Professional Documents
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the customer. The differences should be perceived by the customer as important, distinctive, superior,
and affordable. Further, the differentiators have to make the companys offerings (the products and
services) profitable.
To derive a competitive advantage, the study of the processes is important. Here, we are not considering
the situation of an entirely new product but those which are already contributing to the company
revenues. Companies have different potential in terms of manoeuvrability along with target market,
place (channels), promotion, and price. These are affected by the companys position in the market, and
the industry structure. According to Miland Lele, (Miland M.Lele, Creating Strategic Leverage: New
York, John Wiley 1992)
d. Core competencies as a basis of decision making:Each organisation is started by an entrepreneur or a small group of entrepreneurs. The objective is to use
their unique strengths to create and develop an organisation. These unique strengths are the corecompetencies of the organisation. For example, IKEA, the Swedish furniture maker has the core
competency in design. IBMs core competency lies in research. Apple is known for innovation. Reliance
groups core competency is handling mega projects. However, many-atime, it becomes necessary to
augment the existing business with some additional strengths or competencies. Such developments and
improvements in core competencies provide an edge over the competitors who would have to grapple
with these competencies. These build ups are usually through collaborations and acquisitions or joint
ventures. Core processes of an organisation are determined by the core competencies. Four main core
processes are mentioned below.
o Customer relationship
o Supplier relationship
o Order fulfilment
o New product/service development
The emphasis on these processes depends on:
o The type of industry
o The way earlier successes have been achieved
o The reinforcement they have given to the organisation
o The length of its existence
o The consequent strengths built up in certain areas
Quantitative methods
o Time series analysis
Moving averages
Exponential moving averages
Trend projections
Fourier series
Box Jenkins method
Casual methods
Leading indicators
Simulations model
Regression analysis
Input output model
Economic models
4. What do you understand by line balancing? What happens if line balance does not exist?
Answer:A simple line (typically set up for the purpose of assembly) consists of a series of work stations, and the
total work content of the product, which is expressed in terms of the total time is divided among these
workstations equally. For example, consider five operations performed at A, B, C, D, and E. Each one can
be a workstation or more than one operation can be combined at a single workstation. In a simple line
like this it is easy to visualise the flow and also to make out the work allocation.
As the items move along the line, the work is progressed intermittently and leaves the line as a finished
product. Typically the objective is, to divide the work content equally among the workstations so that the
workstations are loaded as evenly as possible. This is known as balancing. Firstly, if such a balance is not
achieved, a certain amount of inefficiency will arise because some stations will have more work to
perform than others, and all the stations are expected to process same number of items per period of
time. Secondly, unequal work content at different workstations leads to unequal work distribution and
also formation of queue of items. Hence, to ensure a smooth flow, all the workstations are given the
same time to process the items. The entire line typically, on a manual or power-driven conveyor moves
from workstation to workstation at a constant rate.
The time required to complete the work allotted to each station is known as the service time and the
time available at each station is known as the cycle time, normally longer than the service time. The
cycle time includes both the productive as well as the non-productive time along with idle time if any.
Non productive time includes time for movement, handling and inspection time. The manner in which the
work content is allocated to the station is influenced by the technological sequence of the assembly and
expressed by precedence requirements, that is, one operation must be completed before the other
operation can start. Such constraints limit the ability to achieve complete or perfect balance while
allocating work to stations.
The allocation of work elements to a workstation may also be influenced by zoning constraints which
occurs in two ways: positive zoning constraint demands that certain operations have to be clubbed
together because of certain sharing of resources, and negative zoning which insists that certain
operations should be clubbed together because of interference or conflict.
All these constraints make it very difficult or impossible to achieve perfect line balance and hence, a
certain amount of balancing delay or balancing loss is inevitable. Balance delay is defined as the total time
available to complete the given job and the total time required. In other words, the balance delay is the
difference in time between the service time and the cycle time, expressed as a percentage of the cycle
time.
The objective of line balancing is that, given a desired cycle time, the attempt is to assign work elements
to workstations to:
o Minimise idle time or balancing delay
o Minimise the number of work stations
o Distribute balancing delay evenly between stations
o Avoid violating any constraints
As it is difficult to achieve all these objectives simultaneously at least one objective has to be satisfied.
