Water Quality Aspects of Drinking Water Networks-01 PDF

Pumping stations and water
transport
Water quality aspects of drinking water
networks
ct5550
Introduction
Water quality changes during transport

through the network
Chemical processes: interaction between
pipe material and water
Biological processes:
development/regrowth of bacteria and
invertebrates
Physical processes: sedimentation and
resuspention
CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks
Material composition network

120000
100000
rest
pvc
nod CI
Cast Iron
ac
km pipe
80000
60000
40000
20000
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
Present material composition

rest
4%
Asbestos cement
33%
pvc
50%
Cast iron
nod CI
2%
11%
Physical processes
Main problem: discoloured water

Primarily a customer related problem:
discoloured water is harmless
Although relation with bacteriological

problems
Focus because of changing attitude of

both customer (more critical and out
spoken) as water company (more
customer oriented)
Early 90s: red water on the

agenda in the Netherlands
Increased customer complaints
Unexpected
more critical attitude

more professional registration
decrease in cast iron
also in new plastic networks
Unsatisfactory results of (costly) cleaning

programs
100 Cast Iron (1900)
Basic questions
What is discoloured water

How to measure discoloured water
What is the cause and nature of
discolourde water
What can we do about it
What is red water?
Water with a turbidity that can be noticed

by a customer
Turbidity is the key factor in red water
How to measure red water:

Monitoring System
Monitor 1
Monitor 2
Monitor 3
flow
pH
Oxygen
Turbidity
Temperature
Conductivity
Pressure
(Velocity)
Single Monitoring system
Results monitoring turbidity

Continuous monitoring turbidity
0,5
Turbidity [FTU]
0,4
0,3
Treatment
Location 1
Location 2
0,2
0,1
0,0
04-jun
05-jun
06-jun
07-jun
08-jun
09-jun
Closer detail
Continuous monitoring turbidity
0,5
Maximum
Turbidity [FTU]
0,4
0,3
Treatment
Location 1
Location 2
0,2
Minumum
0,1
0,0
05-jun 00:00
05-jun 12:00
06-jun 00:00
Continuous monitoring of
turbidity
Turbidity [FTU]
begin pipe
end pipe
2
complaint
sample
0
mo
tu
we
thu
fr
sa
su
Week days
Cause of discoloured water
Resuspension of sediment
Sediment originates from
source/treatment plant
network (corroding cast iron, biofilm)
mixing different water types
Sedimentation is promoted by low

velocities in the network
Sudden changes in velocity promote
resuspension
Mass balance in a network
Suspended
solids
Biofilm
formation &
sloughing
Particles
Deposition &
resuspention
n
io
t
en
p
us
s
re
Corrosion
Suspended
solids
Formation & Particles

coagulation
J.H.G. Vreeburg
Bed load
transport
Actions to prevent red water:

a three stage rocket
Prevent the sediment from entering the

network
Remove sediment swiftly en effectively
Improve the treatment of water

Conduct cleaning programmes
Prevent sedimentation of suspended

matter
Design small diameter pipes: design for

self-cleaning capacity
Variation of production
capacity and water quality
Turbidity different pumping

stations
0,4
0,35
0,3
Turbidity (FTU)
plant C
0,25
0,2
0,15
plant B
0,1
plant A
0,05
0
22
24
26
28
30
Tim e (days, reference is location ps A)
10
12
14
16
First stage: improve treatment
Goal: steady process with low turbidity

Tools: demand forecasting and clever
use of balancing reservoirs
But: conventional treatment leaves

sediment in the water
Second stage: Remove

sediment
Cleaning the network, available

techniques
Flushing
Water/air scouring
Pigging
Measuring method:
Resuspension potential
Research tools
Continuous monitoring turbidity and

