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Text:
References:
Digital Communications, Fourth Edition, J.G. Proakis, McGraw Hill, 2000.
Course Outline
Review of Probability
Signal and Spectra (Chapter 1)
Formatting and Base band Modulation (Chapter 2)
Base band Demodulation/Detection (Chapter 3)
Channel Coding (Chapter 6, 7 and 8)
Band pass Modulation and Demod./Detect.
(Chapter 4)
Spread Spectrum Techniques (Chapter 12)
Synchronization (Chapter 10)
Source Coding (Chapter 13)
Fading Channels (Chapter 15)
Todays Goal
Review of Basic Probability
Digital Communication Basic
Communication
Main purpose of communication is to transfer information
from a source to a recipient via a channel or medium.
Basic block diagram of a communication system:
Source
Transmitter
Channel
Receiver
Recipient
Brief Description
Source: analog or digital
Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power
amp., antenna
Channel: e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space
Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power
amplifier, transducer
Recipient: e.g. person, (loud) speaker, computer
Types of information
Voice, data, video, music, email etc.
Types of communication systems
Public Switched Telephone Network (voice,fax,modem)
Satellite systems
Radio,TV broadcasting
Cellular phones
Computer networks (LANs, WANs, WLANs)
Information Representation
Communication system converts information into electrical
electromagnetic/optical signals appropriate for the transmission
medium.
Analog systems convert analog message into signals that can
propagate through the channel.
Digital systems convert bits(digits, symbols) into signals
Why digital?
Digital techniques need to distinguish between discrete symbols
allowing regeneration versus amplification
Good processing techniques are available for digital signals, such
as medium.
Data compression (or source coding)
Error Correction (or channel coding)(A/D conversion)
Equalization
Security
Easy to mix signals and data using digital techniques
Performance Metrics
Analog Communication Systems
Metric is fidelity: want
m (t ) m(t )
SNR typically used as performance metric
Digital Communication Systems
( P = p( b b) )
b
Main Points
Transmitters modulate analog messages or bits in case of a DCS
for transmission over a channel.
Receivers recreate signals or bits from received signal (mitigate
channel effects)
Performance metric for analog systems is fidelity, for digital it is
the bit rate and error probability.
Character
Member of an alphanumeric/symbol (A to Z, 0 to 9)
Characters can be mapped into a sequence of binary digits
using one of the standardized codes such as
ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange
EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
M - ary
A digital message constructed with M symbols
Digital Waveform
Current or voltage waveform that represents a digital symbol
Bit Rate
Actual rate at which information is transmitted per second
x(t) = 5Cos(10t)
x(t) = x(t + T0 )
t denotes time
T0 is the period of x(t).
for
- < t <
(1.2)
T/2
Ex =
lim
T
T / 2
x (t) dt
x 2 (t) dt
(1.7)
Px =
lim
T
1
2
x
(t) dt
T T / 2
(1.8)
(t) dt = 1
(1.9)
(t) = 0 for t 0
(t) is bounded at t = 0
(1.10)
(1.11)
(1.12)
x( f )= X ( f )
(1.14)
According to Parsevals theorem, the energy of x(t):
Ex =
Therefore:
x 2 (t) d t =
Ex =
|X (f)| 2 d f
(1.13)
(f) df
(1.15)
E x = 2 x (f) df
0
(1.16)
n=-
represented as:
1 0
Px =
T0
x 2 (t) dt =
|C
2
|
n
n=-
T0 / 2
(1.17)
Px =
(f) df = 2 G x (f) df
0
(1.19)
1.4 Autocorrelation
1. Autocorrelation of an Energy Signal
Correlation is a matching process; autocorrelation refers to the
matching of a signal with a delayed version of itself.
