APPLICATION MANUAL

LONG PIPING

ACSON
Long Piping
Applica
tion Man
ual
pplication
Manual

Fir
st Edition
First
August 2005

Intr
oduction
Introduction
Introduction ................................................................................................................. Introduction-1
Objective .................................................................................................................... Introduction-2

Section 1: Long Piping Limita

tion
Limitation
1.1

Capacity Loss ........................................................................................................... 1-1

1.2

Oil Return Problem ................................................................................................... 1-3

1.3

Compressor Failure .................................................................................................. 1-4

1.4

High Installation Cost................................................................................................ 1-5

1.5

Unit Orientation ........................................................................................................ 1-6

1.6

Piping Length Limit .................................................................................................. 1-12

Section 2: Pr
ecautions on Long Piping Installa
tions
Precautions
Installations
2.1

Additional Oil ............................................................................................................ 2-2

2.2

Additional Refrigerant ............................................................................................... 2-3

2.3

Oil Trap .................................................................................................................... 2-5

2.4

Suction Accumulator ................................................................................................ 2-7

2.5

Oil Separator ............................................................................................................ 2-7

2.6

Pipe Sizing ............................................................................................................... 2-8

2.7

Crankcase Heater ................................................................................................... 2-19

2.8

Pump Down Cycle ................................................................................................... 2-21

2.9

Minimize Bends ....................................................................................................... 2-22

2.10 Minimize Excessive Height ...................................................................................... 2-23

Section 3: Ca
pacity Ef
Capacity
Efffect
3.1

Pressure Drop Charts ............................................................................................... 3-4

Section 4: Piping Installa

tion
Installation
4.1

Pipe Material ............................................................................................................ 4-1

4.2

Pipe Insulation .......................................................................................................... 4-1

4.3

Horizontal Runs ........................................................................................................ 4-2

4.4

Vertical Runs ............................................................................................................ 4-4

4.5

Pipe Bends ............................................................................................................... 4-7

4.6

Vibration and Noise in Piping .................................................................................... 4-8

Appendix A : Common Compr

essor F
ailur
e
Compressor
Failur
ailure
A.1

Liquid Flood Back ..................................................................................................... A-2

A.2

Flooded Starts .......................................................................................................... A-3

A.3

Liquid Slugging ......................................................................................................... A-4

A.4

Loss of Lubrication ................................................................................................... A-5

A.5

Overheating .............................................................................................................. A-7

A.6

Contamination .......................................................................................................... A-9

A.6

Refrigerant Migration ............................................................................................... A-12

Appendix B : Suction Accum

ula
tor
Accumula
ulator
B.1

Applications .............................................................................................................. B-3

B.2

Installation ................................................................................................................ B-4

B.3

Sizing and Selecting an Accumulator ....................................................................... B-4

Appendix C : Oil Se
par
ator
Separ
para
C.1

Introduction .............................................................................................................. C-1

C.2

Function ................................................................................................................... C-3

C.3
C.3

Installation ................................................................................................................ C-3

Maintenance ............................................................................................................. C-4

Appendix D : Useful Table and Char

s
Chars

Copyright 2005 by ACSON International. All rights reserved. This publication is strictly confidential and is meant
for DISTRIBUTORS of ACSON International only. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in
any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of
ACSON International.
The data and suggestions in this manual are believed current and accurate at the time of publication, but they are
not a substitute for trained, experienced professional service. Individual applications and site variations can
significantly affect the results and effectiveness of any information. The reader must satisfy him/herself regarding
the applicability of any article and seek professional evaluation of all materials. ACSON International disclaim any
responsibility for actions based on this manual.

Introduction
Intr
oduction
Introduction
Split type air-conditioner units consist of an evaporator unit and condensing unit which are both joined together
by two lengths of copper piping. Generally, one of them will be in the indoor room while the other will be located
outdoors.
The performance specifications of the air-conditioner unit have been given based upon a specified pipe length.
Deviations from this standard length will cause variations to the unit performance. There is also a maximum
pipe length allowed for these units, whereby if exceeded, the unit may not give reliable performance. Most
manufacturers will publish these longest distances in both the vertical and horizontal directions where their
evaporator and condenser can be installed apart. Most of the time, installers are not aware of these limitations.
As a result, they encounter problems when the units are not performing as specified.
It is important that during installation, these pipe length limits are not exceeded. It is recommended that the
pipe lengths be as close to the standard lengths as possible. The relative location of both evaporator and
condensing units are also very crucial to ensure an effective and reliable system.
However, this will not be so easily achievable in practice. The building architectural and structural design may
not allow such straight forward installations. It is very common for these pipe lengths to be longer than the
standard lengths, if not exceeding them. Therefore, it is vital to understand what the failure mechanisms of the
air-conditioner unit are when this happens. With this in mind, we can then take the necessary precautions to
prevent damage to the units.

Introduction - 1

Objecti
ve
Objectiv
The purpose of this Application Manual is to give guidelines into long piping installations of split type air
conditioner units. It gives recommendations on the necessary precautions and modifications which are needed
to be carried out to maintain the life span of the system. Information is also given on some of the common
compressor failures encountered with such installations and what are the counter-measures which can be
used to prevent them.
The topics covered in this manual are as follows:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Long piping limitations.

Precautions on installation.
Changes in capacity performance due to long piping.
Practical piping installation.

Introduction - 2

Section 1
Long Piping Limitations
There are a few points that an installer and contractor need to consider when dealing with long piping
installations. These points are:
a) Capacity loss of the system.
b) Problem of oil return to the compressor.
c) Compressor failure.
d) High installation cost.

1.1 Ca
pacity Loss
Capacity
Capacity loss is due to pressure loss which is caused by friction in pipe and elevation. Consider the DarcyWeisbach equation:

p = f (L/D) (
V2/2) ............ (1.1)
where,
p = Pressure drop, Pa.
f = Friction factor, dimensionless.
L = Length of pipe, m.
D = Internal diameter of pipe, m.
= Fluid density at mean temperature, kg/m3.
V = Average velocity, m/s.
Therefore:

p L and V2
p 1/D
This equation can also be expressed in the form of specific energy:

h = p/
g = f (L/D) (V2/2g) ............ (1.2)
where,
h = Energy loss, m.
g = Gravity acceleration, m/s2.
And:

h L and V2
h 1/D

1-1

The remaining terms are the same as mentioned in equation (1.1).

By considering equation (1.1), it is known that L is directly proportional to p. When L increases (with other
terms remaining constant); p will increase proportionally as well. In other words, when the piping length
increases, the pressure drop encountered will be increasing proportionally as well.
Again, considering equation (1.1), it is known that D is indirectly proportional to p.
When D decreases (other terms remaining constant), p will also increase proportionally as well. Therefore,
when the piping diameter decreases, the pressure drop encountered will be increasing proportionally as well.
The pressure drop and capacity drop are directly related to each other. If the pressure drop decreases,
the capacity drop will be also do the same. If the piping length is long, therefore the flow will encounter a higher
pressure drop. Therefore, the capacity for longer piping will decrease as well. Same for decreasing pipe
diameter, the pressure drop will be large and hence, the capacity will drop as well.
Why will the pressure drop cause a reduction in capacity? Basically, there are three reasons:
a) Suction line pressure drop due to friction loss will force the compressor to operate at a lower suction
pressure with a resultant reduction of refrigerant mass flow.
b) Pressure drop due to friction loss in discharge lines causes the compressor to operate at a higher
pressure resulting in reduced refrigerant mass flow and increased power consumption.
c) Liquid line pressure drop due to friction loss and liquid static head may cause flash gas. This flash gas
will reduce the performance of the expansion device as the liquid column cannot be maintained.

1-2

1.2 Oil R
etur
n Pr
ob
lem
Retur
eturn
Prob
oblem
The functions of oil in refrigeration systems are:
a) Minimize mechanical wear
b) Reduce friction
c) Lubricate moving parts
d) Seal clearances
e) Deaden noise and
f) Assist to transfer heat.
In the compressor, oil and refrigerant will mix continuously. Refrigeration oils are soluble in liquid refrigerant
and mix completely at normal room temperatures. Since oil must pass through the compressor cylinders to
provide lubrication, a small amount of oil is always in circulation with the refrigerant. Oil and refrigerant vapour
do not mix readily and the oil can be properly circulated through the system if gas velocities are high enough
to sweep the oil along.
If refrigerant velocities are not sufficiently high, oil will tend to lie at the bottom of the evaporator
tubing which, decreases heat transfer efficiency and possibly causing a shortage of oil in the
compressor. The problem arises when the piping is longer than the standard testing length of 7.6m. More oil
will tend to be trapped along the longer piping and only a lesser amount will be returned to the compressor.
This damages the compressor internal moving parts due to lack of lubrication.
As evaporative temperatures are lowered, this problem becomes more critical since the viscosity of the oil
increases with a decrease in temperature. Since the longer piping will cause a lower evaporating pressure
due to the higher pressure drop, the oil becomes more viscous and more difficult to be swept along with the
refrigerant. For these reasons, a proper design of tubing is essential for satisfactory oil return in a refrigeration
cycle.
One of the basic characteristics of a refrigerant and oil mixture in a sealed system is the fact that refrigerant
will migrate through the system into the oil in the compressor. On reaching the compressor, the refrigerant is
absorbed into the oil and this migration will continue until the oil is saturated with liquid refrigerant. The
amount of refrigerant the oil will attract is primarily dependent on the temperature differential between the oil
and refrigerant.
When the pressure of a saturated mixture of refrigerant and oil is suddenly reduced, as happens in a compressor
on start up, the amount of liquid refrigerant required to saturate the oil is drastically reduced, and the remainder
of liquid refrigerant flashes into vapour, causing violent boiling of the refrigerant and oil mixture. This causes
the typical foaming often observed in the compressor on start up, which can move all of the oil out of the
compressor in less than a minute.
With longer piping run, more refrigerant charge is required, thus causing more refrigerant to migrate into the
oil. Foaming will be prolonged during start-up causing higher probability of the compressor failure.
The introduction of excessive liquid refrigerant into the compressor can also cause a loss of oil pressure or oil
delivery to the bearings even though the level of the refrigerant and oil mixture in the compressor is high. The
high percentage of liquid refrigerant entering the compressor not only reduces the lubricating quality of the
oil but on entering the oil pump the intake may flash into vapour, restricting the entrance of adequate oil to
maintain proper lubrication of the compressor bearings. Should this oil dilution effect continue, compressor
failure will occur.

1-3

1.3 Compr
essor F
ailur
e
Compressor
Failur
ailure
With longer piping installations, the chances for compressor failure to occur becomes higher. The following are
the common causes of mechanical failure due to long piping applications:
a) Refrigerant flood back.
In long piping application, the system will need to have a higher refrigerant charge level in order to obtain
reasonable capacity. Therefore, the system will accumulate more liquid refrigerant. Refrigerant flood back
occurs when liquid refrigerant flows through the suction line into the compressor during the running cycle.
The liquid refrigerant will wash away the oil off the bearing surface and result in excessive wear.
b) Flooded start.
Liquid migration happens when the compressor is off for long periods. Refrigerant migrates to the compressor
and mixes with oil. During start-ups, refrigerant foaming will wash the oil away from the bearings. With
longer pipe length, more refrigerant gets to migrate into the oil and the foaming becomes more violent
during start-ups. The moving parts get starved of lubrication during this period of time, and this will cause
failure.

c) Slugging.
Slugging is the result of significant quantity of liquid refrigerant entering into the cylinder of the compressor.
The hydraulic force from liquid refrigerant, oil or a mixture of both will damage the compressor cylinder. In
short, slugging results from severe flooded starts where some of the foam gets sucked into the compression
chamber, resulting in liquid compression. The risk of slugging is higher with long piping installations
because of the higher refrigerant charge required by the system.
d) Loss of oil.
With long piping applications, there is a higher risk of the compressor oil flowing through the system and
being trapped within the system (evaporator, condenser, piping, accumulator and other components) and
returning only a little oil to the compressor. Lack of lubrication will lead to:
i. Oil not reaching the bearings.
ii. Oil dilution.
iii. Oil thinning by overheating.
A symptom of this problem is the compressor gets overheated due to the friction in moving parts.

1-4

1.4

High Installa
tion Cost
Installation

Consider the equation below:

Q = AV ............ (1.3)
where,
Q = Flow rate, m3/s.
A = Cross-sectional area of pipe (based on Inside Diameter), m2.
V = Average velocity, m/s.
When a smaller diameter pipe is used, high velocity is required to convey the necessary quantity of fluid. But
based on equation (1.1), high velocity causes larger pressure drop and hence, the capacity will be reduced
drastically. It will also increase the operating cost due to the compressor having to do more work.
When larger pipes are used, a lower velocity is required to give the desired quantity of flow. Low velocity will
create less pressure drop. However, from the stand point of initial cost, the larger pipes are more costly than
the smaller pipes.
When applying
installation):
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

long piping, the following should be noted by end users (which will increase the cost of
Longer pipe used.
Bigger pipe used to reduce the pressure drop.
More refrigerant charge.
More installation work.
More potential problems encountered (flood back, slugging, oil return and etc).

1-5

1.5

Unit Orienta
tion
Orientation

The location of both indoor unit and outdoor unit are very important. Different types of orientation in different
operating mode will have different effects on oil return, refrigerant migration, and liquid refrigerant entering
the compressor. The following section will show what could happen if :
a) The indoor unit is below the outdoor unit, or
b) The indoor unit is above the outdoor unit.

Cooling mode oil return case.

Consider when the indoor unit is below the outdoor unit. When the system is operating, the oil will have to go
back upwards to the compressor against gravitational forces. The amount of oil return may be very little and
will directly harm the compressor internal moving parts. If both the ambient temperature for both indoor and
outdoor are low (e.g. 19 C or lower), the oil viscosity will increase and this makes the amount of oil returning
back to the compressor much lesser. This is a very critical condition with the outdoor unit located
above the indoor unit. With long piping lengths, this phenomenon becomes more severe. See Figure 1.1.

O/D
oil return up

low fan

I/D
[evap]
19C
Figure 1.1 : Oil return - cooling mode

1-6

[cond]
19C

Cooling mode cold start case

For the refrigerant migration case, the vapor refrigerant will tend to move to the compressor when it is off for
long periods. This phenomenon is explained in Section 1.1.2. Note that this condition becomes more apparent
when there is a larger ambient temperature difference between the indoor and outdoor units. When the
indoor unit is above the outdoor unit, the migration of refrigerant becomes easier as the downward
flow of refrigerant is helped by gravity. See Figure 1.2. With longer pipes, the degree of migration increases
due to the higher refrigerant charge.

[off]
35C

I/D

refrigerant
migration

O/D
[off]
19C or lower
Figure 1.2 : Cold start cooling mode

Cooling mode liquid flood back case

When the system is operating in cooling mode, any unvaporized liquid refrigerant will flow out from the
evaporator unit and flood into the compressor. Generally, a compressor cannot tolerate any liquid flow into it
as liquid compression will occur. This will damage the compressor moving parts. This phenomenon is more
critical when the indoor unit is higher due to the gravitational forces making the liquid easier to flow downwards.
Figure 1.3 represents this case. This situation is aggravated with long piping installations due to the extra
refrigerant charge required.

low fan

I/D

[evap]
27C or
19C

liquid easier to
flow down to
compressor

O/D
[cond]
46C or 19C
Figure 1.3 : Liquid flood back - cooling mode
1-7

Heating mode oil return case

When running under the heating mode, the connecting pipes become the refrigerant discharge lines. By having
the indoor unit (condenser) on a higher elevation with respect to the outdoor unit, oil will be pumped upwards
by the compressor. Figure 1.4 represents this case. With long pipe installation, the oil velocity may become
lower and gets accumulated inside the indoor heat exchanger.

I/D

[cond]
20C

oil pumped
up

O/D
[evap]
8C or lower
Figure 1.4 : Oil return - heating mode

Heating mode cold start case

For the refrigerant migration case, the same phenomenon as explained in Section 1.1.2 will occur. When the
indoor unit is above the outdoor unit, the migration of refrigerant takes place much easier due to gravitational
effects. This case is more critical than the Cooling Mode (section 1.5.2) as the outdoor unit ambient temperature
is much lower, causing a higher temperature differential between the two indoor and outdoor units. Figure 1.5
represents this case. The longer the pipe is, the higher will be the migration rate due to the higher refrigerant
charge.

I/D

[off]
20C

refrigerant
migration

O/D
[off]
8C or lower
Figure 1.5 : Cold start heating mode

1-8

Heating mode liquid flood back case

When the indoor unit (condenser) is higher than the outdoor unit (evaporator), and the system is running
under the heating mode, the liquid refrigerant from the condenser is able to flow down to the outdoor unit
more easily with the help of gravitational pull. With a high refrigerant charge, there is a higher risk of having
liquid compression. Therefore, due to this type of unit orientation, and also because of the defrost cycle (see
Section 1.5.7), it is considered as a critical condition for heating cycle. The longer the pipe is the higher
will be the risks due to the higher refrigerant charge.

I/D

[cond]
27C

liquid easier
to flow down
to compressor

O/D
[evap]
24C
Figure 1.6 : Liquid flood back heating mode

Defrosting cycle
The defrosting cycle occurs when the system is running under the heating mode. The purpose of this cycle is
to help melt any ice build-up on the outdoor coil which has been operating as an evaporator. If the ice is not
removed, the heating performance of the system will deteriorate as the ice will act as insulation on the coil
surface, preventing heat transfer.
To defrost, the system will momentarily switch back to the cooling mode (when the operation of the 4-way
valve reverses the refrigerant flow) where the outdoor coil becomes the hot condenser to melt the ice. When
the defrost is completed, the system will then resume back in the heating mode. During this defrost period,
the indoor unit fan will stop. As a result, this may cause the liquid refrigerant entering the indoor coil to not be
able to evaporate fast enough. The excess liquid refrigerant will then flow to the compressor. By having the
indoor in a higher elevation and with long pipe length (hence higher refrigerant charge), this becomes more
evident as the liquid flowing down is assisted by gravity. Liquid flood back and slugging may occur. This in
turn will lead to compressor failures.
See following diagrams.

1-9

Indoor coil (condenser)

Expansion device

4-way valve
Ice build-up on coil
surface

Outdoor coil (evaporator)

Compressor

Figure 1.7 : Refrigerant flow during normal heating cycle

Incomplete evaporation,
liquid floodback to
compressor
Fan stopped
Indoor coil (evaporator)
Expansion device

4-way valve

Outdoor coil (condenser)

Compressor

Figure 1.8 : Refrigerant flow during DEFROST cycle

1 - 10

1.6

Piping Length Limits

In summary, compressor failure is the main consideration with long piping applications. See Appendix A for
more detailed explanation on compressor failures. Piping length should be as short as possible to prevent the
compressors from breaking down. In view of the importance of unit orientation, care must be taken to keep to
the allowable maximum height difference.
Special precautions must be taken when there is no choice but to use longer pipe lengths. Understandably, the
extent of these precautions must be balanced with the increased cost of installation.
The following table shows the recommended piping length limits for different condensing units:
Model
SL10B/BR/10C/CR
SL15B/BR/15C/CR
SL20B/BR/20C/CR*
SL25B/BR/25C/CR*
SL30/40/50C/CR*
SL60/61C/CR*
VCU25A
VCU30/35/40/50A
MSS60C/CR/75C/CR*
MSS100/125/150B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER*
MSS200/250/300D2/DR2*

Maximum
Length (m)
12
12
25
25
45
35
15
20
45
45
45

Maximum
Height (m)
5
5
15
15
25
15
8
10
25
25
25

Maximum number of
bends allowed
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10

Note* : Applicable to model with built-in accumulator for long piping application only. Please refer to distributor for further
details.

Table 1.1: Pipe lengths for different condensing units

The standard pipe length, where the units are rated at is 7.6 meters (25 feet). A more thorough explanation
on precautions needed with longer pipe installations are given in the next chapter. Pipe lengths longer than
those specified in Table 1.1 is not recommended.
It is also not necessary to change the recommended pipe sizes for these units, as long as these limits are not
exceeded. In general, the outdoor unit pipe size connections should always be used as the reference. Table
1.2 shows the pipe sizes for different condensing units.

1 - 11

Model
SL10B/BR/C/CR
SL15B/BR/C/CR
SL20B/BR/C/CR
SL25B/BR/C/CR
VCU25/30A
SL30C/CR
SL40/50C/CR
VCU35/40/50A
SL60/61C/CR
VCU60A
MSS60C/CR
MSS75D/DR
MSS100B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER
MSS125/150B/BR/C/CR/D/DR/E/ER
MSS200D2/DR2
MSS250/300D2/DR2

Pipe size**
Suction () Liquid ()
3/8
1/4
1/2
1/4
5/8
1/4
5/8
3/8
5/8
3/8
5/8
3/8
3/4
3/8
3/4
3/8
3/4
1/2
7/8
1/2
3/4
1/2
1
1/2
1-1/8
5/8
1-3/8
5/8
1-1/8
5/8
1-3/8
5/8

Note**: Subject to change without prior notice. For updated information, please refer to Technical Manuals.

Table 1.2 : Pipe sizes for different condensing units

1 - 12

Section 2
Precautions On Long Piping Installations
There are several considerations when dealing with long piping installations. These include:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)

Additional oil.
Additional refrigerant.
Oil traps.
Suction accumulator.
Oil separator.
Pipe sizing.
Crankcase heater.
Pump down cycle.
Minimise bends.
Minimise excessive heights.

2-1

2.1

Ad
ditional Oil
Additional

Each compressor has a rated oil holding capacity. It is important to check with the compressor
specifications on these oil charges as each compressor comes pre-charged with oil. This specified
compressor oil holding charge is sufficient for a standard piping installation of 7.6m (24.9 feet).
With longer pipe lengths, it is important to add in additional oil into the system. This is necessary
because some of the oil will be pumped out of the compressor and stick to the internal pipe surfaces.
Additional oil is needed to maintain a safe oil level in the compressor sump.
As a guideline, from the actual pipe run, for every 10ft of extra length from standard testing
length, 3 fl.oz of oil (1 fl.oz 30cm3 0.03l) should be added into the system.
Sample calculation 01:
a) Standard factory testing length = 7.6m / 24.9 ft
b) Actual pipe length = 10.0m / 32.8ft
c) Compressor specifications:
Oil charge = 38fl.oz.
Extra length = 32.8ft 24.9ft
= 7.9 ft
With 10ft = 3fl.oz. , the extra oil charge for the extra length of 7.9ft = 2.37fl.oz.
Therefore, an additional 2.37fl.oz of oil should be added into the compressor in this example, giving a
total charge of 38 + 2.37 = 40.37 fl. oz.

2-2

2.2

Ad
ditional R
efrig
er
ant
Additional
Refrig
efriger
erant

Similar to the additional oil case, each compressor has a rated refrigerant maximum holding capacity. As a
general practice, do not exceed these limits in order to prevent the compressor from breakdown. It is important
to double check with the compressor specifications on the refrigerant charge limits.
With the longer pipe lengths, more refrigerant is needed to fill the extra volume. The refrigerant charge in the
delivered unit is sufficient for the standard pipe length of 7.6 meters.
It is also important to understand the difference between having the expansion device located in the
indoor unit or the outdoor unit. If the expansion device is located at the indoor unit, the entire liquid line will
be filled with liquid refrigerant liquid before expanding at the indoor unit. This will be considered as a single
phase flow in the liquid line. The refrigerant amount required will be significantly higher.
When the expansion device is in the outdoor unit, the refrigerant will begin to expand along the liquid line.
This will be considered as a two phase flow in the liquid line. As a result, the refrigerant amount required
is lower.
The additional amount of refrigerant required can be calculated once the density of the refrigerant along
these pipes is known. As a guideline, this value should not be more than the maximum refrigerant charge of
the compressor.
Sample calculation 02:
a) 1st option pipe length = 40ft = 12.2m
b) 2nd option pipe length = 75ft = 22.9m
c) Standard pipe length = 7.6m
d) L type hard copper tube with OD size =
e) Density of refrigerant R-22, R22 at 40oC = 1129kg/m3 (saturated temperature of liquid at condenser outlet).
f) Standard factory charge = 2.50kg
g) Compressor maximum refrigerant charge = 3.60kg
h) Given that total charge must not be greater than the compressor maximum charge.
i) The expansion device located at the indoor unit.
From Table D.5, we look at L type hard copper tube with OD = , ID = 0.430in (0.011m). Also from
the R22 Thermo Physical Properties, R22 at 40oC = 1129kg/m3.
It is known that:
Mass = Volume x Density
Hence,

m = V x R22 (2.1)
Where, m is the additional refrigerant mass required for the additional pipe length
V is the additional refrigerant volume due to the additional pipe length
If d is the pipe internal diameter
L is the pipe length which is equal to the on site pipe length minus the standard pipe length
Then,
m = 0.25 x x d2 x L x R22
mL=12.2m = 0.49kg (for 1st option pipe length)
mL=22.9m = 1.64kg (for 2nd option pipe length)
For 1st option case; Total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 0.49 + 2.50
= 2.99kg ! 2.99kg < 3.6kg
For 2nd option case; Total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 1.64 + 2.50
= 4.14kg ! 4.14kg > 3.6kg
Thus, the second option pipe length is not recommended.