Based on this premise, several researchers have proposed different heuristic methods to realise the
desired goal. Discussing all the different approaches is beyond the scope of this topic
5. Explain the steps to set data in logical order so that the business process may be defined. List the
ingredients of a business process.
Answer:steps to set data in a logical order:The following steps should be considered for setting the data in a logical order.
1. Check whether the participants in the process that is, people, teams, and electronic
applications are sufficient or, any changes and additions need to be made.
2. Ensure that all the data expected is included or not. Generally, we start with an initial
set of data which we have. When we check them with the requirements of the process
for the desired outcomes, we find gaps. These gaps help us in determining which subset
of the data is appropriate at each task in the process.
3. Check whether the data is sufficient for the implementation of the process. This can be
achieved by answering the following questions:
1. What is the path the process should take?
2. What decisions are to be made at any point in the process?
3. Are data available at those points?
4. State the rules used to define the various parts of the process. At this stage, the naming
conventions are also included. This is important to be included at the process definition
stage.
5. Determine the disposition of data at the end of the process and decide the following:
1. Do we plan to keep the data or delete them?
2. If they are to be stored, where and in what form will be used?
3. What are the measures of security for access?
6. Determine the other elements depending upon the business process and the need. The
elements added must be questioned to collect a detail data. It is better to go deeper
into the details and collect data, and make them available at this initial stage, so that a
better model can be prepared. Then, the processes will be more successful in delivering
the desired output. Process definition enables us to go into details at every stage of the
process and verify the adequacy of data, the sequential steps in the process and fill the
gaps before attempting implementation.
Listing of the ingredients of a business process:The ingredients that might be used in a business process can be briefly outlined as follows:
o The data which accomplishes the desired business objective
o Acquisition, storage, distribution, and control of data which undertakes the process across tasks
o Persons, teams, and organisational units which helps to perform and achieve the tasks
o Decisions which enhance the value of data during the process
We also have some behavioural aspects of the business process, mainly the decision making process
where humans are involved. Decision failures are common and research has shown that, the failure of
decisions is due to:
o biases in perception and fallacies in reasoning
o tendency to act on assumptions, even when data are available easily for verification and/or
confirmation
o tendency to bring out of memory the facts that reinforce our assumptions and biased evaluation
o tendency to accept evidence or fact as absolute which support our hypothesis
These listed factors result in faulty decision making. Being aware and avoiding them consciously improves
the processes of the business.
6. Describe the post implementation review of a project. Explain the tools that may be considered for
post implementation review.
Answer:post implementation review of a project:After every stage of a project is implemented, it may so happen that there could be a minor change or
modification which has to be reviewed. This is known as post implementation review.
1. Final product review: The product obtained after every stage must meet the requirements of that
stage. If it completely meets the stated objectives, then focus on the issues of maintenance of the
processes and product performance. If the final product does not completely meet the objectives
then identify the variations in the product and analyse the variation. Study the factors responsible for
the change and evaluate each one separately.
2. Outstanding project work review: Many times it is found that there may be some item of the project
which is still not in its finished form. It may be insignificant as it may be a by-product of that stage
which may not be required immediately for the next stage. Then the items that are open should be
resolved and necessary steps be taken to close such open items.
3. Project review: Every aspect of a project from start to end has to be reviewed. The objectives,
performance criteria, financial criteria, resource utilisation, slips and gains of time, adherence to the
project definition, and plans have to be reviewed. All such review details and reports have to be well
documented for future use.
4. Process review: Every process is important in any project. One may review the process to see, if any
changes can be made to improve its performance.
Tools for post implementation review
There are various tools for post project implementation review that may be considered for improving and
developing processes of the project. Reports are prepared on the same which becomes the basis for all
future discussion.
1. Final product evaluation: Final product evaluation may be done through regularly organised meetings
and quality reviews.
2. Outstanding project work evaluation: All outstanding works of a project can be reviewed to check its
output quality and performance.
3. Project review questionnaire: Project review questionnaire may become important if the reviews are
to be structured. Group discussion may be initiated depending upon the points to be discussed.
4. Process evaluation: Evaluation of any process is one of the key issues of project.