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PCM Principles
PCM PRINCIPLES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1
development
and
an
increased
telephone
awareness,
demand for trunk and local traffic went on increasing at a rapid rate. To
cater to the
due
to
headway
consideration
and
maintenance
problems. Similarly increasing the number of open wire pairs that can be
installed on one alignment due to headway consideration and
maintenance problems. Similarly increasing the number of pairs to the
underground
cable
is
uneconomical
and
leads
to
maintenance
problems.
1.2
2.2
2.3.1 Basically, time division multiplexing involves nothing more than sharing
a transmission medium by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing
(circuits) can be
It was only in 1938, Mr. A.M. Reaves (USA) developed a Pulse Code
Modulation (PCM) system to transmit the spoken word in digital form.
Since then digital speech transmission has become an alternative to
the analogue systems.
3.2
3.3
Filtering
Sampling
Quantisation
Encoding
Line Coding
4.0 FILTERING
4.1
Filters are used to limit the speech signal to the frequency band 300-3400
Hz.
5.0 SAMPLING
5.1
Sampling Theorem
range of
5.3.3 Let us say our voice signals are band limited to 4 KHz and let sampling
frequency be 8 KHz.
Time period of sampling Ts =
1 sec
8000
In a 30
32 parts. That is 30 time slots are used for 30 speech signals, one time
slot for signalling
of
all the
30
chls,
and
one
time
slot for
i
FIG 5 : PAM OUTPUT SIGNALS
5.5 The original signal for each channel can be recovered at the receive end by
applying gate pulses at appropriate instants and passing the signals through low
pass filters. (Refer Fig. 6)
6.0 QUANTISATION
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
A sampled signal exists only at discrete times but its amplitude is drawn from
a continuous range of amplitudes of an analogue signal. On this basis, an
infinite number of amplitude values is possible. A suitable finite number of
discrete values can be used to get an. approximation of the infinite set.
The discrete value of a sample is measured by comparing it with a
scale having a finite number of intervals and identifying the interval in
which the sample falls. The finite number of amplitude intervals is called
the "quantizing interval". Thus, quantizing means to divide the analogue
signal's total amplitude range into a number of quantizing intervals and
assigning
level
to
each
intervals.
For example, a 1 volt signal can be divided into 10mV ranges like 10-
20mV, 30-40mV and so on. The interval 10-20 mV, may be designated as
level 1, 20-30 mV as level 2 etc. For the purpose of transmission, these
levels are given a binary code. This is called encoding. In practical systemsquantizing and encoding are a combined process. For the sake of
understanding, these are treated separately.
6.5
Quantizing Process
6.5.3
Fig.
analogue
To
indicate
whether
sample
direction
is
of the
negative
with
6.1 Because the quantized samples are coded in binary form, the quantization
intervals will be in powers of 2. If we have a 4 bit code, then we can have 2" = 16
levels. Practical PCM systems use an eight bit code with the first bit as sign bit. It
means we can have 2" = 256 (128 levels in the positive direction and 128 levels
in the negative direction) intervals for quantizing.
6.7
Quantization Distortion
Practically in quantization we assign lower value of each interval to a sample
falling in any particular interval and this value is given as
Table-1 : Illustration of Quantization Distortion
Analogue
0
1
2
3
4
Binary Code
1000
1001
1010
1011
1100
If V represent the step size and 'e' represents the difference in amplitude
fe' must exists between - V/2 & + V/2) between the actual signal level and its quantized
equivalent then it can be proved that mean square quantizing error is equal to (V 2).
Thus, we see that the error depends upon the size of the step.
6.7.3
12
In linear quantization, equal step means equal degree of error for all input
amplitudes. In other words, the signal to noise ratio for weaker signals will be poorer.
6.7.4
To reduce error, we, therefore, need to reduce step size or in other words,
increase th,e number of steps in the given amplitude range. This would
however,
value) in the small amplitude region and only a few (V = high value) in the region of
higher amplitudes. In this case, provided the total number of specified levels remains
unchanged, no increase in transmission bandwidth will be required. This will also try to
bring about uniformity in signal to noise ratio at all levels of input signal. This type of
quantization is called non-uniform quantization.
6.7.5 In practice, non-uniform quantization is achieved using segmented quantization
(also called companding). This is shown in Fig. 9 (a). In fact, there are equal number of
segments for both positive and negative excursions. In order to specify the location of a
sample value it is necessary to know the following :
1. The sign of the sample (positive or negative excursion)
2. The segment number
3. The quantum level within the segment
As seen in Fig. 9 (b), the first two segment in each polarity are collinear, (i.e. the slope
is the same in the central region) they are considered as one segment. Thus the total
number of segment appear to be 13. However, for purpose of analysis all the 16
segments will be taken into account.