2-3

Sample calculation 03:

Continuing from sample calculation 02, but this time with an outdoor expansion device. As explained earlier
this will be considered as a two phase flow in the liquid line. The refrigerant amount required would now be
lower. It is difficult to exactly quantify the refrigerant charge in this situation as the actual expansion process
that occurs in the expansion device, is not known.
However, it is estimated that the refrigerant required is 40% less compared to the amount needed when the
expansion device is at the indoor unit.
Hence,
mL=12.2m = 0.49/1.4 = 0.35kg (for 1st option pipe length)
mL=22.9m = 1.64/1.4 = 1.17kg (for 2nd option pipe length)
For 1st option, the total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 0.35+ 2.50
= 2.85kg ( < 3.6kg )
For 2nd option, the total charge = Extra charge + Standard factory charge
= 1.17 + 2.50
= 3.67kg ( > 3.6kg )
The second option pipe length is still not recommended in this situation.

2-4

2.3

Oil Trap

In normal installation cases, oil traps are not required. However, when piping is long, oil traps are required
to be installed at fixed intervals along the vertical suction pipe. This is especially so when the outdoor
unit is located on a higher elevation than the indoor unit. These oil traps help to get any accumulated oil
to move upwards, as shown in Figure 2.1. The design of the traps will forcibly cause the gaseous refrigerant
to pass through the oil thus, carrying it upwards back to the compressor.
As a guideline, an oil trap is required at every 10 to 15ft (3 4.6m) intervals.
Figure 2.2 illustrates how oil traps are installed.
However, the high pressure drop across such traps may cause high capacity reduction.

Figure 2.1: Internal refrigerant flow inside an oil trap

TO
COMPRESSOR

TO
COMPRESSOR

30
45

15

15

EVAPORATOR

15

EVAPORATOR

Figure 2.2: Oil traps installations

2-5

2.4 Suction Accum

ula
tor
Accumula
ulator
A suction accumulator serves as a vessel to store any liquid refrigerant which may return back along
the suction line to the compressor. It will protect the compressor from liquid floodback and slugging.
All OYL heat pump units have a built-in suction accumulator in the outdoor unit, but not for the
cooling only units.
Nevertheless, it is not recommended to have an additional suction accumulator installed in the
units as long as the maximum pipe length limits defined in Section 1.6 are not exceeded. The existing
accumulator in the unit is able to provide sufficient protection to the compressor within the specified
pipe length limits.
A more thorough explanation and study on suction accumulator is given in Appendix B.

2.5 Oil Se
par
ator
Separ
para
The oil separator has been designed to remove compressor oil along the discharge line. It is useful
to ensure sufficient oil return back to the compressor. However, it is not recommended that an
additional oil separator be installed in the units as long as the maximum pipe length limits are not
exceeded.
The unit will be able to function properly within the specified limits, provided that care is taken to have
oil traps along the pipe line (see Section 2.3) and that the refrigerant velocity in the pipes are sufficiently
high to carry the oil back to the compressor (see Section 2.6).
Appendix C gives a more detailed study and explanation of the oil separator.

2-6

2.6

Pipe Sizing

Refrigerant pipe lines must be selected for optimum size with respect to:
a) Initial cost.
b) Pressure drop.
c) Oil return.
It is desirable to have line sizes as small as possible from the standpoint of low initial cost. However,
the overall system performance must be evaluated and the following recognised:
a) Suction and discharge line pressure drop due to friction losses reduces compressor
capacity and increases power consumption.
b) Liquid line pressure drop due to friction loss and liquid static head may cause flash gas
(Flash gas is the refrigerant gas which results from the vaporisation of liquid refrigerant
to cool the remaining liquid refrigerant to a lower pressure level).
c) Suction and discharge lines must be sized for proper gas velocity to assure oil return to
the compressor.
The design considerations with long refrigerant piping installations are:
a) Assure positive and continuous return of oil to the compressor crankcase.
b) Refrigerant pressure losses are inevitable with long piping. This should not be
remedied at the expense of retarding oil return to the compressor.
c) Prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor during running, off cycles and
start up.
d) Avoid trapping of oil in the evaporator or suction line which may subsequently return to
the compressor as large slug with possible damage to the compressor.
In view of the above mentioned considerations, it is recommended that the refrigerant pipe size be
maintained as specified on the indoor and outdoor units. It is not necessary to resize the pipe as
long as the refrigerant pipe length limits are not exceeded.

2-7

2.6.1 Suction line

The suction line should have the following characteristics:
a) A total pressure drop of not more than 2oF change in saturation temperature (which is
equivalent to 3 psi for R-22 refrigerant @ 40F evaporating temperature). Of course, for
long piping installations, this value will be much higher.
b) Sufficient velocity (>1500fpm for vertical riser, >750 fpm for horizontal runs) for oil return
to the compressor (greater refrigerant velocities are obtained by decreasing the size of
the suction line. However this will create a higher pressure drop).
Note: (Criteria (b) has higher priority over (a)).
c) Prevention of liquid refrigerant from draining into the compressor during OFF cycle.
When installing the evaporator below the compressor, using a trap at the bottom of the pipe riser
is necessary. The purpose of the trap is to drain oil and liquid refrigerant out of the line to which the
expansion valve bulb is strapped. See following diagram:

Trap

To
compressor

Evaporator

Figure 2.3: Evaporator located below the compressor.

When installing the evaporator above the compressor, using an inverted Loop can prevent refrigerant
from draining into the compressor during OFF cycle. However, the loop will not prevent refrigerant migration
due to temperature of the evaporator being higher than the compressor.

Evaporator

To
compressor

Figure 2.4: Evaporator located above the compressor.

The trap should be as small as possible to prevent large slugs of oil being returned to the compressor when
the trap clears. When a suction riser is 30 feet or more in length, an oil trap should be installed every 15 feet
of vertical rise. This trap aids in oil return and provides a drainage point for oil, which is en route up the riser
when the compressor stops. When the unit starts again, the oil is returned to the compressor quickly and in
a relatively small slugs. See Section 2.3.

2-8

2.6.2 Discharge line

Pressure drop due to friction loss in discharge lines causes the compressor to operate in higher pressure
resulting in reduced capacity and increased power consumption.
Discharge lines should have:
a) A total pressure drop of 1oF to 2oF change in saturation temperature (equivalent to 3.5 psi for
R-22 refrigerant @ 120F condensing temperature). Long piping will give higher readings.
b) Sufficient velocity (>1500fpm) for oil return to the compressor.
Note: (Criteria (b) has higher priority over criteria (a))
c) A means to prevent refrigerant from draining back to compressor head during the OFF
cycle.
Long discharge pipe lines are only encountered during the reversed cycle heating mode. The same pipe is
the suction line during the cooling mode. Therefore, the main consideration with long discharge pipe installations
is the discharge oil line trap, which is actually the same as the suction line oil traps. The same rule applies,
i.e. a trap should be installed every 15 feet of vertical rise. These traps will aid in oil return and provides a
drainage point for oil that is en route up the riser when the compressor stops, as well as for liquid refrigerant
which may condense during the OFF cycle.

2.6.3 Liquid line

When the refrigerant is in liquid state, the oil in the liquid line is readily carried along by the refrigerant to the
evaporator. There is no problem with oil return in liquid lines. Thus, the design of the liquid piping is less
critical than that of the suction lines and the discharge lines.
The problem encountered in the liquid line is mainly one of preventing the liquid from flashing before it
reaches the refrigerant control (capillary tube or thermal expansion valve).
The problem of flash gas in the liquid line is that:
a)
b)
c)

It reduces the capacity of the refrigerant control.

It causes erosion of the valve pin and seat.
It often results in erratic control of the liquid refrigerant to the evaporator.

To avoid flashing of the liquid in the liquid line, sufficient liquid subcooling is required along the pipe line.
The liquid line should be designed with a maximum gas velocity of 360 fpm.

2-9

2.6.4 Refrigerant piping checking method

This section provides a general guide on how to check the refrigerant piping.
Procedure:
1)
Select indoor and outdoor models:
a) Capacity (Btu/hr or tons)
b) Original gas and liquid line size.
c) Standard factory length.
2)

Obtain the following parameters:

a) Horizontal pipe length. Check if pipe limits have been exceeded.
b) Vertical pipe length. Check if pipe limits have been exceeded.
c) Number of bends.
d) List of fittings installed, e.g.: filter drier, valves, sight glass.

3)

Based on the information from 1(a) and 1(b), use the pressure drop charts (Figure D.4) and
velocity charts (Figure D.3) for the following:
a) Pressure drop for current pipe size and pipe size at least 2 sizes bigger than current size.
b) Velocity in pipe for current pipe size and for pipe size at least 2 sizes bigger than current size.
Note: The charts are applicable only for refrigerant R-22.

4)

Based on the information from 2(a) and 2(b), calculate the actual pressure loss for the pipe
sizes.

5)

Based on the information from 2(c) and 2(d), find from Table D.1 to Table D.6 for the equivalent
lengths of the fittings such as elbows and valves.

6)

Check the values against the design criteria set for pressure drop and velocity in gas line. The
design criteria are listed as below:
a) Gas line criteria:
i) Minimum horizontal line gas velocity
= 750fpm
ii) Minimum vertical risers gas velocity
= 1500fpm

7)

Check the refrigerant velocity of the standard pipe size. Check also the refrigerant pipe pressure
drop. Determine the performance of the standard pipe size. Compare the values with those
pipes which are 2 sizes larger as reference.

8)

Get factory standard length; calculate the additional oil from the actual pipe run. For every 10ft of
extra length from standard testing length, add 3 fl.oz. of oil (1 fl.oz. 30cc).

9)

Refer to Table D.5. Based on the length and inner diameter of the pipe, find the
amount of refrigerant to be added in.

2 - 10

Sample calculation 06:

Capacity = 50000Btu/hr (Note: 1ton = 12000Btu/hr).
Suction line size = (OD). L type hard copper pipe.
Liquid line size = 3/8" (OD). L type hard copper pipe.
40oF (4.4C) evaporation temperature.
120oF (48.9C) condensing temperature. (Refrigerant density = 1087 kg/m3)
Standard testing length = 7.6m.
Compressor maximum R22 holding capacity = 4.5kg.
Standard R22 charge = 2.5kg.
System is utilizing expansion valve (indoor).
Cooling mode system.

Evaporator
6
4

2
5

5
15

7
10
10

4
Condenser

NOTE : Dimensions are not to scale

Figure 2.5 : Schematic diagram for sample problem

Capacity = 4.17 tons (5 hp)

Total pipe length = 68 ft (20.7 meters)
Elevation = 15 ft (4.6 meters)
With reference to the specifications in Secton 1 for a 5 hp unit (50 meters maximum length, 15 meters maximum
height), the total pipe length and elevation are still within the limits.

2 - 11

68

68

80.60
82.00
83.30
76.10
77.00
78.80

15
6.5
3.2
25
5.5
1.8

Calculated pressure drop (psi)

h = f x (g/100)

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

Pressure drop / 100ft (psi), g. Refer to

Figure 2.7

12.60
14.00
15.30
8.10
9.00
10.80

Total equivalent length (ft)

f=c+d+e

Misc. fittings equivalent length (ft), d.

Refer to Table D.3, D.4 & D.6.

1.40
1.55
1.70
0.90
1.00
1.20

Total length (ft), e.

Equivalent length for all bends

c=axb

4000
2700
2100
340
190
120

Number of bends, a.

3/4
7/8
1
3/8
1/2
5/8

Equivalent length for 1 bend, b

(Note: Assume long radius 90o bend).
Refer to Table D.1 & D.2.

Liquid

Velocity (fpm). Refer to Figure 2.6.

Suction

OD Size (inch)

Section

We can thus build the following tabulation:

12.1
5.3
2.7
19.0
4.2
1.4

Table 2.1: Tabulated values for various parameters.

For this calculation example, it is necessary to perform an interpolation to obtain the equivalent length le (7/8)
and le (5/8) of the bends from the available data in Table D.1 and D.2.
Formula used to obtain these values is:
li = li-1 + [(i i-1) /(i+1 i-1)] x (li+1 li-1)
Where: li = Equivalent length to be determine.
li-1 = 1 step smaller equivalent length .
li+1 = 1 step bigger equivalent length.
i = Diameter of li.
i-1 = 1 step smaller diameter.
i+1 = 1 step bigger diameter.
Equivalent length for 90o long radius bend for 7/8", le
le (7/8) = le (3/4) + [(OD7/8 OD3/4)/(OD1 OD3/4)] x (le (1) le(3/4))
= 1.40 + [(7/8 3/4)/(1 3/4)] x (1.70 1.40)
= 1.55
Equivalent length for 90o long radius bend for 5/8", le
le (5/8) = le (1/2) + [(OD5/8 OD1/2)/(OD3/4 OD1/2)] x (le (3/4) le(1/2))
= 1.00 + [(5/8 1/2)/(3/4 1/2)] x (1.40 1.00)
= 1.20
With these answers, the pressure drop across the pipes can be calculated, as shown in the Table 2.1.
As expected, the pressure drop across the larger pipes is found to be much lower.
With this installation, the extra pipe length
Therefore, the extra lubricant oil required

= 68ft (7.6m / (0.3048m/ft))

= 43.1ft
= Extra length x (0.3fl.oz/ft)
= 12.92fl.oz.

2 - 12

Refer to Table d.5 to determine the internal pipe diameter. The extra refrigerant required is calculated as
follows :
OD =3/8" case (ID = 0.305").
Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.305in x (0.0254mm/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 0.67kg
Total charge = 2.5 + 0.67 = 3.17kg (OK)
OD = case (ID = 0.43").
Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.430in x (0.0254m/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 1.34kg
Total charge = 2.5 + 1.34 = 3.84kg (OK)
OD = 5/8" case (ID = 0.545").
Extra R22 = V
= 0.25d2L
= 0.25(3.142)(0.545in x (0.0254mm/in))2(68ft x (0.3048m/ft) 7.6m)(1087kg/m3)
= 2.15kg
Total charge = 2.5 + 2.15 = 4.65kg (NG)
Because the pipe length limit is not exceeded, the original pipe size is still recommended to be used in this
system. The calculations reveal that the system will be safe to operate, but additional oil of 12.9 fl. oz. and
additional refrigerant R22 charge of 0.7kg must be added.
In this example, R-22 is used as the refrigerant. When other refrigerants are used, the corresponding refrigerant
properties must be applied. For example, properties of refrigerant R407C and R410A are available in the
Appendix section. The corresponding pipe charts must also be used in the computation.

2 - 13

120 190

340

2100

4000

2700

Figure 2.6: R-22 refrigerant velocity chart

2 - 14

3.2

1.8

6.5

5.5

15

25

Figure 2.7: R-22 refrigerant pressure drop chart

2 - 15

2.7

Cr
ankcase Hea
ter
Crankcase
Heater

Crankcase heater is a sealed heater installed with close contact to the outer circumference at the bottom of
the compressor. Examples of crankcase heater and how crankcase heater is installed onto a compressor is
shown in Figure 2.8, Figure 2.9, and Figure 2.10.

Figure 2.8: Example of crankcase heater.

Figure 2.9: Crankcase heater installed onto a rotary compressor.

Figure 2.10: Crankcase heater installed onto a reciprocating compressor.

2 - 16

The purpose of installing crankcase heater is to protect the compressor from the negative effects of the liquid
refrigerant in the compressor and in the lubricating oil. In simple words, crankcase heaters are frequently
used to retard migration. It removes the refrigerant by heating from the outside. Refrigerant entering the
compressor will be vaporized and driven back into the suction line. Crankcase heater should be installed
during long piping installations where the risk of liquid refrigerant migration is much higher.
The crankcase heater size differs according to the capacity and the application of the compressor. A heater
of about 40W to 80W should be used.
When the compressor is inactive for a long period, the crankcase heater should be energized for at least 6 to
12 hours before operation of the compressor is started. Please note that burning might occur if oil gets on to
the crankcase heater.
Deterioration due to water condensation and acoustic insulation materials (such as pheuol products) can
lead to defective insulation.

2.8

Pump Do
wn Cy
cle
Down
Cyc

The most positive dependable means of properly controlling the liquid refrigerant, particularly if the charge is
large, is by means of a pump down cycle. By closing a liquid line valve, the refrigerant can be pumped into the
condenser and receiver, and the compressor operation controlled by means of a low-pressure control. The
refrigerant can thus be isolated during periods when the compressor is not in operation. Migration to the
compressor and crankcase is prevented.
Although the pump down cycle is one of the protection method against migration, it will not protect against
liquid flooding during operation.

2 - 17

2.9

Minimiz
e Bends
Minimize

Piping between the condenser and evaporator units shall not have too many bends. Bends should be avoided
as much as possible.
When the number of bends (bending angle) is large, the internal pipe resistance increases, and the refrigerant
flow is impaired. These bends tend to retard oil return. The compressor capacity is also reduced and there
are higher risks of compressor failures. Refer Section 1.6 for the recommended maximum number of
bends.

Figure 2.11: Too many bends

2 - 18

2.10 Minimiz
e Ex
cessi
ve Heights
Minimize
Excessi
cessiv
The system does not perform correctly when both the condenser and evaporator units are too far away from
each other (either vertically or horizontally). The required refrigerant quantity increases and the products
guaranteed range is exceeded. Also, the circulation of refrigerant and lubrication oil malfunctions, the capacity
drops, and compressor trouble may occur.
The piping length should be as short as possible because the capacity and the reliability decreases as piping
length increases. Select the shortest length possible. Refer Section 1.6 for the recomended maximum
heights and lengths.

Figure 2.12: Too long horizontal length.

Figure 2.13: Excessive height different.

2 - 19

Section 3
Capacity Effect
One of the most frequently asked question with long piping installations is How much is the effect to the
cooling or heating capacities when operating with long piping? It has been mentioned that with longer
piping, the capacity will be lower due to pressure losses along the pipe lines. However, to determine the
magnitude of the capacity reduction is not just a simple matter of calculating the pressure drops along the
pipe line.
The cooling or heating capacity of a system is very much dependent on the operating suction and discharge
pressures of the compressor. It is also dependent on the amount of superheat at the suction and subcool
at the condenser outlet. All of these boil down to the refrigerant mass flow rate pumped by the compressor.
When the pipe lines become longer, and the refrigerant charge is increased, the values of both the superheat
and subcool will also change. This will affect the mass flow rate. In other words, in order to accurately
determine the capacity, we will need to measure the pressures, superheat and subcooling.
Another consideration is that with the longer pipe lines, there will be higher heat losses due to conduction
along the pipe length. Of course, this can be overcome by ensuring good pipe insulation on the pipes.
Generally, a suitable pipe insulation of sufficient thickness (e.g. Superlon/Armaflex, thick) will be effective
in giving good thermal insulation.
In view of the above, it is difficult to determine accurately the capacity reductions due to long pipe installation.
It is not practical to directly measure both the compressor suction and discharge pressures as there are no
pressure taps at these locations in the air-conditioning unit. A table or graph of the compressor performance
is also required to determine this value.
Nevertheless, it is possible to roughly estimate the capacity by using the calculated pressure drop along
the suction and discharge pipe lines in relation to the original rated capacity of the system with the standard
pipe length. It is assumed that the rated evaporating and condensing temperatures of the system remain
the same. Note 1.
Note 1: Strictly speaking, this is not true, as a reduction in suction pressure will also reduce the discharge pressure (and viceversa). The system balancing will be affected. However this assumption has been made to simplify the estimation process.

3- 1

Cooling Capacity
The cooling capacity of the unit has been rated with a standard pipe length at a specific evaporating temperature
and condensing temperature.

Suction
pipe

Ps

Evap.
temp.
(sat.), Te

Suction
pressure

Cond.
temp.
(sat.), Tc

Liquid pipe (2phase)

))))

))))

Std. pipe
length

Figure 3.1: Cooling cycle

With a longer pipe length, the compressor suction pressure must become lower in order to maintain the
same evaporating temperature at the coil, i.e. Te. As a result, the refrigerant mass flow rate of the compressor
reduces, giving a lower cooling capacity. The longer the pipe the lower the suction pressure.
The pressure drop along the pipe can be expressed as equivalent temperature reading because of the
general acceptance of this method of pipe sizing. The corresponding pressure drop in psi (or kPa) may be
determined by referring to the saturated refrigerant properties. Different refrigerants will give different values
of pressure drop.
The following general capacity trend has been extracted from CARRIER Handbook:

Suction pipe line Pressure Drop

Compressor Capacity, %

No Line Loss

100

2F (1.1C) Line Loss

95.7

4F (2.2C) Line Loss

92.2

Table 3.1: Suction line pressure drop against compressor capacity

3- 2

Heating Capacity
With the action of the 4-way reversing valve, the suction pipe will now become the discharge pipe. Because
of the expansion device configuration, the liquid pipe will maintain the same 2-phase flow.

Discharge
pipe
Discharge
pressure

Pd

Cond.
temp.
(sat.), Tc

Evap.
temp.
(sat.), Te

Liquid pipe
(2-phase)

))))

))))
Std. pipe
length

Outdoor
unit

Indoor
unit

Figure 3.2: Heating cycle

As before, the heating capacity has been rated at specific evaporating and condensing temperatures, with
the standard pipe length. With a longer pipe installation, there will be no change in the suction pipe line
pressure drop, but rather the effect comes from the discharge pipe.
Due to the additional discharge pipe pressure drop, the compressor discharge pressure has to be increased
in order to maintain the same condensing temperature at the coil.
As a result of this higher discharge pressure, the compressor capacity will decrease, increasing the power
input. The following table illustrates this situation:

Discharge pipe line Pressure Drop

Compressor Capacity, %

No Line Loss

100

2F (1.1C) Line Loss

98.4

4F (2.2C) Line Loss

96.8

Table 3.2: Discharge line pressure drop against compressor capacity.

Notice that the amount of capacity loss due to the discharge pipe line pressure drop is lower than the
equivalent pressure drop along the suction line.

3- 3

3.1 Pr
essur
e Dr
op Char
ts
Pressur
essure
Drop
Charts
The following explains the refrigerant pipe line pressure drop chart which has been described
under the topic Pipe sizing in Section 2.

A
C

Figure 3.3: Pressure drop chart for R-22

3- 4

Figure 3.3 shows the pressure drop chart for R-22

This chart gives the pressure drop along 3 different types of refrigerant pipe lines, i.e.
a)
suction pipe [A]
b)
liquid pipe [B]
c)
discharge pipe [C]
The differentiations can be found on the right hand side of the chart.
Note that for each of the liquid and discharge pipe, there is only one representative line irrespective of the
pipe size. But there are several lines for the suction pipe, corresponding to different evaporating temperatures.
Figure 3.3 is applicable only for R-22 refrigerant. Other types of refrigerant will require different charts. The
chart for R-407C refrigerant has also been included in the Appendix section.
The following explains how the pressure drop chart is used. Refer to Figure 3.3:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Determine the cooling capacity of the system in Refrigerant Tons.

Project downwards from the capacity scale at the top. Intersect the three types of pipe lines
[A], [B], and [C].
Determine the evaporating temperature and condensing temperature of the system.
Project horizontally to the left at the point of intersection with the suction line (at the
corresponding evaporating temperature), discharge line, and liquid line.
Intersect the projected lines with the left section of the chart at the corresponding pipe
sizes.
Then, project downwards to the pressure drop scale at the bottom of the chart.
Follow the slope lines to read from the bottom scale for the desired condensing temperature.

Note that the pressure drop values are given in the unit psi/100 Feet.

3- 5

The next step is to estimate the capacity changes. The approach used in this manual is by referring to the
capacity changes on the actual compressor performance curves. The focus will be on three different types
of compressors:
a) Matsushita rotary compressor
b) Bristol reciprocating compressor
c) Copeland scroll compressor
Table 3.3 shows the average percentage of capacity loss per degree of pressure drop along the suction
line for each of these compressors. This is done for cooling mode at a specific evaporating temperature
range of 40 45F (4.4 7.2C) and condensing temperature range of 120 125F (48.9 51.7C).

Matsushita rotary

% capacity loss per F

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

(R-407C)

1 h.p.

-2.1%

-2.1%

1.5 h.p.

-1.9%

-2.0%

2 h.p.

-1.8%

-1.9%

2.5 h.p.

-1.3%

-1.9%

Bristol reciprocating

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

Copeland scroll

3 h.p.

-2.0%

4 h.p.

-2.3%

5 h.p.

-2.2%

6 h.p.

-1.9%

% capacity loss per F

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

(R-407C)

3 h.p.

-1.9%

-2.0%

4 h.p.

-2.1%

-2.2%

5 h.p.

-1.9%

-2.1%

6 h.p.

-1.9%

-2.0%

7.5 h.p.

-1.9%

-2.0%

10 h.p.

-1.8%

-2.0%

12.5 h.p.

-1.8%

-1.9%

Table 3.3: Average percentage capacity loss per degree pressure drop in cooling mode

3- 6

Table 3.4 shows the average capacity losses during heating mode for every degree of pressure drop
along the hot gas discharge pipe line. This applicable for evaporating temperature of 26 30F (-3 1C) and condensing temperature of 111 114F (43.9 45.6C).
Matsushita rotary

% capacity loss per F

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

(R-407C)

1 h.p.

-0.7%

-0.8%

1.5 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.6%

2 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

2.5 h.p.

-1.1%

-0.7%

Bristol reciprocating

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

Copeland scroll

3 h.p.

-0.7%

4 h.p.

-0.8%

5 h.p.

-0.8%

6 h.p.

-0.7%

% capacity loss per F

% capacity loss per F

(R-22)

(R-407C)

3 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

4 h.p.

-0.7%

-0.8%

5 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

6 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

7.5 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

10 h.p.

