TOPIC 4

INTEGRATION

TOPIC 4 : INTEGRATION

4.1

DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION
1) The process of obtaining

from y ( a function of x ) is known as differentiation

and the reverse process of obtaining y from

is called integration.

Differentiation process

Integration process

2) Integration of y respect to x , is denoted by ( )

3) Integration is divided into two parts which are indefinite integral and definite
integral and first we will approach to indefinite integral as the basic of integration.

4.2

INDEFINATE INTEGRALS
1) We shall use the following notation for the family of integration.
( )
2) If integration of y with respect to x, is denoted by ( )

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

3) If

( ), then

( ) and

( )

is known as integration of y

respect to x where c is an arbitrary constant.

Formulas in integration :
i)

a dx ax c ;

ii)

n
ax dx

iii)

p( x) q( x)dx p( x)dx q( x)dx

where a is a constant.

ax n1
c ;
n 1

where n is an integer,

Tips!
Note that a function is integrate respect to the function given and it is not compulsory to be
integrated respect to x only. (see example given)

Example 4.1
Find :
3

a)

5 x dx

b)

c)

6 dk

d)

dr

xdx

Solution:

3
3 x2
a) x dx c
5
5 2
3
x2 c
10

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In indefinite integral, c must be stated. It is

known that as an arbitrary constant where
the value is yet to be determined.

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

b)

r4
c
4
c) 6 dk 6k c
3
r dr

d)

The given function is integrate respect to k,

therefore the integration will be in terms of k.

xdx x 2 dx
1

Make sure that x is always in index form.

x 2

c
3
2
2 3
x 2 c
3

4.3

Determining the integration of algebraic expressions involving operations.

Example 4.2
Find :
a)

x 6 dx

b)

3x 2 2x 5 dx

c)

4 x 5 2 x dx

d)

2 5x

x dx

Solution :
a)

x 6 dx x
2

12 x 36 dx

x
x
12 36 x c
3
2
x3
6 x 2 36 x c
3

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Can only integrate terms by terms in

addition or subtraction. If the function
given is in multiplication, the
function must be expanded.
Tips! Operation

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

b)

3x 2 2x 5 dx 6x
6x

15x 4 x 10 dx

11x 10 dx

x3
x2
6 11 10 x c
3
2
11
2 x3 x 2 10 x c
2

c)

4 x 5 2 x dx
x4

20 8 x 5 x 2 x 2
dx

x4

2
20 3 x 2 x
4 4 4 dx
x
x
x

20 x 4 3x 3 2 x 2 dx
x 3 x 2 x 1
20
3
2
c
3 2 1
20
3
2
3 2 c
3x 2 x
x

d)

2 5x

x dx . (Lets try this question in class)

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Can only integrate terms by

terms in addition or
subtraction. If the function
given is in division, the
function must be simplified.
Tips! Operation

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

4.4

Definite Integrals of Algebraic Expressions

b

f ( x)dx , then it is written as f ( x)dx and it is called definite

1. If x=a to x=b for

integral.

f ( x)dx F (b) F (a)

a

2.

f ( x)dx , the constant a is known as the lower limit of

For the definite integral

integration while b is known as the upper limit of the integration.

Properties Of Definite Integrals.

a)

kf ( x)dx k f ( x)dx
b

b)

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx
a
b

d)

f ( x) g ( x) dx f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
b

c)

b
c

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx f ( x)dx

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Evaluate definite integrals using the properties of definite integrals.

Example 4.3
1)

Evaluate each of the following definite integrals below.

3

a)

1
2

c)

(3x 5)dx

b)

( x 1) x 3 dx

4 x x 5x
dx
x
2

Solution
3

3x 2

5x
a) (3x 5)dx
2
1
1
3

3 3 2
3 12

3
3

5(3)
5 1
2
2

= 22

b)

( x 1) x 3 dx

1
0

2 x 3 dx

x3

x2
2 3x
2
3
1
0

x3

x 2 3x
3
1
13

2
0
1 3 1
3

5
3

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3x x 3 dx

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

4 x x 2 5 x3
c)
dx 4 x 5 x 2 dx
x
1
1
2

x3
x2
4 x 5
2
3 1

2
2

2 3
13
2
1

4(1)

4(2)
5
5
3
3

2
2

85
=
6

2)

Given that
4

a)

g ( x)dx 10 , find the values of

g ( x)dx g ( x)dx
2

c)

g ( x)dx 6 and

b)

5g ( x)dx g ( x)dx

d)

g ( x)dx g ( x)dx 6 (10)

