Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference

December 22-24,2013, Roorkee

GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING SOIL INVESTIGATION OF BUILDING

PROJECT
Dr.S.K.Tiwari, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MNIT, Jaipur, sktiwari.nitjaipur@gmail.com
N.K.Kumawat,* S D E (Civil), BSNL and Ph.D Scholar MNIT, Jaipur, kumawatnk66@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: The designing of any structure begins with the assessment of the loads from the superstructure and
the adequacy of the foundation strata to bear the superimposed loads. Project delays, failures and cost over-run are
the result of inadequate and inappropriate soil investigations. A soil investigation must be part of the design
process and it is important to keep costs minimum but the adequate ground information required should not be
sacrificed to minimise cost of the project. The expenditure for soil testing is premium for insurance policy for the
building/structure to be built. In fact, the cost of soils investigation rarely exceeds 0.5% of project costs. The paper
presents guidelines and practical aspects of planning a soil investigation program for a building project.

INTRODUCTION:
A soils investigation program is necessary to
provide information for design and construction.
The purposes of a soils investigation are:(a) To evaluate the general suitability of the soil
for the proposed project.
(b) To enable an adequate and economical design
to be made.
(c) To obtain physical and mechanical properties
of soils for design and construction.
(d) To obtain surface drainage and groundwater
conditions.
(e) To enable anticipated construction problems
and suggested solution.
(f) To evaluate total and differential settlements
of foundation soil.
(g) To determine suitability of materials for
construction.
The detailed geotechnical investigations demand
involvement of resources and time. It involves
mobilization of test equipments suited to a
particular soil group. Since geotechnical
investigations vary with the type of soil hence the
same are required to be identified prior to
conducting the detailed investigations. Soil
investigation must conform to the provisions in
Indian Standard IS: 18921979. The scope of
investigation is indicated in Para 2.1 and 2.2 of the
code. Engineering properties of soil depend on the
soil structure, i.e. nature of soil grains and their
arrangement, volume of air and water (degree of
saturation and porosity). Since these vary from one

location to another, the program of soil

investigation needs to be evolved for each project.
It should provide for adequate data and make
appropriate recommendation supported by proper
calculations. A copy of the surveyed site plan and
layout plan of buildings indicating the type and
sizes of the buildings are required. It is essential
that the location of bore holes together with the
reduced levels is marked on the site plan. To
determine the nature and extent of detailed soil
investigation, a preliminary investigation is
necessary as stipulated in Para 3.1.1 of the code IS:
18921979. The reconnaissance survey is centred
around getting details of local topography,
excavation, cutting, quarries, escarpments, erosion
of landslides, fills, water level in wells, flood
marks etc. and knowing the type of superstructure
in the neighbourhood.
The exploration program should be extensive
enough
to reveal the nature and
types of soil
deposits and/or rock formations encountered
the
engineering properties
of the soils and/or rocks,
potential for liquefaction, and the ground water
conditions.
The exploration program should be
sufficient
to
identify outline
problematic subsurface conditions such as mined o
ut areas, swelling/collapsing soils, existing fill or
waste areas, etc.
The object of such activity is to minimize the
expenditure of the soil investigation by conducting
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Dr.S.K.Tiwari, N.K Kumawat.

appropriate field as well laboratory tests matching

with the soil and foundation type. The schedule of
quantity for any building project also incorporates
the cost of detailed soil investigation, hence before
formulating the schedule due care is to be taken in
view of the type of soil & type of tests to be
performed. Judiciously conducted soil surveys,
lead to avoidance of unnecessary delays, thereby
governing the overall economics of a construction
project.

(c) Utility services that are available such as

water and electricity
(d) Sketch topography and include all existing
structures, cuts, fills, ground depression,
ponds, etc.
(a)
The state of any existing building at
the site or nearby. Your notes should
include exterior and Interior cracks, any
noticeable tilt, type of construction e.g.
brick or framed stucco five story Building,
evidence of frost damages, moulds and any
exceptional features.
(e) Geological features from any exposed area
such as a road cut.