-0.5%

-0.7%

12.5 h.p.

-0.6%

-0.7%

3-7

By knowing the additional pressure drop along the long pipe line, the change of cooling or heating capacity
can be estimated.
Referring to Sample Calculation 06, from figure 2.7 it was determined for the 5 hp unit, that the pressure
drop for the suction pipe is 15 ft. per 100 ft., and for the 3/8" liquid pipe is 25 ft. per 100 ft. The unit has
been rated with a standard pipe length of 25 ft (7.6 m). Thus, if the unit is installed with a total pipe length
(inclusive of bends) of 68 ft, the pressure drop along the additional pipe length can be calculated as follows:
Additional suction pressure drop = (68 25) ft *15/100 = 6.45 psi.
Additional liquid pressure drop = (68 25) ft * 25/100 = 10.75 psi.
Within the scope of this manual, the effect of the liquid line pressure drop is assumed negligible.
a) For refrigerant R-22, every F of suction pressure drop is equivalent to about 1.5 psi. Refer to R22 saturated tables at 40 45F. Hence, the additional suction pressure drop of 6.45 psi is equivalent
to 6.45/1.5 = 4.3F.
If the unit is using a Copeland scroll compressor, the capacity reduction will be about 4.3 * 1.9 = 8.2%, i.e.
giving a rated capacity of 0.918 * 50,000 = 45,900 Btu/hr.
If a Bristol reciprocating compressor is used instead, the capacity reduction will be about 4.3 * 2.2 = 9.5%.
b) Recalculating the above example by using refrigerant R-407C, every F of suction pressure drop is
also equivalent to about 1.5 psi. Note that R-407C is an azeotropic refrigerant, and the refrigerant
dew saturated temperature is used in the calculation. Refer Tables D.30 to D.33 for the refrigerant
properties. The calculation of the suction line pressure drop is done using the R-407C Pressure
Drop chart as in Figure 3.4. From the chart, the pressure drop of the suction pipe is 13 psi per
100 feet. Therefore, the total equivalent pipe length of 68 ft. will now give a total pressure drop of
(68 25) ft * 13/100 = 5.59 psi. This is equivalent to 5.59/1.5 = 3.7F.
With a Copeland scroll compressor (R-407C), the capacity reduction will be 3.7 * 2.1 = 7.8%, i.e. giving a
rated capacity of 0.922 * 50,000 = 46,100 Btu/hr.
The same can be done with other refrigerants using the saturated properties of the refrigerant.

3- 8

13

Figure 3.4 : Pressure drop chart for R-407C

3- 9

During heating mode, both the pipes will now be under high pressure, with the suction pipe becoming the
discharge pipe. The same example be used to work out the pressure drop along this discharge line.
This example assumes the capillary tube is found in the outdoor unit with a condensing temperature of
100F.
Again, the effect of the liquid line pressure drop is assumed negligible. Looking at the pressure drop
chart, we find that the pressure drop along this is about 10 psi /100 ft. Refer to Figure 3.4.
This translates to an additional discharge line pressure drop of (68 25)ft * 10 /100 = 4.3 psi
a) For R-22 refrigerant at 110 114F, every F of discharge pipe pressure drop is equivalent to
3.3psi .
Therefore, the additional pressure drop of 4.3 psi is equivalent to 4.3/3.3 = 1.3F.
With a Copeland scroll compressor, this will give a capacity reduction of 1.3 * 0.6% =
0.78%.
If the heating capacity of the unit is rated at 53,000 Btu/hr, the unit will thus, have a rating of 0.9922 *
53,000 = 52,586 Btu/hr.
b) For R-407C refrigerant, every F of discharge pipe pressure drop is equivalent to 3.5 psi . From
Figure 3.5 a pressure drop of about 7 psi per 100 feet is obtained when this example is
recalculated using R-407C. Thus, the additional discharge line pressure drop is (68 25) ft *
7/100 = 3 psi.
Hence, the long piping will give an equivalent pressure drop of 3/3.5 = 0.85F. The capacity reduction is
then 0.85 * 0.8% = 0.68% for a Bristol compressor.

3 - 10

10

Figure 3.5: Example on using pressure drop chart for R-22

3 - 11

Section 4
Piping Installation
The following section will provide some guidelines for refrigerant copper pipe installation, especially in relation
to long piping jobs. Since the copper pipe is a flexible material, care must be taken to ensure proper installation.

4.1 Pipe Ma
terial
Material
It is recommended that Type L or Type M hard copper pipes be used to install the split type air-conditioning
units. See Table D.5 for a the physical properties of the pipe. Alternatively, refrigeration tubing with thinner
wall thickness, may be used. The wall thickness must be sufficient to withstand a burst pressure of at least
1700 psig (11730 kPa) when used with R-22 and R-407C refrigerant.
However, working with R-410A refrigerant will require a stronger pipe material to withstand the higher working
pressure. Burst strength of at least 2400 psig will be required. In view of this, do not use the softer refrigeration
tubing and Type M pipes. It is recommended that Type L be used for R-410A.
Joining of two pipes can be done easily by brazing with a copper filler rod. For better quality joint, a filler rod
with 2% silver may be used. It may also be necessary to braze the copper pipe to a brass or steel fitting. In
such instances, brazing with 34% silver filler rods must be used (together with brazing flux).

4.2 Pipe Insula

tion
Insulation
It is only necessary to insulate the cold suction pipe. Do not insulate the hot liquid pipe. If the expansion
device is located in the outdoor unit, the liquid pipe will have a 2-phase flow inside which is cold. This must
also be insulated. Generally, this is for the smaller units (1 to 2.5 hp).
However, for heat pump units, it is important for both pipes to be insulated. This is because of the cold
ambient temperatures when the unit is running in heat mode. The insulation will prevent heat loss to the
ambient along the hot pipe line.
Insulation can be done easily by inserting the copper pipes into elastomeric insulation pipes. Examples are
Armaflex and Superlon. Use the correct insulation sizes to the corresponding copper pipe size. Do not use
a larger insulation as this will create an air space which will then create condensation (sweating). Cut sections
of the insulation must be glued or taped together over the pipes, e.g. at bends and joints.
Recommended insulation: k-value of 0.034 0.037 W/m.K
Minimum insulation thickness: (12.7 mm)
Do not insert two copper pipes into a single large pipe insulation. Such practice will cause the system to lose
performance due to heat gain or heat loss because the pipe surfaces are not in good contact with the
insulation. Cross heat transfer between a cold and hot pipe can occur due to the close proximity of the two
pipes. Potential sweating problems may also occur due to the created air space within.

4-1

4.3 Horiz
ontal R
uns
Horizontal
Runs
Normally, refrigerant pipes are run above the ceiling space. In order to do such horizontal runs, it is necessary
to have supports at certain intervals so that the pipes do not sag. Supports in the form of saddles or angle
brackets may be used. Multiple pipes can share the same support.

ceiling

hanger rods
embedded into
ceiling with wall
plugs

SADDLE SUPPORT
hanger rods
(threaded)

copper pipes
saddle bar

nuts

Figure 4.1: Pipe support using saddle

ANGLE BRACKET

copper pipes

wall
bracket

Figure 4.2: Pipe support using angle bracket

4-2

It is not recommended to run the pipes on the floor, for the simple reason that people may just step on the
pipes and damage them. However, should there be a need to do so; some kind of protection must be given.
An example is to place the pipes into a GI trunking box which is mounted (screwed) onto the floor.

Trunking
box

Floor level

Figure 4.3: Pipe support using trunking box

The following table gives recommendation for the support spacing of the copper pipes:
Pipe diameter, OD ()
Up to 5/8
7/8 to 1-1/8
1-3/8 to 2-1/8

Distance between spacing, (ft)

6
8
10

Table 4.1 : Recommneded support spacing of copper pipes

Pipe sagging due to spacing

too far apart

support spacing

Figure 4.4: Effect of improper support spacing

4-3

4.4 Ver
tical R
uns
ertical
Runs
Vertical pipe runs (of small sizes up to 5/8") are usually mounted on walls by nailing them with wall clips. This
is an easy and quick method of installation.
An alternative method is by using pipe brackets. Simple saddle brackets made with angle iron are mounted
with wall plugs onto the wall. The pipes are then clamped onto these brackets. This method is especially
good for heavier and larger pipe sizes.
TOP VIEW
bracket

copper pipe

Figure 4.5: Vertical pipe installation on saddle brackets

4-4

Yet another method of running these pipes is by using electrical cable trays. These pre-fabricated trays are
mounted onto the wall by using saddle brackets, similar to the above-mentioned. The copper pipes are then
clamped onto the trays. The main advantage of using these trays is a very neat, organized and clean
installation.

Fig. 4-5: Vertical pipe installation on cable tray

Another similar method is by using the trunking boxes. The trunking can be mounted straight onto the wall
with wall plugs or on brackets, and the copper pipes inserted into them. The main advantage is that the pipes
will be covered and protected from damage.

Fig. 4-6: Trunking box

4-5

In some instances, the pipes are required to go through a floor slab. A suitably sized hole must be made
in the floor (e.g. by coring method) to accommodate all the pipes going through. Suitable brackets may
then be fabricated to hold the pipes together.

brackets
core hole
floor slab

Figure 4.8: Pipe run through floor slab

4-6

4.5 Pipe Bends

Copper pipes MUST NOT be bent with bare hands. This will cause the pipe to dent or collapse at the bent
area. Use the proper pipe bending tool and the correct tool size corresponding to the required pipe diameter
.

Figure 4.9: Pipe bender

Pipes up to can be bent by using the pipe bending tool. Generally, larger pipes are not bent but rather
copper elbows are used instead. The elbows are brazed onto straight lengths of pipe.

Figure 4.10: Copper elbow

An application example will be making an oil trap. The pipe bending tool is used to bend the two U-shape of
the trap. For the larger pipe size, braze together 4 elbows to form the trap.

Figure 4.11 : Example of how elbows can be used to create U-traps.

4-7

It is very common to find refrigerant pipe runs having to go over obstacles, e.g. concrete beams and columns,
existing pipe works and electrical conduits. To do this, many elbows and bends are used along the way. As
much as this is necessary, it is important to keep within the specified maximum quantity of bends for the
system. Refer to Table 1.1.

4.6 Vibr
ation and Noise in Piping
ibra
Improper pipe installation may create undesirable vibration and noise. The effect of such vibrations are:
a) Physical damage to the piping, mainly due to fatigue failure along the brazed
joints. This lead to loss of refrigerant and subsequent compressor damage.
b) Transmission of noise along the pipe into occupied spaces.
The vibrations along the pipes are generated by the rigid connection of the piping to the compressor. It is
impossible to eliminate vibration in piping, it is only possible to mitigate its effect. The indoor and outdoor air
conditioning units have the internal piping designed to give minimal vibrations at the point of pipe connection.
Thus, it is vital that the external piping must be designed and run properly to prevent unnecessary excessive
vibrations.
Several points for consideration:
1) In general, pipe vibration can be reduced by having flexibility in the piping and using isolation type
hangers. Do not clamp the pipe too near to the outdoor unit (which houses the compressor) as this
will increase the pipe rigidity at the connection. Allow sufficient length before putting in the first clamp
or pipe support.
2) Vibration and noise radiation from a piping system may also be caused by gas
pulsations due to the compressor action or from turbulence of high velocity refrigerant flow in
the pipes. This is more apparent along the hot discharge line, e.g. during heating mode.
Noise resulting from gas pulsations is usually objectionable only when the piping characteristics of
the system result in amplification of the pulsation due to resonance. Such problems may be reduced
by changing the size and length of the resonating pipe. Mufflers may also be added. Turbulence
noises may be overcome by using a larger pipe to reduce the refrigerant velocities.
3) When the pipes penetrate through walls or floors, provide sufficient clearance to
prevent vibration contact of the pipe surface with the hole.
4) Flexible metal hose may be used to absorb vibration transmitted along smaller pipe
lines. These should be installed at right angles to the direction of vibration for best effect. However,
such metal hose is not suitable for larger pipes because it is not actually flexible unless the ratio of
length to the diameter is relatively great. Since, in practice, the length which can be used is often
limited, it follows that flexibility is reduced with larger pipe size.

4-8

Appendix A

Common Compressor Failure

There are a few possibilities of compressor failure due to long piping installation. These are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)

A.1

Liquid flood back.

Flooded starts.
Liquid slugging.
Loss of lubrication.
Over heating.
Contamination.
Presence of moisture.
Refrigerant migration.
Liquid compression mechanism.

Liquid F
loodbac
k
Floodbac
loodback

Liquid floodback can be termed as the continuous return of liquid refrigerant (instead of vapour) to the
compressor during the running cycle.
Typical common causes of liquid floodback are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

Over-charge of refrigerant.
Return air filter dirty.
Dirty coil.
Return air duct too small.
Evaporator blower dirty.
Evaporator blower motor faulty.
TXV or capillary tube oversized.
Superheat setting is too low.

With long piping installations, the main contributing factor is the extra refrigerant charged to the system,
which causes this liquid floodback phenomenon.
Liquid floodback will cause dilution of the compressor oil and also will wash oil from the moving parts
surfaces. This in turn will lead to overheating of the mechanical bearing surfaces as the lubricating
properties of the oil deteriorate and friction builds-up.
Due to such causes, common compressor components affected are:
a) Broken valves (suction and discharge).
b) Seized bearings (main and cage).
c) Seized connecting rods and pistons.
d) Burnt motor due to mechanical fragments or high current draw.
To prevent such undesirable situation, there are several ways to prevent it:
a) Adequately sized accumulator.
b) Ensure sufficient superheat at the suction.
c) Correct size of expansion valve.
d) Proper air flow/distribution.
e) Proper refrigerant charge.

A-1

A.2

Flooded Star
ts
Starts

Flooded starts are the result of refrigerant migration into the oil in the crankcase. This mixture causes
foaming of the oil during start-ups. The foaming mixture gets sucked into the compression chamber and
causes damage to the moving parts. Furthermore, during this period the oil level in the crankcase may
reduce below the safety limit, causing insufficient lubrication. This phenomenon is more serious at lower
outdoor temperatures as the refrigerant migration rate is higher. Generally, this absorption takes place
during shutdown of the system.
With such phenomenon, the affected compressor components are:
a) Broken valves (suction and discharge IMMEDIATE).
b) Blown gaskets IMMEDIATE.
c) Loss of lubrication GRADUAL.
With long piping installations, because of the higher refrigerant charge, the migration rate into the oil
becomes higher. Therefore, during start-ups, the foaming becomes more violent, subjecting the compressor
to higher operating stresses.
There are ways to minimise such undesirable situation. They are:
a) Proper refrigerant charge.
b) Correct amount of oil in the crankcase (refer to manufacturer specifications and data sheets).
c) Install crankcase heater.
d) Pump down cycle.

A.3

Liquid Slug
ging
Slugging

This is a term to describe a compressor pumping liquid refrigerant, oil, or both. In other words, it is liquid
compression. This is characterised by a loud metallic clatter within the compressor, accompanied by extreme
vibrations. Liquid slugging is a severe form of liquid floodback.
Slugging normally appears at start up when liquid refrigerant has migrated to the sump.
Liquid slugging occurs due to:
a) No crankcase heater fitted.
b) Defective crankcase heater or not connected.
c) Compressor experiencing liquid floodback (see Section A.1: Liquid floodback).
d) Overcharge of refrigerant.
e) Overcharge of oil in crankcase.
Again the main contributing factor with long piping installations is the extra refrigerant charge required by the
system. If not careful, this may cause large amount of liquid refrigerant flooding into the compressor.
Typical failures related to this phenomenon are:
a) Damaged piston, connecting rod, crankshaft and scroll orbits.
b) Suction or discharge reed broken.
c) Motor damaged due to broken internal components.
There are several ways to prevent liquid slugging:
a) Pump down control system.
b) Crankcase heater must be energised at least 24 hours before the initial start-up.
c) Adequate accumulator sizing.
d) Proper superheat setting on the expansion valve.
e) Correct size of expansion valve.
f) Proper refrigerant charge.

A-2

A.4

Loss of Lubrica
tion
Lubrication

Introduction
In any refrigeration system, oil and refrigerant are always present. The main purpose of oil is to lubricate the
mechanical moving parts of the compressor. Liquid refrigerant and oil are miscible in one another and their
magnitude of miscibility will depend on the type of refrigerant, the temperature, and the pressure which both
are exposed to. It is because of this miscibility that a certain amount of oil will always leave the compressors
crankcase and be circulated with the refrigerant.
Although oil is always treated as a lubricant to reduce mechanical wear and friction, oil actually accomplishes
many more purposes. The other functions of oil are:
a) Act as a seal between the discharge and suction sides of the compressor.
b) Act as a noise dampener by reducing internal mechanical noise within a compressor.
c) Performs heat transfer task by sweeping away any heat from internal rotating and stationary
parts.

Causes and prevention

Loss of lubrication is defined as the absence or lack of oil in the crankcase. Generally, this will occur when the
rate of oil return is lower than the rate it is pumped out of the compressor. The system must allow oil to return
to the compressor at the rate it leaves; else it can cause overheating problems.
The common causes of loss of lubrication are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Low refrigerant velocity (e.g. due to wrong pipe sizing).

Insufficient or no oil traps.
Very frequent ON/OFF cycling of the compressor.
Low loads which reduces the refrigerant flow rate.
Liquid flood back.
Oil trapped in the system.
Loss of refrigerant charge.

With long piping installations, there are several points to be aware of:
1) The higher refrigerant charge required in the system may dilute the oil in the
compressor, causing deterioration of the lubricating properties. See Section 2.1:
Additional oil.
2) The long piping may cause the velocity of the refrigerant in the pipe to reduce,
due to friction forces. As a result, the oil becomes more difficult to be
carried along by the refrigerant. Hence, the rate of oil return to the compressor
reduces.
To prevent oil loss, the following choices of solutions can be considered:
a) Apply compressor minimum run time setting to ensure oil return after start up.
This will allow time for the compressor to return the oil from the system. Too frequent start-stop
cycles will reduce this run time and can cause oil return problems.
b) Correctly size the pipe diameter length, and reduce the number of bends. Where necessary install
proper oil traps on the vertical pipe lines.
c) Do not overcharge the system to prevent oil dilution.

A-3

A.5

Ov
erhea
ting
Overhea
erheating

Compressors generate heat through compression, motor windings, and friction at load bearing surfaces. It is
this heat that causes the compressor external shell and discharge port to be hot. Compressors are designed
to withstand this high temperature up to a specified limit.
In most common applications, the highest operating temperature allowed at the discharge line is 135oC
(275oF) for reciprocating compressors and 115oC for rotary compressors. At temperatures higher than this
limit, the lubricating properties of the oil will deteriorate. The motor winding insulation will also begin to
breakdown, causing damage to the compressor. In some instances, some of the moving parts may also
seize together.
The causes of over heating can be categorized into three broad areas:
a) Refrigeration
i) Improper setting of controls (TXV, pressure regulators, hot gas bypass, pressure
control switches, etc) causing insufficient refrigerant flow through the compressor,
reducing the motor cooling
ii) Lack of proper suction line insulation causing a higher return gas temperature to
the compressor
iii) Low suction pressure due to undersized evaporator and loss of refrigerant which
causes a lower refrigerant flow rate and reducing the motor cooling
iv) High discharge pressure due to blocked condenser, insufficient air circulation, recirculation of hot discharge air, undersized discharge line, condenser fan motor failure
and refrigerant overcharge.
v) Highly superheated return gas temperature
b) High compression ratio
Compression ratio is defined as the ratio of the compressor discharge pressure to the
suction pressure. High ratios generally occur when the outdoor ambient temperature
becomes very high while trying to maintain a cool indoor temperature. It is important that
the system operates within the specified operating temperature limits to prevent such
high ratios.
c) Electrical
i) Voltage unbalance between phases, causing excessive winding temperature.
ii) Current unbalance between phases, causing excessive winding temperature.
iii) Single phasing of the power supply, causing high winding temperature.
iv) Supply voltage too high (e.g. > 15% of nominal voltage).
v) Faulty capacitors and contactors.
vi) Rapid ON/OFF cycling of the compressor.
With the long piping installation, the main contributing factor which may lead to compressor overheating is due
to insufficient oil return and oil dilution. This lack of lubrication will cause friction to build up in the moving parts
and cause the temperature to rise.
To prevent overheating:
a) Maintain the suction and discharge pressure at safe levels.
b) Control the return gas temperature by
i) Insulating the suction line.
ii) Setting adequate superheat.
c) Ensure sufficient lubrication (See Section A.4: Loss of lubriation).

A-4

A.6

Contamina
tion
Contamination

Contamination is the presence of foreign substances in the refrigerant system. Some foreign matter can cause
chemical reaction or change the chemical composition of material within the system.
There are several types of contamination:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Acid in system from previous compressor change.

Flux from solder joints.
Copper shavings.
Water.
Dirt.
Air.

The effects of contamination are:

a)
b)
c)
d)

Blocked oil passages leads to bearing failure.

Motor failures due to solid shorting windings.
High head pressure due non condensable gases.
Moisture in the system - forms acid in the system which attacks the metal and windings.
Moisture will also cause the expansion device to freeze-up internally.

The longer the piping, the higher the chances that contamination will get into the system.
There are several ways to eliminate such undesirable situations:
a) Air Evacuate the system thoroughly before charging.
b) Moisture Evacuate the system thoroughly before charging.
c) Foreign matter Apply care to workmanship. Use filter-driers.

Presence of Moisture
Of all the contaminants, moisture in a HVAC system is the most harmful. Moisture will reduce the life span of
the HVAC system. The possible causes for moisture to be present are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Open system exposed to air and moisture.

Compressor tubes left open.
Leak in system (particularly on the low side).
Wet rags or water to cool poor solder joints.
Wet refrigerant.
Lack of knowledge with the use of hygroscopic oils.
Incorrect evacuation process.

Again, with long piping installations, the chances are higher that moisture may enter into the refrigeration
system. This is due to the extra brazing/welding of the long pipe sections.
Figure A.1 shows the progression of compressor failure due to the contamination of foreign substances,
while Figure A.2 shows the same when the contamination is due to air and moisture.

A-5

Figure A.1: Causes and effects of foreign substances entry into refigerantion system.

A-6

Entry of foreign
substances.

Restriction of
expansion valve,
capillary tube & drier.

Entry into the

compressor.

Large pressure loss.

Large compression
ratio.

Evaporator pressure
drop.

Seating in valve

Valve breakage.

Bearing seizure,
locking between
cylinder and piston.

Compressor overheating.

Insufficient cooling.

Poor start.

Overload or lock.

Lock.

Figure A.2 : Causes and effects of air and moisture entry to refrigerant system.

A-7

Moisture
entry.

Air entry.

Hydrolysis with the

refrigerant.

Condensation to
moisture.

Rise of the
condenser pressure.

Abnormal heating.

Icing of expansion valve

& capillary tube.

Sludge deposit.

Acid generation.

Large compressor load.

Rise of the condensing

temperature.

Sludge deposit at
the valve parts.

Clogging of expansion valve & capillary

tube.

Lubricating oil
deterioration.

Copper plating of rotating

and sliding parts.

Motor insulation damage.

Motor overheating.

Defective valve
operation.

Motor overheating.

Bearing overheating.

Compressor
overheating.

Insufficient cooling.

Seizure of rotating
and sliding parts.

Lock.

Motor burnout.

Wasteful power consumption.

Wear & seizure of rotating and

sliding parts.

Lack of cooling
capacity.

Motor burnout.

Lock.

A.7

Refrig
er
ant Mig
efriger
erant
Migrration

Refrigerant migration is described as the absorption of liquid refrigerant into the compressor oil during
periods when the compressor is not operating for a long period. It occurs when the compressor sump becomes
colder than the indoor coil. As a result of this temperature differential, there will be partial pressure differential
of the refrigerant between these two locations, This will force the refrigerant to migrate to the compressor
where it is absorbed into the oil. Although this type of migration is most pronounced in colder weather, it can
also occur at relatively high ambient temperatures with remote type condensing units for air conditioning and
heat pump applications.
When the compressor is started in this condition, the following negative effects occur:
a) During starting, the rapid pressure drop inside the compressor causes the refrigerant in the lubricating
oil to explode out, thereby creating foaming in the sump. The foam, which contains lubricating oil is
then sucked into the cylinder causing liquid compression.
b) Liquid compression occurs because the liquid refrigerant and lubricating oil in the cylinder are
compressed. This will damage the valve parts and bearings.
c) As the foam gets pumped out of the compressor, the amount of lubricating oil inside the compressor
is reduced. Thus, the bearings will not be lubricated sufficiently and seizure might occur.
Long piping will require more refrigerant charge, therefore causing the migration rate to increase. The oil
dilution also becomes more severe. All this gives potential problems to the compressor if care is not taken
during installation and operation.
The dangers of refrigerant migration can be prevented by having proper control of the refrigerant charge
amount and by installing a crankcase heater. See Section A.2: Flooded starts and Section A.3: Liquid slugging.