7.0 ENCODING
7.1 Conversion of quantised analogue levels to binary signal is called encoding. To
represent 256 steps, 8 level code is required. The eight bit code is also called an eight
bit "word".
The 8 bit word appears in the form
P
ABC
WXYZ
Polarity bit 1
Segment Code
Linear encoding
for + ve 'O' for - ve.
in the segment
The first bit gives the sign of the voltage to be coded. Next 3 bits gives the segment
number. There are 8 segments for the positive voltages and 8 for negative voltages.
Last 4 bits give the position in the segment. Each segment contains 16 positions.
Referring to Fig. 9(b), voltage Vc will be encoded as 1 1 1 1 0101.
7.2
The quantization and encoding are done by a circuit called coder. The coder
converts PAM signals (i.e. after sampling) into a 8 bit binary signal. The coding is done
as per Fig. 9 which shows a relationship between voltage V to be coded and equivalent
binary number N. The function N = f(v) is not linear.
The curve has the following characteristics.
It is symmetrical about the origins. Zero level corresponds to zero voltage to be
encoded.
It is logarithmatic function approximated by 13 straight segments numbered 0 to 7 in
positive direction and 'O' to 7 in the negative direction. However 4 segments 0, 1, 0, 1
lying between levels + vm/64 -vm/64 being colinear are taken as one segment.
The voltage to be encoded corresponding to 2 ends of successive segments are in the
ratio of 2. That is vm, vm/2, vm/4, vm/8, vm/16, vm/32, vm/64, vm/128 (vm being the
maximum voltage).
There are 128 quantification levels in the positive part of the curve and 128 in the
negative part of the curve.
7.3 In a PCM system the channels are sampled one by one by applying the sampling
pulsqs to the sampling gates. Refer Fig. 10. The gates open only when a pulse is applied
to them and pass the analogue signals through them for the duration for which the gates
remain open. Since only one gate will be activated at a given instant, a common
encoding circuit is used for all channels. Here the samples are quantized and encoded.
The encoded samples of all the channels and signals etc are combined in the digital
combiner and transmitted.
7.4 The reverse process is carried out at the receiving end to retreive the original
analogue signals. The digital combiner combines the encoded samples in the form of
"frames". The digital separator decombines the incoming digital streams into individual
frames. These frames are decoded to give the PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulated)
samples. The samples corresponding to individual channels are separated by
operating the receive sample gates in the same sequence i.e. in synchronism with the
transmit sample gates.
ends,
the
synchronization
data
and
transmit
Structure of Frame
8.4.1 A frame of 125 microseconds duration has 32 time slots. These slots are
numbered Ts 0 to Ts 31.
Information for providing synchronization between trans and receive ends is passed
through a separate time slot. Usually the slot Ts 0 caries the synchronizsation signals.
This slot is also called Frame alignment word (FAW).
The signalling informatiori is transmitted through time slot Ts 16.
Ts 1 to Ts 15 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 1 to 15 respectively.
Ts 17 to Ts 31 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 16 to 30 respectively.
9.0 SYNCHRONIZATION
9.1
receiving end, the receiver has to receive the incoming stream of bits and
discriminate between frames and separate channels from these. That is, the
receiver has to recognise the start of each frame correctly. This operation is called
frame alignment or Synchronization and is achieved by inserting a fixed digital
pattern called a "Frame Alignment Word (FAW)" into the transmitted bit stream at
regular intervals. The receiver looks for FAW and once it is detected, it knows that
in next time slot, information for channel one will be there and so on.
9.2
The digits or bits of FAW occupy seven out of eight bits of Ts 0 in the
following pattern.
Bit position of Ts 0
FAW digit value
9.3
B1
X
B2
0
B3
1
B4
1
B5
0
B6
B7
B8
The bit position B1 can be either ' 1 ' or '0'. However, when the PCM
TAB L E -2
Frame
Numbers
FO
F1
F2
F3 etc
Remark
B1
X
X
X
X
B2
0
1
0
1
B3
0
Y
0
Y
B4
1
Y
1
Y
B5
1
Y
1
Y
B6
0
1
0
1
B7
1
1
1
1
B8
1
1
1
1
FAW
ALARM
FAW
ALARM
In frames 1, 3, 5, etc, the bits B3, B4, B5 denote various types of alarms. For
example, in B3 position, if Y = 1, it indicate Frame synchronisation alarm. If Y = 1 in B4,
it indicates high error density alarm. When there is no alarm condition, bits B3 B4
B5 are set 0. An urgent alarm is indicated by transmitting "all ones". The code
word for an urgent alarm would be of the form.