PHASES OF SOILS INVESTIGATION: The

scope of a soils investigation depends on the type,
size and importance of the structure, the client, the
engineers familiarity with the soils at the site and
local building codes. Structures that are sensitive Field Identification of Soils: For drawing up
to settlement such as machine foundations, high appropriate soil investigation programme, it is vital
rise buildings, etc. usually require a thorough soils to identify type of soil at reconnaissance stage for
investigation compared to a foundation for a house. deciding type of laboratory & in situ test to be
A client may wish to take a greater risk than performed.
normal to save money and set limits on the type The Simple and quick methods of field
and extent of the site investigation.
If the identification of soils are as under:
Fine sand is differentiated from silt by
geotechnical engineer is familiar with a site, he/she i.
may undertake a very simple soil investigation to placing a spoonful of soil in a glass jar or test tube,
mixing with water and shaking it to a suspension.
confirm his/her experience.
In the early stages of a project, the available Sand settles first, followed by silt which may take
information is often inadequate to allow a detailed about five minutes. This test may also be used for
plan to be made. A site investigation must be clay which takes more than 10 minutes to start
settling. The percentages of clay, silt and sand are
developed in following five phases.
Phase I - Collection of available information such assessed by observing the depths of the sediments.
as
Silt is differentiated from clay by examining
(a) Maps
lumps: Clay lumps are more difficult to crush
(b) Existing reports
with fingers than silt. When moistened, the soil
(c) Newspaper
lumps surface texture is felt with the finger
(d) Site plans giving type of structure, location,
and reported as clay if it is smooth or slit if it is
size, finish grades, cut and fill, and importance of
rough.
the structure.
A ball of the soil is formed and shaken
Phase II - Preliminary reconnaissance or a site
horizontally on the palm of the hand. If the
visit to provide a general picture of the topography
material becomes shiny from water coming to
and geology of the site. It is necessary that you
the surface, it is silt.
take with you on the site visit all the information If soil containing appreciable percent of clay
gathered in Phase I to compare with the current
and is cut with a knife, the cut surface appears
conditions of the site. Your site visit notes should
lustrous. In case of silt, the surface appears
include the following.
dull.
(a) Photographs of the site and its Field Indication for the consistency of cohesive
neighbourhood
soils are as follows:(b) Access to site for men and equipment. Stiff: Cannot be moulded with the fingers.
Sketch all fences, utility posts, driveways, Medium: Can be moulded by the fingers on
walkways, drainage systems etc.
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Guidelines for planning soil investigation of building project

strong pressure and readily indented with

thumb nail.
Soft: Easily moulded with the fingers.
Colour of the soil indicates its origin and the
condition under which it was deposited. Sand and
gravel deposits may contain lenses of silt, clay or
even organic deposits.
Phase III - Detailed soil exploration. The
objectives of a detailed soil exploration are:
(a)
To determine the geological structure that
should include the thickness, sequence and extent
of the soil strata.
(b)
To determine the ground water conditions.
(c)
To conduct in situ tests.
(d)
To obtain disturbed and undisturbed
samples for laboratory tests.
Phase IV Laboratory testing. The objectives of
laboratory tests are:
(a)
To classify the soils.
(b)
To determine soil strength, failure stresses
and strains, stress-strain response, permeability,
compact-ability, and settlement parameters. Not
all of these may be required for a project.
Phase V Soil investigation report writing: The
report must contain a clear description of the soils
at the site, methods of exploration, soil strata, in
situ and laboratory test methods and results, and
the location of the ground water. It should be
included the information and/or explanations of
any unusual soil, water bearing stratum, soil and
ground water condition such as frost susceptibility
and water logging that may be troublesome during
construction. It should provide for adequate data
and make appropriate recommendation supported
by proper calculations in respect of the following:
(a)
The type of foundation.
(b)
Allowable bearing capacity for the
foundation.
(c)
Total and differential settlements.
(d)
Anticipated construction problems and
suggested solution (sheet piling, dewatering,
boulders/rock excavation, differential, settlements,
damage to adjacent property, environment etc.
SOIL EXPLORATION PROGRAM
A soil exploration program usually involves soil
borings (boreholes).
During the (Phase II),
complete soil exploration program should be work

