are made possible.
Anti-pollution measures
Considering residents and the environment
&
Strict standards for anti-pollution

measures
Stricter standards for anti-pollution measures

are set compared with gas emission regulation
values set by the government and other
municipal authorities.
- Introduction of pollution-prevention facilities
securely ensures the treatment of dioxins,
soot and dust, mercury, hydrochloric acid,
sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides to keep
them under the set value
Plant operation is immediately stopped if
pollution standard values exceed the set value
A thorough communication with residents

- Hold explanatory meetings and construction
committees with residents on multiple occasions at
the time of construction and rebuilding, in order to
gain consensus with them
- Continuously provide follow-up to residents during
plant operation, to ease residents mind
- Organize plant tours open to public
Environmental conservation at the time of

construction and demolition
Information disclosure systems
- Adopt building designs and color variations

harmonized with local area and use "green" walls
Environmental measurements are regularly

carried out, and the results are disclosed on the
website
Real-time display of gas emissions
measurement results, excluding those on
dioxins
- Prevent noise and vibration by limiting entry/exit

times of vehicle, and by adopting low-noise, lowvibration type construction machines
- Adopt a dome-type tent for demolition works
Considering the surrounding

environment at the time of operation
- Ensure that measures are taken to prevent
noise, vibration, and odors
- Improvement of routes taken by waste collection
vehicles, and thereby prevent traffic congestion,
etc.
Gas emission measurement value display

(Setagaya Plant)

- 22 -
Source: Results of questionnaire survey to plant manufacturers,

and the website of the Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Incineration heat is efficiently used at each waste incineration plant. In addition to creating
profits from power sales equivalent to that used by approximately 160,000 households, this
efficient use contributes to local communities also by supplying heat to sports centers, warmwater swimming pools, and botanical gardens, as well as elsewhere in the community, as a part
of using excess heat.
Power company, households etc.
Waste incineration plant

Power
Company
Heat
Supplying
Company
Power
In-house use
Sale
Heat
Apartment complex
Hot water
and others
Nearby facilities
Provided for
free or sold
[Results compiling all plants (2012)]
Total power produced: 1.1B kWh
Power sold: 574.48 MWh (approximately
equivalent to that for 160,000 households)
Income from power sales: 6,331.17 M Yen
Heat supply volume (paid) 546,000 GJ
Income from heat sales: 183.86 M Yen
The Itabashi Tropical

Environment Museum
Source: Results of questionnaire survey to plant manufacturers, and the website of the Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

- 23 -
Hot Plaza Harumi
Waste
generation
Collection
/Transport
Incineration
/energy recovery
Final disposal
Controlled-type final disposal sites are built on the sea surface in Tokyo. Ninety per cent (90%)
of municipal waste incineration residue is put into landfill. Reclaimed land areas after service
life are used for regional development such as site for parks.
Final waste disposal in Tokyo
Features
Constructed final disposal
sites on the sea surface
- Sea-surface landfill
technology was developed
due to difficulties in securing
inland landfill areas
Carrying out environmentfriendly landfill disposal

- Appropriately carry out processing such
as that on seeping water, and
implement stable management
- Collect methane gas to generate
electricity and reduce greenhouse
gases
- Work on increasing operating life
100 million tons of waste has been put into landfill at a

total of seven sea-surface disposal sites since 1927
Currently, the final disposal of 90% of municipal waste
incineration residue is done on the sea surface
Using landfill areas

- Construct waste processing
facilities and places such as
tropical gardens and parks, in
landfill areas
Source: Tokyo Metropolitan Government Landfill Site brochure (Bureau of Environment , TMG)
Website of Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG)
Work by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
on forming a recycling-oriented society (2011)