= 16

b)

k if

kx g ( x) dx 9
4

Solution :
a)

g ( x) 2 x dx

g ( x) 2 x dx g ( x)dx 2x dx
2

2x
6

2 2
2

2
6 (4) 2 2

6 (16 4)
6 12

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

c)

5g ( x)dx g ( x)dx 5g ( x)dx g ( x)dx

(5)(6) 10
30 10
40
8

d)

kx g ( x) dx 9
4
8

kx dx g ( x)dx 9
4

kx

10 9
2

4
2

k 8

k 4

10 9
2
2
32k 8k 1
24k 1
1
k
24

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

4.5

Integration for other functions

4.5.1 Integration of trigonometric functions

There are an overwhelming number of combinations of trigonometric functions which appear
in integrals. This section examines integration of trigonometric functions.
Formula integration of trigonometric functions
a)

sin(ax b)dx

cos(ax b)
c
d
(ax b)
dx

sin(ax b)
c
a

sin(ax b)
c
d
(ax b)
dx
sin(ax b)

c
a
tan(ax b)
c) sec2 (ax b)dx
c
d
(ax b)
dx
tan(ax b)

c
a

b)

cos(ax b)dx

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Example 4.4
Find :
(

a)
)

b)

( )

Solution
a)

)
(

c)

x
tan
2
2 x
sec 2 dx 1 c
2
x
2tan c
2

4.5.2 Integration of exponential functions

Formula of integration of exponential functions :
ax
e dx

e ax

d
ax
dx
e ax

c
a

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10

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Example 4.5
Find :
a)

c)

4e x e 5 x 2e 3 x
dx

ex

53 x

b)

dx

e e
2x

3x

e x dx

Solution
a)
53 x
e dx

e e
2x

b)

3x

e 53 x
c
3

e x dx e5 x e3 x dx

e5 x e3 x

c
5
3
4e x e5 x 2e3 x
dx (4 e 4 x 2e 2 x ) dx

ex

e4 x
4x
e2 x c
4
4x
2x
e
2e
4x

c
4
2

c)

4.5.3 Integration of reciprocal functions

The integral of

x dx has an infinite discontinuity between x and 1 and has does not exist.

Thus, ln x is an antiderivative of
by

1
, therefore the integration of reciprocal functions is defined
x

ln( ax)
c
d
(ax)
dx
ln (ax)

c
a

ax dx

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11

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Example 4.6
Find
a)

x dx

4 5xdx

b)

Solution
a)

5
dx 5 ln x c
x

4.6

b)

3
dx 3 ln ( 4 5 x) c
4 5x

Integration through substitution method

Integration of an expression in the form of ax b

Integration of expression in the form of ax b can be determined by using substitution

n

u ax b where a and b are constants.

STEPS
If

n du
ax b dx u
n

u ax b

u n1
c
a(n 1)

du
a
dx

du
dx
a

(ax b) n1

c
a(n 1)

Integration of ax b can also be done by applying the following formula

n

n 1

ax b
c
ax b dx
n

a(n 1)

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12

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Example 4.7
Solve the integral below :
a)

4 2 x dx

c)

2 x5 x dx

b)

6 2 x dx

d)

xx

2 4

2 dx

Solution

a) By using substitution method,

3 du
4 2 x dx u

u 4 2x

1 3
u du
2
1 u4
c
2 4

du
du
2;
dx
dx
2

1
4 2 x 4 c
8

By using formula,

4 2 x
4 2 x dx

4(2)

4 2 x 4
8

c
c

b) By using substitution method,

u 6 2x

du
2 ; du 2dx
dx

6 2 x dx u
4

du

u 4 du

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u 3
c
3

13

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

1
c
3
36 2 x

By using formula,
4
2

dx

2
6

2
x
dx
6 2 x 4

6 2 x 3 c 1 c
3
2(3)
36 2 x

a) By using substitution method,

u 5 x2

2 x5 x dx u du
2 4

du
2x
dx

u5
c
5

5 x

2 5

du 2 xdx

b) By using substitution method,

1

u x 2
2

du
du
2x ;
xdx
dx
2

3 du
3
2
x
x

2
dx

u
0
2
1
u 3 du
2
1 u4

2 4

4
1
x2 2
8
0
1
4
4
1 2 2
8
1
81 16
8
65

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14

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

TIPS!
It is recommended to use substitution method in
multiplication and division which cannot be
simplified to a single function.

