Mathematics 180-103

Midterm October 5th 2010

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SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Please show your work and also underline your answer.
Each question is worth 3 marks, but an incorrect answer will be given at most 1 mark.
Unless otherwise stated, it is not necessary to simplify your answers.
3 marks

1. (a) Evaluate the limit

lim

x2

sin(x 2)
x2 + x 6

or determine that it does not exist.

Solution: At x = 2 both numerator and denominator are zero, so we first

simplify.
sin(x 2)
sin(x 2)
=
lim
x2 x2 + x 6
x2 (x 2)(x + 3)


sin(x 2) 1
= lim
x2
(x 2) x + 3
1
sin(x 2)
lim
= lim
x2 x + 3
x2 (x 2)
1
1
= 1 lim
=
x2 x + 3
5
lim

3 marks

(b) Evaluate the limit

lim

9x2 5x + 4
4x 3

or determine that it does not exist.

Solution: We see that both the numerator and denominator dominated by x.

So we can rewrite,
p

x 9 5/x + 4/x2
9x2 5x + 4
= lim
lim
x
x
4x 3
x(4 3/x)
p
9 5/x + 4/x2
= lim
x
(4 3/x)

3
9
=
=
4
4
p
Note: the negative sign comes from the assumption that x < 0, so (x2 ) < 0.

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Mathematics 180-103
3 marks

Midterm October 5th 2010

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(c) What value of c makes the following function continuous?

(
x2 6x + 11 if x < c
h(x) =
2x 5
if x c .

Solution: We need the left-limit to equal the right limit.

lim h(x) = c2 6c + 11

xc

lim h(x) = 2c 5

xc+

So we need c2 6c + 11 = 2c 5 or c2 8c + 16 = 0 or (c 4)2 = 0 . Hence

c = 4.
3 marks

(d) Find the derivative of f (x) =

x4
.
ex + 2x

Solution: We use the quotient rule

d
d
(ex + 2x) dx
(x4 ) x4 dx
(ex + 2x)
(ex + 2x)2
(ex + 2x)4x3 x4 (ex + 2)
=
(ex + 2x)2
4x3 ex + 8x4 2x4 x4 ex
=
(ex + 2x)2
ex (4x3 x4 ) + 6x4
=
(ex + 2x)2

f 0 (x) =

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Mathematics 180-103
3 marks

Midterm October 5th 2010

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(e) Find the derivative of f (x) = ecos(x ) .

Solution: Let u(x) = x2 and v(x) = cos(x). We see that u0 (x) = 2x and
v 0 (x) = sin(x).
By applying the chain rule:
d  cos(x2 ) 
e
dx




d
2
cos(x2 )
cos(x )
=e
dx




cos(x2 )
2 d
2
=e
sin(x )
x
dx

2 
= ecos(x ) 2x sin(x2 )

f 0 (x) =

= 2x sin(x2 )ecos(x

3 marks

2)

(f) Find the second derivative of f (x) = x2 ex .

Solution:
We apply the product rule to get
f 0 (x) =

d x
2
d
x2 ex +
e
x = (2x x2 )ex
dx
dx

We apply it a second time to get

d
d x

2x x2 ex +
e
(2x x2 )
dx
dx
= (2 2x)ex (2x x2 )ex = (2 4x + x2 )ex

f 0 (x) =

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Mathematics 180-103

Midterm October 5th 2010

Page 5 of 6

FULL-SOLUTION PROBLEMS
In questions 24, justify your answers and show all your work. If you need more space,
use the back of the previous page.
6 marks

2. Let
f (x) = ecos x 3x2
Explain why f (x) is continuous for all x. Then use the Intermediate Value Theorem to
prove there is a point c in the open interval (/2, /2) so that f (c) = 0.
Solution:
Since cos x, ex and x are continuous on all x. Since sums and compositions of
continuous functions are continuous it follows that f (x) is continuous everywhere (and in particular on [/2, /2]). Hence we can use the IVT.
When x = 0, f (x) = ecos(0) 0 = e1 = e.
When x = /2, f (x) = ecos(/2)

3 2
4

= e(0)

3 2
4

=1

3 2
4

< 0.