Autocorrelation function of a real-valued energy signal x(t) is
defined as:
R x ( ) =
x(t) x (t + ) dt
for
- < <
(1.21)
R x ( ) =R x (- )
R x ( ) R x (0) for all
R x ( ) x (f)
R x (0) =
x 2 (t) dt
R x ( ) =
lim
T
1
x(t) x (t + ) dt
T T / 2
(1.22)
When the power signal x(t) is periodic with period T0, the
autocorrelation function can be expressed as
1
R x ( ) =
T0
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
x(t) x (t + ) dt
(1.23)
R x ( ) =R x (- )
R x ( ) Gx (f)
R x (0) =
1
T0
T0 / 2
T0 / 2
x 2 (t) dt
FX ( x) = P( X x)
dF X ( x )
PX ( x ) =
dx
m X = E{ X } =
xp
( x )dx
E{ X 2 } =
x 2 p X ( x)dx
var( X ) = E{( X m X ) 2 }
( x m X ) 2 p X ( x ) dx
var( X ) = E{ X 2 } E{ X }2
2. Random Processes
A random process X(A, t) can be viewed as a function of two
variables: an event A and time.
E{ X (tk )} =
xp
Xk
( x) dx = mX (tk )
(1.30)
R X ( t1 , t 2 ) = E { X ( t1 ) X ( t 2 )}
(1.31)
1.5.2.2 Stationarity
A random process X(t) is said to be stationary in the strict sense
if none of its statistics are affected by a shift in the time origin.
A random process is said to be wide-sense stationary (WSS) if
two of its statistics, its mean and autocorrelation function, do not
vary with a shift in the time origin.
E{ X (t )} = m X = a constant
(1.32)
R X ( t1 , t 2 ) = R X ( t1 t 2 )
(1.33)
1. RX ( ) = RX ( )
2. R X ( ) R X (0) for all
3. R X ( ) G X ( f )
4. R X (0) = E{ X 2 (t )}
mX
1
= lim
x T
T /2
X (t ) d t
(1.35)
T / 2
1
R X ( ) = lim
x T
T /2
T / 2
X (t ) X ( t + ) dt
(1.36)
1. G X ( f ) 0
2. G X ( f ) = G X ( f )
3. GX ( f ) RX ( )
4. PX (0) =
( f )df
Relationship between average
normalized power and PSD
1
1 n
p(n) =
exp
2
2
(1.40)
Gn ( f ) =
watts / hertz
N0
Rn ( ) = {Gn ( f )} =
( )
2
1
(1.43)
p (n) =
N0
df =
2
(1.44)
y (t ) = x(t ) h(t ) =
x( )h(t )d
(1.46)
y (t ) =
x ( ) h ( t ) d
0
(1.47a)
Y( f )= X ( f )H( f )
X(f)
H ( f ) = H ( f ) e j ( f )
(1.50)
( f ) = tan 1
Im { H ( f )}
R e{ H ( f )}
(1.51)
If a random process forms the input to a timeinvariant linear system,the output will also be a
random process.
The input power spectral density GX (f )and the
output power spectral density GY (f )are related
as:
GY ( f ) = G X ( f ) H ( f )
(1.53)
y (t ) = Kx(t t0 )
j 2 ft0
(
)
=
(
)
Y
f
KX
f
e
Output signal in frequency domain
H ( f ) = Ke j 2 ft0
(1.54)
(1.55)
(1.56)
1 d ( f )
( f ) =
2 df
H ( f ) = H ( f ) e j ( f )
(1.58)
Where
1
H( f ) =
0
for | f | < f u
for | f | f u
(1.59)
j ( f )
=e
j 2 ft0
(1.60)
Ideal Filters
The impulse response of the ideal low-pass filter:
h ( t ) = 1 { H ( f )}
H ( f ) e j 2 ft df
fu
e j 2 ft 0 e j 2 ft df
fu
fu
e j 2 f ( t t 0 ) df
fu
sin 2 f u ( t t 0 )
= 2 fu
2 f u ( t t 0 )
= 2 f u sin nc 2 f u ( t t 0 )
Ideal Filters
For the ideal band-pass filter
transfer function
1 + j 2 f
1 + (2 f ) 2
Figure 1.13
Realizable Filters
Phase characteristic of RC filter
Figure 1.13
Realizable Filters
There are several useful approximations to the ideal low-pass
filter characteristic and one of these is the Butterworth filter
Hn ( f ) =
1
1 + ( f / fu )
2n
n 1
(1.65)
sin ( f f c )T
Gx ( f ) = T
(
)
f
f
T
(1.73)