A-8

Appendix B

Suction Accumulator
As mentioned in Section 2.4: Suction Accumulator, it is not recommended to install an additional suction
accumulator in the long piping system as long as the maximum pipe length limits are not exceeded. All
heat pump products have built in suction accumulator. Nevertheless, the following provides some
information on the function and construction of an accumulator.
The accumulator is a vessel which serves as a storage container for liquid refrigerant which has flooded
through the system. It has a provision for metering the return of oil and liquid to the compressor at a rate
in which the compressor can safely operate.
Each accumulator features an inlet deflector that bends refrigerant flow to prevent internal splashing and
aid in the collection of refrigerant oil in the bottom of the unit. A U-tube is connected to the outlet connection
of the accumulator. As refrigerant gas leaves the accumulator, oil is pulled through an oil return orifice
and returned to the compressor. Solid copper fittings allow for easy installation.
Suction accumulator assures only the return of refrigerant vapour and prevents compressor failure due
to liquid refrigerant entering the compressor.

Figure B.1: Refrigerant flow inside accumulator.

B-1

Oil return
orifice

Figure B.2: Internal layout of suction accumulator.

B-2

B .1

A pplica
tions
pplications

Refrigerant flood back in a system is one of the most common causes of compressor failure. Excessive
liquid refrigerant dilutes the oil in the compressor crankcase causing wear and tear to the moving parts.
Complete loss of oil in the compressor can result in broken rods and crankshafts.
In heat pump systems, an accumulator can act as a receiver during the heating cycle, when the system
load imbalance results in excessive liquid refrigerant in the system. Flooding can occur in a heat pump
system whenever the cycle is switched between the cooling and heating as there may be liquid that has
not vaporized. The liquid is then pumped back to the compressor.
This may also occur during the defrost cycle, where the liquid has not cleared the evaporator on start up
or termination of the defrost cycle, or during low ambient heating cycle when there is insufficient air
temperature to vaporize the liquid.
All the above mentioned problems will be compounded with long piping installations due to the additional
refrigerant charge.
The accumulator should be located in the compressors common suction line between :
a) The reversing valve and compressor in heat pump units, and
b) The evaporator and compressor in cooling only units.
It must also have provisions for a positive return of oil to the compressor so that oil does not become
trapped in the accumulator. The liquid refrigerant and oil must be metered back to the compressor at a
controlled rate to avoid damage to the compressor. Therefore, a proper sizing of the oil orifice is required.
The actual refrigerant holding capacity needed for an accumulator is also determined by the particular
application and should be selected to hold the maximum liquid refrigerant flood back anticipated.

B .2

Installa
tion
Installation

Install the accumulator in the common suction line as close to the compressor as possible. Be sure that
the inlet connection is connected to the common suction line and the outlet connection goes to the
compressor. Always install accumulators in the vertical position.
When the compressor-condensing unit is located indoors, there may be a problem of suction accumulators
that sweat and drip. It is necessary to completely insulate the accumulator to be vapour sealed to prevent
condensation forming under the insulation.
A rusting problem may occur if the accumulator is exposed to moisture for long periods of time. Care
must be taken to prevent the paint from being burnt off during the welding process to avoid the metal
from being exposed. When the compressor is being changed due to severe compressor burnout, the
suction accumulator should also be changed. The contaminants and particles that are caught in the
accumulator during the burnout can return to the new compressor and cause damage. It is also possible
that oil from the first compressor may be stored in the accumulator and the excess oil return may cause
failure.

B-3

B .3

Sizing and Selecting an Accum

ula
tor
Accumula
ulator

Suction accumulators should never be selected based on connection sizes only. It is more important to
select an accumulator based on the minimum pressure drop, proper oil return, and the amount of refrigerant
it is required to hold.
Suction accumulators are meant to assist with momentary flooding and migration. However, under severe
conditions the accumulator must have sufficient volume to prevent over flowing and causing damage to
the compressor. As a guideline, the accumulator must have adequate liquid holding capacity of not less
than 50% of the entire system charge. The accumulator should not add excessive pressure drop to the
system. A properly sized oil return orifice ensures positive oil return to the compressor. The recommended
orifice size is 1 mm.

B-4

Appendix C
Oil Seperator

There is no requirement to install additional oil separators in the system if the pipe length limits are not
exceeded, as described in Section 2.5: Oil Separator. The following provides some additional information
about the function, construction, and installation of commercially available oil separators.

C.1 Intr
oduction
Introduction
Refrigeration compressors are lubricated by refrigerant oil that circulates from the crankcase or housing.
When the compressor operates, refrigerant oil will leave the compressor in a mixture with the hot compressed
refrigerant gas. Small amounts of oil circulating through the system will not affect the systems performance.
However, too much circulating oil interferes with the operation of flow controls, evaporator, condenser, and
filter driers.
At low temperature installations, refrigerant oil thickens and becomes difficult to move out of the evaporator.
Accumulation of refrigerant oil in the evaporator would affect evaporator efficiency leading to compressor
failure.
No matter what type of oil separator, they are not 100% efficient; some small quantities of oil will continue to
be transported with the discharge gas and refrigerant through the system.
Placing an oil separator between the compressor discharge and the condenser will protect the refrigeration
system. The oil separator will maintain correct oil level in the compressor, reduce oil trapping, and improve on
system reliability.

Figure C.1: Oil sperator within a cooling system circuit.

C-1

Figure C.2 : Internal layout of oil seperator

C.2 Function
A mixture of refrigerant and oil from compressor enters into the inlet of the oil separator. This mixture flows
through a screen and baffle arrangement to cause the fine particles of oil to gather and drop to the bottom of
the oil separator. The refrigerant gas passes through the outlet screen to trap residual oil particles, and
passes oil free to the condenser.
The refrigerant oil gathers in the bottom of the oil separator unit, where a float operated needle valve opens
to allow the return of oil to the compressor. Oil returns quickly to the compressor because of the higher
pressure in the oil separator than in the crankcase. When the oil level has lowered, the needle valve will
reseat to allow oil to build-up again in the separator.

C-2

C.3 Installa
tion
Installation
The oil separator must be primed with the correct type and grade of compressor oil. It must be mounted
securely in a vertical position. If space permits, the separator can be installed inside the unit, else, it can be
installed externally.
The oil separator should be installed in the discharge line as close as possible to the compressor. An initial
charge of refrigerant oil must be added to the oil separator to actuate the float mechanism to return oil to the
compressor. Use the same type of oil that is in the crankcase of the compressor.
The discharge line from the compressor is assembled to the inlet connection of the oil separator and a line is
connected from the outlet connection of the oil separator to the inlet of the condenser. The smallest connection
on the oil separator is the oil return connection and a line is run from this to the compressor crankcase or
suction pipe line. To do this, it may be necessary to cut the existing internal piping of the unit and modify it.
The pipe line from the separator to the condenser should be carried about 50mm higher than the condenser
and pitched with a downward slope into the condenser inlet connection. In this way, should any condensation
occur in this line at the condenser connection, it will drain forward into the condenser.
The body of the oil separator should be insulated so that it retains some heat during the compressor idle
periods. Otherwise, it may act as a primary condenser on start up. If this should occur, the separator will feed
condensed liquid refrigerant back to the compressor crankcase, causing liquid hammering, oil dilution, and
risk of more mechanical damage. This situation can easily and safely be eliminated by the addition of an
electrical off cycle heater cable of low wattage, applied to the separator body below the insulation.

C.4 Maintenance
When the float valve jams, oil stops flowing to the compressor preventing sufficient oil return. A periodic
inspection will help prevent such undesired situation.
Oil separators stop working when solid materials such as oxide scale and carbon jam the float mechanism
and block the orifice to the compressor.
The high discharge temperatures of the compressor may cause solid particles to be formed in the oil. These
particles will end up in the bottom of the separator, jamming the float mechanism and blocking the valve seat.
If the oil return is continually hot, the oil float valve may be leaking, or it is being held open by sludge or foreign
matter. The backpressure will be affected, reducing system capacity. A compressor that is pumping excessive
oil will also cause the return line to be continually hot.
If the oil return line is continually cold, there may be condensation of liquid refrigerant in the oil separator. This
liquid, when entering the compressor crankcase could cause lubrication failure within the compressor. This
should not be allowed to happen.
When piping up long discharge lines, vertical runs of piping should include oil traps every 3 meters of rise to
prevent excess oil in the discharge line from returning to the oil separator during the off cycle.
During long off-cycles or long manual shutdowns, liquid refrigerant may collect in the oil separator. The return
of liquid refrigerant to the compressor through the oil return line may cause slugging and possible damage to
the compressor. A check valve installed on the outlet line of the oil separator will help prevent the liquid
refrigerant from returning to the compressor. Insulating the oil separator will prevent it from acting as a
condenser and passing heat to the surrounding air. The addition of a filter in the oil return line will help keep
the oil clean.

C-3

Appendix D

Useful Tables and Charts

Smooth bend elbows
90o
90o
45o
o
1
o
1
Long
1 45 Std
Nominal 90 Std
Street
Street1
Radius2
pipe or
tube size
(in.)

3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Note :

1.4
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.3
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.5
9.0
10
13
16
20
25
30
34
38
42
50
60

0.9
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.3
2.6
3.3
4.1
5.0
5.9
6.7
8.2
10
13
16
19
23
26
29
33
40

2.3
2.5
3.2
4.1
5.6
6.3
8.2
10
12
15
17
21
25
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

0.7
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.7
2.1
2.6
3.2
4.0
4.7
5.2
6.5
7.9
10
13
16
18
20
23
26
30

1.1
1.3
1.6
2.1
3.0
3.4
4.5
5.2
6.4
7.3
8.5
11
13
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

180
Std1

2.3
2.5
3.2
4.1
5.6
6.3
8.2
10
12
15
17
21
25
33
42
50
55
62
70
81
94

Smooth Bend Tees

FlowStraight-Thru Flow
Thru
No
Reduce Reduce
Branch Reduction d 1/4
d 1/2

2.7
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
8.0
10
12
15
18
21
25
30
40
50
60
68
78
85
100
115

1) R/D approximately equal to 1.

2) R/D approximately equal to 1.5.
Table D.1: Various bends losses equivalent length

D-1

0.9
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.3
2.6
3.3
4.1
5.0
5.9
6.7
8.2
10
13
16
19
23
26
29
33
40

1.2
1.4
1.9
2.3
3.1
3.7
4.7
5.6
7.0
8.0
9.0
12
14
18
23
26
30
35
40
44
50

1.4
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.3
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.5
9.0
10
13
16
20
25
30
34
38
42
50
60

Nominal
Pipe or
Tube Size
(in.)

3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

90o Ell

2.7
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.0
8.0
10
12
15
18
21
25
30
40
50
60
68
78
85
100
115

Mitre Elbows
60o Ell
45o Ell

1.1
1.3
1.6
2.1
3.0
3.4
4.5
5.2
6.4
7.3
8.5
11
13
17
21
25
29
31
37
41
49

0.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.5
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.2
4.0
4.5
6.0
7.0
9.0
12
13
15
17
19
22
25

30o Ell

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.2
4.0
5.1
7.2
8.0
9.0
10
11
13
16

Table D.2: Various elbow losses equivalent length

D-2

Globe2

Valve Losses in Equivalent feet of pipe1

Swing
Y - Type Strainer6
60o - Y
45o - Y Angle2
Gate5
Check3

Lift
Check

Nominal
pipe or
tube size
(in.)

3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Note :

17
18
22
29
38
43
55
69
84
100
120
140
170
220
280
320
360
410
460
520
610

8
9
11
15
20
24
30
35
43
50
58
71
88
115
145
165
185
210
240
275
320

6
7
9
12
15
18
24
29
35
41
47
58
70
85
105
130
155
180
200
235
265

6
7
9
12
15
18
24
29
35
41
47
58
70
85
105
130
155
180
200
235
265

0.6
0.7
0.9
1
1.5
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.2
4
4.5
6
7
9
12
13
15
17
19
22
25

5
6
8
10
14
16
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
80
100
120
135
150
165
200
240

Flanged Screwed
End
End
NIL
NIL
NIL
3
NIL
4
NIL
5
Globe &
NIL
9
Vertical
NIL
10
Lift Same
27
14
as Globe
28
20
Valve4
42
40
48
NIL
60
NIL
80
NIL
110
NIL
150
NIL
190
NIL
Angle Lift
250
NIL
Same as
NIL
NIL
Angle
NIL
NIL
Valve
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

1) Losses are for all valves in fully open position and strainers clean.
2) These losses do not apply to valves with needle point type seats.
3) Losses also apply to the in line ball type check valve.
4) For Y pattern globe lift check valve with seat approximately equal to the nominal
pipe diameter, use values of 60o Y valve for loss.
5) Regular and short pattern plug cock valves, when fully open, have same loss as gate
valve. For valve losses of shoty pattern plug cocks above 6 inches check manufacturer.
6) For 0.045 thru 3/16 inch perforations with screen 50% clogged, loss is double.
Table D.3: Valve losses equivalent length

D-3

Nominal
pipe or
tube size
(in.)
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Sudden Enlargement* d/D

1/4
1/2
3/4

1.4
1.8
2.5
3.2
4.7
5.8
8.0
10
13
15
17
24
29
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

0.8
1.1
1.5
2.0
3.0
3.6
4.8
6.1
8.0
9.2
11
15
22
25
32
41
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.8
5.0
6.0
8.5
11
13
16
18
20
NIL
NIL

Sudden Contraction* d/D

1/4
1/2
3/4

0.7
0.9
1.2
1.6
2.3
2.9
4.0
5.0
6.5
7.7
9.0
12
15
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

0.5
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.8
2.2
3.0
3.8
4.9
6.0
6.8
9.0
11
15
20
25
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL

0.3
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.6
3.0
3.8
5.0
6.0
8.5
11
13
16
18
20
NIL
NIL

Sharp Edge*
Entrance
Exit

1.5
1.8
2.8
3.7
5.3
6.6
9.0
12
14
17
20
27
33
47
60
73
86
96
115
142
163

0.8
1.0
1.4
1.8
2.6
3.3
4.4
5.6
7.2
8.5
10
14
19
24
29
37
45
50
58
70
83

* Enter table for losses at smallest diameter d.

Table D.4: Special fitting losses equivalent length

D-4

Pipe Projection*
Entrance
Exit

1.5
1.8
2.8
3.7
5.3
6.6
9.0
12
14
17
20
27
33
47
60
73
86
96
115
142
163

1.1
1.5
2.2
2.7
4.2
5.0
6.8
8.7
11
13
16
20
25
35
46
57
66
77
90
108
130

Classification
HARD

Govt. Type "M"

250 lb Working
Pressure

HARD

Govt. Type "L"

250 lb Working
Pressure

HARD

Govt. Type "K"

400 lb Working
Pressure

SOFT

Nom.
Tube
OD (in.)
Size (in.)
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
8
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
6

3/8
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
4 1/8
5 1/8
6 1/8
8 1/8
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
4 1/8
5 1/8
6 1/8
3/8
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
4 1/8
5 1/8
6 1/8
3/8
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
4 1/8
5 1/8
6 1/8

Stubbs
Gage

tw (in.)

ID (in.)

Transverse
area
(sq
in.)

23
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
NIL
NIL
19
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
NIL
21
18
18
16
16
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
NIL
NIL
21
18
18
16
16
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
NIL
NIL

0.025
0.025
0.028
0.032
0.035
0.042
0.049
0.058
0.065
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.109
0.122
0.170
0.035
0.040
0.045
0.050
0.055
0.060
0.070
0.080
0.090
0.100
0.110
0.125
0.140
0.032
0.049
0.049
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.109
0.120
0.134
0.160
0.192
0.032
0.049
0.049
0.065
0.065
0.065
0.072
0.083
0.095
0.109
0.120
0.134
0.160
0.192

0.325
0.450
0.569
0.811
1.055
1.291
1.527
2.009
2.495
2.981
3.459
3.935
4.907
5.881
7.785
0.430
0.545
0.785
1.025
1.265
1.505
1.985
2.465
2.945
3.425
3.905
4.875
5.845
0.311
0.402
0.527
0.745
0.995
1.245
1.481
1.959
2.435
2.907
3.385
3.857
4.805
5.741
0.311
0.402
0.527
0.745
0.995
1.245
1.481
1.959
2.435
2.907
3.385
3.857
4.805
5.741

0.083
0.159
0.254
0.516
0.874
1.309
1.831
3.170
4.890
6.980
9.400
12.160
18.910
27.160
47.600
0.146
0.233
0.484
0.825
1.256
1.780
3.094
4.770
6.812
9.213
11.970
18.670
26.830
0.076
0.127
0.218
0.436
0.778
1.217
1.722
3.014
4.656
6.637
8.999
11.680
18.130
25.880
0.076
0.127
0.218
0.436
0.778
1.217
1.722
3.014
4.656
6.637
8.999
11.680
18.130
25.880

Minimum
Test
Pressure
(psi)
1000
1000
890
710
600
590
580
520
470
440
430
430
400
375
375
1000
1000
1000
880
780
720
640
580
550
530
510
460
430
1000
1000
1000
1000
780
630
580
510
470
450
430
420
400
400
1000
1000
1000
1000
780
630
580
510
470
450
430
420
400
400

WT of
Weight of
Water in
Tube
Tube*
(lb/ft)
(lb/ft)
0.106
0.036
0.144
0.069
0.203
0.110
0.328
0.224
0.464
0.379
0.681
0.566
0.940
0.793
1.460
1.372
2.030
2.120
2.680
3.020
3.580
4.060
4.660
5.262
6.660
8.180
8.910
11.750
16.460
20.600
0.198
0.063
0.284
0.101
0.454
0.209
0.653
0.358
0.882
0.554
1.140
0.770
1.750
1.338
2.480
2.070
3.330
2.975
4.290
4.000
5.380
5.180
7.610
8.090
10.200
11.610
0.133
0.033
0.269
0.055
0.344
0.094
0.641
0.189
0.839
0.336
1.040
0.526
1.360
0.745
2.060
1.300
2.920
2.015
4.000
2.870
5.120
3.890
6.510
5.050
9.670
7.800
13.870
11.200
0.133
0.033
0.269
0.055
0.344
0.094
0.641
0.189
0.839
0.336
1.040
0.526
1.360
0.745
2.060
1.300
2.920
2.015
4.000
2.870
5.120
3.890
6.510
5.050
9.670
7.800
13.870
11.200

Outside
Surface
(sq ft/ft)
0.098
0.131
0.164
0.229
0.295
0.360
0.425
0.556
0.687
0.818
0.949
1.080
1.340
1.600
2.130
0.131
0.164
0.229
0.295
0.360
0.425
0.556
0.687
0.818
0.949
1.080
1.340
1.600
0.098
0.131
0.164
0.229
0.295
0.360
0.425
0.556
0.687
0.818
0.949
1.080
1.340
1.600
0.098
0.131
0.164
0.229
0.295
0.360
0.425
0.556
0.687
0.818
0.949
1.080
1.340
1.600

* To change Wt of Water in Tube (lb/ft) to Gallons of Water (gal/ft), divide values in tableby 8.34.
Table D.5: Properties of Copper tube

D-5

Service

Pipe
Hard copper tubing, Type L*
Suction
Line

Steel pipe, standard wall

Lap welded or seamless for
sizes larger than 2" IPS.
Hard copper tubing, Type L*

Fittings
Wrought copper, wrought brass or
tinned cast brass.
150lb welding or threaded malleable
iron.
Wrought copper, wrought brass or
tinned cast brass.

Steel pipe
R12, R22 AND
R500

Liquid
Line

Extra strong wall for sizes 1 1/2"

IPS and smaller.
Standard wall for sizes larger
than 1 1/2" IPS.
Lap welded or seamless for
larger than 2" IPS.
Hard copper tubing, Type L*

Hot Gas
Steel pipe, standard wall
Line
Lap welded or seamless for
larger than 2" IPS.
Black or galvanized steel pipe**
Chilled Water
Hard copper tubing**
Condenser or
Make Up
Water

Galvanized steel pipe**

Drain or
Condensate
Lines

Galvanized steel pipe**

Steam or
Condensate

Hard copper tubing**

Hard copper tubing**

Black steel pipe**
Hard copper tubing**
Black steel pipe

Hot Water

Hard copper tubing**

300lb welding or threaded malleable

iron.

Wrought copper, wrought brass or

tinned cast brass.
300lb welding or threaded malleable
iron.
Welding, galvanized, cast, malleable
or black iron. ***
Cast brass, wrought copper or
wrought brass.
Welding, galvanized, cast, malleable
or iron. ***
Cast brass, wrought copper or
wrought brass.
Galvanized, drainage, cast or
malleable iron.***
Cast brass, wrought copper or
wrought brass.
Welding or cast iron.***
Cast brass, wrought copper or
wrought brass.
Welding or cast iron.***
Cast brass, wrought copper or
wrought brass.

* Except for sizes 1/4" and 3/8" OD where wall thicknesses of 0.30 and 0.32 inch are required.
Soft copper refrigerantion tubing may be used for sizes 1 3/8" OD and smaller. Mechanical
joints must not be used with soft copper tubing in sizes larger than 7/8" OD.
** Normally standard wall steel pipe or Type M hard copper tubing is satisfactory for air conditioning
applications. However, the piping material selected should be checked for the design
temperature-pressure ratings.
*** Normally 125lb cast iron and 150lb malleable iron fittings are satisfactory for the usual air
conditioning applications. However, the fitting material selected should be checked for the
design temperature-pressure ratings.
Table D.6: Pipe type recommendations

D-6

Copelands Summit Series Compressor Specification

Current (A)

Model

Operating Conditions
Pmax (psig)
Tmax (oC)

CCH (W)

LRA

RLA

ZR36K3-PFJ-501

82.0

16.4

70

382

150

ZR42K3-PFJ-501

97.0

17.1

70

382

150

ZR47KC-TFD-501

48.0

7.2

70

382

150

ZR61KC-TFD-501

65.5

10.0

70

382

150

ZR72KC-TFD-501

74.0

10.0

70

382

150

ZR36K3E-PFJ-501

82.0

16.4

70

382

150

ZR47KCE-TFD-501

48.0

7.2

70

382

150

ZR61KCE-TFD-501

65.8

10.0

70

382

150

ZR72KCE-TFD-501

74.0

10.0

70

382

150

Table D.7: Compressors operating specifications

Model

White Oil
Charge
(CC)

MMMA Oil
Charge (CC)

Refrigerant
charge

Initial

Refill

Initial

Refill

kg

lb

ZR36K3-PFJ-501

1240

1120

N/A

N/A

3.6

ZR42K3-PFJ-501

1240

1120

N/A

N/A

3.6

ZR47KC-TFD-501

1240

1120

N/A

N/A

3.6

ZR61KC-TFD-501

1950

1830

N/A

N/A

4.5

10

ZR72KC-TFD-501

1770

1660

N/A

N/A

4.5

10

ZR36K3E-PFJ-501

N/A

N/A

1240

1120

3.6

ZR47KCE-TFD-501

N/A

N/A

1360

1240

3.6

ZR61KCE-TFD-501

N/A

N/A

1950

1830

4.5

10

ZR72KCE-TFD-501

N/A

N/A

1770

1660

4.5

10

Table D.8: Compressors charging specifications

D-7

Matsushitas Compressor Specification

Model
2PS164D2BC02
2KS340D3AA02
2JS464D3AA02
4
2JS35C225ASA
4
2J44C3R225A
2JS442P3AA015
5
2JS356P3AA01
2KS224D3AC02
2JS350D3BB02
2JS438D3AA02
5CS102XEB
2RS127D5BB02
5RS092XAB
2KS210D3BB02
2JS350D3BA02
2JS438D3BA02
2JS464D3BC02
5RS080DRSM329
5PS102DPSM370
5PS132DPSM371
6
2PV164N7BB02
2JS324D3AB07
2JS438D3JA02
2KS206D3AB04
7
2KS28S236A6F
7
2J35S236AB
4PS164DAA
4KS225DAA
4JS350DAC
4JS435DAC
5
4JS435PAA
5
4JS350PAA
4PS132DAA

Current (A)
LRA
RLA
18 / 20
4.1 / 3.9
35.5 / 38.7
9.1 / 9.4
60 / 66
13.9 / 14.7
47
10.2
54
13
24.9
4.8
21.4
3.9
23 / 25
6.00 / 5.90
52 / 56
10.0 / 10.5
51 / 57
12.6 / 13.1
N/A
N/A
11.3 / 12.3 3.10 / 2.95
N/A
N/A
27 / 29.5
5.45 / 5.30
50 / 55
10.1 / 10.6
58 / 62
12.5 / 13.0
60 / 66
13.5 / 14.4
11.3 / 12.4 3.10 / 3.00
15.8 / 17.2 3.75 / 3.55
20.2 / 22.0 5.30 / 5.30
N/A
7.4
42.0 / 47.0 10.3 / 9.80
63.0 / 67.0 12.2 / 12.5
25.0 / 27.0 5.30 / 5.25
49.0
8.40
67.0
10.6
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
26.0
5.00
21.0
4.10
14.0 / 15.0 3.55 / 3.40

Operating Conditions
o
Pmax (MPa)
Tmax ( C)
N/A
115
2.6
115
2.8
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
N/A
115
4.1
115
2.6
115
4.1
115
2.6
115
2.8
115
2.8
115
2.8
115
4.1
115
4.1
115
4.1
115
N/A
115
3.2
115
2.8
115
2.6
115
2.6
115
2.6
115
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.8
115
2.8
115
2.8
115

Oil Charge (cc)

Initial
350
430
1130
700
700
700
700
410
700
1130
360
290
320
410
700
700
1130
300
350
350
450
1000
1130
410
670
1130
350
410
700
700
700
700
350

Type
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B

Note: 1) Oil Type A - ATMOS M60 or SUNISO 4GDID.