- 24 -

- 25 -
Provided services
23 Cities of Tokyo and Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities are collaborating with private businesses
and other entities in providing various options on municipal solid waste management.
Investigation phase for improvement on municipal waste management
Learning from precedents outside Japan
Collect information
Setting up an
overall plan
Feasibility study/
project formulation
Bidding
- Such as legal systems, facilities

implemented, cost sharing, and
methods of public/private collaboration
Set up overall plans for enhancing
municipal waste processing projects.
Support options
- System design, WTE plant introduction

plans
Carry out a preliminary study on the
feasibility of new facilities and new
operations
Giving information on history, strengths, and case studies

on overcoming difficulties in Tokyo
Support to build basic waste management plans and facility

installment plans
-
Start up related facilities
Facility start-up
- Such as WTE plants and waste

transportation vehicles
Operation

- 26 -
Design and construct facilities at an appropriate level in-line with the situation in the area
where it is to be built without being particular about facility to be high-quality or expensive
Advice on communication with local residents
Advice on safe facility operation and on operations management

-
Continuously improve operations
Look into the system of evaluating proposals by taking into account considerations
on operating costs, the period of warranty against defects, and the environment
Creating documents on specifications for orders
Starting up the facility/providing advice in-line with the local

situation
-
Start up WTE plants and commence the

operation of new waste processing
operations
Waste volume estimates, study on the form of waste, investigations into project operating
models, setting up revenue/expense plans, investigating methods of financing (utilizing the
Japan Finance Corporation, international finance, private finance, and others), and setting
up project schedules
Support in investigating appropriate/fair evaluation methods

-
Hold bidding for vendor selection
Legal system design, setting up various plans, methods of raising awareness amongst
residents and communication with them on facility construction, approaches to waste
separation, methods of cost sharing
Support in feasibility studies through linkages with related

organizations such as the Japanese government
Create project plans after study

Decide the bidding system/method of
proposal evaluation
Exchanging human resources and providing training, accepting tours of facilities in

Japan, and others
Operating plants and training on-site technicians

Advice on communication with local residents, waste separation, progress with the 3Rs,
waste volume reduction measures, collection/transport systems, setting up collection plans,
and environmental considerations
Implementation plan
A case of implementation plan
Host country
Japan
Policy dialogue/signing an MOU
Process towards project commencement
HR exchanges
Central government
Government of Japan
(accepting trainees and dispatching technicians)
Acceptance of site visits to Japan
Tokyo
Advice on system and facility plans
(23 Cities of Tokyo, Clean

Authority of TOKYO23cities)
Local governments
Joint formation and participation in feasibility studies
Local companies
Project feasibility study

Participation in
feasibility study Governments from both
countries/local
governments/companies jointly
conduct study
Participation in
financing/project
Project
Participation in
feasibility study
Participation in
financing/project
commencement
Local public/ private

financial institutions
Loan provision

Facility construction/ project

operation
JV consisting of entities from
both countries will build and
operate the facilities
- 27 -
Japanese companies
Loan provision
Governmental / private
financial institutions
of Japan

- 28 -
Reference: Achievement in international cooperation / support
Participated in a study on an Waste to Energy project in Malaysia

Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Study details
Requests
made to Clean
Authority of
TOKYO
23cities
Malaysia
Conceptual design (investigating specification)
Survey and future estimates on forms of waste
Explanations on activities for reaching

agreements with residents
Apr Nov, 2012
Study type
A study hosted by Ministry of Economy, Trade,

and Industry, Japan on setting up private
sector-development infrastructure projects
Study overview
Participants
Provided services
A study on an Waste to Energy project
JGC Corporation, Hitachi Zosen Corporation,

Hitachi Ltd., JX Nippon Oil & Energy
Corporation, Smart Energy Co., Ltd., and
Collecting waste

Waste characteristics
survey
Meeting
- 29 -
Participation in a study on a municipal waste management project using a cement

kiln in Vietnam.
Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Study details
Requests
made to Clean
Authority of
TOKYO
23cities
Vietnam
May 2012 March 2013
Study type
Study overview
Provided services
A study hosted by the Japanese Ministry of

Environment for overseas advancement
A study on a municipal waste processing

project using a cement kiln
Explanation on municipal waste management in Tokyo
Proposal on model pilot on waste collection and

transport
Explanations on activities for consensus building with

residents
Explanations on environmental systems and extracting

items for considering the environment
Collecting waste
Participants
Disposal site
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Marubeni, Clean
Authority of TOKYO 23cities