out. A detailed soil exploration must consists of

following:1. Preliminary location of each borehole and/or
test pits: Horizontal Spacing between boreholes to
be decided as below:
a.
Buildings
10 30 m apart
b.
Roads 30 300 m apart
c.
landslides
at least 5 in line for profile
2. Numbering of the boreholes or test pits: The
number of bore holes depends upon type and size
of the project, soil variability, budget for site
investigation and the expected location of the
loads. As per provisions of IS: 1892-1979 the
number of bore holes may be decided as below:
a.
One bore hole for about 200 to 400 Sq.m of
area that is to be loaded.
b.
For residential house 2 Nos. bore holes and
for a long barrack 3 to 4 Nos.
c.
For a rectangular building covering 10002000 Sq.m in area, one near each corner and one in
middle i.e total 5 Nos. bore holes to be drilled.
3. Planned depth of each borehole: The depth of
bore holes to be drilled varies from 1.5 to 2.0 times
width of foundation width below the base of
foundation.
4. Sampling instructions for at least the first
borehole: The sampling instructions must include
the number of samples and possible locations. The
changes in the sampling instructions often occur
after the first borehole. Generally sample is taken
at interval of 1.5 m for laboratory tests.
5. Instructions to conduct in situ tests: Generally
in situ tests are conducted at interval of 3.0 m.
6. Requirements for groundwater observations:
The depth of ground water table below ground
surface and its fluctuations with seasons is utmost
important to be observed in soil investigation work.
7. Types of samples to be collected and its
purpose:
A. The disturbed sample is collected by following
methods of exploration:
a.
Test pit
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Dr.S.K.Tiwari, N.K Kumawat.

b.
Cuttings from bottom of auger
c.
Split spoon
d.
Auger boring
e.
Wash boring
The disturbed sample can be used to determine:
i.
Grain size analysis
ii.
Liquid limit/plastic limit
iii.
Specific gravity
iv.
B. The undisturbed sample is completely recovered
completely intact by method of test pit for limited
depth due to water table problems and for other
depth undisturbed samples are recovered by thin
tube sampler and the sample is preserved with
wax.The disturbed sample can be used to
determine:
i.
Soil strength
ii.
Compressibility
iii.
Permeability
DETAILED SOIL INVESTIGATION
After finalization soil exploration program detailed
soil investigation is to be carried out. In planning
the detailed programme, full advantages should be
taken of available information from preliminary
investigation and soil Investigation reports for the
nearby sites and their correlation with actual
performance of buildings and load tests on piles. If
rock is encountered in a bore hole, boring must
extend at least 2 meters to differentiate a boulder
from bed rock. If rock is encountered in different
bore holes near about the proposed foundation
level, adequate number of bore holes are required
to plot the rock contour. On the basis of
preliminary borings or prior site knowledge, details
of in situ tests and laboratory tests are worked out
keeping in view the limitation of each.
Current methods of subsoil exploration are outlined
in Appendix A of IS: 1892 1979 and the tests
generally required are indicated in Table 3 and
Appendix A of the code. Degrees of applicability
of various field and laboratory tests are described
as below:
Tests required for classification of soils
1)
Classification of soils are done as per IS
1498 1970 based on particle size analysis (As per
IS 2720 (Pt 4) 1985) and index properties of the
soil (As per IS 2720 (pt5) 1985).

On the basis of index properties, if the soil is

classified as clay of intermediate or high
compressibility, then it is necessary to determine
the clay and silt percentages separately. Hence in
addition to sieving, pipette or hydrometer test is
necessary to determine the percentage of clay.
2)
In assessing the engineering behaviour
of a cohesive soil, it is necessary to determine in
situ water content in addition to liquid limit and
plastic limit of re-moulded soil.
Tests required determining allowable bearing
pressure of shallow foundations on shear failure
criterion.
Apart from ascertaining the highest level of
ground water table ever reached at site and tests
for classification of soil as per particle
size
analysis and index properties the following tests
are required to determine safe bearing capacity
based on shear strength consideration:
1)
Standard penetration test (As per I.S. 2131
1981) is recommended for coarse grained, fine
grained cohesion less soils and c soils with clay
up to about 30 percent.
2) Direct shear (controlled strain) test as per I.S.
2720 (Pt 13) 1986 and consolidated un-drained
test for C soils and consolidated drained test for
cohesion less soils. The results may be compared
with standard penetration test/static cone
penetration test results. As pore water pressure
dissipated during direct shear test due to partial
drainage and this test is not recommended for
clayey sands/silts (i.e. with clay more than 15% but
less than 30%). For such type of soils, Tri-axial
Tests are required in case if shear strength is the
critical criterion.
3) Static cone penetration test (As per I.S. 4968 (Pt
3) 1976) is suggested for foundations on non stiff
clayey soils such as fine grained soils (i.e. more
than 50% passing 75 micron sieve). This test also
carried out to correlate with S.P.T. and to indicate
soil profiles at intermediate points.
For fine and medium coarse sands unconfined
compressive strength test (As per I.S. 2720 (Pt 10)
1973) is suggested.
a.
Following tests are recommended for
highly cohesive clays except soft/sensitive clays.

