EH/APR 2011/CPE591

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE

PROCESS ENGINEERING I

COURSE CODE

CPE591

EXAMINATION

APRIL 2011

TIME

3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1.

This question paper consists of five (5) questions.

2.

Answer ALL questions in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page.

3.

Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the
invigilator.

4.

Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of:
)
)
in)
iv)
v)

the Question Paper

a three - page Appendix 1
a one - page Appendix 2
a one - page Appendix 3
an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 4 printed pages
) Hak Cipta Universiti Teknologi MARA

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EH/APR 2011/CPE591

QUESTION 1
(P02, C01.C2, C3, C1)
a)

b)

c)

Describe two of the equipments used for drying with complete labeled diagram.
Explain the drying process and give one example of materials using the equipment
for drying process.
(10 marks)
i)

Rosalinda is watching the latest weather report when it states that the
temperature is 35C and the relative humidity is 40%. By using the humidity
chart, estimate the actual humidity H, when the dew point is 20C. Then,
calculate the humid volume vH, and humid heat cs.
(5 marks)

ii)

If the air is having 35C temperature with pressure of 101.325 kPa and contains
water vapor with a partial pressure pA = 5.3 kPa, calculate the percentage
humidity, HP and percentage relative humidity, HR
(6 marks)

Adiabatic saturation temperature, Ts is the temperature of the water being recirculated

until it reaches a steady-state temperature. Whereas, wet bulb temperature is the
steady-state nonequilibrium temperature reached when a small amount of water is
contacted under adiabatic conditions by a continuous stream of gas. Draw a figure of
the method used to measure the wet bulb temperature complete with the label.
(4 marks)

QUESTION 2

(P01.C02, C3, C6)

a)

An aqueous slurry at 30C containing 20 wt % solids is fed to an evaporator in which

enough water is vaporized at 1 atm to produce product slurry containing 35 wt%
solids. Heat is supplied to the evaporator by feeding saturated steam at 1.69 bar
absolute into a coil immersed in the liquid. The steam condenses in the coil, and the
slurry boils at the normal boiling point of pure water. The heat capacity of the solids
may be taken to be half that of liquid water.
i)

Draw and label the flow diagram of the evaporator.

(4 marks)

ii)

State the datum temperature. Then, calculate the required steam feed rate if
the feed rate is given as 1000 kg/h.
(9 marks)

iii)

If the feed rate is cut into half, evaluate the new amount of steam used.
(2 marks)

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b)

EH/APR 2011/CPE591

Fruit juices such as orange juice are biological materials. Their evaporation is
different from the evaporation of inorganic materials. They are heat-sensitive and the
viscosity increases greatly as concentration increases. Explain the problems that
could occur when handling this type of materials. Select a suitable evaporator and
operational strategies which can overcome such problems in handling fruit juices.
Justify your selection.
(10 marks)

QUESTION 3
(P01,C02, C3, C2)
a)

200 kg of an aqueous solution containing 20.0 wt% sodium acetate (NaC2H302)

enters an evaporative crystallizer at 60C. When the solution is exposed to the low
pressure in the evaporator, 16.9 wt% of the water evaporates, concentrating the
remaining solution and causing crystals of sodium acetate trihydrate
(NaC2H302.3H20) to form. The solubility is 15.4 kg NaC2H3O2/100 kg total water.
The effluents (crystals, solution and water vapor) are all at 20C.
i)

Draw the process flow diagram.

(3 marks)

b)

ii)

Calculate the yield (kg) of trihydrate crystals and the mass (kg) of the liquid
solution in which the crystals are suspended.
(5 marks)

iii)

Determine the yield of trihydrate crystals and liquid solution if there is no

water evaporates from the process.
(4 marks)

In designing and operating a crystallizer, it is important to understand the

mechanisms by which the crystals are formed then grow. Nucleation or nucleus
formation is the basic steps for the overall process of crystallization from a
supersaturated solution. Describe two of the nucleation theories.
(8 marks)

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EH/APR 2011/CPE591

QUESTION 4
(P02,C01,C3, C2)
a)

b)

A membrane separation unit is used to dry (remove water vapor from) a gas mixture
containing 60.0 mole% H20(v) and the balance C0 2 . The gas enters the unit at flow
rate of 2 x 104 cm3 (STP)/s. The desired composition of the reject is x0 = 0.3. The
membrane thickness is 1 mm, the pressure on the feed side is 100 cm Hg, and on
the permeate side it is 20 cm Hg.
i)