4.7

Using substitution method involving problems in integration

4.7.1 Trigonometric basic identities and Double-angle formulae

In certain cases, trigonometric integral needs to apply identity trigonometric in order to solve
the solution by using formula integration of trigonometric functions. You can see clearly in our
next examples.
Example 4.8
Find the integral below m:
a)

sin

x dx

x dx

b)

tan

x dx

Solution
a)

sin

By using double-angle formulae,

cos 2 x 1 2 sin 2 x
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x
2
1 cos 2 x
2
sin x dx 2 dx
1
1 cos 2 x dx
2
1
sin 2 x
x
c
2
2

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b)

tan

x dx

By using trigonometry identity;

sec 2 x 1 tan 2 x
sec 2 x 1 tan 2 x

tan

x dx sec 2 x 1 dx

tan x x c

15

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

4.7.2 Exponential function and Reciprocal functions

The best way to solve integration of exponential functions and reciprocal function in
multiplication or division operations is by using substitution method.
Example 4.9
Find :
a)

c)

2x

3 e 2 x dx

cos 6 x

b)

sin(6 x)dx

Solution
a)

2x

3 e 2 x dx

u e2x 3
du
2e 2 x
dx
du
e 2 x dx
2
4
4 du
2x
2x
e 3 e dx u 2
1
u 4 du
2
1 u5
c
2 5
Assume

a)

9x 2 5
3x 3 5x dx
Assume

3
c
10

2x

u 3x 3 5 x
du
9x2 5
dx

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9x2 5
3x 3 5xdx

16

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

9x2 5
du
3x 3 5x dx u
ln(u ) c

ln 3x 3 5 x c
a)

cos 6 x

sin(6 x)dx

u cos(6 x)
du
6 sin(6 x)
dx
du
sin(6 x)dx
6
cos 6 x
u du
e sin(6 x)dx e 6
1
e u du
6
1
eu c
6
1 cos(6 x )
e
c
6

Assume

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17

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(a)

1.

Integrate the functions below

1
a.
b. 2x
2

Feedback for Activity 4(a)

1.

a.

1
or any x + C
2

x + 6 and 3 + x

b. x2 and 6 + x2

or any x2 + C

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18

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(b)
1. Evaluate

a.

5kdk

b.

0.7 x

dx

2. Evaluate

a.

4x

dx

5z 2
dz
b.
4

Feedback for Activity 4(b)

1.

2.

a.

5k 2
c
2

b.

0.23x 2 c

a.

1
c
x4

b.

5z 3
c
12

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19

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(c)
Evaluate :
1. 3dx
2.

(4 x 1)dx

3.

(3x

4.

(2

5.

2 x 1)dx

t t

x 1

9
)dt
t2

dx

Feedback for Activity 4(c)

1.

3x + c

2.

2x2- x + c

3.

x3 + x2 x + c

4.

4 2 t2 9
t c
3
2 t

5.

2 2 1 2
x x 2x 2 c
5
3

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20

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(d)
Integrate x.

1.

2.

3.

a.

a.

b.

3kosxdx

b.

1
2 x dx

4x

b.

dx

3
dx
x

sek 2 x
dx
4

2 x

dx

Feedback for Activity 4(d)

1.

a.

b.

2.

2 x dx

1
2

x dx

1
ln x c
2

3
1
dx 3 dx 3 ln x c
x
x

a.

3kosxdx 3 kosxdx 3 sin x c

b.

sek 2 x
1
1
dx sek 2 xdx tan x c
4
4
4

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c.

3 sin xdx

21

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

c.

3.

a.

3 sin xdx 3 sin xdx 3 kosx c

4x

e4x
dx
c
4

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b.

kosx
c
3

2 x

dx

e 2 x
c
2

22

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(e)
Evaluate the given integral
1

1.

a.

b.

2.

a.

3t dt

13
dz
z

3kosxdx
sek 2 x
dx
2

b.

c.

2 sin kdk

3.

b.

4 x

dx

1
x
2

dx

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23

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(e)

1
ln t c
3

1. a.

b.

2. a.

13 ln z c

- 3sin x + c

b.

1
tan x c
2

c.

3. a.

b.

1
kosk c
2

e 4 x
c
4

2e

1x
2

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24

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(f)
1. Evaluate the following integrals.
a.

3
2
[ x 4 x ]dx

b.

[3t

c.

x2
2. Evaluate
a.
b.
c.