Particle counts
Resuspension Potential Method
Experimental pipe test rig
Analysis of concentrate MF-installation
Resuspension Potential
Method
Principle
resuspension of sediment by sudden increase

of velocity
0,35 m/s on top of normal velocity
turbidity monitoring
no impact on the customer
Method
Monitor
V (m/s)
Closed valve
Cause a sudden increase in velocity

V = 0.35
Normal velocity
t1
t2
Time
Typical RP curve
High resuspension
potential indicates
polluted network:
cleaning network, e.g.
flushing
Turbidity
Time
Effect of flushing monitored

with resuspension potential
Turbidity
Turbidity
Before
cleaning
After
cleaning
Time
Time
Pictures monitor connection
Method
Method
Resuspention potential method

Sample measuring
Turbidity [FTU]
Typical RPM curve

First 5 min
Last 10 min
Base level
Disturbance
Resettling time
Relative interpretation RPM

5 aspects determine the RP:
Absolute maximum turbidity first five minutes

Average turbidity first five minutes
Absolute maximum turbidity last ten minutes
Average turbidity last ten minutes
Resetling time
First 5 min Last 10 min
0 to 3 points per aspect
Turbidity [FTU]
Base
level
Disturbance Resettling time

Ranking RPM
Turbidity Dr Lange, Hydrant measuring
points
Category
Absolute max
first 5 min
Average first 5 min
Absolute max
last 10 min
Average max
last 10 min
Time to clear
<3 ftu
3 10 ftu 10-40 ftu >40 ftu
<3 ftu
3 10 ftu 10-40 ftu >40 ftu
<3 ftu
3 10 ftu 10-40 ftu >40 ftu
<3 ftu
3 10 ftu 10-40 ftu >40 ftu
< 5 min. 5-15 min 15-60 min >60 min
Typical RPM results

Pre and Post cleaning
Turbidity w ith RPM, before cleaning
Disturbance 13:09 - 13:23
Turbidity w ith RPM, after cleaning

Disturbance 9:59 - 10:15
50
Turbidity [FTU]
Turbidity [FTU]
50
40
30
20
10
0
40
30
20
10
0
13:09 13:11 13:13 13:15 13:17 13:19 13:25
09:59
10:02
10:05
Tim e
Score 12
10:08
Tim e
Score 0
10:11
10:14
Resuspension Potential Method

Particles
Hypothesis effects improved

particle load
Effect cleaning
Effect improved
treatment
Critical
level
Effect
Q21 ?
Cleaning
frequency 1
Cleaning
frequency 2
Additional research
Particle load present system
Large volume sampling

Test rig 100
new test rig multiple pipes
Goals:
Determine characteristics present drinking

water
Develop new measurement methods and
tools
Trigger students
Test pipe rig 100
Charge with
concentrate
Original set up test rig
layer development
2
1
time
Practical set up
First observations
Some more observations
Iron Chloride 0.06 m/s
Iron Chloride 0.14 m/s
Kaolinite 0.06 m/s
Kaolinite 0.14 m/s
Drinking water quality aspects:

Remove the sediment
Remove the sediment
Water flushing is effective if:
1,5 m/s is reached

Flush volume is 3 times the pipe content
Clear water front
Alternative methods as water/air scouring

and pigging only when water flushing
boundaries are not met
Results of cleaning program
City of Venlo
Red line are CI
Rest is PVC/AC
Measuring equipment
RPM results individual location

Turbidity data RPM 100 mm AC
200
180
22-10-2001
15-5-2002
22-10-2002
17-11-2003
10-11-2004
28-11-2005
1-11-2006
Turbidity [FTU]
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1
11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
RPM data 100 mm AC
time [minutes]
12
10
RPM [-]
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
year
2006
2007
2008
RPM results CI-location