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Guidelines for planning soil investigation of building project

1)
Vane shear test for impervious clayey
soils except stiff or fissured clays.
2)
Tri-axial shears tests for predominantly
cohesive soils.
Tests required determining allowable bearing
pressure for shallow foundations Self boring
pressure on settlement criterion.
1)
Standard penetration test for cohesion less
soils and c soils with clay up to about 30
percent. Consolidation test (As per I.S. 2720
(Pt.15)-1986) if the settlement of clayey
layer/layers calculated on the basis of liquid limit
and the in-situ void ratio indicates that settlement
may be critical. Consolidation test is not required if
the superimposed load on foundation soil is likely
to be less than the pre-consolidation pressure.
2)
Plate load test (As per I.S. 1888 1982) is
suggested for cohesion less soils and c soils
where neither standard penetration test nor
consolidation test is appropriate e.g. for fissured
clay, clay with boulders etc.
Test specially required for raft foundations
(Refer Para 3 of I.S. 2950 (Part I ) 1981.)
Apart from tests described above for shallow
foundations, the following tests are suggested
especially for raft foundation:
1)
Static cone penetration test as for cohesion
less soil to determine modulus of elasticity.
2)
Standard penetration test as per I.S. 2131
1981 for cohesion less soils and c soils to
determine modulus of sub grade reaction.
3)
Unconfined compressive strength test for
saturated but no pre-consolidated cohesive soil to
determine modulus of sub grade reaction.
4)
Plate load test when tests at sl. 1 to 3 above
are not appropriate e.g. for fissured clays and clay
with boulders.
5)
Pumping test is also carried out to analyze
stability of deep excavation and to design
appropriate dewatering system in case of deep
basements in pervious soils.
Tests specially required for deep foundations:
1)
As the composition and depth of the
bearing layer for shallow foundations may vary
from one site to another, most pile foundations in a
locality encounter similar deposits. Since pile

capacity based on soil parameters is not as reliable

as from load tests, as a first step it is essential to
obtain full information on the type, size, length and
capacity of piles (including details of load
settlement graph) which are generally adopted in
the locality. Correlation of soil characteristics
(from soil investigation reports) and corresponding
load tests (from actual projects constructed) is
essential to decide the type of soil tests to be
performed and to make
a reasonable
recommendation for the type, size length and
capacity of piles as most of the formulae are
empirical.
2)
If information about piles in the locality is
not available or reliable, it may be necessary to
drive a test pile and correlate with soil data.
3)
Standard penetration test to determine the
cohesion (and consequently the adhesion based on
or methods) to determine the angle of friction (
and consequently the angle of friction & between
soil and the pile and also the point resistance) for
each soil stratum of cohesion less soil or c- soil.
4)
Static cone penetration test to determine the
cohesion for soft cohesive soils and to check with
S.P.T. result for fine to medium sands. Hence for
strata encountering both cohesive and cohesion less
soils, both S.P.T. and C.P.T. Test to be performed.
5)
Vane shear test for impervious clayey soils.
6)
Un-drained Tri-axial shear strength of
undisturbed soil samples (obtained with thin walled
tube samplers) to determine c and for clayey
soils (since graphs for correlations were developed
based on un-drained shear parameter). In case of
driven piles proposed for stiff clays, it is necessary
to check with the c and from remoulded
samples also. Drained shear strength parameters
are also determined to represent in situ condition of
soil at end of construction phase.
7)
Self boring pressure meter test to determine
modulus of sub grade reaction for horizontal
deflection for granular soils, very stiff cohesive
soils, soft rock and weathered or jointed rock.
LIMITATIONS AND APPLICABILITY OF
TESTS
The situations in which above listed each tests are
applicable and the limitations of the tests are
discussed in the following paragraphs.
In arriving at allowable bearing pressure on
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Dr.S.K.Tiwari, N.K Kumawat.