2) Oil Type B - RB68A or FREOL ALPHA 68M.
3) All current is based on 220V /240V respectively unless stated otherwise.
4) 240V supply voltage.
5) 380V supply voltage.
6) 110V supply voltage.
7) 230V supply voltage.
8) Pa = PSI x 6900.
Table D.9: Compressors operating specifications

D-8

Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
1.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
1.250
0.800
1.100
0.750
1.350
1.350
1.350
0.800
0.800
0.800
1.100
2.100
2.100
1.000
1.800
2.100
1.100
1.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
2.100
1.100

Toshibas Compressor Specification

Model
PH120X1C - 4DH2
PH165X1C - 4DH2
PH160X1C - 4DZ2
PH135X1C - 4DZ2

Current (A)
LRA
RLA
17.6 / 19.0 3.10 / 2.90
21.7 / 23.7 4.20 / 4.00
21.7 / 23.7 4.10 / 4.00
19.8 / 21.6 3.40 / 3.20

Operating Conditions
Pmax (MPa)
Tmax (oC)
2.6
115
2.6
115
2.6
115
2.6
115

Oil Charge (cc)

Initial
350
400
400
400

Type
A
A
A
A

Note: 1) Oil Type A - SUNISO 4GSD.

2) Pa = PSI x 6900.
3) All current is based on 220V /240V respectively unless stated otherwise.
4) kg = lb x 0.454.
Table D.10: Compressors operating specifications

D-9

Refrigerant
Charge (kg)
0.850
0.850
0.850
0.850

Bristols Compressor Specification

Model
H23B30QABK1
H23B26QABC2
H23A353DBE3
H23A383ABK1
H23A383DBE3
H23A463DBE3
H23A623DBE3
H23B24QABK1
H2NG204DRE3
H2NG294DPE3
H23B32QABK1
H23B35QABK1
H23A383ABC2
H23A463ABK1
H25A62QCBC2
H25A62QDBL4
H25A62QDBL5
H25G094DBD4 & 5
H25G124DBD2 & 5
H25G144DBD2 & 5
H2NG204DRE3
H2NG204DRE6
H2NG244DRE3
H2NG244DRE6
H2NG294DPE3
H2NG294DPE6
H25G104DBD2
H25G184DPD2
H25G204DPD2
H25G244DPD2
H25G294DPD2
H25G094DBE2
H25G104DBE7
H25G124DBE7

Current (A)
LRA
68.0
70.0
35.0
82.0
39.0
45.0
62.0
55.0
150
215
91.0
95.0
97.0
100
147
150
157
190
264
252
150
141
190
180
215
200
228
234
282
360
400
95
115
130

RLA
12.4
12.2
5.00
15.5
5.20
6.30
8.20
9.80
30.0
44.0
14.0
15.2
17.0
18.8
24.6
16.0
14.9
25.4
33.5
43.1
30.0
30.0
36.5
36.6
44.0
43.9
29.0
51.4
62.8
66.6
82.4
12.7
14.6
17.0

Operating
Conditions
Pmax (PSIG)
450 - 550
450 - 550
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
450 - 550
N/A
N/A
450 - 550
450 - 550
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
400 - 500
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Oil Charge (fl .oz)

Initial
40
40
50
50
50
55
55
40
224
224
40
40
50
55
65
65
65
96
96
96
224
224
224
224
224
224
96
224
224
224
224
96
96
96

Refill
37
37
47
47
47
52
52
37
208
208
37
37
47
52
62
62
62
80
80
80
208
208
208
208
208
208
80
208
208
208
208
80
80
80

CCH (W)

Refrigerant
Charge (l b)

30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
95
95
30
30
30
30
40
40
40
70
70
70
95
95
95
95
95
95
70
100
100
100
100
65
65
65

6.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.0
20.0
20.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
15.0
15.0
15.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

Type
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

Note: 1) 220V / 240V / 50Hz supply voltage.

2) 230V / 208V / 60Hz supply voltage.
3) 380V / 415V / 50Hz supply voltage.
4) 230V / 200V / 60Hz supply voltage.
5) 220V / 200V / 50Hz supply voltage.
6) 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
7) 380V / 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
8) Oil Type A - Specification 581003.
9) Oil Type B - Zerol 150T.
10) Oil Type C - Specification 581006.
11) Pa = PSI x 69000.
12) L = fl.oz x 0.02957.
13) kg = lb x 0.454.
Table D.11: Compressors operating specifications

D - 10

Model
H25G144DBE6
H25G184DPE6
H25G204DPE6
H25G244DPE6
H25G294DPE6
H23B30QABC2
H26A72QDBE6
H26A72QDBL4
H2NG184DPE3
H2NG184DPD5
H23B20QABC2
H23B24QABK1

Current (A)
LRA
126
117
141
180
200
82
79
158
125
265
57
55

RLA
21.6
25.7
31.4
33.3
41.2
14.0
9.2
18.3
26.0
53.5
9.0
9.8

Operating
Conditions
Pmax (PSIG)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
450 - 550
400 - 500
400 - 500
N/A
N/A
450 - 550
450 - 550

Oil Charge (fl .oz)

Initial
96
224
224
224
224
40
65
65
224
224
40
40

Refill
80
208
208
208
208
37
62
62
208
208
37
37

Type
C
C
C
C
C
A
A
A
B
B
A
A

CCH (W)

Refrigerant
Charge (l b)

70
95
95
95
95
30
40
40
95
100
30
30

10.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
6.0
15.0
15.0
20.0
20.0
6.0
6.0

Note: 1) 220V / 240V / 50Hz supply voltage.

2) 230V / 208V / 60Hz supply voltage.
3) 380V / 415V / 50Hz supply voltage.
4) 230V / 200V / 60Hz supply voltage.
5) 220V / 200V / 50Hz supply voltage.
6) 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
7) 380V / 460V / 60Hz supply voltage.
8) Oil Type A - Specification 581003.
9) Oil Type B - Zerol 150T.
10) Oil Type C - Specification 581006.
11) Pa = PSI x 6900.
12) L = fl.oz x 0.02957.
13) kg = lb x 0.454.
Table D.12: Compressors operating specifications

D - 11

Oil Dilution Ratio

As discuss at Section 2.1 , liquid flood back will cause dilution of the compressor oil. This dilution
process will deteriote the lubricating properties of oil.
The formula shown below is to help end users to select a proper refrigerant charge and oil charge:

Where:

moil
moil + mrefrigerant

x 100%

...(A.1)

(V)oil
( V)oil + m refrigerant

x 100%

...(A.2)

0.9*oil(cc) x 100%
0.9*oil(cc) + R22 Weight(g)

...(A.3)

1) R is a dilution ratio and must be greater than 22%.

2) Volume for oil in centimeter cube (cc).
3) oil is assume to be 0.9g/cc.

Sample calculation A-01:

a) Standard factory testing length = 7.6m / 24.9 ft
b) Actual pipe length = 10.0m / 32.8ft
c) Compressor specifications:
i) Initial oil charge = 38fl.oz. (Brand new compressor)
ii) Refill oil charge = 34fl.oz. (Not brand new compressor)
d) Standard factory charge = 2.50kg
Extra length = 32.8ft 24.9ft
= 7.9 ft
With 10ft = 3fl.oz. , therefore extra oil charge for extra length of:
7.9ft = 2.37fl.oz.
3

1 fl.oz 30cm 0.03l

Total volume of oil = 38.00fl.oz + 2.37fl.oz
= 40.37fl.oz
3
= 1211.1cm

Substitute values to equattion A.3 :

R

=
=
=

0.9*oil(cc) x 100%
0.9*oil(cc) + R22 Weight(g)
0.9 x 1211.1 x 100%
0.9 x 1211.1 + 2500
30.36%

R is greater than 22%, therefore criteria met.

D-12

ALCO Oil Separator Capacity Ratings in TONS

At Evaporator Temperature
Model Number
R12
R22
R502
Flanged
Sealed
-40oF +40oF -40oF +40oF -40oF +40oF
A-F5882 4
A-W5582 4
1.00
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.50
2.00
A-F5885 5
A-W5585 5
3.00
4.00
4.50
5.50
4.75
5.75
A-F5887 7
A-W5587 7
4.50
5.50
7.00
8.00
7.50
8.50
A-F5888 9
A-W5588 9
6.00
7.50
9.00 10.50
9.50
11.50
A-F5890 11
A-W5590 11
7.50
10.00 11.50 13.50 12.00 14.50
A-F5892 13
A-W5592 13
9.00
11.50 14.00 17.50 16.00 17.50
NIL
A-W5690 11
9.00
12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 20.00
A-F5792 13
A-W5692 13 11.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 24.00
A-F5794 17
A-W5694 17 17.00 22.00 25.00 30.00 30.00 35.00

R134A
-40oF +40oF
1.00
1.75
3.75
4.50
4.80
6.40
6.38
8.50
8.00
11.50
9.50
13.25
9.50
13.75
11.75 16.00
18.00 25.25

Table D.13: Oil separator capacity ratings in TONS

ALCO Oil Separator Capacity Ratings in KWS

At Evaporator Temperature
Model Number
R12
R22
R502
Flanged
Sealed
-40oC +40oC -40oC +40oC -40oC +40oC
A-F5882 4
A-W5582 4
3.52
5.27
5.27
7.03
5.27
7.03
A-F5885 5
A-W5585 5
10.55 14.06 15.82 19.34 16.70 20.22
A-F5887 7
A-W5587 7
15.82 19.34 24.61 28.13 26.37 29.89
A-F5888 9
A-W5588 9
21.10 26.37 31.64 36.92 33.40 40.43
A-F5890 11
A-W5590 11 26.37 35.16 40.43 47.47 42.19 50.98
A-F5892 13
A-W5592 13 31.64 40.43 49.22 61.53 56.26 61.53
NIL
A-W5690 11 31.64 42.19 45.71 49.22 52.74 70.32
A-F5792 13
A-W5692 13 38.68 49.22 56.26 63.29 70.32 84.38
A-F5794 17
A-W5694 17 59.77 77.35 87.90 105.48 105.48 123.06

Table D.14: Oil separator capacity ratings in KWS

D - 13

R134A
-40oC +40oC
3.52
6.15
13.19 15.82
16.88 22.50
22.43 29.89
28.13 40.43
33.40 46.59
33.40 48.35
41.31 56.26
63.29 88.78

Model No.
A-W5582 4
A-W5585 5
A-W5587 7
A-W5588 9
A-W5590 11
A-W5592 13
A-W5690 11
A-W5692 13
A-W5694 17

ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data

Sealed Type (Style No. 1)
Dimensions
Connection Size
A
Style No.
in
mm
in
in
mm
4
100
10.25
1
1/2
12
4
100
14.25
1
5/8
16
4
100
17.75
1
7/8
22
4
100
21.00
1
1 1/8
28
4
100
21.25
1
1 3/8
35
4
100
21.63
1
1 5/8
42
15.63
6
152
1
1 3/8
35
18.63
6
152
1
1 5/8
42
6
152
19.18
1
2 1/8
54

B
mm
260
362
451
533
540
549
397
474
487

Table D.15: Oil separator dimensions for style 1

Model No.
A-W5582 4
A-W5585 5

ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data

Sealed Type (Style No. 2)
Dimensions
Connection Size
A
B
Style No.
in
mm
in
mm
in
mm
6
152
20.25
514
2
1 5/8
42
6
152
20.31
516
2
2 1/8
54

C
in
4.25
4.50

mm
108
115

Table D.16: Oil separator dimensions for style 2

Model No.
A-F5882 4
A-F5885 5
A-F5887 7
A-F5888 9
A-F5890 11
A-F5892 13
A-F5792 13
A-F5794 17

ALCO Oil Separator Dimensional Data

Sealed Type (Style No. 3)
Dimensions
Connection Size
Style No.
A
B
in
mm
in
mm
in
mm
10.25
260
4
100
3
1/2
12
4
100
14.25
362
3
5/8
16
4
100
17.75
451
3
7/8
22
21.00
4
100
533
3
1 1/8
28
4
100
21.25
540
3
1 3/8
35
549
4
100
21.63
3
1 5/8
42
6
152
20.25
514
2
1 5/8
42
6
152
20.31
516
2
2 1/8
54

Table D.17: Oil separator dimensions for style 3

Figure D.1 : Different styles of oil separator

D - 14

C
in
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
4.25
4.50

mm
142
142
142
142
142
142
108
115

Fitting
Shell
Size Diameter
1/4
3/8
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
7/8
1/8
1 3/8
5/8
2 5/8

4"

6"

Oil Separator Cross Reference Chart

Sealed Type - Float Valve
ALCO
AC & R
Length
Length
Model
Model
inch
mm
inch
mm
---S5580
8.25
20.95
---S5581
8.25
20.95
A-W5582 4
10.75 27.30
S5582
10.25 26.03
A-W5585 5
13.19 33.50
S5585
14.25 36.19
A-W5587 7
15.00 38.10
S5587
17.75 48.08
A-W5588 9
16.25 41.27
S5588
21.00 53.34
A-W5590 11 19.50 44.53
S5590
21.25 53.97
A-W5592 13 19.88 50.47
------S5687
11.13 28.25
---S5688
15.38 39.04
A-W5690 11
--S5690
15.63 39.69
A-W5692 13
--S5692
18.63 47.30
A-W5694 17
--S5694
19.13 48.57

TEMPRITE
Length
Model
inch
mm
------601
10.25 26.03
602
12.75 32.38
603
14.50 36.83
604
15.38 39.05
605
19.00 48.26
-------------------

Table D.18: Oil separator (sealed type) cross reference chart

Fitting
Shell
Size Diameter
1/2
5/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
1 5/8
2 1/8
2 1/5
2 5/8
3 1/8
3 1/8
3 5/8
3 5/8

4"

6"
8"
10"
12"
14"

Oil Separator Cross Reference Chart

Flanged Type - Float Valve
ALCO
AC & R
Length
Length
Model
Model
inch
mm
inch
mm
A-F5882 4
10.50 26.67
S5882
10.25 26.03
A-F5885 5
15.00 38.10
S5885
14.25 36.19
A-F5887 7
18.00 45.72
S5887
17.75 44.96
A-F5888 9
21.25 53.97
S5888
21.00 53.34
A-F5890 11
21.38 54.29
S5890
21.25 53.97
A-F5892 13
21.75 55.24
---A-F5792 13 20.13* 51.11
S5792
20.25 51.43
A-F5794 17 20.31* 51.59
S5794
20.31 51.59
---S1901
21.00 53.34
---S1902
21.00 53.34
---------S1903
21.50 54.61
---------S1904
25.75 63.41
-------------

TEMPRITE
Length
Model
inch
mm
501
10.13 25.72
502
12.63 32.06
503
14.25 36.19
504
15.25 38.74
505
18.75 47.62
---506
20.25 51.43
507
21.25 53.97
------508
24.88 63.18
---509
36.25 92.67
------510
51.25 130.17

Table D.19: Oil separator (float type) cross reference chart

D - 15

Capacity in Tons of Refrigeration

Model Number
A-AS 3 84
A-AS 3 105
A-AS 3 125
A-AS 3 126
A-AS 3 145
A-AS 3 146
A-AS 4 64
A-AS 4 65
A-AS 4 105
A-AS 4 106
A-AS 5 96
A-AS 5 97
A-AS 5 126
A-AS 5 127
A-AS 5 137
A-AS 5 139
A-AS 5 179
A-AS 5 1711
A-AS 6 117
A-AS 6 137
A-AS 6 139
A-AS 6 1411
A-AS 6 1713
A-AS 6 2013
A-AS 6 2513

-40oF
0.22
0.31
0.31
0.41
0.31
0.41
0.22
0.31
0.31
0.41
0.41
0.72
0.41
0.72
0.72
1.30
1.90
1.90
0.72
0.72
1.30
1.90
3.00
3.00
3.00

-20oF
0.34
0.48
0.48
0.64
0.48
0.64
0.34
0.48
0.48
0.64
0.64
1.10
0.64
1.10
1.10
2.00
3.00
3.00
1.10
1.10
2.00
3.00
1.80
4.80
4.80

R134A
0o F
0.60
0.80
0.80
1.00
0.80
1.00
0.60
0.80
0.80
1.00
1.00
1.80
1.00
1.80
1.80
3.10
3.10
4.60
1.80
1.80
3.10
4.60
7.30
7.30
7.30

+20oF
0.80
1.20
1.20
1.60
1.20
1.60
0.80
1.20
1.20
1.60
1.60
2.80
1.60
2.80
2.80
5.00
5.00
7.30
2.80
2.80
5.00
7.30
11.70
11.70
11.70

+40oF
1.20
1.70
1.70
2.30
1.70
2.30
1.20
1.70
1.70
2.30
2.30
4.00
2.30
4.00
4.00
7.20
7.20
10.70
4.00
4.00
7.20
10.70
17.00
17.00
17.00

-40oF
0.23
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.23
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.80
0.40
0.80
0.80
1.40
1.40
2.20
0.80
0.80
1.40
2.20
3.30
3.30
3.30

R404A/R507
-20oF
0o F
+20oF
0.40
0.80
1.00
0.60
1.20
1.60
0.60
1.20
1.60
0.70
1.50
2.00
0.60
1.20
1.60
0.70
1.50
2.00
0.40
0.80
1.00
0.60
1.20
1.60
0.60
1.20
1.60
0.70
1.50
2.00
0.70
1.50
2.00
1.30
2.70
3.60
0.70
1.50
2.00
1.30
2.70
3.60
1.30
2.70
3.60
2.10
4.40
5.90
2.10
4.40
2.90
3.40
7.20
9.60
1.30
2.70
3.60
1.30
2.70
3.60
2.10
4.40
5.90
3.40
7.20
9.60
5.10
10.70
14.20
5.10
10.70
14.20
5.10
10.70
14.20

+40oF
1.30
2.00
2.00
2.60
2.00
2.60
1.30
2.00
2.00
2.60
2.60
1.30
2.60
4.60
4.60
7.60
1.60
12.20
4.60
4.60
7.60
12.20
18.20
18.20
18.20

Table D.20: Suction accumulator capacity selection chart

Model Number
A-AS 3 84
A-AS 3 105
A-AS 3 125
A-AS 3 126
A-AS 3 145
A-AS 3 146
A-AS 4 64
A-AS 4 65
A-AS 4 105
A-AS 4 106
A-AS 5 96
A-AS 5 97
A-AS 5 126
A-AS 5 127
A-AS 5 137
A-AS 5 139
A-AS 5 179
A-AS 5 1711
A-AS 6 117
A-AS 6 137
A-AS 6 139
A-AS 6 1411
A-AS 6 1713
A-AS 6 2013
A-AS 6 2513

-40oF
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.72
0.50
0.72
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.72
0.72
1.30
0.72
1.30
1.30
2.10
2.10
3.40
1.30
1.30
2.10
3.40
5.10
5.10
--

-20oF
0.60
0.80
0.80
1.10
0.80
1.10
0.60
0.80
0.80
1.10
1.10
2.00
1.10
2.00
2.00
3.30
3.30
5.30
2.00
2.00
3.30
5.30
8.00
8.00
--

Capacity in Tons of Refrigeration

R22
0oF
+20oF +40oF
-40oF
0.90
1.40
2.00
0.30
1.40
2.10
3.00
0.50
1.40
2.10
3.00
0.50
1.80
2.80
4.00
0.60
1.40
2.10
3.00
0.60
1.80
2.80
4.00
0.60
0.90
1.40
2.00
0.30
1.40
2.10
3.00
0.50
1.40
2.10
3.00
0.50
1.80
2.80
4.00
0.60
1.80
2.80
4.00
0.60
3.30
5.10
7.30
1.10
1.80
2.80
4.00
0.60
3.30
5.10
7.30
1.10
3.30
5.10
7.30
1.10
5.30
8.30
11.80
1.90
5.30
8.30
11.80
1.90
8.50
13.20
18.80
3.00
3.30
5.10
7.30
1.10
3.30
5.10
7.30
1.10
5.30
8.30
11.80
1.90
8.50
13.20
18.80
3.00
12.80
20.00
28.50
4.40
12.80
20.00
28.50
4.40
12.80
20.80
28.50
4.40

-20oF
0.50
0.76
0.76
1.00
0.76
1.00
0.50
0.76
0.76
1.00
1.00
1.70
1.00
1.70
1.70
2.90
2.90
4.60
1.70
1.70
2.90
4.60
6.90
6.90
6.90

R502
0oF
0.80
1.20
1.20
1.60
1.20
1.60
0.80
1.20
1.20
1.60
1.60
2.80
1.60
2.80
2.80
4.60
4.60
7.40
2.80
2.80
4.60
7.40
11.00
11.00
11.00

Table D.21: Suction accumulator capacity selection chart

D - 16

+20oF
1.30
1.90
1.90
2.50
1.90
2.50
1.30
1.90
1.90
2.50
2.50
4.30
2.50
4.30
4.30
7.10
7.10
11.60
4.30
4.30
7.10
11.60
17.20
17.20
17.20

+40oF
1.80
2.70
2.70
3.50
2.70
3.50
1.80
2.70
2.70
3.50
3.50
6.20
3.50
6.20
6.20
10.20
10.20
16.50
6.20
6.20
10.20
16.50
24.50
24.50
24.50

A
Model Number

A-AS 3 84
A-AS 3 105
A-AS 3 125
A-AS 3 126
A-AS 3 145
A-AS 3 146
A-AS 4 64
A-AS 4 65
A-AS 4 105
A-AS 4 106
A-AS 5 96
A-AS 5 97
A-AS 5 126
A-AS 5 127
A-AS 5 137
A-AS 5 139
A-AS 5 179
A-AS 5 1711
A-AS 6 117
A-AS 6 137
A-AS 6 139
A-AS 6 1411
A-AS 6 1713
A-AS 6 2013
A-AS 6 2513

Fitting
Size
(Nominal)
1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
3/4
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 5/8

ALCO Accumulator Dimensional Data

B
C
D
Unit
Tons R22
Fitting
Weight Diameter Length
Separation (+40oF)
(LBS)
(in)
(in)
(in)
2.0
2.4
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
2.8
2.8
4.6
4.6
5.1
5.1
6.6
6.6
7.1
7.1
8.4
8.4
10.0
11.7
11.7
12.1
15.4
18.1
22.6

3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

8
10
12
12
15
14
6
6
10
10
9
9
12
12
13
13
17
17
11
13
13
14
17
20
25

1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94
2.94

2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
7.3
4.0
7.3
7.3
11.8
11.8
18.8
7.3
7.3
11.8
18.8
28.5
28.5
28.5

Holding Capacity
40oF
40oF
Liquid
Liquid
R404A R502/R22/
/R507
R134A
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
2.5
3.0
3.3
3.5
2.8
3.5
2.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
4.0
3.5
4.0
5.5
6.0
5.5
6.0
7.5
8.0
7.5
8.0
8.0
8.5
8.0
8.5
10.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
15.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
20.0
20.0
25.0

Table D.22: Suction accumulator holding capacity selection chart

Table D.2: Accumulator cross-section

D - 17

Suction Accumulator Cross Reference

Notes:

1)
2)
3)
4)

Model

Fitting

Overall Length

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Holding capacity (LBS)3

2.0
VA-30-4S
1/2
2.5
VA-31-5S
5/8
3.0
VA-32-5S
5/8
3.0
VA-32-6S
3/4
3.5
VA-35-5S
5/8
3.5
VA-35-6S
3/4
3.0
--3.0
--3.5
--5.0
VA-44-5SRD
5/8
5.0
VA-44-6SRD
3/4
6.0
VA-54-6SRD
3/4
6.0
VA-54-7SRD
7/8
9.0
VA-56-6SRD
3/4
9.0
VA-56-7SRD
7/8
9.5
VA-57-7SRD
7/8
9.5
VA-57-9SRD 1 1/8
12.0 VA-59-9SRD 1 1/8
12.0 VA-59-11SRD 1 3/8
10.0
--12.0 VA-610-7SRD 7/8
12.0 VA-610-9SRD 1 1/8
13.0 VA-611-11SRD 1 3/8
16.0
--20.0 VA-616-13SRD 1 5/8
25.0
---

Holding capacity (LBS)1

2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
7.3
4.0
7.3
7.3
11.8
11.8
18.8
7.3
7.3
11.8
18.8
28.5
28.5
28.5

Tons R22 (+40oF)

8
10
12
12
15
14
6
6
6 5/8
10
10
9
9
12
12
13
13
17
17
11
13
13
14
17
20
25

PARKER

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
3/4
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 5/8

Fitting

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

Model

Fitting

A-AS 3 84
A-AS 3 105
A-AS 3 125
A-AS 3 126
A-AS 3 145
A-AS 3 146
A-AS 4 64
A-AS 4 65
A-AS 4 75
A-AS 4 105
A-AS 4 106
A-AS 5 96
A-AS 5 97
A-AS 5 126
A-AS 5 127
A-AS 5 137
A-AS 5 139
A-AS 5 179
A-AS 5 1711
A-AS 6 117
A-AS 6 137
A-AS 6 139
A-AS 6 1411
A-AS 6 1713
A-AS 6 2013
A-AS 6 2513

Holding capacity (LBS)1

OD Tube

VKMP

Model

ALCO

8
10
12
12
15
14
---10
10
9
9
12
12
13
13
17
17
-13
13
14
-20
--

2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
---3.0
4.0
4.0
7.3
4.0
7.3
7.3
11.8
11.8
18.8
-7.3
11.8
18.8
-28.5
--

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
---5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
9.9
9.0
9.5
9.5
12.0
12.0
-12.0
12.0
13.0
-20.0
--

-PA3060-10-5
--PA3060-15-5
PA3060-15-6
---PA4065-9-5C
PA4065-9-6C
PA5083-9-6C
PA5083-9-7C
PA5083-11-6
PA5083-11-7
PA5083-12-7
-----------

-5/8
--5/8
3/4
---5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
3/4
7/8
7/8
-----------

-10.35
--15.05
15.05
---9.62
9.62
9.62
9.62
11.33
11.33
12.88
-----------

-2.0
--2.1
2.3
---3.0
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.9
4.4
5.4
-----------

-2.2
--3.4
3.4
---3.8
3.6
5.6
5.5
6.9
6.8
7.8
-----------

R22 at 40oF evaporator.

