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Circuit Theory
TRANSIENTS CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
Capacitors and Inductors
1
Transients Circuit
Analysis
2
1 Capacitors
C ito (1)
y A capacitor
p is a p
passive element designed
g
to store energy in its electric field.
4
1 Capacitors
C ito (3)
y Capac ta ce C is
Capacitance s the
t e ratio
at o of
o the
t e charge
c a ge q o
on one
o e
plate of a capacitor to the voltage difference v
between the two plates, measured in farads (F).
q=C v ε A
and C=
d
• Where
e e ε is
s tthe
e permittivity
pe tt ty ofo the
t e dielectric
d e ect c material
ate a
between the plates, A is the surface area of each
plate, d is the distance between the plates.
• Unit: F,
F pF (10–1212),
) nF (10–99),
) and μF (10–66)
5
1 Capacitors
C ito (4)
y If i is flowing into the +ve
terminal of C
◦ Charging => i is +ve
◦ Discharging => i is –ve
ve
dv 1 t
i=C
dt
and v=
C ∫
t0
i d t + v(t0 )
6
1 Capacitors
C ito (5)
y The energy,
energy w,
w stored in
the capacitor is
1
w= Cv 2
2
• A capacitor is
– an open circuit to dc (dv/dt = 0).
– its voltage cannot change abruptly.
7
C
Capacitors
ito (6)
Example 1
T k v(0)
Take (0) =0.
0
Answer:
v(1ms) = 93.14mV
v(5ms) = 1.7361V 8
1 Capacitors
C ito (7)
Example 2
Answer:
v(2ms) = 100 mV
9
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (1)
y The equivalent capacitance of N parallel
parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the individual
capacitances.
C eq = C1 + C 2 + ... + C N
10
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (2)
y The equivalent capacitance of N series
series-connected
connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocals of the individual capacitances.
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
C eq C1 C 2 CN
11
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (3)
Example 3
Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the
terminals of the circuit in the circuit shown below:
Answer:
Ceq = 40μF
12
2 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (4)
Example
a pe4
Find the voltage across each of the capacitors in
the circuit shown below:
Answer:
v1 = 30V
v2 = 30V
v3 = 10V
v4 = 20V
13
3 Inductors
I d to (1)
y An inductor is a passive element designed
to store energy in its magnetic field.
14
3 Inductors
I d to (2)
Factors governing Capacitance:
y Number of turns in the coil
y Permeability of the magnetic circuit.
y Cross-sectional
Cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit
y Length of the inductor or spacing between the turns
15
3 Inductors
I d to (3)
y Inductance is the property whereby an inductor
exhibits opposition to the change of current
flowing through it, measured in henrys (H).
di N2 μ A
v=L and L=
dt l
16
3 Inductors
I d to (4)
y The current
current-voltage
voltage relationship of an inductor:
1 t
i = ∫ v(t) d t + i(t0 )
L t0
• The power stored by an inductor:
1
w = L i2
2
• An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc (di/dt = 0)
and its current cannot change abruptly.
17
3 Inductors
I d to (5)
Example 5
The terminal voltage of a 2-H
inductor is
v = 10(1-t)
10(1 t) V
18
3 Inductors
I d to (5)
Example
a pe6
19
4 Series and Parallel
Inductors
I d to (1)
y The equivalent inductance of series
series-connected
connected
inductors is the sum of the individual
inductances.
Leq = L1 + L2 + ... + LN
20
4 Series and Parallel
Inductors
I d to (2)
y The equivalent capacitance of parallel inductors is
the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the
individual inductances.
1 1 1 1
= + + ... +
Leq L1 L2 LN
21
4 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (3)
Example 7
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the
inductive ladder network in the circuit
shown
h below:
b l
Answer:
Leq = 25mH
22
4 Series and Parallel
C
Capacitors
ito (4)
y Current and voltage relationship for R, L, C
23