4.

1 Differentiate between polymorphism and

isomerism.
Polimorfisme adalah dimana dua atau lebih struktur kristal yang mungkin
sebagai bahan yang diberikan komposisi. Isomer adalah suatu polimer rumus
molekul yang sama yang berarti bahwa mereka terdiri dari jumlah yang

_ (g/cm3) Crystallinity (%)

1.188 67.3
1.152 43.7

(a) Compute the densities of totally crystalline

and totally amorphous nylon 6,6.
(b) Determine the density of a specimen
having 55.4% crystallinity

sama dari jenis atom yang sama tetapi memiliki struktur atau pengaturan
yang berbeda dalam ruang.
4.2 On the basis of the structures presented in this chapter, sketch mer
structures for the following polymers: (a) polyvinyl fluoride,
(b) polychlorotrifluoroethylene, and (c) polyvinyl alcohol.

7.29 A cylindrical specimen of aluminum having

a diameter of 0.505 in. (12.8 mm) and a gauge
length of 2.000 in. (50.800 mm) is pulled in
tension. Use the loadelongation characteristics
tabulated below to complete problems
a through f.
7.30 A specimen of ductile cast iron having a
rectangular cross section of dimensions
4.8 mm _ 15.9 mm (_
_ in. _ _ in.) is deformed
in tension. Using the load-elongation data
tabulated below, complete problems a
through f.
7.64 (a) A 10-mm-diameter Brinell hardness indenter
produced an indentation 1.62 mm in
diameter in a steel alloy when a load of 500
kg was used. Compute the HB of this material.
(b) What will be the diameter of an indentation
to yield a hardness of 450 HB when a
500 kg load is used?

4.30 The density and associated percent crystallinity

for two polytetrafluoroethylene materials
are as follows:
_ (g/cm3) Crystallinity (%)
2.144 51.3
2.215 74.2

7.68* Below are tabulated a number of Rockwell

B hardness values that were measured on a
single steel specimen. Compute average and
standard deviation hardness values.

(a) Compute the densities of totally crystalline

and totally amorphous polytetrafluoroethylene.
(b) Determine the percent crystallinity of a
specimen having a density of 2.26 g/cm3.

9.26 Tabulated below are data that were gathered

from a series of Charpy impact tests on a
ductile cast iron:

4.31 The density and associated percent crystallinity

for two nylon 6,6 materials are as
follows:

9.27 Tabulated as follows are data that were gathered

from a series of Charpy impact tests on
a tempered 4140 steel alloy:

9.33 The fatigue data for a brass alloy are given

as follows:
Stress Amplitude Cycles to
(MPa) Failure
310 2 _ 105
223 1 _ 106
191 3 _ 106
168 1 _ 107
153 3 _ 107
143 1 _ 108
134 3 _ 108
127 1 _ 109

(a) Make an SN plot (stress amplitude versus

logarithm cycles to failure) using these
data.
(b) Determine the fatigue strength at 5 _
105 cycles.
(c) Determine the fatigue life for 200 MPa.
9.35 The fatigue data for a ductile cast iron are
given as follows:
Stress Amplitude Cycles to
[MPa (ksi)] Failure
248 (36.0) 1 _ 105
236 (34.2) 3 _ 105

224 (32.5) 1 _
213 (30.9) 3 _
201 (29.1) 1 _
193 (28.0) 3 _
193 (28.0) 1 _
193 (28.0) 3 _

106
106
107
107
108
108

(a) Make an SN plot (stress amplitude versus

logarithm cycles to failure) using the
data.
(b) What is the fatigue limit for this alloy?
(c) Determine fatigue lifetimes at stress amplitudes
of 230 MPa (33,500 psi) and 175
MPa (25,000 psi).
(d) Estimate fatigue
9.47 The following creep data were taken on an
aluminum alloy at 400_C (750_F) and a constant
stress of 25 MPa (3660 psi). Plot the
data as strain versus time, then determine
the steady-state or minimum creep rate.
Note: The initial and instantaneous strain is
not included