1
]dt
t3

3]dx

[k 4k 4]dk
(2 z 3) dz
2

2 4x 5
x 2 dx

Feedback for Activity 4(f)

1.

x4 4 3
x c
a.
4 3
3 4
1
b.
t 2 c
4
2t
2
c. 3x c
x

2. a.
b.

k3
2k 2 4k c
3
4 3
z 6z 2 9z c
3

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c.

2
x4 c
x

25

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(g)

1.

Using simple substitution, evaluate.

a.

(4x 2)

dx

Feedback for Activity 4(g)

1. a.
b.

(4 x 2) 4
c
16
(3 8 z ) 7
c
56

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b.

(3 8z)

dz

26

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(h)

1. Evaluate:

a.

b.

(3z 6) dz

dt

d.

6(4 x 8) dx

dx

f.

(1 3t )

dx

h.

2(3x 5)

(2 x 3) dx

c.

(5 7t )

e.

(7 x 2)

g.

(4 x 5)

2. Evaluate

a.

b.

(3z z

c.

(1 k 3 ) 7 dk

) (3 3z 2 )dz

3 3

p2 1
3

p3 3 p

dp

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dt

dx

27

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(h)

1.

(2 x 3) 5
a.
c
10
3(4 x 8) 4
d.
c
8
g.

2.

a.
b.

1
c
8(4 x 5) 2

8
1
1 k 3 c
24
3
1
3s s 2 c
3

(3z 6) 4
b.
c
12
1
e.
c
14(7 x 2) 2
h.

(5 7t ) 6
c.
c
42
f.

1
c
6(3x 5) 3

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c.

1 3
p 3p
2

2
3

3(1 3t )

28

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(i)

Evaluate the given indefinite integrals

a..

sin 4 x dx

b.

x cos x

c.

tan

d.

7 x dx

dx

2 cos x
dx
sin 2 x

Feedback for Activity 4(i)

a.

1
- cos 4 x C
4

b.

1
sin x 2 C
2

c.

1
tan 7 x x C
7

d.

-cot x csc x + C

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29

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(j)

Evaluate the given integrals

dx

x
dx
1

1.

3x

2.

4.

10 x
e dx

5.

2 2 x
x e dx

6.

1 et
et dt

Feedback for Activity 4(j)

1.

1
ln x C
3

2.

1
ln ( x 2 1) C
2

3.

1
(ln x) 2 C
2

4.

1 10x
e C
10

6.

-e-t + t + C

5.

3
1
- e 2 x C
6

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ln x
dx
x

3.

30

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(k)
1.

Evaluate
a. 1 dx
3x
1

b.

c.

2.

k
dk
3

Integrate
a.

b.

c.

3.

2t 3 dt

3t 2

dt

e3x e x
e 2 x dx

e (e
x

2x

e 3 x )dx

Integrate
x

a.

kos 3 dx

b.

sin

c.

x
dx
3

2 sin xkosxdx

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(k)

1.

a.
b.

c.

2.

a.
b.

c.

1
ln x c
3

1
ln( 2t 3) c
2

1
ln( k 3 3) c
3k

1 3t 2
e c
3

ex

e
3

1 3 x
e
c
3

3x

3 sin

3.

a.

b.

c.

e4x
c
4

x
c
3

1
3
2x
x sin
c
2
4
3

kos2 x
c
2

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TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(l)
Evaluate each of the following:
1

a.
b.

2. a.
b.

3
2
3

( x 2 5 x) dx

2
( x 3) dx
3

(1 3t )(1 2t )dt
2

3. Find

(2k 3) dk

x 4 5x
2 x 3 dx
1

4. An arrow was following a straight line with velocity, v = 6t

distance of the arrow that moves from t = 1till t =10 ?

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+ 3t2 at time t. What is the

33

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(l)

1 a.

b.

( x 2 5 x) dx

2 a.

2 3 52 2

3
2

(1 3t )(1 2t )dt
4

(1 t 6t 2 )dt
2

t2

t 2t 3
2

42
22
4
2(4) 3 2
2(2) 3
2
2

115
x 4 5x
2 x 3 dx
1

( x 5 x 2 )dx
2

x2 5

2 x 2
(1) 2
5 (2) 2
5

(1) 2
(2)
2
1

4.

2(3) 2
2(0) 2

3(3)
3(0)
6
6

4
2

120 997.8 meter

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3) dx

2x 2

3x
3 2
0

x 3 5x 2

2 2
3
33 532

2
3
2

2x

(3

b.

(2k 3) dk

3(1) (1)

k 2 3k
2

3(1)

34

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(m)

1.

If
a.
b.

f ( x) dx

c.

