New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Book 1B

Suggested answers to Exercise and

Reading to learn
MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource Centre:
www.oupchina.com.hk/biology
The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained
in this publication. Answers for HKDSE, HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available
due to copyright restrictions.

Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans

Exercise
Multiple-choice questions (p. 7-27)
1
5
9

B
D
C

2
6
10

B
A
C

3
7
11

B
B
B

4
8

A
C

Short questions (p. 7-29)

12

HKDSE Combined Science Practice Paper 2012 B Q4

13

14

a
b
c

15

The air sacs have thin walls / one-cell thick epithelium / thin epithelium.
There is a short diffusion distance between air and blood.
Air sacs provide a large surface area for diffusion of gases.
i
Smoking / infection / inflammation
ii The surface area of the air sac is reduced. / There are fewer capillaries.
Therefore, there will be less gas exchange taking place / less uptake of
oxygen / less removal of carbon dioxide.

1
1
1
1
1
1

The cartilage supports the trachea / prevents the trachea from collapsing.
1
The mucus traps dust particles and bacteria.
1
The mucus is then moved to pharynx, where it is swallowed or coughed up.
1
i
Large number of air sacs provides a large surface area for diffusion of gases. /
Thin walls of air sacs reduce the diffusion distance of gases. /
Moist inner surface of air sacs allows gases in inhaled air to dissolve in it
before diffusion.
1
ii Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells and combines with haemoglobin.
1
The red blood cells containing oxyhaemoglobin are carried to other parts of the
body.
1
iii Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape, which increases the surface area
to volume ratio for oxygen to diffuse in and out of the cells.
1
The shape of red blood cells also provides a short distance for oxygen to reach
and leave the haemoglobin in the red blood cells rapidly.
1
i

Oxygen passes through the wall of air sac,

and the wall of capillary into the blood.

1
1

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Book 1B

ii
b

i
ii

16

The diffusion pathway of gases becomes longer. / The diffusion of gases

becomes slower.
Ventilation brings in air containing a higher oxygen concentration,
and removes air with a lower oxygen concentration.
Circulation of blood

The diaphragm lowers / flattens,

so the volume of the lungs increases.
ii Air is entering the lungs.
60/3.3
= 18.2 breath/min

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Structured questions (p. 7-31)

17

HKCEE Biology 2008 I Q3

18

HKCEE Biology 2005 I Q4

19

a
b

20

The pressure decreases to a minimum of 0.31 kPa

1
at 0.9 s,
0.5
then returns to zero at the end of inspiration
1
at 1.68 s.
0.5
0.29 (0.31)
1
= 0.6 kPa
1
i
The diaphragm muscles and the intercostal muscles contract.
1
The volume of the thoracic cavity increases, and the pressure in the lungs
decreases.
1
Air rushes into the lungs, and the pressure in the lungs rises again.
1
ii The diaphragm muscles and the intercostal muscles relax.
1
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, and the pressure in the lungs
increases.
1
Air is forced out of the lungs and the pressure in the lungs decreases again. 1

21

Flask A
1
The tube connecting to the mouthpiece is in the air / not in the liquid.
1
i
Lime water / hydrogencarbonate indicator
1
ii The lime water in flask A stays clear. / The hydrogencarbonate indicator in
flask A stays red.
1
The lime water in flask B turns milky / cloudy. / The hydrogencarbonate
indicator in flask B turns yellow.
1
i
Respiration uses oxygen
1
and produces carbon dioxide.
1
ii Exhaled air is warmer / contains more moist / less dust / bacteria. (any 2) 1 x 2

A: trachea
B: bronchus
C: bronchiole

1
1
1

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Oxford University Press 2014

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition)

Book 1B

ii

The rib cage protects the internal organs / heart / lungs. /

The rib cage takes part in ventilation / breathing.
1
iii Structure Q flattens during breathing in
1
to increase the chest volume / decrease the pressure in the lungs.
1
The lungs will collapse / be unable to expand / inflate.
1
There will be no pressure change. / The pressure inside and outside the chest will be
equal. / There will be no ventilation. / The person cannot breathe. / Air cannot get in
or out of the lungs.
1

Essay (p. 7-32)

22

Oxygen is taken into the human body during inhalation.

During inhalation, the diaphragm flattens
and the intercostal muscles contract.
The ribs move upwards and outwards.
The volume of the lungs increases.
The pressure in the lungs decreases and air from the atmosphere rushes into the lungs.
Inhaled air enters the air sacs in the lungs.
Oxygen in the inhaled air dissolves into the moist surface of the air sacs
and diffuses across the walls
of air sacs and capillaries.
Oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in red blood cells.
The flow of blood carries oxygen away, and a concentration gradient is maintained.

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

23

Red blood cells are fully packed with haemoglobin.

Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin.
Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape.
This increases the surface area to volume ratio for diffusion of oxygen
and provides a short distance for oxygen to reach and leave the haemoglobin.
Mature red blood cells have no nucleus.
This provides more room for holding haemoglobin.
Communication

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3

Reading to learn (p. 7-33)

1

During an asthma attack, the bronchioles constrict and the lining of the bronchioles
swells. The airways become narrow.
1
Mucus secretion increases. Excess mucus blocks the airways.
1
Air entering the lungs decreases.
1
Any two or other correct answers:
1x2
Reduce exposure to pollen grains / animals hair / cigarette smoke / air pollutants.
Quit smoking.
Avoid staying in polluted areas.
Keep places clean.
As the patient inhales the drugs, the drugs reach the lungs directly.
1
A smaller dose is needed. / The effect will be faster. / The amount of drugs reaching the
rest of the body will be smaller.
1

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Oxford University Press 2014