Calculate the ideal separation factor, a* if given the permabilities of P'A = 65 x

10"10 cm3 (STP).cm/(s.cm2.cm Hg) and P'B = 6.5 x 10"10. Then, assuming the
complete mixing model, calculate the fraction permeated, 9, and the
membrane area, Am.
(7 marks)

ii)

Determine the minimum reject concentration for xf = 0.6. Then, evaluate the
effect of raising the feed purity to 0.7.
(3 marks)

Microfiltration use pressure-driven flow through a membrane to separate micron-size

particles from fluids. There are many different geometries of membranes are used
such as plate and frame, hollow fiber and disposable cartridges. Describe two
membranes with diagrams.
(10 marks)

QUESTION 5
(P05, C02, C6)
Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water purification may
also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the requirements of
medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. Suggest two commercial
adsorbents that can be used to treat the water supply. Compare between these two
adsorbents and justify your selection.
(10 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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APPENDIX 1(1)

EH/APR 2011/CPE591

Table 1 Vapor Pressure of Water

Vapor Pressure

Temperature

kPa

273.15
28115
29115
298.15
30115
31115

0
10
20
25
30*
40

0.611
l.ZZo

1338
1168
4.242
7.375

Temperature

JBWt H

4.58
9.21
17.54
23.76
31.82
55.32

32115
33115
34115
35115
36115
37115

50
60
70
80
90
100

Vapor Pressure
kPa

mm H$

12.333
19.92
31.16
47.34
70.10,
101.325

92,5!
149.4
233.7
355-1
525.8
760.0

Sourct: PhysikaHsMechnishe, Rcichsansah, HoJborn, Scbeel, and Heiming, Warmetabcl'

len. Brunswick, Germany: Friedrich Vic wig aid Son, 1909.

Table 2 Heat Capacity of Liquid Water at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm)

Tempereiure

Hem Capacity^ cp

*C

caljg<*C

kJjkg-K

0
10
20
25
30
40

273.15
283.15
29115
298.15
303.15
313.15

1.0080
1.0019
0.9995
0.9989
0.9987
0.9987

4220
4.195
4.185
4.182
4.181
4.181

Temperature
Z

50
60
70
80
90
100

32115
333.15
34115
353.15
36115
37115

Heat Capacity, cp
attfg*C

Ujkg*K

0.9992
1.0001
1.0013
L0O29
1.0050
1.0076

4 J 83
4.187
4.192
4.199
4.208
4.219

Sir? N. S. Osborne, H. F. Slilson and D. C. Ginnings, Bur. Standards J. Res.t 23,197

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APPENDIX 1(2)

EH/APR 2011/CPE591

Table 3 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water (Steam Table), SI Units

Temper- Vapor
oture Pressure
{kPa)
(C)
0.01
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
25
27
30
33
36
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
"85
90
95
100

0.6113
0.7577
0.9349
1.1477
1.4022
1.7051
2.0640
2.487
2.985
3.169
3.567
4.246
5.034
5.947
7.384
9.593
12.349
15.758
19.940
25.03
31.19
38.58
47.39
57.83
70.14
84.55
101.35

SpecificVolume
(m3/kg)
Liquid
0.0010002
0.0010001
0.0010001
0.0010003
0.0010005
0.0010009
0.0010014
0.0010020
0.0010027
0.0010029
0.0010035
0.0010043
0.0010053
0.0010063
0.0010078
0.0010099
0.0010121
0.0010146
0.0010172
0.0010199
0.0010228
0.0010259
0.0010291
0.0010325
0.0010360
0.0010397
0.0010435

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Enthalpy
(kJ/kg)

Entropy
{kJ/kg-K)

Sai'd Vapor Liquid Sat 'd Vapor Liquid Sat 'd Vapor
206.136
168.132
137.734
113.386
93.784
77.926
65.038
54.514
45.883
43.360
38.774
32.894
28.011
23.940
19.523
15.258
12032
9.568
7.671
6.197
5.042
4.131
3.407
2.828
Z361*
1.9819
1.6729

0.00
12.57
25.20
37.80
50.41
62.99
75.58
88.14
100.70
104.89
113.25
125.79
138.33
150.86
167.57
188.45
209.33
230.23
251.13
272.06
292.98
313.93
334.91
355.90
376.92
397.96
419.04

2501.4
2506.9
2512.4
2517.9
2523.4
2528.9
2534.4
2539.9
2545.4
25412
2550.8
25563
2561.7
2567.1
2574.3
2583.2
2592.1
2600.9
2609.6
2618.3
2626.8
2635.3
2643.7
265 L9
2660.1
2668.1
2676.1