Meeting
- 30 -
Participation in a study on a local-friendly waste management in Brazil

Project overview
Study details
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Brazil
Requests
made to Clean
Authority of
TOKYO
23cities
Aug 2012 Feb 2013
Study type
Study overview
A study on local-friendly waste management
Participants
Provided services

sector-led infrastructure projects
Hitachi Zosen Corporation, Nippon Koei,

Japan Consulting Institute, Clean Authority of
TOKYO 23cities

Understanding the local situation of waste processing

at the relevant area
Making proposals for raising awareness on separation
and recycling, as the measures to promote them
Explanations on activities for reaching agreements
with residents
Providing information related to analyzing the types of
waste
Collecting waste
Disposal site
- 31 -
Meeting
Cooperated in a study on an Waste to Energy project in Kazakhstan

Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Study details
Kazakhstan
Requests
made to Clean
Authority of
TOKYO
23cities
Sep 2013 Feb 2014
Study type
Study overview
A study on an Waste to Energy project
Participants
Provided services

sector-development infrastructure projects
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Environmental &

Chemical Engineering Corporation, EX
Research Institute, Japan Consulting Institute,

Introduction and explanations on Tokyo Model

Survey on forms of waste
Survey on items for considering environmental society
Meeting
Waste characteristics survey
- 32 -
Disposal site
Participated in a study on a comprehensive energy recovery from municipal solid

waste in Russian Federation
Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Study details
Russia
Requests
made to Clean
Authority of
TOKYO
23cities
Sep 2014 Mar 2015
Study type
Study overview
Provided services
Ministry of the Environment, Japan

Study on Advancement of Material Cycle
Businesses to Overseas
Study on Integrated Energy Recovery from

Municipal Solid Waste
Explanation on municipal waste management in Tokyo
Meeting
Disposal site
Participants
Toyota Tsusho Corporation , Hitachi Zosen

Corporation ,EX Research Institute, Japan
Consulting Institute , Clean Authority of
TOKYO 23cities

Collecting waste
- 33 -
Inviting Malaysian Government officials and implemented a training course aiming at capacity
development related to waste management.
Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Malaysian government
Implementation
period
Dec 03 Dec 14, 2012

Oc 21 Nov 1, 2013
Oc 20 Oc 30,2014
Implementation
scheme
Training jointly hosted by the Japan

International Corporation Agency (JICA) and
the Government of Malaysia by use of
Japan/Malaysia Economic Partnership
Program (EPP)
Photos
President Nishikawa and participants
Training
overview
Provided services
Lectures: The history of waste collection projects

in 23 Cities of Tokyo, waste management and
recycling policies as part of environmental policies
in Japan, consensus building with residents, etc.
Observations: waste incineration plants,
incombustible waste processing centers,
collection sites etc.
Workshop
Participants
Officials from the Malaysian government

(National Solid Waste Management
Department, Ministry of Housing and Local
Government; Waste Management and Public
Cleansing Corporation)

- 34 -
JICA Partnership Program is implemented, targeting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Photos
Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
Dec 2013 Mar 2016
Implementation
scheme
Japan International Cooperation Agency

JICA
Meeting
Partnership Program
Training
overview
Provided services
Partnership Building with Local Residents on

Waste Management in Malaysia
Exchange program between residents
Acceptance of Kuala Lumpur citizens
One of target areas
Dispatch of 23 Cities citizens to Kuala Lumpur
Participants
4 Residential Associations in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysian Society of Waste Management and
Environment
Arakawa City, Koto City, Setagaya City,
Sumida City

Waste collection
- 35 -
A workshop on solid waste management was held in Jakarta, Indonesia

Project overview
Location
(Country/ city)
Implementation
period
Photos
Indonesia Jakarta
Mar 4,2014
Implementation
scheme
Implemented jointly with Ministry of the

Environment, Japan and Japan International
Cooperation AgencyJICA.
Keynote Speech
Training
overview
Provided services
Keynote Speech Deputy Minister, Ministry of

