Professional Documents
Culture Documents
&
EMERGENCIES
DEFINITIONS
Training Package
WHO/EHA
Panafrican Emergency Training Centre, Addis Ababa
Updated March 2002 by EHA
WORLDWIDE
Number of People Affected by Disasters
M illio n
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Y ear
Definition :
DISASTER :
A disaster is an occurrence disrupting
the normal conditions of existence and
causing a level of suffering that
exceeds the capacity of adjustment of
the affected community.
It is the people
who matter most, and
without the people
we have no disaster.
DISASTER
Preparedness
Response
Rehabilitation
Prevention
Reconstruction
RELIEF-DEVELOPMENT
CONTINUUM
Disaster prevention, mitigation &
preparedness safeguard development.
Good response facilitates recovery and
development.
Africas hazards and vulnerabilities have
been the targets of 30 years of
development: their persistence testifies to
as many failures.
Today, ever-increasing resources are
spent for disaster relief, at the expense of
development.
But only development can reduce
vulnerabilities, and the hazards arising
from the socio-economic structure.
THE DISASTER-DEVELOPMENT
CONTINUUM
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
low income
middle income
high income
Every year
Western Governments spend
USD 100 billion
subsidizing power stations
(i.e. Global Warming)
USD 300 billion
subsidizing agriculture
(i.e. Deforestation and Overgrazing)
USD 50 billion
subsidizing fisheries
(i.e. Overfishing)
EMERGENCY
a state in which
normal procedures
are suspended
and
extra-ordinary measures are taken
in order to avert a disaster
10
Definition:
HAZARD
A natural or human-made event
that threatens to adversely
affects human life, property or
activity to the extent of causing
a disaster.
11
SUDDEN
OCCURRENCE
HEAT WAVE
FREEZE
MONOCAUSAL
EARTHQUAKE
BY NATURAL
CAUSES
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
LANDSLIDE
INSUFFICIENT
CAPACITY OF
RESPONSE
DROUGHT
PROGRESSIVE
OCCURRENCE
MULTICAUSAL
FLOOD
EPIDEMIC
PEST
DISASTER
FIRE
EXPLOSION
SUDDEN
OCCURRENCE
MONOCAUSAL
BY HUMAN
CAUSES
COLLISION
SHIPWRECK
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
PROGRESSIVE
OCCURRENCE
MULTICAUSAL
WAR
ECONOMIC CRISIS
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Underlying causes
Dynamic pressures
Unsafe conditions
Poverty
Limited access to
- power structures
- resources
Ideologies
Economic systems
Age
Sex
Illness and disabilities
Lack of
- local institutions
- education
- training
- appropriate skills
- local investments
- local markets
- services
- press freedom
Fragile physical
environment
- dangerous locations
- dangerous buildings,
etc.
Fragile local economy
- low levels of income
- livelihoods at risk
Macro-forces
Public actions
- population expansion
- urbanization
- environment degradation
DISASTER
HAZARD
Trigger event
Vulnerability
+ Hazard
=DISASTER
Earthquake
High winds, storm
Floods
Landslide
Volcanic eruption
Drought
War, civil strife
Economic crisis
Technological accident
13
VULNERABILITY
the predisposition
to suffer damage
due to external events
14
SUSCEPTIBILITY
exposure to danger
RESILIENCE
adaptability,
capacity to recover
15
Site
16
Preparedness
Mitigation/
Response/Relief
Rehabilitation
Prevention
Reconstruction
Pre-disaster: risk reduction
Post-disaster: recovery
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
DEVELOPMENT
RELIEF
17
AIMS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
18
CAPACITY
ability, ableness to do
Capacity for emergency
management is made of:
INFORMATION
AUTHORITY
INSTITUTIONS
PARTNERSHIPS
PLANS, RESOURCES
AND PROCEDURES
TO ACTIVATE THEM
19
MITIGATION:
permanent reduction of the risk of
disaster
Primary Mitigation
reducing the PRESENCE of the
Hazard
reducing VULNERABILITY
Secondary Mitigation:
reducing the EFFECTS of the Hazard
(Preparedness)
20
PREPAREDNESS
the measures that ensure
the organized mobilization of
personnel,
funds,
equipment and supplies
within a safe environment
for effective relief
21
RESPONSE
the set of activities implemented after the
impact of a disaster in order to
22
REHABILITATION:
The restoration of basic social functions.
RECONSTRUCTION:
The full resumption of socio-economic
activities plus preventive measures.
23
ELEMENTS OF DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
disaster response
* disaster assessment
rehabilitation &
reconstruction
disaster mitigation
24
Disaster Management
Disaster Mitigation
Hazard
assessment
Vulnerability
assessment
Prevention
Structural
measures
Nonstruct.
measures
Preparedness
Contingency
planning
Warning
and
evacuation
Pre-disaster
Hazard assessment:
mapping, monitoring
Vulnerability assessment:
assessment of vulnerability
for all elements exposed
to the hazard
Risk assessment:
calculation of expected
losses
Structural measures:
special building codes,
dams, floodwalls, etc.
Non-structural
measures:
land use planning, laws,
insurance, public
education, etc.
Contingency planning:
plan of action in case
of disaster, training
of teams
Warning and Evacuation:
development of
indicators
& early warning systems,
simulation exercises
Disaster occurrence
Risk Assessment
Disaster Response
Relief
Rehabilitation
Search
& rescue
Security
Food
Water
Shelter &
sanitation
Clothes &
blankets
Health care
Immediate
intervention.
Duration:
by definition,
short-term
Reconstruction
Post-disaster
Rehabilitation.
Restoration of
basic
social functions.
Duration: weeks
to months
Reconstruction.
Full resumption of
socio-economic
functions, plus
preventive
measures.
Duration:months
to years
25
PRE-PATHOGENIC PERIOD
PRE-DISASTER
PATHOGENIC PERIOD
DISASTER
DISTANT
IMMEDIATE
LATECY
POST-DISASTER
EMERGENCY
IMMEDIATE
DISTANT
deaths
extintion
disintegration
disappearance of
the community
Population
Level of suffering
Hazards
Environment
VULNERABILITY
PREVENTION
Political awareness
IMPACT
ALERT
READINESS
PREPAREDNESS
the length of
the latency will
be a function
of
Preparedness
and Readiness
RELIEF
recovery and
resumption
of development
REHABILITATION
RESPONSE
RECONSTRUCTION
RECOVERY
EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION& MITIGATION
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(Health Promotion and)
PRIMARY PREVENTION
SECONDARY
PREVENTION
TERTIARY
PREVENTION
HEALTH CARE
26