Turbidity data 4" CI
350
4-3-2002
9-7-2002
7-5-2003
27-5-2004
26-4-2005
9-5-2006
Turbidity [FTU]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1
5 7
9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
RPM data 4" CI
Time [min]
12
10
RPM [-]
8
6
4
2
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Overall results
Average RPM
cast-iron/steel
12,0
non ferrous
10,0
RPM [-]
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Innovative cleaning methods

water direction
high velocity
low velocity
ball
re-suspension of sediment
transport
Foto ballcleaning
Water/air scouring
Pigging
Result of aggressive cleaning cast

iron (pigging or W/A scouring)
Post-cleaning turbidity
1,00
Turbidity [FTU]
0,75
Loc 2 post
Loc 4 post
Loc 5 post
0,50
0,25
0,00
13-06-00
15-06-00
17-06-00
19-06-00
21-06-00
Third stage: prevent

sedimentation
Design drinking water networks instead of fire

fighting networks
Main characteristics of drinking water network
Looped transport network

Branched district areas with up to 200 connections
Velocity in branches 0,4 m/s once a day
Result: self cleaning network
Large draw back: less fire fighting capacity
Self cleaning network

Looped network (disturbed)
V = > 0,4 m/sec
Looped network
V = 0,07 m/sec
sediment
Drinking water network (self cleaning)

V = > 0,4 m/sec
sediment
Conventional network
75
110
Flat
VP 350 kPa
Flat
house
Hospital
VP 350 kPa
New network
40
63
110
VP 350 kPa
64
116
85
60 m3/h
Hospital
VP 350 kPa
Pumping stations and water

transport
Water quality aspects of drinking water
networks
ct5550
Chemical processes
Materials used in drinking water transport and

distribution
Materials used in house plumbing
Cast Iron
Asbestos Cement
Plastics as PVC and PE
Lead
Copper
Plastics, mainly PE
Other materials as concrete, (galvanised) steel,

GRP act chemically in similar ways
Cast Iron: corrosion products
Fe
CO
23
FeCO3
2+
O2
Fe
3+
O2
FeOOH Fe3O 4
FeOOH
Protective layer
bad layer
Cast Iron: corrosion problems
Graphitisation: weakening of pipe

material and strength
Loss of hydraulic capacity due to
voluminous corrosion products
Deterioration of water quality
Discolouration
Biofilm formation
100 Cast Iron (1900)
Cast Iron: prevention of

corrosion
Water composition at pumping station
pH > 7,5
TIC > 2 mmol/l
(Total Inorganic Carbon [HCO3-])
(Cl- + 2SO4)/TIC < 1
Coatings
Cement mortar lining

PE-sleeves
Asbestos Cement
Corrosion process: Leaching of Calcium

Hydroxide
Corrosion problems:
Loss of strength
Increase of pH
Release of asbestos fibres
Precipitation of calcium carbonate
Prevention AC corrosion
problems
Water composition
-0,2 < SI < 0,3

TIC > 2 mmol/l
Ca 2+ CO32-
SI = log
Ca 2+ CO32-
eq
= pH - pH eq
eq
Plastics
No chemical processes known at the

moment
(limited) Lead destabilisation at the start
of the life time
Lead and copper
Corrosion process: release of lead

Corrosion problem: public health
Prevention
Water composition: pH > 7,8

Coating
replacement
Optimal composition of
drinking water
7.8 and (0,38 TIC + 1.5 SO24 + 5.3) < pH < 8.3
TIC > 2
0.2 < SI < 0,3
Cl + 2 SO42
<1
TIC
TIC = HCO3 (if 7.8 < pH < 8.3)
Chemical en biological
processes
The following slides are optional and can

be put in an appendix.
Biological processes
Biological water quality will change in the

distribution system
Changes are governed by:
initial water quality

chemical and biological processes
hydraulics
pipe material
system integrity
Goal in-pipe water quality

control
Hygienic water safety control
limitation of regrowth
prevention of recontamination
Controlling chemical and physical

composition
Hygienic water safety control:

limitation of regrowth
Disinfectant residual
May have some effect

Not applied because of adverse effects
(disinfection by-products, taste, odour)
Controlling the source of regrowth