Since f (0) > 0 and f (/2) < 0, by the IVT, there is some c between 0 and /2
(or between /2 and 0) so that f (c) = 0.
8 marks

3. Find the equation of all lines that are tangent to the curve f (x) = x2 4x and pass
through the point (3, 12).
Solution:
Assume the line intersects the curve at x = a.
Then the gradient of the line is

a2 4a+12
a3

This must be equal to the derivative of the curve 2a 4. So

a2 4a + 12
= 2a 4
a3
which implies
a2 4a + 12 = (2a 4)(a 3)
= 2a2 10a + 12
and after rearranging,
0 = a2 6a
= a(a 6)
Thus a = 0, 6.
If a = 0 then m = f 0 (0) = 4. Hence c = 0 and so y = 4x.
If a = 6 then m = f 0 (6) = 8. Hence c = 36 and so y = 8x 36.

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Mathematics 180-103
8 marks

Midterm October 5th 2010

t2
. Use the definition of the derivative to find
t+4
You must show your work.

4. Let g(t) =

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dg
.
dt

No credit will be given on this problem for using derivative formulas.

Solution:
dg
g(t + h) g(t)
= lim
dt h0
h
t+h2 t2

t
+
h
+
4
t+4
= lim
h0
h
(t + h 2)(t + 4) (t 2)(t + h + 4)
= lim
h0
h(t + h + 4)(t + 4)
(t 2)(t + 4) + h(t + 4) [(t 2)(t + 4) + h(t 2)]
= lim
h0
h(t + h + 4)(t + 4)
(t 2)(t + 4) + h(t + 4) (t 2)(t + 4) h(t 2)
= lim
h0
h(t + h + 4)(t + 4)
h [(t + 4) (t 2)]
= lim
h0 h(t + h + 4)(t + 4)
6h
= lim
h0 h(t + h + 4)(t + 4)
6
6
=
= lim
h0 (t + h + 4)(t + 4)
(t + 4)2

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Mathematics 180-103

Midterm November 9th 2010

Page 2 of 7

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS.

Please show your work and also underline your answer.
Each question is worth 3 marks, but an incorrect answer will be given at most 1 mark.
Unless otherwise stated, it is not necessary to simplify your answers.

3 marks 1. (a) Use a linear approximation to estimate 62.

Solution: Let f (x) = x and we expand around a = 64. We need the first
derivative f 0 (x) = 21 x . The linear approximation is
L(x) = f (64) + f 0 (64)(x 64)
1
(x 64)
=8+
2(8)
1
L(62) = 8 +
(2)
16
1
= 8 = 7.875
8

3 marks

(b) Simplify the expression tan(arcsin(x)). (Remember arcsin(x) = sin1 (x) is inversesine).
Solution: Let y = sin1 (x), then sin(y) = x. This defines a right angle triangle
with
hypotenuse length 1 and opposite side x. This means the third side is

1 x2 . Thus
x
tan(sin1 (x)) = tan(y) =
1 x2

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Midterm November 9th 2010

Mathematics 180-103
3 marks

(c) Let y = cot(arcsin(x)). Find

Page 3 of 7

dy
. Simplify your answer.
dx

Solution:
y = cot(arcsin(x))
dy
d
= csc2 (arcsin x)
(arcsin x)
dx
dx
1
1
=

2
sin (arcsin x)
1 x2
1
1
1
= 2
=
2
2
x
1x
x 1 x2

3 marks

(d) Find the derivative of the following function

g(t) =

(1 + 2t)3/2
.
(2 cos(t))7 (1 + et )2/5

Solution: Use log-differentiation

ln g =

3
2
ln(1 + 2t) 7 ln(2 cos t) ln(1 + et )
2
5

differentiate wrt t
3
7 sin t
2et
1 dg
=

g dt
(1 + t) 2 cos(t) 5(1 + et )