0.0000
0.0457
0.0912
0.1362
0.1806
0,2245
0.2679
0.3109
0,3534
0.3674
0.3954
0.4369
0.4781
0.5188
0.5725
0.6387
0.7038
0.7679
0.8312
0.8935
0.9549
1.0155
1.0753
1.1343
1.1925
1.2500
1.3069

9.1562
9.0773
9.0003
8.9253
8.8524
8.7814
8.7123
8.6450
8.5794
8.5580
8.5156
8.4533
8.3927
8.3336
8.2570
8.1648
8.0763
7.9913
7.9096
7.8310
7.7553
7.6824
7.6122
7.5445
7.4791
7.4159
7.3549

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APPENDIX 1(3)

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EH/APR 2011/CPE591

Table 3 SI Units, Continued

Temper- Vapor
Pressure
ature
(kPa)
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
190
200
225
250
275
300

120.82
143.27
169.06
198.53
232.1
270.1
313.0
316.3
415.4
475?8
543.1
617.8
700.5
791.7
892.0
1002.1
1254.4
1553.8
2548
3973
5942
8581

SpecificVolume
3
" * (m/kg)
Liquid
0.0010475
0.0010516
0.0010559
0.0010603
0.0010649
0.0010697
0.0010746
0.0010797
0.0010850
0.0010905
0.0010961
0.0011020
0.0011080
0.0011143
0.0011207
0.0011274
0.0011414
0.0011565
0.0011992
0.0012512
0.0013168
0.0010436

Enthalpy
{kJJkg)

Entropy
(U/kgK)

Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor Liquid Sat'd Vapor

1.4194
1.2102
1.0366
0.8919
0.7706
0.6685
0.5822
0.5089
0.4463
0.3928
0.3468
0.3071
0.2727
0.2428
0.2168
0.19405
0.15654
0.12736
0.07849
0.05013
0.03279
0.02167

440.15
461.30
482.48
503.71
524.99
546.31
567.69
589.13
610.63
632.20
653.84
675.55
697.34
719.21
741.17
763.22
807.62
852.45
966.78
1085.36
1210.07
1344.0

2683.8
2691.5
2699.0
2706.3
2713.5
2720.5
2727.3
2733.9
2740.3
2746.5
2752.4
2758.1
2763.5
2768.7
2773.6
2778.2
2786.4
2793.2
2803.3
2801.5
2785.0
2749.0

1.3630
1.4185
1.4734
1.5276
1.5813
1.6344
1.6870
1.7391
1.7907
1.8418
1.8925
1.9427
1.9925
2.0419
2.0909
2.1396
2.2359
2.3309
2.5639
2.7927
3.0208
3.2534

7.2958
7.2387
7.1833
7.1296
7.0775
7.0269
6.9777
6.9299
6.8833
6.8379
6.7935
6.7502
6.7078
6.6663
6.6256
6.5857
6.5079
6.4323
6.2503
6.0730
5.8938
5.7045

Source: Abridged from J. H. Keenan. F, G. Kcycs. P. G. Hill, and J. G. Moore, Steam TablesMetric Units. New
New Yoric: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1969. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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EH/APR 2011/CPE591

APPENDIX 2

(ire Aip 8>j/40deA p/ft B^[) ff 'jtjtpttimH

tr>

C*

r-<

E
|2

Humidity chart for mixtures of air and water vapor at a total pressure
of 101.325 kPa (760 mm Hg)

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APPENDIX 3

EH/APR 2011/CPE591

LIST OF FORMULAE
1.

H 28.97
= ^"x
^
P-p

H = -^28.97 P-pAS

3. cs kJ/kg dry air .K = 1.005 + 1.88 H

4. u H m 3 / k g d r y a i r = f ^ T K ( ^ 4 - ^ H )
5.

= (2.83 *10"3+4.56 x-|0"3 H ) T K

hF=cpF(jf-Ti)

6. q=UAAT
7

_xf %

'

Xf x (1 9)
v
y - ' '
p
e

(1-9)

9. 1Am=

qfy P

^j(phx0-P,yp)
-b+Jb
lb 2 -4ac
10. y =^r
'P

2a

11. a=1-a*
12. b=^(l-x
0 )-1+a*^x
0 +a*
v
J
Pi

Pi

13.x=-a*^x0
Pi

_ Xf[l+('-1)g(1-*f)]

14. xoM=

a*(1-xf)+(xf)

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