problems
biologically unstable water

biologically unstable pipe materials
Causes for degradation of the

microbial in-pipe water quality
biofilm formation
attachment and growth of micro-organisms

onto surfaces exposed to drinking water
entrapment of (inorganic) particles in biofilm
sediment accumulation
environment for multiplication of microorganisms (Aeromonads, invertebrates)
Biofilm formation
Biofilm formation is promoted by

microbial utilisation of biodegradable
compounds
Sources for biodegradable compounds:
treated water
pipe material in contact with drinking water
The Unified Biofilm Approach
Biofilm
Formation
Characteristics
of Water
Biofilm monitor
Biofilm
Density on
Pipe Walls
Observations on
pipe segments
Biofilm
Formation
Potential of
Materials
BFP-test
Assessing biofilm formation
Kiwa Biofilm Monitor
assessment of rate (BFR) and extent (BFP) of biofilm

formation on surfaces exposed to water under test
BFR = Biofilm Formation Rate (pg ATP/cm2.d)
BFP = Biofilm Formation Potential (pg ATP/ cm2)
provides information on the biostability of the water
Biomass Production Potential (BPP) test
assessment of the growth promoting characteristics of

materials in slow sand filtrate
BPP = BFP + Suspended Biomass Production (SBP)
Biofilm Formation Rate (BFR)

in water:Kiwa Biofilm Monitor
Biofilm formation
equilibrium
- growth
- sloughing effect
lineair growth
exponential growth
Biomass Production Potential

(BPP)
BPP of materials in
contact with (tap) water
BPP/BFP test
Slow sand filtrate

(600 ml)
12 pieces of material
S/V = 0.15 cm2/cm3
Duplicate flasks
Incubation at 25 C
Period: 16 weeks
Biomass parameters:
- ATP
- HPC
- Legionella, ..
Biofilm Formation on materials

in slow sand filtrate (BFP-test)
Biofilm Concentration (pg ATP / cm2)
105
pPVC
104
PE
103
PTFE
102
uPVC
10
0
25
50
75
Incubation period (days)
100
The Unified Biofilm Approach:

a framework for evaluation
104
Drinking water from
groundwater (highest
value)
Drinking water from
anaerobic groundwater
Drinking water from
surface water
Plasticized PVC
Natural rubber
1000
100
Filtrate GAC filter

(fresh carbon)
Drinking water from
aerobic groundwater
10
PTFE
Stainless steel
Filtrate slow sand filters
Water
Glass fiber reinforced

polyester
PE materials
Silicone tubing
Glassfiber reinforced
epoxy
uPVC materials
Glass
1
BFP (pg ATP/cm2)
Materials

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Pumping stations and water

Water quality changes during transport

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Material composition network

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Present material composition

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Main problem: discoloured water

Although relation with bacteriological

Focus because of changing attitude of

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Early 90s: red water on the

Increased customer complaints

more critical attitude

Unsatisfactory results of (costly) cleaning

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

100 Cast Iron (1900)

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

What is discoloured water

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

What is red water?

Water with a turbidity that can be noticed

Turbidity is the key factor in red water

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

How to measure red water:

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Single Monitoring system

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Results monitoring turbidity

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Cause of discoloured water

Sedimentation is promoted by low

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Mass balance in a network

Formation & Particles

Actions to prevent red water:

Prevent the sediment from entering the

Remove sediment swiftly en effectively

Improve the treatment of water

Prevent sedimentation of suspended

Design small diameter pipes: design for

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Turbidity different pumping

Tim e (days, reference is location ps A)

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

First stage: improve treatment

Goal: steady process with low turbidity

But: conventional treatment leaves

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Second stage: Remove

Cleaning the network, available

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Continuous monitoring turbidity and

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

resuspension of sediment by sudden increase

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

Cause a sudden increase in velocity

Effect of flushing monitored

Pictures monitor connection

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks

CT5550: water quality aspects DW networks