foundations, both the ultimate bearing pressure

based on shear failure criterion and permissible
settlement criterion are taken into account.
Generally settlement criterion governs in case of
cohesion less soil but for narrow strip foundation
on loose soils at shallow depths shear failure
criterion may govern the allowable pressure.
Fundamental concept of soil shear strength:
Sand and silt are cohesion less soils. Silt with even
5 to 8 percent of clay has significant cohesion.
Shear strength,s of soil is developed due to
resistance to rolling, sliding and deformation of
soil particles/skeletal structure. Cohesion, c is due
to inter particle attraction due to presence of clay
and the angle of internal friction is essentially
due to resistance to inter particle slip of coarse
grains(silt and sand).
Shear strengths is given by s = c + tan
Where is normal stress on the shear plane and c
is the unit cohesion.
For a given soil, shear strength is anything but a
unique property. This concept is often overlooked,
even by experienced geotechnical engineers. The
soil shear strength to be reported for calculations
must be qualified in relation to whether the
appropriate strength is: drained or un-drained,
peak, fully softened or residual, intact or
remoulded, static or cyclic, compression or
extension; and other facets, such as direction of
loading, rate of loading, and boundary conditions.
As a consequence, soil strength is not a
fundamental property, but instead, a specific
behavioural response to a certain set of loading
conditions.
A variety of in-situ testing devices are also available
for evaluating drained soil strength in granular soils
and un-drained strength in cohesive soils through the
use of engineering correlations and theoretical
equations.
Effect of Drained versus Un-drained Loading: In
geotechnical testing, it is most important to
distinguish between "drained" and "un-drained"
strengths. These terms refer to the ability of the pore
water in the soil to move between soil particles
resulting
in
volume
change,
and
the
accompanying generation (or lack) of excess pore
water pressures, u. Soils can also exhibit any

number of partially drained strengths, however,

design analyses are typically performed using
drained and un-drained strengths, as these represent
limits to the expected range of behaviour.
For a saturated soil subjected to un-drained loading,
no drainage of pore water from the voids sp can
occur, and thus the soil undergoes no change in
volume. During un-drained loading, changes in
total stress () cause the development of either
positive pore water pressures (u > 0) that will tend
to decrease the effective stress in the soil or
negative pore water pressures (u < 0) that will
tend to increase the effective stress in the soil. The
drained loading of a saturated soil means that the
water in the void spaces is free to move so
that no excess pore water pressures develop (u =
0). There is usually a change (i.e., increase or
decrease) in void ratio and a corresponding change
in volume. Again, water may be present, but is free
to move either out of the soil mass (termed
contractive soil behaviour) or into the soil mass
(termed dilatants soil behaviour).
Contractive
behaviour results in a decrease in volume (means
settlement) and dilative behaviour causes an
increase in volume (means swelling).
Clean sands having e such a high permeability
(e.g., k > 10-3 cm/s) that, under static loading,
they are almost always in drained conditions.
Sands, however, will behave in an un-drained mode
when subjected to rapid loading, such as that
imposed by an earthquake whereby the entire
deposit is engaged and water cannot drain.
All clays exhibit drained behaviour when the rate
of loading is very slow (so slow that it does not
interfere with the rate of dissipation of pore water
pressure) and it is controlled by its low
permeability (k<10-6 cm/s). Drained behaviour in
clays should be considered in evaluating the longterm stability of cut slopes. The same clay that
behaves in a drained manner in these
applications, however, may initially behave in an
un-drained manner in the short-term if the rate of
loading is too fast to prevent dissipation of pore
water. The short-term stability of excavations
and slopes constructed in soft to medium clays is
represented by un-drained loading conditions.

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Guidelines for planning soil investigation of building project

CHARACTRESTICS OF SOILS:
Cohesive-Frictional Soils(C- Soils)
Satisfactory undisturbed samples of cohesion less
soils are difficult to obtain from bore holes. Soil
obtained from the split spoon sampler from
standard penetration test may possess large shear
strains due to disturbance. Hence shear tests in the
laboratory on cohesion less soils do not represent
the true site condition. The most common field test
is the standard penetration test (Ref. I.S. 2131
1981).
This test if carefully executed without disturbing
by boring operations, it enables to estimate
satisfactorily the bearing capacity as per I.S.
6403 - 1981 and allowable bearing pressure on
settlement consideration as per I.S. 8009 (Part 1)
1976. By using the same equipment and with the
same drilling method, N values in the same soil
can be reproduced with a coefficient of variation of
about 10 percent. Use of defective equipments
such as a damaged anvil, worn out driving shoe,
old/oily/poorly lubricated rope sheaves etc. can
result in significantly erroneous
N values.
Pushing a boulder while driving the sampler,
rapid withdrawal of shoe or bit plug causing a
quick condition at the bottom of the bore hole by
too much difference in the water levels between
the ground water table and in the hole are other
sources of error.
The original standard penetration Test was
developed for sand. However, in present it is
commonly used for all types of soils.
Cohesive soils
In most cases, allowable bearing pressure is
governed by permissible settlement criteria but in
every case the foundation is checked against shear
failure also. Tri-axial tests on un-disturbed samples
for all types of soils in the laboratory, in situ vane
shear test (As per I.S. 4434 1978) of soft
sensitive clays
and static cone penetration
test(SCPT) for bearing capacity of predominantly
cohesive soils are considered to be more reliable.
In cohesive soils, apart from static cone penetration
test (SCPT), in situ compressive strength tests are
routinely made using a Pen/Pocket pentro-meter. It
is usual practice to take thin walled tube samples
for laboratory testing and compare the field and