R22.
R22 at 40oF divided by 0.7.
R22 at 0oF saturation.

Table D.23: Suction accumulator cross reference chart

D - 18

Suction Accumulator Cross Reference

Fitting

Nominal Length (Cap to Cap)

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Holding capacity (LBS)1

Model

Fitting

Overall Length

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Holding capacity (LBS)4

Model

Fitting

Overall Length

Tons R22 (+40oF)

Holding capacity (LBS)2

Refrigeration Research

OD Tube

AC&R

Model

ALCO

A-AS 3 84
A-AS 3 105
A-AS 3 125
A-AS 3 126
A-AS 3 145
A-AS 3 146
A-AS 4 64
A-AS 4 65
A-AS 4 75
A-AS 4 105
A-AS 4 106
A-AS 5 96
A-AS 5 97
A-AS 5 126
A-AS 5 127
A-AS 5 137
A-AS 5 139
A-AS 5 179
A-AS 5 1711
A-AS 6 117
A-AS 6 137
A-AS 6 139
A-AS 6 1411
A-AS 6 1713
A-AS 6 2013
A-AS 6 2513

3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
6
6
6

1/2
5/8
5/8
3/4
5/8
3/4
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
7/8
3/4
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
7/8
7/8
1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
1 5/8
1 5/8

8
10
12
12
15
14
6
6
6 5/8
10
10
9
9
12
12
13
13
17
17
11
13
13
14
17
20
25

2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
4.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
7.3
4.0
7.3
7.3
11.8
11.8
18.8
7.3
7.3
11.8
18.8
28.5
28.5
28.5

2.0
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
9.0
9.0
9.5
9.5
12.0
12.0
10.0
12.0
12.0
13.0
16.0
20.0
25.0

-------S-7043
-S-7045
S-7046
---S-7057
------S-7061
---S-7065

-------5/8
-5/8
3/4
---7/8
------1 1/8
---1 5/8

-------6 3/8
-10 3/8
10 3/8
---13
------15
---24 3/4

-------1.81
-1.81
2.51
---4.32
------9.09
---27.50

-------2.1
-4.1
4.1
---8.5
------11.8
---20.1

3680
-3685
---3816
3701
-3702
3703
----3738
---3827
-3700
3837
3698
-3704

1/2
-5/8
---1/2
5/8
-5/8
3/4
----7/8
---7/8
-1 1/8
1 3/8
1 5/8
-1 5/8

7.69
-12.00
---6.50
6.63
-10.63
10.63
----13.00
---13.00
-15.00
13.50
17.13
-24.75

0.9
-2.0
---0.9
2.0
-2.0
3.0
----4.0
---4.0
-9.0
17.0
28.0
-28.0

1.5
-2.5
---2.1
2.1
-4.0
4.0
----7.0
---7.0
-11.4
9.5
13.0
-20.5

Notes:

1)
2)
3)
4)

R22 at 40oF evaporator.

R22.
R22 at 40oF divided by 0.7.
R22 at 0oF saturation.

Table D.24: Suction accumulator cross reference chart

D - 19

Figure D.3 : R-22 refrigerant velocity chart

D - 20

Figure D.4 : R-22 refrigerant pressure drop chart

D - 21

D - 22

Vapor

8.2660
5.9554
3.6448
2.7115
1.7782
1.36081
0.9434
0.74011
0.5368
0.43033
0.3239
0.3092
0.2945
0.2815
0.2684
0.2567
0.2450
0.2345
0.2240
0.2144
0.2126
0.2098
0.2052
0.1968
0.1883
0.1807
0.1730
0.1662
0.1593
0.1530
0.1468
0.1412
0.1355

Liquid

1571.3
1558.1
1544.9
1531.6
1518.2
1504.7
1491.2
1477.5
1463.7
1449.7
1435.6
1432.8
1429.9
1427.1
1424.2
1421.3
1418.4
1415.5
1412.6
1409.7
1409.2
1408.3
1406.8
1403.9
1401.0
1398.1
1395.1
1392.1
1389.1
1386.2
1383.2
1380.2
1377.2

(m /kg)

Volume

(kg/m )

Density

b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

0.00201
0.00341
0.00481
0.00759
0.01037
0.01542
0.02047
0.02899
0.03750
0.05102
0.06453
0.06799
0.07145
0.07520
0.07894
0.08300
0.08705
0.09143
0.09580
0.10044
0.10132
0.10282
0.10523
0.11031
0.11538
0.12083
0.12628
0.13213
0.13797
0.14424
0.15050
0.15720
0.16389

-100.00
-95.00
-90.00
-85.00
-80.00
-75.00
-70.00
-65.00
-60.00
-55.00
-50.00
-49.00
-48.00
-47.00
-46.00
-45.00
-44.00
-43.00
-42.00
-41.00
-40.81
-40.50
-40.00
-39.00
-38.00
-37.00
-36.00
-35.00
-34.00
-33.00
-32.00
-31.00
-30.00

Note :

Pres.
(MPa)

Temp.
(oC)
90.71
96.02
101.32
106.63
111.94
117.26
122.58
127.93
133.27
138.65
144.03
145.11
146.19
147.28
148.36
149.45
150.53
151.62
152.70
153.79
154.00
154.34
154.89
155.98
157.07
158.17
159.27
160.37
161.47
162.57
163.67
164.78
165.88

Liquid
358.97
361.41
363.85
366.31
368.77
371.24
373.70
376.15
378.59
381.01
383.42
383.90
384.37
384.85
385.32
385.79
386.26
386.73
387.20
387.66
387.75
387.90
388.13
388.60
389.06
389.52
389.97
390.43
390.89
391.34
391.79
392.24
392.69

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Vapor
2.0543
2.0262
1.9980
1.9744
1.9508
1.9308
1.9108
1.8939
1.8770
1.8625
1.8480
1.8454
1.8428
1.8402
1.8376
1.8352
1.8327
1.8303
1.8278
1.8254
1.8250
1.8243
1.8231
1.8209
1.8186
1.8164
1.8141
1.8120
1.8098
1.8077
1.8056
1.8036
1.8015

1.061
1.061
1.061
1.062
1.062
1.064
1.065
1.068
1.071
1.075
1.079
1.080
1.081
1.082
1.083
1.085
1.086
1.087
1.088
1.090
1.090
1.090
1.091
1.092
1.093
1.095
1.096
1.098
1.099
1.101
1.102
1.104
1.105

Liquid
0.497
0.505
0.512
0.520
0.528
0.537
0.545
0.555
0.564
0.575
0.585
0.587
0.589
0.592
0.594
0.597
0.599
0.601
0.603
0.606
0.606
0.607
0.608
0.611
0.613
0.616
0.619
0.622
0.624
0.627
0.629
0.632
0.635

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

1.243
1.240
1.237
1.235
1.233
1.232
1.231
1.231
1.230
1.231
1.232
1.233
1.233
1.234
1.234
1.235
1.235
1.236
1.236
1.236
1.236
1.236
1.237
1.238
1.238
1.239
1.239
1.240
1.241
1.242
1.242
1.243
1.244

Vapor

cp/cv

1127
1104
1080
1057
1033
1010
986
963
940
917
893
889
884
880
875
870
865
861
856
852
851
849
847
843
838
833
828
824
819
815
810
805
800

Liquid
143.6
145.3
147.0
148.7
150.3
151.8
153.3
154.7
156.0
157.2
158.3
158.5
158.7
158.9
159.1
159.3
159.5
159.7
159.9
160.1
160.1
160.2
160.3
160.5
160.6
160.8
160.9
161.1
161.2
161.4
161.5
161.7
161.8

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

Table D.25: R-22 Thermophysical properties

0.5050
0.5348
0.5646
0.5928
0.6210
0.6479
0.6747
0.7004
0.7260
0.7506
0.7752
0.7801
0.7849
0.7897
0.7944
0.7992
0.8039
0.8087
0.8134
0.8180
0.8189
0.8204
0.8227
0.8274
0.8320
0.8367
0.8413
0.8459
0.8505
0.8551
0.8596
0.8642
0.8687

Liquid

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

845.8
772.6
699.4
645.2
591.0
549.3
507.6
474.5
441.4
414.5
387.5
382.7
377.8
373.2
368.6
364.1
359.6
355.3
351.0
346.8
346.0
344.7
342.6
338.6
334.5
330.6
326.7
322.9
319.1
315.4
311.7
308.2
304.6

Liquid
7.25
7.46
7.67
7.88
8.09
8.31
8.52
8.73
8.94
9.15
9.36
9.41
9.45
9.49
9.53
9.58
9.62
9.66
9.70
9.74
9.75
9.77
9.79
9.83
9.87
9.92
9.96
10.00
10.04
10.08
10.12
10.17
10.21

Vapor

Viscosity (mPas)

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R22 Thermophysical Properties.

143.1
140.5
137.8
135.2
132.6
130.1
127.6
125.1
122.6
120.2
117.8
117.4
116.9
116.4
115.9
115.5
115.0
114.5
114.0
113.6
113.5
113.3
113.1
112.7
112.2
111.7
111.2
110.8
110.3
109.9
109.4
109.0
108.5

Liquid
4.46
4.65
4.84
5.05
5.25
5.47
5.68
5.90
6.12
6.36
6.59
6.64
6.69
6.74
6.79
6.84
6.89
6.94
6.99
7.04
7.05
7.07
7.09
7.14
7.19
7.24
7.29
7.35
7.40
7.46
7.51
7.56
7.61

Vapor

Thermal Cond.
(mW/mK)

28.12
27.24
26.36
25.50
24.63
23.78
22.92
22.08
21.24
20.41
19.58
19.42
19.25
19.09
18.92
18.76
18.59
18.43
18.27
18.11
18.08
18.03
17.94
17.78
17.62
17.46
17.30
17.14
16.98
16.82
16.66
16.50
16.34

Surface
tension
(mN/m)

-100.00
-95.00
-90.00
-85.00
-80.00
-75.00
-70.00
-65.00
-60.00
-55.00
-50.00
-49.00
-48.00
-47.00
-46.00
-45.00
-44.00
-43.00
-42.00
-41.00
-40.81 b
-40.50
-40.00
-39.00
-38.00
-37.00
-36.00
-35.00
-34.00
-33.00
-32.00
-31.00
-30.00

Temp.
(oC)

D - 23

Vapor

0.1304
0.1253
0.1206
0.1160
0.1117
0.1075
0.1036
0.0998
0.0962
0.0927
0.0894
0.0862
0.0833
0.0803
0.0776
0.0749
0.0724
0.0699
0.0676
0.0653
0.0632
0.0610
0.0591
0.0571
0.0553
0.0535
0.0519
0.0502
0.0486
0.0471
0.0457
0.0442
0.0429

Liquid

1374.2
1371.1
1368.1
1365.0
1362.0
1358.9
1355.8
1352.7
1349.6
1346.5
1343.4
1340.3
1337.2
1334.0
1330.8
1327.6
1324.4
1321.2
1318.0
1314.7
1311.5
1308.2
1304.9
1301.6
1298.3
1295.0
1291.7
1288.3
1284.9
1281.5
1278.1
1274.7
1271.3

(m /kg)

Volume

(kg/m )

Density

b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

0.17104
0.17819
0.18582
0.19344
0.20156
0.20968
0.21832
0.22696
0.23614
0.24531
0.25505
0.26479
0.27511
0.28543
0.29636
0.30728
0.31883
0.33038
0.34259
0.35479
0.36767
0.38054
0.39412
0.40769
0.42199
0.43628
0.45132
0.46636
0.48218
0.49799
0.51460
0.53120
0.54863

-29.00
-28.00
-27.00
-26.00
-25.00
-24.00
-23.00
-22.00
-21.00
-20.00
-19.00
-18.00
-17.00
-16.00
-15.00
-14.00
-13.00
-12.00
-11.00
-10.00
-9.00
-8.00
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00

Note :

Pres.
(MPa)

Temp.
(oC)
166.99
168.10
169.22
170.33
171.45
172.56
173.68
174.80
175.92
177.04
178.17
179.30
180.43
181.56
182.70
183.83
184.97
186.11
187.26
188.40
189.55
190.70
191.86
193.01
194.17
195.33
196.50
197.66
198.83
200.00
201.18
202.35
203.53

Liquid
393.14
393.58
394.03
394.47
394.91
395.34
395.78
396.21
396.64
397.06
397.49
397.91
398.33
398.75
399.16
399.57
399.98
400.39
400.80
401.20
401.60
401.99
402.38
402.77
403.16
403.55
403.93
404.30
404.68
405.05
405.42
405.78
406.14

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Vapor
1.7995
1.7975
1.7956
1.7937
1.7918
1.7899
1.7881
1.7862
1.7844
1.7826
1.7809
1.7791
1.7774
1.7757
1.7740
1.7723
1.7707
1.7690
1.7674
1.7658
1.7643
1.7627
1.7612
1.7596
1.7581
1.7566
1.7551
1.7536
1.7522
1.7507
1.7493
1.7478
1.7464

1.107
1.108
1.110
1.112
1.114
1.115
1.117
1.119
1.121
1.123
1.125
1.127
1.129
1.131
1.133
1.135
1.137
1.139
1.142
1.144
1.147
1.149
1.152
1.154
1.157
1.159
1.162
1.164
1.167
1.169
1.172
1.175
1.178

Liquid
0.638
0.641
0.644
0.646
0.650
0.653
0.656
0.659
0.662
0.665
0.669
0.672
0.675
0.678
0.682
0.685
0.689
0.692
0.696
0.699
0.703
0.707
0.711
0.715
0.719
0.722
0.727
0.731
0.735
0.739
0.744
0.748
0.753

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

1.245
1.246
1.247
1.248
1.249
1.250
1.252
1.253
1.254
1.255
1.257
1.258
1.260
1.261
1.263
1.264
1.266
1.267
1.269
1.270
1.272
1.274
1.276
1.278
1.280
1.282
1.285
1.287
1.289
1.291
1.294
1.296
1.299

Vapor

cp/cv

796
791
787
782
777
772
768
763
759
754
749
744
740
735
731
726
721
716
712
707
702
697
693
688
684
679
674
669
665
660
655
650
646

Liquid
161.9
162.0
162.2
162.3
162.4
162.5
162.6
162.7
162.8
162.8
162.9
163.0
163.1
163.1
163.2
163.2
163.3
163.3
163.3
163.3
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.4
163.3
163.3
163.2
163.2

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

Table D.26: R-22 Thermophysical properties

0.8733
0.8778
0.8823
0.8868
0.8913
0.8957
0.9002
0.9046
0.9091
0.9135
0.9179
0.9223
0.9267
0.9311
0.9355
0.9398
0.9442
0.9485
0.9529
0.9572
0.9615
0.9658
0.9701
0.9744
0.9787
0.9830
0.9873
0.9915
0.9958
1.0000
1.0043
1.0085
1.0127

Liquid

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

301.2
297.7
294.4
291.0
287.7
284.4
281.3
278.1
275.0
271.9
268.9
265.9
263.0
260.1
257.3
254.4
251.6
248.8
246.1
243.4
240.8
238.1
235.6
233.0
230.5
227.9
225.5
223.0
220.6
218.2
215.9
213.5
211.2

Liquid
10.25
10.29
10.34
10.38
10.42
10.46
10.51
10.55
10.59
10.63
10.68
10.72
10.76
10.80
10.85
10.89
10.94
10.98
11.02
11.06
11.11
11.15
11.20
11.24
11.28
11.32
11.37
11.41
11.46
11.50
11.55
11.59
11.64

Vapor

Viscosity (mPas)

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R22 Thermophysical Properties.

108.0
107.5
107.1
106.6
106.2
105.7
105.3
104.8
104.4
103.9
103.5
103.0
102.6
102.1
101.6
101.1
100.7
100.2
99.8
99.3
98.9
98.4
98.0
97.5
97.1
96.6
96.2
95.7
95.3
94.8
94.4
93.9
93.5

Liquid
7.67
7.72
7.78
7.83
7.89
7.94
8.00
8.06
8.12
8.17
8.23
8.29
8.35
8.40
8.46
8.52
8.59
8.65
8.71
8.77
8.83
8.89
8.96
9.02
9.09
9.15
9.22
9.28
9.35
9.42
9.49
9.56
9.63

Vapor

Thermal Cond.
(mW/mK)

16.18
16.02
15.86
15.70
15.55
15.39
15.23
15.07
14.92
14.76
14.61
14.45
14.30
14.14
13.99
13.83
13.68
13.52
13.37
13.21
13.06
12.91
12.76
12.60
12.45
12.30
12.15
12.00
11.85
11.70
11.55
11.40
11.25

Surface
tension
(mN/m)

-29.00
-28.00
-27.00
-26.00
-25.00
-24.00
-23.00
-22.00
-21.00
-20.00
-19.00
-18.00
-17.00
-16.00
-15.00
-14.00
-13.00
-12.00
-11.00
-10.00
-9.00
-8.00
-7.00
-6.00
-5.00
-4.00
-3.00
-2.00
-1.00
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00

Temp.
(oC)

D - 24

Note :

0.0416
0.0404
0.0391
0.0380
0.0368
0.0358
0.0347
0.0337
0.0327
0.0318
0.0309
0.0300
0.0291
0.0283
0.0275
0.0267
0.0260
0.0253
0.0246
0.0239
0.0232
0.0226
0.0220
0.0214
0.0208
0.0203
0.0197
0.0192
0.0187
0.0182
0.0177
0.0173
0.0168

Vapor

Liquid

1267.8
1264.3
1260.8
1257.3
1253.8
1250.3
1246.7
1243.1
1239.5
1235.9
1232.2
1228.6
1224.9
1221.2
1217.4
1213.7
1209.9
1206.1
1202.3
1198.5
1194.6
1190.7
1186.7
1182.8
1178.8
1174.8
1170.7
1166.7
1162.6
1158.5
1154.3
1150.1
1145.8

(m /kg)

Volume

(kg/m )

Density

b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

0.56605
0.58432
0.60259
0.62174
0.64088
0.66092
0.68095
0.70191
0.72286
0.74477
0.76668
0.78956
0.81244
0.83632
0.86020
0.88511
0.91002
0.93599
0.96195
0.98898
1.0160
1.0442
1.0724
1.1017
1.1309
1.1614
1.1919
1.2236
1.2552
1.2881
1.3210
1.3551
1.3892

4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00

( C)

Pres.
(MPa)

Temp.

204.71
205.90
207.09
208.28
209.47
210.67
211.87
213.08
214.28
215.49
216.70
217.92
219.14
220.37
221.59
222.83
224.06
225.30
226.54
227.79
229.04
230.30
231.55
232.82
234.08
235.35
236.62
237.91
239.19
240.48
241.77
243.08
244.38

Liquid
406.50
406.85
407.20
407.55
407.89
408.23
408.56
408.89
409.21
409.53
409.85
410.16
410.47
410.77
411.07
411.37
411.66
411.94
412.22
412.50
412.77
413.03
413.29
413.54
413.79
414.03
414.26
414.49
414.71
414.93
415.14
415.34
415.54

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1.7450
1.7436
1.7422
1.7409
1.7395
1.7382
1.7368
1.7355
1.7341
1.7328
1.7315
1.7302
1.7289
1.7276
1.7263
1.7251
1.7238
1.7225
1.7212
1.7200
1.7187
1.7175
1.7162
1.7149
1.7136
1.7124
1.7111
1.7099
1.7086
1.7074
1.7061
1.7049
1.7036

Vapor
1.181
1.184
1.187
1.190
1.193
1.196
1.199
1.203
1.206
1.210
1.213
1.217
1.220
1.224
1.228
1.232
1.236
1.240
1.244
1.248
1.252
1.2565
1.261
1.266
1.271
1.276
1.281
1.286
1.291
1.297
1.302
1.308
1.314

Liquid
0.757
0.762
0.766
0.771
0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795
0.801
0.806
0.812
0.817
0.823
0.828
0.834
0.840
0.847
0.853
0.860
0.866
0.8725
0.879
0.886
0.893
0.901
0.908
0.916
0.924
0.932
0.940
0.949
0.957

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

1.301
1.304
1.307
1.310
1.313
1.316
1.319
1.323
1.326
1.330
1.333
1.337
1.340
1.344
1.348
1.353
1.357
1.362
1.366
1.371
1.375
1.3800
1.385
1.391
1.396
1.402
1.408
1.414
1.420
1.427
1.434
1.441
1.448

Vapor

cp/cv

641
637
632
627
622
618
613
608
603
599
594
589
584
580
575
570
565
560
555
551
546
541
536
532
527
522
517
512
507
502
497
492
487

Liquid
163.1
163.1
163.0
162.9
162.8
162.7
162.6
162.5
162.4
162.3
162.2
162.1
161.9
161.8
161.6
161.5
161.3
161.2
161.0
160.8
160.6
160.4
160.2
160.0
159.7
159.5
159.2
159.0
158.7
158.5
158.2
157.9
157.6

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

Table D.27: R-22 Thermophysical properties

1.0169
1.0212
1.0254
1.0296
1.0338
1.0380
1.0422
1.0464
1.0505
1.0547
1.0589
1.0631
1.0672
1.0714
1.0755
1.0797
1.0838
1.0880
1.0921
1.0963
1.1004
1.1045
1.1086
1.1128
1.1169
1.1211
1.1252
1.1293
1.1334
1.1376
1.1417
1.1458
1.1499

Liquid

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

208.9
206.7
204.4
202.2
200.0
197.9
195.7
193.6
191.5
189.4
187.3
185.3
183.2
181.2
179.2
177.3
175.3
173.4
171.5
169.6
167.7
165.8
163.9
162.1
160.3
158.5
156.7
154.9
153.1
151.4
149.6
147.9
146.1

Liquid
11.68
11.73
11.77
11.82
11.86
11.91
11.96
12.01
12.05
12.10
12.14
12.19
12.24
12.29
12.33
12.38
12.43
12.48
12.53
12.58
12.63
12.69
12.74
12.79
12.84
12.90
12.95
13.01
13.06
13.12
13.17
13.23
13.28

Vapor

Viscosity (mPas)

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R22 Thermophysical Properties.

93.1
92.7
92.2
91.8
91.3
90.9
90.4
90.0
89.5
89.1
88.6
88.2
87.7
87.3
86.8
86.4
85.9
85.5
85.0
84.6
84.1
83.7
83.2
82.8
82.3
81.9
81.4
81.0
80.5
80.1
79.6
79.2
78.7

Liquid
9.70
9.77
9.84
9.92
9.99
10.07
10.14
10.22
10.29
10.37
10.45
10.53
10.61
10.69
10.77
10.86
10.95
11.04
11.12
11.21
11.30
11.40
11.49
11.59
11.69
11.79
11.89
12.00
12.10
12.21
12.31
12.43
12.54

Vapor

Thermal Cond.
(mW/mK)

11.10
10.96
10.81
10.66
10.51
10.37
10.22
10.08
9.93
9.79
9.64
9.50
9.35
9.21
9.06
8.92
8.78
8.64
8.50
8.36
8.22
8.08
7.94
7.80
7.66
7.52
7.38
7.25
7.11
6.98
6.84
6.71
6.57

Surface
tension
(mN/m)

4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
11.00
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
18.00
19.00
20.00
21.00
22.00
23.00
24.00
25.00
26.00
27.00
28.00
29.00
30.00
31.00
32.00
33.00
34.00
35.00
36.00

( C)

Temp.