X
111
1111
10.0 SIGNALLING IN PGM SYSTEMS
10.1 In a telephone network,-the signalling information is used for proper routing of a
call between two subscribers, for providing certain status information like dial tone,
busy tone, ring back. NU tone, metering pulses, trunk offering signal etc. All these
functions are grouped under the
general
terms
"signalling"
in
PCM
systems.
The signaling information can be transmitted in the form of DC pulses (as in step by
step exchange) or multifrequency pulses (as in cross bar systems) etc.
10.2 The signalling pulses retain their amplitude for a much longer period than
the
10.4 The
time
slot
16
of
each
frame
carries
the
signalling
data
data
for
all
frames,
For
carrying
Multiframe Structure
10.6.1 In the time slot 16 of FO, the first four bits (positions 1 to 4) contain the multiframe
alignment signal which enables the receiver to identify a multiframe.
The other four bits (no. 5 to 8) are spare. These may be used for carrying alarm
signals.
Time slots 16 of frames F1 to FT5 are used for carrying the signalling information. Each
frame carries signalling, data for two VF channels. For instance, time slot Ts 16 of frame
F1 carries the signal data for VF channel 1 in the first four bits. The next four bits are used
for carrying signalling information
for channel 16. Similarly, time slot Ts16 of F2 carries signalling data of chls 2 .and 17.
Thus in multiframe structure, four signalling bits are provided for each VF channels.
As each multiframe includes 16 frames, each with a sacnqtoq per sec.,.the.signalling of each channel will occur at a rate of 500 per sec.
Chapter -1
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES
1.0
Introduction
1.1
To overcome the limitations of manual switching; automatic exchanges, having Electromechanical components, were developed. Strowger exchange, the first automatic exchange
having direct control feature, appeared in 1892 in La Porte (Indiana). Though it improved upon
the performance of a manual exchange it still had a number of disadvantages, viz., a large
number of mechanical parts, limited availability, inflexibility, bulky in size etc. As a result of
further research and development, Crossbar exchanges, having an indirect control system,
appeared in 1926 in Sundsvall, Sweden. The Crossbar exchange improved upon many shortcomings of the Strowger system. However, much more improvement was expected and the
revolutionary change in field of electronics provided it. A large number of moving parts in
Register, marker, Translator, etc., were replaced en-block by a single computer. This made the
exchange smaller in size, volume and weight, faster and reliable, highly flexible, noise-free,
easily manageable with no preventive maintenance etc.
1.2
The first electronic exchange employing Space-Division switching (Analog switching)
was commissioned in 1965 at Succasunna, New Jersey. This exchange used one physical path for
one call and, hence, full availability could still not be achieved. Further research resulted in
development of Time-Division switching (Digital Switching) which enabled sharing a single
path by several calls, thus providing full availability. The first digital exchange was
commissioned in 1970 in Brittany, France.
1.3
This handout reviews the evolution of the electronic exchanges, lists the chronological
developments in this field and briefly describes the facilities provided to subscribers,
administration and maintenance personnel.
1965
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1976
1978
AXE
No.4 ESS
AXE
MODEL
Analog
No. 1 ESS
No. 1 ESS
NO. 4 A XB ETS
No. 4 ESS
D 10
XE 1
EWSD
EWSP
TXE-4
Proteo
AXE
PRX-205
Digital
Exchange
E-10B
Mentaconta
MT 20
E 12
System X
AXE -10
FETEX-150L
OCB-283
EWSD
No.5ESS
NEAX-61E
Local
Transit
Local
4
64
65
60
60
60
60
60
2,400
10,000
20,000
15,000
25,000
26,000
24,000
25,000
25,200
27,000
25
28-60
83-110
86
800000
800000
1800000
800000
1000000
1000000
3.2
line was too high. However, with the progressive development of the small size low cost
processor using microprocessor, it became possible to employ electronic controls for all
capacities. In addition control equipment could also be made modular aiding the future
expansion.
The impact of electronics on exchanges is not static and it is still changing as a function
of advances in electronic technology.
3.3 Phased Developments
Many electronic switching systems, including the recent ones, had an electromechanical
switching network and used miniature electromagnetic relays in junctors and subscriber
line equipments None-the-less the trend is towards all electronic equipments for both
public and private switching and the switching network has already been made fully
electronic with the advent of digital switching.
However, very recently, several countries have developed or specified stored program
equipment for upgrading electromechanical exchanges. This typically involves replacing
the registers and translators of crossbar exchanges by processor-based facilities. These
allow the exchange subscribers to benefit from new services like abbreviated dialing call
forwarding automatic alarm call, and detailed billing. They, very significantly, enhance
exchange administration and maintenance capabilities for day-to-day operations, such as,
modifying a subscribers class of service, changing the way traffic is routed, collecting
traffic and load data, call charging, etc,
4.0
4.1
4.2.3
4.2.4
Service Interception
Incoming calls to a subscriber can be automatically forwarded during his absence, to a
customer service position or a recorded announcement. The customer service position
answers the calls and forwards any message meant for the subscriber.