laboratory test results for prediction of overall

behaviour of soil strata.
ANTICIPATED
PROBLEMS
IN
CONSTRUCTION
DUE
TO
SOILS
CHARACTERISTICS:
In sandy/alluvial soils, if ground water table is
lowered, ground subsidence in the area
surrounding the construction site may occur due to
consolidation of underlying clayey layers. In such
a case, it may be necessary to provide a water
retaining barrier around the site if structures exists
adjacent to the excavation (since pumping to
dewater may produce 30 to 50 mm settlement
within a short period of time).
When pore water in the soil is just enough to
moisten sand but not saturate it, the surface tension
makes it possible to provide shallow excavations
with near vertical sides. With continued drainage
and evaporation or vibration, the sides collapse.
Near vertical excavation in a cohesive soil may
collapse due to rainfall by softening the clay and
creating excess pore water pressure.
Excavation in sands below the water table may
result in a slumping of the sides and boiling of the
bottom, unless a properly designed ground water
lowering system is adopted.
If excavation goes below the strata of alluvial clay,
support by timbering or sheet pilling is and
stiffened as the trenches are prone to failure by
heaving of the bottom and bulging of the side
supports.
CONCLUSION:
Soils are products of nature that have been
subjected to a variety of natural processes over
space and time.
Thus, an appropriate site
investigation based on sound technical judgement
is necessary to determine the nature of the soils at a
proposed site for design and construction.
Technical sanction of a project should be based on
sound engineering practice. It is thus of utmost
importance to evolve and acceptable practice for
planning of soil investigation and appropriate
recommendation for foundation.
Also before
designing foundation of the structure every soil
investigation report should be examined at an
appropriate level before acceptance of the

Page 7 of 8

Dr.S.K.Tiwari, N.K Kumawat.

recommendation regarding the type of foundation

and the allowable bearing pressure. This is
essential in view of the high cost of foundation and
that any misinterpretation of soil investigation
leading to error in foundation design sometime
makes the problem difficult to rectify or may have
disastrous consequences.
REFERENCES:
1.
Shashi K. Gulhati and Manoj Datta (2010),
Geotechnical Engineering, 9th reprint, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, New
Delhi, India.
2.
IS: 1892-1979, Code of Practice for
Subsurface Investigations for Foundations, Indian
Standard Institute. New Delhi.
3.
IS:
1498-1970,
Classification
and
Identification of Soils for General Engineering
Purposes, Indian Standard Institute. New Delhi.
4.
Bolton, M.D. (1986), The Strength and
Dilatancy of Sands, Geotechnique, Vol. 36, No. 1,
pp. 65-78.
5.
IS: 2131 - 1981, Method for Standard
Penetration Test for Soils, Indian Standard
Institute, New Delhi.
6.
IS: 4968(Part 3)-1976, Static Cone
Penetration Test, Indian Standard Institute, New
Delhi.

7.
IS: 2720(Part 13)-1986, Methods of Test for
Soils - Direct Shear Test, Indian Standard Institute,
New Delhi.
8.
IS:2720(Part 10)-1991, Methods of test for
soils- Determination of Unconfined Compressive
Strength, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
9.
IS: 2720 (Part XV)-1965, Methods of Test
for Soils - Determination of Consolidation
Properties, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
10.
IS: 1888-1982, Method of Load Test on
Soils, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
11.
IS: 2950(Part I)-1981, Code of Practice for
Design and Construction of Raft Foundations,
Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
12.
IS: 6403-1981, Code of Practice for
Determination of Bearing Capacity of Shallow
Foundations, Indian Standard Institute, New Delhi.
13.
IS: 8009(Part I)-1976, Code of Practice for
Calculation of Settlements of Foundations-Shallow
Foundations Subjected to Symmetrical Static
Vertical Loads, Indian Standard Institute, New
Delhi.
14.
IS: 4434-1978, Code of practice for in-situ
Vane Shear Test for soils, Indian Standard
Institute, New Delhi.

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