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Problem Guide
Chapter 11: Pressure Conduits (read sections 1, 2, 6, 9-11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 27)
Estimating flow using the Darcy-Weisbach, Manning, and Hazen-Williams equations
Darcy-Weisbach: hL f
L V2
or V
D 2g
2 gDhL
fL
p
p
Q Cd A2 2 g z1 1 z2 2 Cd A2 2 g h1 h2 Cd A2 2 gh
Where Cd is a discharge coefficient specific to the meter, A2 is the flow area at the constricted
is specific weight, and h is the height of water in a pressure tap above a reference elevation.
hp z B B B hL
A 2g
B 2g
Where Z is elevation, p is pressure, g is specific weight, hp is pump head, hL is headloss, and A
and B are points along a pipe.
6. Estimate peak flow as Qp = CIA. Note: Qp is in cfs, I in in/hr, and A in acres. The exact
equation has a units conversion of 1.008, but this is usually taken to be 1.
2KH h2 h1
ln r2 / r1
Where H equals the depth from the original water table to the aquifer bottom, h2 and h1 are
depths from observation well water level to aquifer bottom at r2 and r1, the respective
horizontal distances from the well to the points where h2 and h1 are observed. The equation
works for aquifers that are either confined (exactly) or unconfined (approximately). Well must
completely penetrate aquifer and drawdown must be small compared to aquifer thickness. It
often takes years to achieve equilibrium.
Nonequilibrium conditions (Theis equation):
(1) Plot r2/t versus Z on logarithmic paper, where r = the radius at which a drawdown of Z is
observed at time t.
(2) Create a type curve of u versus W(u) on logarithmic paper (use Table 4.2). Note: the r2/t
versus Z and type curve graphs must have the same scale (i.e., log units the same). This
can be achieved by using purchased log-log paper with the same scale for each graph, or
taking care when generating computer graphs. Only use computer generated graphs if you
can incorporate enough gridlines for accurate interpretation.
(3) Overlay the two graphs and, keeping their axes parallel, lay the raw data graph along the
type curve graph such that they follow each other.
(4) Read the coordinates of a common point on the two curves to determine values of Z, r2/t
W(u), and u and use to determine T (transmissivity) and S (storage coefficient) using the
equations given below. Note, T = KB, where B is the depth of the aquifer.
4Tu
QW (u )
QW (u )
r 2 4Tu
Z
&
. Rearranged, the equations are T
& S r2 t
4T
4Z
t
S
N 1
,
m
where N = number of data points and m = the rank of the flood (i.e., the largest flood has
rank 1, the smallest has rank N).
(2) The probability of getting that flood in any single year is P = 1/Tr.
(3) The probability of getting that flood once in N years is J = 1 (1 P)N.
Note: This method does not work well for the floods of higher rank. The exact rank at which
the formula has unacceptable error depends on the number of data points. The more data
points, the higher the rank.
Estimating the probability/recurrence interval of relatively rare floods using the Gumbel
distribution (one of several different methods)
Hand Solution Method
(1) From annual flood data, calculate the average and standard deviation of the maximum
annual flood, X. Use all of the available data. Note: The method will not work well for
short data sets, especially if a very rare event is included.
(2) b
1
X X 0.45 , where = standard deviation and X-bar is the average max.
0.7797
annual flood.
1
(3) Tr
b
1 e e
10
1.49 2 3 12
R S
n
2
1
1.49
AR 3 S 2 for yn (normal depth)
n
Q2
A3
g
B
q2
yc
g
channel
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Measure flow using a rectangular weir (Sharp crested, flat weir that spans a rectangular flume)
1. Determine width of channel, L
2. Determine height of water relative to top of weir (H), measured at a specified up stream
location (Given in problems used for this course)
3. Calculate weir coefficient, K
K 0.40 0.05
H
, where P = height of weir relative to channel bottom
P
4. Calculate flow, Q K 2 g LH
Q K 2 gWH a3 2
FIGURE 4-39
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C A
i l
k
A
i l
k L0o.37
3. Calculate overland flow time as to (i) =
(just one formula among many) .
S o0.20
Surface characteristics
Concrete, Asphalt
Commercial
Residential
Rocky, bare soil
k
0.371
0.445
0.511
0.604
Surface characteristics
Cultivated
Woodland, thin grass
Average pasture
Tall grass
k
0.775
0.942
1.040
1.130
Li / Vi.
i l
3. Calculate Vi using Mannings formula and assuming full flow. If greater accuracy is
required, calculate Vi for the design flow rate and depth.
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graphs or any of a number of formulas. Well use the very simple Steel formula: I t b ,
c
where K and b are as follows (for South Jersey).
Storm Frequency
K
B
2
140
21
4
190
25
10
230
29
25
260
32
50
350
38
100
375
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Maximum flow in pipe k, from specific combination of area, l to k
1. Q(from l through k) = Cl to k I l to k Al to k, where Il to k is based on tc (l to k) (maximum time of concentration
for given pipe and specified contributing areas).
Maximum expected flow in pipe k
1. Maximum possible flow in pipe k, for all possible combinations of area.
2. Qp = the maximum of Q(from i through k) for i = 1 to k.
3. Maximum flow will usually occur from the largest possible contributing area. However, subareas with low permeability and/or short times of concentration can provide maximum flows.
4. Often, peak flow is assumed to occur when all upstream areas are contributing to the pipe of
interest. In this case, then, only the entire upstream area needs to be evaluated when
determining peak flow.
Diameter of pipe k
1. Based on Qp and Mannings formula and assumption that pipe will flow full.
2.
Qp n
Dk 1.33
S
38
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Determine the boundary of the watershed for each inlet (Area 1, Area 2,).
Determine runoff coefficient, C, for each watershed.
Compute time of overland flow for each watershed.
Determine required design storm frequency, n.
Determine peak flow at first inlet following Design of a pipe serving a single inlet. Size
the pipe from Inlet 1 to Inlet 2.
6. Determine the peak flow at Inlet 2, following the methods described above. This will
probably occur when all of the upstream areas are contributing. Unless you are told to
assume peak flow occurs when all upstream areas are contributing, check flow from all
possible combinations of contributing areas, i.e., A2, and A2 and A1.
7. Size the pipe from Inlet 2 to Inlet 3.
8. Calculate peak flow and required pipe diameter for the remaining pipes. Unless you are told
to assume peak flow occurs when all upstream areas are contributing, follow the procedure
that follows. For the pipe between Inlet 2 and 3, consider peak flow from A3; A3 and A2; and
A3, A2, and A1. For pipe between Inlet 3 and 4, consider peak flow from A4; A4 and A3; A4,
A3, and A2; and A4, A3, A2, and A1. Continue in a like manner until all pipes have been sized.
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Qn
class) is 8. Slope should conform to surface profile when possible. Some trial and error
may be necessary.
3. Check minimum slope and/or velocity using table below or V
1.49 2 3 12
R S . Minimum
n
4. Check maximum velocity flowing at full depth. You dont need to check velocity at design
depth (unless the full velocity is very close to 10 fps) as max velocity is only 1.05 times
velocity at full depth. Maximum velocity should be below 10 fps.
5. Pipes cannot get smaller going downstream.
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