D - 25

Vapor

0.0164
0.0159
0.0155
0.0151
0.0147
0.0143
0.0140
0.0136
0.0133
0.0129
0.0126
0.0123
0.0119
0.0116
0.0113
0.0110
0.0108
0.0105
0.0102
0.0100
0.0097
0.0094
0.0092
0.0090
0.0084
0.0079
0.0074
0.0069
0.0064
0.0060
0.0055
0.0051
0.0047

Liquid

1141.6
1137.3
1132.9
1128.5
1124.1
1119.6
1115.1
1110.6
1106.0
1101.4
1096.7
1091.9
1087.1
1082.3
1077.4
1072.4
1067.4
1062.3
1057.2
1052.0
1046.7
1041.3
1035.9
1030.4
1015.9
1001.4
985.6
969.7
952.1
934.4
914.1
893.7
869.3

(m /kg)

Volume

(kg/m )

Density

b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

1.4247
1.4601
1.4969
1.5336
1.5717
1.6098
1.6493
1.6887
1.7296
1.7704
1.8128
1.8551
1.8989
1.9427
1.9880
2.0333
2.0802
2.1270
2.1755
2.2239
2.2740
2.3240
2.3758
2.4275
2.5644
2.7012
2.8493
2.9974
3.1576
3.3177
3.4908
3.6638
3.8508

37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
50.00
51.00
52.00
53.00
54.00
55.00
56.00
57.00
58.00
59.00
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
82.50

Note :

Pres.
(MPa)

Temp.
o
( C)

245.69
247.00
248.33
249.65
250.99
252.32
253.67
255.01
256.37
257.73
259.10
260.47
261.86
263.25
264.65
266.05
267.47
268.89
270.33
271.76
273.21
274.66
276.14
277.61
281.40
285.18
289.14
293.10
297.28
301.46
305.95
310.44
315.41

Liquid
415.73
415.91
416.08
416.25
416.40
416.55
416.69
416.83
416.95
417.07
417.17
417.27
417.36
417.44
417.50
417.56
417.60
417.63
417.65
417.66
417.65
417.63
417.59
417.55
417.31
417.06
416.58
416.09
415.29
414.49
413.25
412.01
410.10

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Vapor
1.7023
1.7010
1.6998
1.6985
1.6972
1.6959
1.6946
1.6933
1.6920
1.6906
1.6893
1.6879
1.6866
1.6852
1.6838
1.6824
1.6810
1.6795
1.6781
1.6766
1.6751
1.6736
1.6721
1.6705
1.6664
1.6622
1.6576
1.6529
1.6477
1.6424
1.6362
1.6299
1.6221

1.320
1.326
1.333
1.339
1.346
1.353
1.361
1.368
1.376
1.384
1.393
1.401
1.410
1.419
1.429
1.439
1.450
1.461
1.473
1.485
1.498
1.511
1.525
1.539
1.583
1.626
1.685
1.743
1.828
1.913
2.047
2.181
2.432

Liquid
0.967
0.976
0.986
0.995
1.005
1.015
1.026
1.037
1.049
1.061
1.074
1.086
1.100
1.113
1.128
1.142
1.158
1.173
1.191
1.208
1.227
1.246
1.267
1.287
1.350
1.413
1.499
1.584
1.708
1.832
2.032
2.231
2.608

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

1.456
1.463
1.472
1.480
1.489
1.498
1.508
1.517
1.528
1.538
1.550
1.561
1.574
1.586
1.600
1.614
1.629
1.644
1.661
1.677
1.696
1.714
1.735
1.755
1.818
1.881
1.969
2.056
2.186
2.315
2.525
2.735
3.134

Vapor

cp/cv

483
478
473
468
463
458
453
448
443
437
432
427
422
417
412
407
402
396
391
386
381
375
370
364
351
337
323
309
295
280
265
249
232

Liquid
157.3
157.0
156.7
156.4
156.1
155.7
155.4
155.0
154.6
154.2
153.8
153.4
153.0
152.6
152.2
151.7
151.3
150.8
150.3
149.8
149.3
148.8
148.3
147.7
146.3
144.9
143.3
141.7
139.9
138.1
136.2
134.2
132.0

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

Table D.28: R-22 Thermophysical properties

1.1541
1.1582
1.1624
1.1665
1.1706
1.1747
1.1789
1.1830
1.1872
1.1913
1.1955
1.1997
1.2039
1.2080
1.2122
1.2164
1.2206
1.2248
1.2291
1.2333
1.2376
1.2418
1.2461
1.2504
1.2613
1.2722
1.2834
1.2945
1.3061
1.3177
1.3300
1.3423
1.3557

Liquid

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

144.4
142.7
141.1
139.4
137.8
136.1
134.5
132.8
131.2
129.5
127.9
126.3
124.7
123.1
121.6
120.0
118.5
116.9
115.4
113.8
112.3
110.7
109.2
107.6
103.8
100.0
96.2
92.4
88.5
84.6
80.6
76.6
72.4

Liquid
13.34
13.40
13.46
13.52
13.58
13.64
13.71
13.77
13.84
13.90
13.97
14.04
14.11
14.18
14.25
14.32
14.40
14.47
14.55
14.63
14.72
14.80
14.89
14.98
15.22
15.46
15.74
16.02
16.36
16.70
17.13
17.55
18.13

Vapor

Viscosity (mPas)

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R22 Thermophysical Properties.

78.3
77.8
77.4
76.9
76.5
76.0
75.6
75.1
74.6
74.1
73.7
73.2
72.8
72.3
71.9
71.4
70.9
70.4
70.0
69.5
69.1
68.6
68.1
67.6
66.5
65.3
64.1
62.9
61.8
60.6
59.6
58.6
58.0

Liquid
12.66
12.77
12.90
13.02
13.15
13.28
13.42
13.55
13.69
13.83
13.98
14.13
14.29
14.45
14.62
14.78
14.96
15.14
15.33
15.52
15.72
15.92
16.14
16.36
16.99
17.61
18.39
19.16
20.16
21.16
22.52
23.87
25.85

Vapor

Thermal Cond.
(mW/mK)

6.44
6.30
6.17
6.04
5.88
5.72
5.62
5.51
5.38
5.25
5.13
5.00
4.87
4.74
4.62
4.49
4.37
4.24
4.12
4.00
3.88
3.75
3.63
3.51
3.22
2.92
2.64
2.36
2.09
1.82
1.56
1.30
1.07

Surface
tension
(mN/m)

37.00
38.00
39.00
40.00
41.00
42.00
43.00
44.00
45.00
46.00
47.00
48.00
49.00
50.00
51.00
52.00
53.00
54.00
55.00
56.00
57.00
58.00
59.00
60.00
62.50
65.00
67.50
70.00
72.50
75.00
77.50
80.00
82.50

Temp.
(oC)

D - 26

Vapor

0.0043
0.0040
0.0036
0.0031
0.0026
0.0022
0.0019

Liquid

844.8
812.5
780.1
721.5
662.9
590.3
523.8

(m /kg)

Volume

(kg/m )

Density

b = Normal boiling point.

c = critical point.

4.0378
4.2401
4.4423
4.6624
4.8824
4.9385
4.9900

85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
95.00
95.60
96.15

Note :

Pres.
(MPa)

Temp.
(oC)

320.38
326.24
332.09
340.83
349.56
358.61
366.90

Liquid
408.19
405.03
401.87
394.58
387.28
376.65
366.90

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Vapor
1.6142
1.6032
1.5922
1.5704
1.5486
1.5194
1.4927

2.984
3.980
4.975
15.133
25.290

Vapor

2.682
3.332
3.981
10.646
17.310

Liquid

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

3.532
4.579
5.626
16.028
26.430

Vapor

cp/cv

215
196
177
153
128
61
0

Liquid
129.7
127.2
124.6
121.3
118.0
56.43
0.0

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

Table D.29: R-22 Thermophysical properties

1.3690
1.3846
1.4001
1.4232
1.4462
1.4705
1.4927

Liquid

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

NIL

68.1
63.2
58.3
51.4
44.4

Liquid

NIL

18.71
19.60
20.48
22.62
24.76

Vapor

Viscosity (mPas)

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R22 Thermophysical Properties.

57.4
58.4
59.3
71.4
83.5

Liquid

27.82
31.19
34.55
46.85
59.15

Vapor

Thermal Cond.
(mW/mK)

0.83
0.62
0.40
0.23
0.05
0.02
0.00

Surface
tension
(mN/m)

85.00
87.50
90.00
92.50
95.00
95.60
96.15 c

Temp.
(oC)

Figure D.5 : R-22 p-h diagram

D - 27

S uva 407C R E F R IG E R A NT

V E L OC IT Y IN L INE S (65F E vap. Outlet)

Figure D.6 : R-407C refrigerant velocity chart

D - 28

S uva 407C R E F R IG E R A NT

P R E S S UR E DR OP IN L INE S (65F E vap. Outlet)

Figure D.7 : R-407C refrigerant pressure drop chart

D - 29

D - 30

Note :

0.01000
0.01500
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.10100
0.10132
0.11000
0.12000
0.13000
0.14000
0.15000
0.16000
0.17000
0.18000
0.19000
0.20000
0.21000
0.22000
0.23000
0.24000
0.25000
0.26000
0.27000
0.28000
0.29000
0.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

Dew

-74.95
-70.05
-65.14
-59.60
-54.06
-50.47
-46.88
-44.15
-41.42
-39.20
-36.97
-36.77
-36.70
-35.06
-33.18
-31.52
-29.85
-28.37
-26.89
-25.55
-24.20
-22.97
-21.73
-20.59
-19.45
-18.39
-17.33
-16.34
-15.34
-14.40
-13.46
-12.58
-11.69

1496.9
1482.7
1468.5
1452.1
1435.6
1424.7
1413.8
1405.5
1397.1
1390.2
1383.2
1382.5
1382.3
1377.1
1371.2
1365.9
1360.6
1355.9
1351.1
1346.7
1342.3
1338.3
1334.2
1330.5
1326.7
1323.2
1319.6
1316.3
1312.9
1309.7
1306.5
1303.5
1300.5

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

-82.79
-77.79
-72.79
-67.14
-61.48
-57.82
-54.16
-51.38
-48.59
-46.32
-44.04
-43.84
-43.77
-42.10
-40.17
-38.48
-36.78
-35.27
-33.75
-32.38
-31.00
-29.74
-28.48
-27.32
-26.15
-25.07
-23.98
-22.97
-21.95
-20.99
-20.03
-19.13
-18.22

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

91.30
97.56
103.81
110.96
118.11
122.80
127.48
131.06
134.64
137.59
140.53
140.80
140.89
143.07
145.58
147.81
150.03
152.03
154.02
155.84
157.65
159.33
161.00
162.56
164.11
165.57
167.02
168.39
169.75
171.05
172.34
173.57
174.80

Liquid
365.97
369.00
372.02
375.43
378.83
381.02
383.20
384.84
386.48
387.81
389.13
389.25
389.29
390.25
391.35
392.32
393.28
394.14
394.99
395.75
396.51
397.21
397.90
398.53
399.16
399.75
400.33
400.87
401.41
401.92
402.42
402.89
403.36

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

0.5293
0.5614
0.5934
0.6281
0.6627
0.6844
0.7061
0.7223
0.7384
0.7514
0.7643
0.7654
0.7658
0.7752
0.7861
0.7956
0.8050
0.8134
0.8217
0.8292
0.8367
0.8436
0.8504
0.8567
0.8630
0.8688
0.8746
0.8801
0.8855
0.8906
0.8957
0.9005
0.9053

Liquid
1.9442
1.9260
1.9078
1.8909
1.8739
1.8646
1.8553
1.8490
1.8427
1.8380
1.8333
1.8329
1.8328
1.8295
1.8258
1.8227
1.8196
1.8170
1.8143
1.8121
1.8098
1.8078
1.8058
1.8040
1.8022
1.8006
1.7989
1.7975
1.7960
1.7947
1.7933
1.7921
1.7908

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.245
1.251
1.257
1.264
1.271
1.277
1.282
1.287
1.291
1.295
1.298
1.299
1.299
1.302
1.305
1.309
1.312
1.315
1.318
1.321
1.324
1.327
1.329
1.332
1.335
1.338
1.340
1.343
1.345
1.347
1.349
1.352
1.354

Liquid
0.662
0.674
0.685
0.700
0.714
0.724
0.734
0.743
0.751
0.758
0.765
0.766
0.766
0.772
0.778
0.784
0.790
0.796
0.801
0.806
0.811
0.816
0.821
0.826
0.830
0.835
0.839
0.843
0.847
0.851
0.855
0.859
0.863

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.30: R-407C Thermophysical properties

1.8970
1.4439
0.9907
0.7542
0.5176
0.43575
0.3539
0.31200
0.2701
0.24455
0.2190
0.2170
0.2163
0.2015
0.1844
0.1719
0.1594
0.1500
0.1405
0.1331
0.1256
0.1197
0.1137
0.1088
0.1038
0.09966
0.09552
0.09200
0.08847
0.08544
0.08240
0.07976
0.07712

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R407C Thermophysical Properties.

1.180
1.180
1.179
1.180
1.180
1.181
1.182
1.183
1.184
1.186
1.187
1.187
1.187
1.188
1.189
1.191
1.192
1.194
1.195
1.196
1.197
1.199
1.200
1.202
1.203
1.205
1.206
1.207
1.208
1.210
1.211
1.213
1.214

Vapor

cp/cv

1025
997
968
938
908
889
869
855
841
830
818
816
816
808
798
790
781
774
766
759
752
746
740
734
728
723
717
712
707
702
697
693
688

Liquid
149.1
150.5
151.9
153.3
154.6
155.4
156.2
156.7
157.2
157.6
157.9
157.9
157.9
158.1
158.4
158.6
158.8
159.0
159.1
159.3
159.4
159.5
159.5
159.6
159.7
159.8
159.8
159.8
159.8
159.9
159.9
159.9
159.9

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.01000
0.01500
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.10100
0.10132 b
0.11000
0.12000
0.13000
0.14000
0.15000
0.16000
0.17000
0.18000
0.19000
0.20000
0.21000
0.22000
0.23000
0.24000
0.25000
0.26000
0.27000
0.28000
0.29000
0.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 31

Note :

0.31000
0.32000
0.33000
0.34000
0.35000
0.36000
0.37000
0.38000
0.39000
0.40000
0.41000
0.42000
0.43000
0.44000
0.45000
0.46000
0.47000
0.48000
0.49000
0.50000
0.52500
0.55000
0.57500
0.60000
0.62500
0.65000
0.67500
0.70000
0.72500
0.75000
0.77500
0.80000
0.82500

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

Dew

-10.85
-10.00
-9.20
-8.39
-7.63
-6.86
-6.13
-5.39
-4.69
-3.98
-3.30
-2.62
-1.97
-1.31
-0.68
-0.04
0.57
1.18
1.77
2.36
3.77
5.18
6.49
7.80
9.03
10.26
11.42
12.58
13.68
14.78
15.83
16.87
17.87

1297.6
1294.7
1291.9
1289.1
1286.5
1283.8
1281.2
1278.6
1276.1
1273.6
1271.2
1268.7
1266.4
1264.0
1261.8
1259.5
1257.3
1255.0
1252.9
1250.7
1245.5
1240.3
1235.4
1230.4
1225.7
1221.0
1216.5
1212.0
1207.7
1203.4
1199.2
1195.0
1191.0

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

-17.36
-16.49
-15.67
-14.85
-14.07
-13.28
-12.53
-11.78
-11.06
-10.33
-9.64
-8.94
-8.27
-7.60
-6.95
-6.30
-5.68
-5.05
-4.45
-3.84
-2.40
-0.95
0.39
1.74
3.00
4.26
5.45
6.64
7.77
8.90
9.98
11.05
12.08

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

175.97
177.14
178.26
179.38
180.46
181.53
182.56
183.59
184.59
185.58
186.54
187.50
188.43
189.36
190.26
191.16
192.04
192.91
193.76
194.61
196.63
198.65
200.56
202.46
204.26
206.05
207.76
209.47
211.10
212.72
214.28
215.84
217.34

Liquid
403.81
404.25
404.67
405.09
405.49
405.88
406.26
406.63
406.99
407.34
407.68
408.02
408.35
408.67
408.98
409.29
409.59
409.88
410.17
410.45
411.11
411.77
412.37
412.97
413.52
414.07
414.57
415.07
415.54
416.00
416.43
416.85
417.25

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

0.9099
0.9144
0.9188
0.9231
0.9272
0.9313
0.9353
0.9392
0.9430
0.9467
0.9503
0.9539
0.9574
0.9609
0.9643
0.9676
0.9709
0.9741
0.9772
0.9803
0.9877
0.9951
1.0020
1.0089
1.0153
1.0217
1.0278
1.0339
1.0396
1.0453
1.0508
1.0562
1.0614

Liquid
1.7897
1.7885
1.7874
1.7863
1.7853
1.7843
1.7834
1.7824
1.7815
1.7806
1.7798
1.7789
1.7781
1.7772
1.7765
1.7757
1.7750
1.7742
1.7735
1.7728
1.7712
1.7695
1.7680
1.7665
1.7651
1.7637
1.7624
1.7611
1.7599
1.7587
1.7576
1.7564
1.7553

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.357
1.359
1.361
1.363
1.366
1.368
1.370
1.372
1.374
1.376
1.378
1.380
1.383
1.385
1.387
1.389
1.391
1.393
1.395
1.397
1.402
1.407
1.412
1.416
1.421
1.426
1.431
1.436
1.441
1.445
1.450
1.455
1.460

Liquid
0.867
0.871
0.875
0.879
0.883
0.886
0.890
0.893
0.897
0.900
0.904
0.907
0.911
0.914
0.918
0.921
0.925
0.928
0.931
0.934
0.942
0.950
0.958
0.966
0.974
0.981
0.989
0.997
1.005
1.012
1.020
1.027
1.035

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.31: R-407C Thermophysical properties

0.0748
0.0725
0.0704
0.0684
0.0665
0.06467
0.0630
0.06137
0.0599
0.05838
0.0570
0.0557
0.0544
0.0532
0.0521
0.0509
0.0499
0.0489
0.0479
0.0469
0.0448
0.0427
0.0410
0.0392
0.0377
0.03618
0.03489
0.03359
0.03246
0.03133
0.03034
0.02934
0.02846

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R407C Thermophysical Properties.

1.216
1.217
1.219
1.220
1.221
1.222
1.224
1.225
1.227
1.228
1.230
1.231
1.233
1.234
1.236
1.237
1.239
1.240
1.241
1.242
1.246
1.250
1.254
1.257
1.261
1.265
1.269
1.273
1.277
1.280
1.284
1.288
1.293

Vapor

cp/cv

684
680
676
672
668
664
660
656
653
649
646
642
639
636
633
629
626
623
620
617
610
603
596
589
583
577
571
565
559
553
548
543
538

Liquid
159.9
159.9
159.9
159.9
159.9
159.8
159.8
159.8
159.8
159.7
159.7
159.6
159.6
159.5
159.5
159.4
159.4
159.3
159.3
159.2
159.1
158.9
158.8
158.6
158.4
158.2
158.0
157.8
157.6
157.4
157.2
157.0
156.8

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.31000
0.32000
0.33000
0.34000
0.35000
0.36000
0.37000
0.38000
0.39000
0.40000
0.41000
0.42000
0.43000
0.44000
0.45000
0.46000
0.47000
0.48000
0.49000
0.50000
0.52500
0.55000
0.57500
0.60000
0.62500
0.65000
0.67500
0.70000
0.72500
0.75000
0.77500
0.80000
0.82500

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 32

Note :

0.85000
0.87500
0.90000
0.92500
0.95000
0.97500
1.00000
1.05000
1.10000
1.15000
1.20000
1.25000
1.30000
1.35000
1.40000
1.45000
1.50000
1.55000
1.60000
1.65000
1.70000
1.75000
1.80000
1.85000
1.90000
1.95000
2.00000
2.05000
2.10000
2.15000
2.20000
2.25000
2.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)
Dew
18.86
19.82
20.77
21.68
22.59
23.47
24.35
26.01
27.67
29.22
30.77
32.22
33.67
35.04
36.41
37.71
39.01
40.24
41.47
42.65
43.82
44.95
46.07
47.15
48.22
49.26
50.29
51.28
52.27
53.23
54.19
55.12
56.04

1187.0
1183.1
1179.1
1175.3
1171.5
1167.8
1164.1
1157.0
1149.8
1142.9
1136.0
1129.4
1122.8
1116.4
1109.9
1103.7
1097.4
1091.3
1085.2
1079.2
1073.2
1067.3
1061.4
1055.6
1049.8
1044.1
1038.3
1032.6
1026.9
1021.3
1015.6
1010.0
1004.3

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

13.10
14.08
15.06
16.00
16.94
17.85
18.75
20.46
22.17
23.77
25.37
26.87
28.37
29.79
31.21
32.56
33.90
35.18
36.46
37.68
38.90
40.07
41.24
42.37
43.49
44.57
45.65
46.69
47.73
48.73
49.73
50.70
51.67

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

218.83
220.27
221.71
223.10
224.49
225.84
227.18
229.75
232.31
234.74
237.16
239.47
241.77
243.97
246.17
248.29
250.40
252.43
254.46
256.43
258.39
260.29
262.19
264.04
265.89
267.69
269.48
271.24
272.99
274.71
276.42
278.10
279.78

Liquid
417.65
418.02
418.38
418.72
419.06
419.38
419.69
420.26
420.83
421.32
421.81
422.24
422.66
423.02
423.38
423.69
424.00
424.27
424.53
424.75
424.96
425.13
425.30
425.43
425.56
425.66
425.75
425.81
425.87
425.89
425.91
425.90
425.88

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1.0665
1.0715
1.0764
1.0811
1.0858
1.0904
1.0949
1.1035
1.1121
1.1201
1.1281
1.1357
1.1432
1.1504
1.1575
1.1643
1.1710
1.1775
1.1839
1.1901
1.1962
1.2022
1.2081
1.2138
1.2195
1.2250
1.2305
1.2358
1.2411
1.2463
1.2515
1.2566
1.2616

Liquid
1.7542
1.7532
1.7522
1.7512
1.7502
1.7493
1.7483
1.7465
1.7446
1.7429
1.7412
1.7396
1.7380
1.7364
1.7348
1.7333
1.7318
1.7303
1.7288
1.7273
1.7258
1.7244
1.7229
1.7215
1.7200
1.7186
1.7172
1.7157
1.7142
1.7128
1.7113
1.7099
1.7084

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.464
1.469
1.474
1.479
1.483
1.488
1.493
1.503
1.512
1.522
1.532
1.542
1.552
1.563
1.573
1.584
1.594
1.605
1.616
1.628
1.639
1.652
1.664
1.677
1.689
1.703
1.716
1.730
1.744
1.759
1.774
1.790
1.805

Liquid
1.042
1.049
1.056
1.064
1.071
1.079
1.086
1.101
1.116
1.132
1.147
1.163
1.178
1.194
1.210
1.227
1.243
1.260
1.277
1.295
1.313
1.332
1.350
1.370
1.389
1.410
1.431
1.453
1.475
1.499
1.522
1.547
1.572

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.32: R-407C Thermophysical properties

0.0276
0.0268
0.0260
0.0253
0.0246
0.02397
0.0233
0.02222
0.0211
0.02018
0.0193
0.0185
0.0177
0.0170
0.0163
0.0157
0.0151
0.0146
0.0141
0.0136
0.0131
0.0127
0.0123
0.0119
0.0116
0.01121
0.01087
0.01056
0.01025
0.00997
0.00969
0.00943
0.00917

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R407C Thermophysical Properties.

1.297
1.301
1.305
1.310
1.314
1.318
1.322
1.331
1.340
1.350
1.359
1.369
1.379
1.390
1.400
1.412
1.423
1.435
1.447
1.460
1.472
1.486
1.499
1.514
1.528
1.544
1.559
1.576
1.592
1.610
1.628
1.647
1.666

Vapor

cp/cv

532
527
522
518
513
509
504
496
487
479
470
463
455
448
440
434
427
420
413
407
401
395
389
383
377
371
365
360
354
349
344
339
333

Liquid
156.5
156.3
156.1
155.9
155.6
155.4
155.1
154.6
154.1
153.6
153.1
152.6
152.0
151.5
151.0
150.5
149.9
149.3
148.7
148.2
147.6
147.1
146.5
145.9
145.3
144.7
144.1
143.6
143.0
142.4
141.8
141.2
140.6

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.85000
0.87500
0.90000
0.92500
0.95000
0.97500
1.00000
1.05000
1.10000
1.15000
1.20000
1.25000
1.30000
1.35000
1.40000
1.45000
1.50000
1.55000
1.60000
1.65000
1.70000
1.75000
1.80000
1.85000
1.90000
1.95000
2.00000
2.05000
2.10000
2.15000
2.20000
2.25000
2.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 33

Note :

2.35000
2.40000
2.45000
2.50000
2.55000
2.60000
2.65000
2.70000
2.75000
2.80000
2.85000
2.90000
2.95000
3.00000
3.10000
3.20000
3.30000
3.40000
3.50000
3.60000
3.70000
3.80000
3.90000
4.00000
4.10000
4.20000
4.30000
4.40000
4.50000
4.65280

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)
Dew
56.93
57.82
58.68
59.54
60.38
61.22
62.03
62.83
63.62
64.41
65.17
65.93
66.67
67.41
68.83
70.25
71.60
72.94
74.22
75.49
76.70
77.91
79.05
80.19
81.26
82.33
83.32
84.30
85.00
86.08

998.7
993.0
987.4
981.8
976.2
970.5
964.9
959.2
953.5
947.8
942.1
936.3
930.5
924.7
912.8
900.9
888.5
876.0
862.8
849.6
835.3
821.0
805.1
789.1
770.3
751.5
726.8
702.1
624.5
506.0

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

52.61
53.55
54.46
55.37
56.26
57.14
58.00
58.86
59.70
60.53
61.35
62.16
62.95
63.74
65.27
66.80
68.26
69.71
71.11
72.50
73.84
75.18
76.47
77.75
79.00
80.24
81.46
82.67
84.02
86.08

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

281.43
283.08
284.70
286.32
287.92
289.51
291.09
292.66
294.22
295.77
297.31
298.85
300.38
301.91
304.94
307.97
310.99
314.01
317.06
320.10
323.21
326.32
329.57
332.81
336.34
339.86
344.02
348.17
358.99
375.52

Liquid
425.84
425.79
425.71
425.62
425.51
425.39
425.24
425.09
424.91
424.72
424.50
424.28
424.02
423.76
423.12
422.48
421.67
420.85
419.82
418.79
417.50
416.20
414.55
412.89
410.66
408.43
405.09
401.74
391.37
375.52

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1.2665
1.2714
1.2762
1.2810
1.2857
1.2903
1.2949
1.2995
1.3041
1.3086
1.3131
1.3175
1.3219
1.3262
1.3349
1.3435
1.3520
1.3605
1.3690
1.3775
1.3862
1.3948
1.4037
1.4126
1.4223
1.4319
1.4433
1.4546
1.4843
1.5298

Liquid
1.7069
1.7054
1.7039
1.7023
1.7008
1.6992
1.6977
1.6961
1.6945
1.6928
1.6911
1.6894
1.6877
1.6860
1.6824
1.6787
1.6747
1.6707
1.6663
1.6618
1.6568
1.6518
1.6459
1.6400
1.6327
1.6254
1.6151
1.6048
1.5751
1.5298

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.599
1.625
1.654
1.683
1.715
1.746
1.781
1.815
1.853
1.890
1.932
1.973
2.019
2.065
2.174
2.283
2.424
2.565
2.755
2.945
3.218
3.490
3.916
4.342
5.108
5.874
7.686
9.498

Vapor

1.823
1.840
1.858
1.876
1.896
1.916
1.938
1.959
1.983
2.006
2.032
2.058
2.087
2.115
2.183
2.251
2.339
2.427
2.546
2.665
2.837
3.009
3.283
3.556
4.063
4.570
5.847
7.125

Liquid

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.33: R-407C Thermophysical properties

0.0089
0.0087
0.0085
0.0083
0.0080
0.00783
0.0076
0.00745
0.0073
0.00709
0.0069
0.0068
0.0066
0.0064
0.0061
0.0059
0.0056
0.0053
0.0051
0.0048
0.0046
0.0044
0.0042
0.0039
0.0037
0.00350
0.00327
0.00303
0.00261
0.00198

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R407C Thermophysical Properties.