7
and
2

f ( x) dx

f ( x ) dx
f ( x ) dx

2 f ( x ) dx

f ( x ) dx 2

f ( x ) dx
2

2. Evaluate each of the following if

3

3
2

f ( x ) dx 1 and

a.

b.

2{ g ( x) dx f ( x) dx}

3
, evaluate :
2

(3 f ( x) 1) dx
3

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g ( x) dx 4
1

35

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(m)

1.
2

a.

f ( x) dx

f ( x) dx f ( x) dx
2

7 3
5
2 2

b.

f ( x) dx 2 f ( x) dx
1

2
7
2 f ( x) dx
1
2
7
3
2
2
2
13
1

6
2
2

c.

f ( x) dx 2 f ( x) dx
2

2
7
2 f ( x) dx
1
2
7
3
2
2
2
13
1

6
2
2

2.

a.

3
2

(3 f ( x) 1) dx

3
2

2( g ( x) dx f ( x) dx)

2 g ( x) dx 2 f ( x) dx

3 f ( x) dx 1 dx

1 x 2

b.

1 (3 2)
2
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2(4) 2( 1)
82
10

36

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Activity 4(n)

1.

Evaluate :
1

a.

2(2 x 1)

dx

where u = 2x + 1

b.

2z
2

2.

4z
2

dz where u = 2z2 +1

Evaluate these definite integrals by using a suitable substitution.

2

a.

(5t 4 1)dt

b.

k
k2 1

dk

2. Management cost for a building increased from time to time. If the rate of the
dx
1500
management cost increased and given by
where x is cost in thousand ringgit

dt
t 20
and t is time in years, evaluate the management cost for 5 years.

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37

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

Feedback for Activity 4(n)

1.

a.
b.

2.

20
10
171

a. 163

1
8

b. 1

3.

RM 15 835.92 million

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38

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (a)

1.

Evaluate the following integral

a.
b.

c.

2.

Evaluate
a.
b.

3.

10

dx

6 x 9 x x dx
2 x 5 dz
2

Rewrite each expression and using derivative of a sum, to solve the following
integrals
a.
(3x - 2)2
b.
c.

4.

7dz
2t dt

x 2 ( x 1)
x5
(k 1)(k 1)
k2

Evaluate

b.

4 3s ds
(6 7 x) dz

c.

a.

(6 k)
k

dk

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39

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (a)

Have you tried ?

1. a. 7z +c
5
b. 2 2t c

c.

2. a.
b.

10
c
3x 3

2x 3

9 2 2 3
x
x c
2
3

4x3
10 x 2 25 x c
3

3x 3 6 x 2 4 x c
1
1
b.
c
2
x
2x

3. a.

c.

4. a. 4s

1
c
k

3 4
s c
4

b.
c.

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40

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (b)

Evaluate

1.

a.

b.

2.

(1 3x)

dx,

2t 5 dt ,

An epidemic struck Klang. The affected population is rising at the rate of

dS
3t 3 t 4 7
dt

per day where t is the number of days after the outbreak of the epidemic. Find
the epidemic function S(t) for new cases each day.

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41

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SOLUTION: SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (b)

1. a

(1 3x)

b.

dx
4 1

(1 3 x)

3( 4 1)

2t 5dt

2t 5

1
2

2t 5 2 1

dt

(1 3 x) 5

c
15

1
2( 1)
2

2t 5 2

2.

S 3t 3 t 4 7dt

Let u = (t + 7)

1
2

du 1 4
t 7 2 4t 3
dt 2

2t 3
1

(t 4 7) 2
1

3t 3

(t 4 7) 2 du
t4 7
2t 3

1
3
1 3
= 3 u 2 du = 2t u c = 1 [t 4 7 2 ]3 c 1 t 4 7 2 c
2t
2t
2t

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42

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (c)

1.

Evaluate :
200

a.

2
(x 4x 5)dx

b.

(0.03t

2t 120)dt

100

2.

The rate of sale for a shop is given as J (t) = -3t2 + 300t where t is the number of days
after the sale. Determine the total of sale J(t) for the first week after the campaign.

3.

The rate of toll collection at a highway is given as this model

dk
20t 3 240t 2
dt

Where t is time in hours and k is the sum of money that has been collected. This model is
used from time 1200 (t = 0) till time 1000. What is the total of collection that has been made
in this period?

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43

TOPIC 4
INTEGRATION

SOLUTION: SELF ASSESSMENT 4 (c)

1.

a.

40
3

b. 52 000

2.

RM 7007

3.

RM30 000

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44