Environment, Republic of Indonesia
PresentationsBureau of Cleansing, Capital City of
Jakarta, Clean Authority of TOKYO 23 cities
Discussion TopicVision on Solid Waste
Management in Indonesia, Advantages of Japan and
Support
Participants
Government of Indonesia (Ministry of

Environment, Ministry of Public Works),
Capital City of Jakarta, Economic Research
Institute for ASEAN and East Asia,
Residential Representatives of Japanese
Trading Companies , Study Council members

Discussion
Workshop participants
- 36 -
For your inquiries:

The Tokyo Model that we have now introduced systematically explains an institutional framework of municipal solid
waste management implemented in 23 Cities of Tokyo as well as its strengths/advantages.
Once, Tokyo indeed has faced various difficulties on waste management, but we had made efforts in our step by
step approach to solve such issues one after another, which eventually brought us to our on-going municipal solid
waste management. We would say, with proud, that the Tokyo Model, at the moment, is the goal of what we had
worked for.
Your countries / cities might be struggling with various difficulties regarding municipal solid waste management.
We would be happy to be your good partner to tackle issues in your countries / cities based upon our strengths of
municipal solid waste management carried out in Tokyo, despite of limitations on our side to work with you through
our budget alone by itself.
International Cooperation Office for Waste Management,

12th floor, Tokyo Kusei Kaikan, Iidabashi 3-5-1,
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0072, Japan
TEL
: +81-3-6238-0572
FAX
: +81-3-6238-0580
E-Mail
: t23kokusai@union.tokyo23-seisou.lg.jp

[THINGS BY WHICH WE CAN COLLABORATE WITH YOU]

Site visit to incineration plants
Feasibility Study
Acceptance of training course participants
/ Implementation of training courses
Counseling Service, etc
- 37 -

Tokyo Model 23 Cities E

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Tokyo Model 23 Cities E

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Tokyo Model

Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

Supervised by: 23 Cities of Tokyo

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

23 Cities of Tokyo refers to 23 individual municipal authorities which make up an

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

(No. 1 city by GDP globally)

The worlds largest city in terms of

High reputation in terms of its

New York: 2nd place

New York: 24th

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

Japan - a country generating low amount of municipal waste

As countries grow, they either become high-polluters or low-polluters, and Japan

GDP per capita (Unit: thousand US dollars/ year)

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

History of reducing the volume of generated municipal waste in Tokyo

Per capita GDP of Japan

Per capita GDP of Japan(Unit:GK dollars / year)

Per capita municipal waste output in Tokyo (kg/year)

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

Issues and measures taken at different times

Public health measures taken for dealing with the epidemics of

Feculence Cleansing Act (1900) was promulgated, asking local

Increasing necessity of fundamental

Dealing with environmental issues

Full operation of new and innovative incineration plant

Further rapid increase in waste volumes and changes in quality

Commencement of the Tokyo SLIM campaign (1989)

Enactment of the Cleaning Act (1954)

Commencement of charging for all bulky waste(1991)

Dealing with environmental issues (dioxins)

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

An overall picture of the Tokyo Model

Working on reducing waste

Efficiently collect all generated

Waste is treated safely by

Setting and operating hygienic

Compact waste collection cars

Waste processing facilities located in

Sea surface land-filling and land

Environmental education provided

Waste collection visits

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

Generating power and

Facilities built on reclaimed land

Commencement of the Tokyo SLIM campaign

Commencement of charging for all bulky wastes

Starting use of semi-transparent waste bags

Commencing consideration of setting up Tokyo Rules (resource

Commencement of charging for all types of business-related waste

Commencement of in-store PET bottle collection

Overall roll-out of resource collection projects (newspapers,

Actual implementation of thermal recycling of waste plastic and

Break up waste into

Select and separate

Incombustible waste is transported to an incombustible waste processing center, which is an

Source: Internal documents of Clean Authority of TOKYO 23cities

2014 Study Council on International Cooperation for Waste Management

Focusing on face-to-face communication

- Visits by members of staff from waste management offices to residents