1.688
1.709
1.732
1.755
1.780
1.805
1.833
1.860
1.891
1.921
1.955
1.988
2.026
2.064
2.154
2.244
2.362
2.479
2.639
2.798
3.027
3.256
3.614
3.972
4.616
5.259
6.772
8.286

Vapor

cp/cv

328
323
318
313
308
303
298
293
289
284
279
274
270
265
256
246
237
228
219
210
201
191
182
173
164
154
144
134
81
0

Liquid
140.0
139.4
138.8
138.2
137.6
136.9
136.3
135.7
135.1
134.5
133.9
133.2
132.6
132.0
130.7
129.4
128.1
126.8
125.5
124.1
122.7
121.3
119.9
118.4
116.9
115.3
113.5
111.7
67.5
0.0

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

2.35000
2.40000
2.45000
2.50000
2.55000
2.60000
2.65000
2.70000
2.75000
2.80000
2.85000
2.90000
2.95000
3.00000
3.10000
3.20000
3.30000
3.40000
3.50000
3.60000
3.70000
3.80000
3.90000
4.00000
4.10000
4.20000
4.30000
4.40000
4.50000
4.6528 c

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

Figure D.8 : R407C p-h diagram

D - 34

D - 35

Note :

0.01000
0.01500
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.10100
0.10132
0.11000
0.12000
0.13000
0.14000
0.15000
0.16000
0.17000
0.18000
0.19000
0.20000
0.21000
0.22000
0.23000
0.24000
0.25000
0.26000
0.27000
0.28000
0.29000
0.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

Dew

-88.49
-83.75
-79.00
-73.64
-68.28
-64.81
-61.34
-58.71
-56.07
-53.92
-51.76
-51.56
-51.50
-49.92
-48.10
-46.50
-44.89
-43.46
-42.02
-40.73
-39.43
-38.24
-37.05
-35.95
-34.85
-33.83
-32.80
-31.84
-30.88
-29.98
-29.07
-28.22
-27.36

1462.6
1448.8
1435.0
1419.0
1403.0
1392.5
1381.9
1373.8
1365.6
1358.9
1352.1
1351.5
1351.3
1346.3
1340.5
1335.4
1330.3
1325.7
1321.0
1316.8
1312.5
1308.6
1304.7
1301.1
1297.4
1294.0
1290.5
1287.3
1284.1
1281.0
1277.9
1275.0
1272.1

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

-88.54
-83.80
-79.05
-73.69
-68.33
-64.86
-61.39
-58.76
-56.12
-53.97
-51.82
-51.62
-51.56
-49.98
-48.16
-46.56
-44.95
-43.52
-42.09
-40.80
-39.50
-38.31
-37.12
-36.02
-34.92
-33.90
-32.87
-31.91
-30.95
-30.05
-29.15
-28.30
-27.44

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

77.49
83.74
89.99
97.10
104.21
108.85
113.49
117.04
120.58
123.49
126.40
126.67
126.75
128.90
131.38
133.57
135.75
137.72
139.68
141.47
143.25
144.90
146.54
148.07
149.59
151.02
152.44
153.79
155.13
156.40
157.66
158.87
160.07

Liquid
377.55
380.40
383.24
386.40
389.55
391.55
393.54
395.02
396.50
397.69
398.87
398.98
399.01
399.86
400.84
401.69
402.54
403.29
404.03
404.70
405.36
405.95
406.54
407.09
407.64
408.14
408.64
409.10
409.56
409.99
410.41
410.81
411.20

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

0.4628
0.4958
0.5288
0.5644
0.6000
0.6223
0.6445
0.6610
0.6775
0.6908
0.7040
0.7052
0.7056
0.7152
0.7262
0.7359
0.7455
0.7540
0.7625
0.7702
0.7778
0.7848
0.7918
0.7982
0.8046
0.8105
0.8164
0.8220
0.8275
0.8327
0.8378
0.8427
0.8476

Liquid
2.0880
2.0637
2.0394
2.0162
1.9930
1.9799
1.9668
1.9578
1.9487
1.9418
1.9349
1.9343
1.9341
1.9293
1.9238
1.9192
1.9145
1.9105
1.9065
1.9030
1.8995
1.8964
1.8932
1.8904
1.8876
1.8851
1.8825
1.8802
1.8778
1.8757
1.8735
1.8715
1.8695

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.311
1.316
1.321
1.327
1.332
1.336
1.340
1.344
1.348
1.351
1.354
1.355
1.355
1.357
1.360
1.363
1.366
1.369
1.372
1.375
1.377
1.380
1.383
1.386
1.388
1.391
1.393
1.395
1.397
1.400
1.402
1.405
1.407

Liquid
0.652
0.662
0.672
0.685
0.697
0.707
0.716
0.724
0.732
0.739
0.745
0.746
0.746
0.752
0.758
0.764
0.769
0.775
0.780
0.785
0.790
0.795
0.799
0.804
0.808
0.813
0.817
0.822
0.826
0.830
0.834
0.838
0.842

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.34: R-410A Thermophysical properties

2.0988
1.5983
1.0977
0.8360
0.57430
0.48366
0.39302
0.34659
0.30016
0.27180
0.24343
0.24116
0.24044
0.22400
0.20506
0.19120
0.17733
0.16682
0.15631
0.14806
0.13981
0.13316
0.12651
0.12103
0.11555
0.11095
0.10635
0.10244
0.09852
0.09515
0.09177
0.08883
0.08589

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R410A Thermophysical Properties.

1.225
1.225
1.225
1.226
1.227
1.229
1.230
1.232
1.233
1.235
1.236
1.236
1.236
1.238
1.240
1.242
1.243
1.245
1.246
1.248
1.250
1.252
1.253
1.255
1.257
1.259
1.260
1.262
1.264
1.266
1.267
1.269
1.271

Vapor

cp/cv

1102
1070
1038
1006
973
953
933
918
903
891
878
877
877
868
858
849
840
832
824
817
810
804
797
791
785
780
774
769
763
758
753
749
744

Liquid
159.7
161.3
162.9
164.5
166.0
166.9
167.8
168.4
169.0
169.4
169.8
169.9
169.9
170.2
170.5
170.8
171.0
171.2
171.4
171.6
171.7
171.8
171.9
172.0
172.1
172.2
172.2
172.3
172.4
172.4
172.4
172.5
172.5

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.01000
0.01500
0.02000
0.03000
0.04000
0.05000
0.06000
0.07000
0.08000
0.09000
0.10000
0.10100
0.10132 b
0.11000
0.12000
0.13000
0.14000
0.15000
0.16000
0.17000
0.18000
0.19000
0.20000
0.21000
0.22000
0.23000
0.24000
0.25000
0.26000
0.27000
0.28000
0.29000
0.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 36

Note :

0.31000
0.32000
0.33000
0.34000
0.35000
0.36000
0.37000
0.38000
0.39000
0.40000
0.41000
0.42000
0.43000
0.44000
0.45000
0.46000
0.47000
0.48000
0.49000
0.50000
0.52500
0.55000
0.57500
0.60000
0.62500
0.65000
0.67500
0.70000
0.72500
0.75000
0.77500
0.80000
0.82500

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)
Dew
-26.55
-25.73
-24.96
-24.18
-23.44
-22.70
-22.00
-21.29
-20.61
-19.92
-19.27
-18.61
-17.98
-17.35
-16.74
-16.13
-15.54
-14.95
-14.38
-13.81
-12.46
-11.10
-9.84
-8.57
-7.39
-6.20
-5.08
-3.96
-2.90
-1.84
-0.84
0.17
1.13

1269.3
1266.5
1263.8
1261.1
1258.5
1255.9
1253.4
1250.9
1248.5
1246.1
1243.8
1241.4
1239.2
1236.9
1234.7
1232.5
1230.4
1228.2
1226.1
1224.0
1219.0
1214.0
1209.3
1204.5
1200.0
1195.5
1191.2
1186.9
1182.8
1178.6
1174.6
1170.6
1166.8

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

-26.63
-25.81
-25.04
-24.27
-23.53
-22.79
-22.08
-21.37
-20.69
-20.01
-19.36
-18.70
-18.07
-17.44
-16.83
-16.22
-15.63
-15.04
-14.47
-13.90
-12.55
-11.19
-9.93
-8.67
-7.49
-6.30
-5.18
-4.06
-3.00
-1.94
-0.94
0.07
1.03

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

161.22
162.36
163.46
164.55
165.60
166.65
167.66
168.67
169.65
170.62
171.56
172.49
173.40
174.31
175.19
176.07
176.92
177.77
178.60
179.43
181.40
183.37
185.23
187.08
188.83
190.58
192.24
193.90
195.49
197.07
198.59
200.10
201.56

Liquid
411.57
411.94
412.29
412.63
412.96
413.29
413.60
413.90
414.19
414.48
414.76
415.03
415.29
415.55
415.80
416.05
416.29
416.52
416.75
416.97
417.49
418.01
418.48
418.94
419.36
419.77
420.15
420.53
420.87
421.21
421.52
421.82
422.10

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

0.8522
0.8568
0.8612
0.8656
0.8698
0.8740
0.8780
0.8819
0.8858
0.8896
0.8933
0.8969
0.9005
0.9040
0.9074
0.9107
0.9140
0.9173
0.9205
0.9236
0.9311
0.9386
0.9456
0.9526
0.9591
0.9656
0.9717
0.9778
0.9836
0.9894
0.9949
1.0004
1.0056

Liquid
1.8676
1.8657
1.8640
1.8622
1.8606
1.8589
1.8574
1.8558
1.8543
1.8528
1.8514
1.8499
1.8486
1.8472
1.8460
1.8447
1.8435
1.8422
1.8410
1.8398
1.8370
1.8342
1.8317
1.8291
1.8267
1.8243
1.8221
1.8199
1.8178
1.8157
1.8137
1.8117
1.8099

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.409
1.411
1.414
1.416
1.418
1.420
1.422
1.424
1.427
1.429
1.431
1.433
1.435
1.437
1.439
1.441
1.443
1.445
1.448
1.450
1.455
1.460
1.465
1.470
1.475
1.480
1.485
1.490
1.495
1.500
1.505
1.509
1.514

Liquid
0.846
0.850
0.854
0.858
0.862
0.865
0.869
0.873
0.877
0.880
0.884
0.887
0.891
0.894
0.898
0.901
0.905
0.908
0.912
0.915
0.924
0.932
0.941
0.949
0.957
0.965
0.973
0.981
0.989
0.997
1.005
1.013
1.021

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.35: R-410A Thermophysical properties

0.0833
0.0807
0.0784
0.0761
0.07410
0.07205
0.07022
0.06838
0.06672
0.06506
0.06355
0.06204
0.06067
0.05929
0.05803
0.05677
0.05561
0.05445
0.05339
0.05232
0.04998
0.04763
0.04566
0.04369
0.04202
0.04035
0.03891
0.03746
0.03620
0.03494
0.03384
0.03273
0.03175

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R410A Thermophysical Properties.

1.273
1.274
1.276
1.277
1.279
1.281
1.283
1.284
1.286
1.288
1.290
1.291
1.293
1.295
1.297
1.298
1.300
1.302
1.304
1.306
1.310
1.314
1.319
1.324
1.329
1.333
1.338
1.342
1.347
1.352
1.357
1.361
1.366

Vapor

cp/cv

740
735
731
726
722
718
714
710
707
703
699
695
692
688
685
682
679
675
672
669
662
654
647
640
633
626
620
614
608
602
597
591
586

Liquid
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.5
172.4
172.4
172.3
172.3
172.3
172.3
172.2
172.1
171.9
171.8
171.7
171.5
171.3
171.2
171.0
170.9
170.7
170.5
170.3
170.1

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.31000
0.32000
0.33000
0.34000
0.35000
0.36000
0.37000
0.38000
0.39000
0.40000
0.41000
0.42000
0.43000
0.44000
0.45000
0.46000
0.47000
0.48000
0.49000
0.50000
0.52500
0.55000
0.57500
0.60000
0.62500
0.65000
0.67500
0.70000
0.72500
0.75000
0.77500
0.80000
0.82500

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 37

Note :

0.85000
0.87500
0.90000
0.92500
0.95000
0.97500
1.00000
1.05000
1.10000
1.15000
1.20000
1.25000
1.30000
1.35000
1.40000
1.45000
1.50000
1.55000
1.60000
1.65000
1.70000
1.75000
1.80000
1.85000
1.90000
1.95000
2.00000
2.05000
2.10000
2.15000
2.20000
2.25000
2.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)
2.09
3.01
3.93
4.81
5.69
6.54
7.38
8.98
10.58
12.08
13.57
14.98
16.38
17.70
19.02
20.28
21.53
22.72
23.91
25.05
26.18
27.27
28.35
29.39
30.43
31.43
32.43
33.40
34.36
35.29
36.21
37.11
38.00

Dew
1162.9
1159.2
1155.4
1151.8
1148.1
1144.6
1141.0
1134.2
1127.4
1120.9
1114.3
1108.0
1101.7
1095.6
1089.5
1083.6
1077.7
1071.9
1066.1
1060.5
1054.9
1049.4
1043.8
1038.4
1032.9
1027.5
1022.1
1016.8
1011.5
1006.3
1001.0
995.8
990.6

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

1.99
2.91
3.82
4.70
5.58
6.43
7.27
8.87
10.47
11.97
13.46
14.86
16.26
17.58
18.90
20.16
21.41
22.60
23.79
24.93
26.06
27.15
28.23
29.27
30.31
31.31
32.31
33.27
34.23
35.16
36.09
36.99
37.88

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

203.01
204.41
205.81
207.16
208.50
209.81
211.11
213.60
216.09
218.44
220.79
223.02
225.25
227.38
229.51
231.56
233.60
235.57
237.53
239.43
241.32
243.16
244.99
246.77
248.54
250.28
252.01
253.70
255.38
257.03
258.68
260.29
261.90

Liquid
422.38
422.64
422.89
423.12
423.35
423.56
423.77
424.13
424.49
424.79
425.08
425.31
425.54
425.72
425.90
426.03
426.16
426.25
426.34
426.39
426.43
426.44
426.45
426.43
426.40
426.34
426.27
426.18
426.08
425.96
425.83
425.67
425.51

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1.0108
1.0158
1.0208
1.0256
1.0303
1.0349
1.0395
1.0482
1.0568
1.0649
1.0730
1.0806
1.0882
1.0954
1.1026
1.1094
1.1162
1.1227
1.1291
1.1353
1.1415
1.1475
1.1534
1.1592
1.1649
1.1704
1.1759
1.1813
1.1866
1.1918
1.1970
1.2021
1.2071

Liquid
1.8080
1.8062
1.8044
1.8027
1.8010
1.7994
1.7977
1.7946
1.7915
1.7886
1.7857
1.7829
1.7801
1.7775
1.7749
1.7724
1.7698
1.7674
1.7649
1.7625
1.7601
1.7578
1.7554
1.7531
1.7508
1.7486
1.7463
1.7441
1.7419
1.7397
1.7374
1.7352
1.7330

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.519
1.524
1.529
1.534
1.539
1.544
1.549
1.559
1.569
1.580
1.590
1.601
1.611
1.622
1.633
1.645
1.656
1.668
1.679
1.691
1.703
1.716
1.729
1.742
1.755
1.769
1.783
1.798
1.812
1.828
1.843
1.860
1.876

Liquid
1.029
1.037
1.045
1.053
1.061
1.069
1.077
1.094
1.110
1.127
1.143
1.160
1.177
1.195
1.212
1.230
1.248
1.267
1.285
1.305
1.324
1.345
1.365
1.387
1.408
1.431
1.454
1.478
1.502
1.528
1.553
1.581
1.608

Vapor

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.36: R-410A Thermophysical properties

0.0308
0.0299
0.0290
0.0282
0.02745
0.02674
0.02603
0.02480
0.02356
0.02253
0.02149
0.02061
0.01973
0.01897
0.01820
0.01754
0.01688
0.01630
0.01571
0.01519
0.01467
0.01421
0.01375
0.01333
0.01291
0.01254
0.01216
0.01182
0.01147
0.01116
0.01085
0.01056
0.01027

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R410A Thermophysical Properties.

1.371
1.376
1.381
1.387
1.392
1.397
1.402
1.413
1.424
1.436
1.447
1.459
1.471
1.484
1.496
1.510
1.523
1.537
1.551
1.566
1.581
1.597
1.613
1.630
1.646
1.665
1.683
1.703
1.722
1.743
1.763
1.786
1.808

Vapor

cp/cv

580
575
569
564
559
555
550
541
532
524
515
507
499
491
483
476
469
462
455
449
442
436
429
423
417
411
405
400
394
389
383
378
372

Liquid
169.9
169.7
169.5
169.3
169.0
168.8
168.6
168.2
167.7
167.3
166.8
166.3
165.8
165.3
164.8
164.3
163.8
163.3
162.8
162.3
161.8
161.3
160.7
160.2
159.6
159.6
159.6
158.6
157.5
157.0
156.4
155.9
155.3

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

0.85000
0.87500
0.90000
0.92500
0.95000
0.97500
1.00000
1.05000
1.10000
1.15000
1.20000
1.25000
1.30000
1.35000
1.40000
1.45000
1.50000
1.55000
1.60000
1.65000
1.70000
1.75000
1.80000
1.85000
1.90000
1.95000
2.00000
2.05000
2.10000
2.15000
2.20000
2.25000
2.30000

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

D - 38

Note :

2.35000
2.40000
2.45000
2.50000
2.55000
2.60000
2.65000
2.70000
2.75000
2.80000
2.85000
2.90000
2.95000
3.00000
3.10000
3.20000
3.30000
3.40000
3.50000
3.60000
3.70000
3.80000
3.90000
4.00000
4.10000
4.20000
4.30000
4.40000
4.50000
4.85239

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)
Dew
38.87
39.73
40.57
41.41
42.23
43.04
43.83
44.61
45.38
46.14
46.89
47.63
48.36
49.08
50.48
51.87
53.19
54.51
55.77
57.03
58.24
59.44
60.59
61.73
62.83
63.92
64.97
66.01
66.94
70.22

985.4
980.2
975.0
969.8
964.7
959.5
954.4
949.2
944.0
938.8
933.6
928.4
923.2
918.0
907.4
896.7
885.8
874.9
863.6
852.2
840.3
828.3
815.4
802.5
788.2
773.8
757.1
740.3
697.7
547.5

Liquid

(kg/m )

Density

b = one standard atmosphere.

c = critical point.

38.75
39.62
40.46
41.29
42.11
42.92
43.71
44.50
45.27
46.03
46.78
47.52
48.25
48.98
50.38
51.77
53.10
54.42
55.69
56.95
58.16
59.36
60.51
61.66
62.76
63.86
64.91
65.96
66.90
70.22

Bubble

Temperature (oC)

263.48
265.06
266.62
268.17
269.70
271.22
272.73
274.23
275.71
277.19
278.66
280.13
281.58
283.03
285.90
288.77
291.61
294.45
297.29
300.12
302.99
305.85
308.79
311.72
314.79
317.85
321.17
324.49
331.13
354.53

Liquid
425.33
425.14
424.92
424.70
424.45
424.20
423.92
423.63
423.32
423.00
422.66
422.31
421.93
421.55
420.68
419.81
418.78
417.75
416.54
415.32
413.88
412.43
410.68
408.93
406.75
404.56
401.65
398.74
388.97
354.53

Vapor

Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1.2120
1.2169
1.2217
1.2264
1.2311
1.2358
1.2404
1.2450
1.2495
1.2539
1.2584
1.2628
1.2672
1.2715
1.2800
1.2885
1.2969
1.3052
1.3135
1.3218
1.3301
1.3384
1.3468
1.3552
1.3640
1.3727
1.3822
1.3916
1.4106
1.4775

Liquid
1.7308
1.7286
1.7264
1.7242
1.7220
1.7197
1.7175
1.7152
1.7130
1.7107
1.7084
1.7061
1.7038
1.7014
1.6966
1.6918
1.6867
1.6816
1.6762
1.6707
1.6648
1.6589
1.6522
1.6455
1.6378
1.6300
1.6203
1.6105
1.5811
1.4775

Vapor

Entropy (kJ/kgK)

1.637
1.666
1.698
1.729
1.764
1.798
1.835
1.872
1.912
1.952
1.997
2.041
2.090
2.139
2.254
2.369
2.516
2.662
2.857
3.051
3.322
3.592
3.999
4.405
5.091
5.776
7.191
8.606

Vapor

1.894
1.911
1.930
1.948
1.968
1.988
2.010
2.031
2.055
2.078
2.104
2.130
2.158
2.186
2.251
2.316
2.398
2.479
2.585
2.691
2.836
2.980
3.192
3.403
3.745
4.086
4.742
5.398

Liquid

Spec. Heat, cp
(kJ/kgK)

Table D.37: R-410A Thermophysical properties

0.0100
0.0097
0.0095
0.0093
0.00902
0.00879
0.00858
0.00836
0.00816
0.00796
0.00778
0.00759
0.00742
0.00724
0.00692
0.00659
0.00630
0.00601
0.00574
0.00547
0.00523
0.00498
0.00475
0.00451
0.00428
0.00405
0.00382
0.00358
0.00319
0.00183

Vapor

(m /kg)

Volume

Properties of Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor.

R410A Thermophysical Properties.

1.833
1.857
1.884
1.910
1.939
1.967
1.999
2.030
2.065
2.099
2.138
2.176
2.218
2.260
2.361
2.461
2.590
2.718
2.890
3.061
3.301
3.540
3.901
4.262
4.871
5.480
6.737
7.994

Vapor

cp/cv

367
361
356
351
346
341
336
331
327
322
317
312
308
303
294
285
276
267
259
250
241
232
223
214
205
196
187
178
139
0

Liquid
154.8
154.2
153.7
153.1
152.6
152.0
151.4
150.8
150.3
149.7
149.2
148.6
148.0
147.4
146.3
145.1
143.9
142.7
141.5
140.2
139.0
137.7
136.4
135.0
133.6
132.1
130.5
128.9
100.4
0.0

Vapor

Sound velocity
(m/s)

2.35000
2.40000
2.45000
2.50000
2.55000
2.60000
2.65000
2.70000
2.75000
2.80000
2.85000
2.90000
2.95000
3.00000
3.10000
3.20000
3.30000
3.40000
3.50000
3.60000
3.70000
3.80000
3.90000
4.00000
4.10000
4.20000
4.30000
4.40000
4.50000
4.85239 c

Absolute
Pressure
(MPa)

Figure D.0: R410A p-h diagram

D - 39

Conversion Table
Capacity
Btu/hr
Btu/hr
BHP
Btu/hr

x
x
x
x

Pressure
0.252
0.293
0.746
0.001

=
=
=
=

kCal/hr
WATTS (W)
KILOWATTS (kW)
MBH

psi x
psi x
psi x
psi x
psi x
bar x

Volume
L
L
L
in3
fl.oz
ft3

x
x
x
x
x

0.001
0.264
0.0353
16.386
x 0.02957
0.02831

=
=
=
=
=
=

m3
US GPM
ft3
cm3
L
m3

Temperature
F =
C =
o
K =

Mass
Pounds
Grams

x
x

0.454
0.035

=
=

KILOGRAMS (kg)
fl.oz.

Flow Rate
L/s x
L/s x
L/s x
L/s x

3.6
0.001
15.85
2.119

=
=
=
=

m3/hr
m3/s
US GPM
CFM

Area
in2 x
in2 x
in2 x

6.94 x 10-3
6.452 x 106.452

=
=
=

0.07
27.7
2.309
0.69 x 104
14.5038
1 x 105

ft2
m2
cm2

D - 40

(1.8 x oC) + 32
(oF - 32) / 1.8
273.15 + oC

=
=
=

kg/cm2
W.G.(in.)
W.G.(ft.)
= Pascal (Pa)
= bar
Pascal (Pa)

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