3
7 sin t
2et
(1 + t)3/2
dg
=

dt
(1 + t) 2 cos(t) 5(1 + et ) (2 cos(t))7 (1 + et )2/5

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Mathematics 180-103
3 marks

(e) If x3 y 2 = ey , find

Midterm November 9th 2010

Page 4 of 7

dy
in terms of x and y.
dx

Solution:
x3 y 2 = ey




d
d
d y

x3
y2 =
e
dx
dx
dx
dy
dy
3x2 2y
= ey
dx
dx
3x2 = (2y ey )

dy
dx

dy
3x2
=
dx
2y ey

3 marks

(f) Find the tangent line to

h(x) = log(e3 |5x2 + 7x + 3|2 )
at x = 1.
Solution:
We start by rearranging the equation.
h(x) = log(e3 |5x2 + 7x + 3|2 )
= log(|5x2 + 7x + 3|2 ) + log(e3 )
= 2 log(|5x2 + 7x + 3|) + 3
We then see that h(1) = 3.
We see that:
10x + 7
+ 7x + 3
10(1) + 7
h0 (1) = 2
5(1)2 + 7(1) + 3
= 2(3) = 6

h0 (x) = 2

5x2

We then substitute the point (1, 3) into the point-slope form.

y y0 = m(x x0 )
y 3 = 6(x + 1)
y = 6x 3
The tangent line of h(x) at the point (1, 3) is y = 6x 3.

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Mathematics 180-103

Midterm November 9th 2010

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FULL-SOLUTION PROBLEMS
In questions 24, justify your answers and show all your work. Include units where
appropriate. If you need more space, use the back of the previous page.
6 marks

2. A 2kg lump of unknown material is decaying radioactively. After 20 minutes 400g has
decayed.
(a) What is the half-life of the material?
Solution:
P (t) = P (0)ekt

P (0) = 2kg

P (20) = 0.8 = e20k

k = ln(0.8)/20

0.5 = et ln(0.8)/20
ln(0.5) = t ln(0.8)/20
t = 20 ln(0.5)/ ln(0.8) minutes

(b) How long until only 250g remain?

Solution: In one half-life there will be 1kg remaining. In two half-lives
there will be 500g remaining. In three half-lives there will be 250g remaining.
Hence 60 ln(0.5)/ ln(0.8) minutes.

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Mathematics 180-103
8 marks

Midterm November 9th 2010

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3. Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon at a rate of 300cm3 /min. How fast is
the surface area increasing when the surface area is 100cm2 ? (You may assume air is
incompressible)

Solution:
We know that the volume of a sphere is given by V = 43 r3 ,
and the surface area is given by S = 4r2 .
Rearranging the surface area equation, we see that r =
4
V (S) =
3

S
4

S
4

!3

.
Simplifying, we see that
1
V (S) = S 3/2
3 4
.
From the chain rule, we see that
We find that

dV
dt

dV dS
.
dS dt

1 3 1/2

dV
1
=
S
= S 1/2
dS
4
3 4 2

Combining all information, we find that

1
dV
dS
= S 1/2
dt
dt
4
,
and hence

4
dS
dV 4
=
= 300 = 120cm2 /min
1/2
dt
dt S
10

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and therefore

Mathematics 180-103
8 marks

Midterm November 9th 2010

Page 7 of 7

4. Consider the function f (x) = ex cos(x).

(a) Write down the 3rd degree Maclaurin polynomial for f and so approximate f (1/2).

Solution:
f (x) = ex cos x
f 0 (x) = ex (cos(x) sin(x))
f 00 (x) = ex (cos x sin x cos x sin x)
= 2ex sin x
f 000 (x) = 2ex (cos x + sin x)
2 3
T3 (x) = 1 + x +
x
3!
1
= 1 + x x3
3

f (0) = 1
f 0 (0) = 1
f 00 (0) = 0
f 000 (0) = 2

Thus
T3 (1/2) = 1 +

1 1 1
24 + 12 1
35
=
=
2 8 3
24
24

(b) Determine an upper bound for the absolute value of the error that would result from
the Maclaurin polynomial of part (a) used to estimate f (1/2).
Solution: We need f (4) (x)
f (4) (x) = 2ex (cos x + sin x) + 2ex ( sin x + cos x) = 4ex cos x
Plugging this into the remainder formula
1 (4)
f (c)(x a)4
4!
1
1
|R4 (1/2)| = | 4ec cos c|
24
16
4 1

|ec |
24 16
12 1
1

=
24 16
32
R4 (x) =

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with 0 < c < 1/2

| cos c| < 1
ec < 3