Call Forwarding
The subscriber having the call forwarding facility can keep his telephone in the transfer
condition in case he wishes his incoming calls to be transferred to another telephone
number during his absence.
Camp On Busy
Incoming call to a busy subscriber can be Camped on until the called subscriber gets
free. This avoids wastage of time in redialing a busy telephone number.
Hot line service enables the subscriber to talk to a specific subscriber by only lifting the
handset. This service cannot be used. along with normal dialing facility. The switching
starts as soon as the receiver is lifted.
4.2..22 Denied Incoming Call
A Subscriber may desire that no incoming call should come on a particular line. He can
ask for such a facility so that he can use the line for making only outgoing calls.
4.2.23 Instrument Locking
A few subscrbers may like to have their telephone sets locked up against any misuse.
Dialing of a secret code will extend such a facility to them.
4.2.24 Free of charge Calls
Calls free of charge are possible on certain special services such as booking of
complaints , booking of telegrams, etc.
4.2.25 Collect call
If so desired, the incoming subscriber is billed for all the calls made to him, instead of the
calling subscriber.
4.3
Maintenance Facilities
Automatic fault processing facility is available for checking all hardware components and
complete internal working of the exchange. Changeover from a faulty sub-system to
stand-by sub-system is automatically affected without any human intervention. Only
information is given out so that the maintenance staff is able to attend to the faulty subsystem.
4.4.2 Diagnostics
Once a fault is reported by the system, on demand programs are available which help
the maintenance staff to localise the fault, who can replace the defective printed card and
restore the faulty sub-system. The faulty card is attended at a centralised maintenance
centre specifically equipped for this purpose.
4.4.3 Statistical programs
Statistical programs are available to gather information about the traffic conditions and
trunks occupancy rate to assess and plan the solutions in cases of anticipated problems.
This facility helps the maintenance and administration personnel to maintain a specified
level of grade of service.
4.4.4 Blocking
In case of congestion or breakdown of a specific route, facility of blocking such routes is
available in modes, such as
(I)
Blocking of a specified percentage of calls in such a route either
automatically or manually.
(ii)
Blocking a specific category of subscribers.
4.4.5 Overloading Security
Overloading of central processor in an electronic exchange can lead to disastrous results.
To prevent this, central processor occupancy is measured automatically periodically,
when it exceeds a specified percentage, audio-visual alarms are activated, in addition to
printing out the message. Maintenance personnel have the following options.
(i) Block some of the facilities temporarily, or
(ii)
Reduce the load by blocking some of the congested routes.
5.0
5.1
5.2
guided solely by the amount of processor loading. Moreover, the facilities to the
subscribers will also have to be limited accordingly.
5.3 Power Supply
The power supply should be highly stable for trouble free operation as the components
are sensitive to variations beyond +10%. It is almost essential to have a stand-by power
supply arrangement.
5.4 Total Protection from Dust
All possible precautions should be observed for ensuring dust-free environment.
5.5 Temperature and Humidity Control
Due to the presence of quiescent current in the components and because of their
compactness., heat generated per unit volume is highest in electronic exchanges.
Moreover, as the component characteristics drift substantially with the temperature and
humidity, the air-conditioning load is higher. Obviously, the air-conditioning system
should be highly reliable and preferably there should be a stand-by arrangement. The
installation is also carried out in air-conditioned environment.
5.6
5.7
PCB Repair
The repair of PCBs is extremely complicated and sophisticated equipments are required
for diagnosing the faults. This results in having costly inventory and a costly repair
centre. With the frequent improvement and changes in the cards, proper documentation of
cards becomes essential.
Later on, Stored Program Control concept was evolved and adapted to the
electromechanical exchanges. This developmental step opened a new era of innumerable
additional facilities to the subscribers, administration and maintenance personnel.
CHAPTER-2
DIGITAL SWITCHING,CONCEPT OF TIME & SPACE
SWITCHING
1.0
Introduction
1.1
A Digital switching system, in general, is one in which signals are switched in digital
form. These signals may represent speech or data. The digital signals of several speech samples
are time multiplexed on a common media before being switched through the system.
To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-slots of the two
speech samples which may be on same or different PCM highways. The digitalised
speech samples are switched in two modes, viz., Time Switching and Space Switching.
This Time Division Multiplex Digital Switching System is popularly known as Digital
Switching System.
1.2
2.0
2.1
2.2
The interconnection of time-slots, i.e., switching of digital signals can be achieved using
two different modes of operation. These modes
are: I. Space Switching
ii. Time switching
Usually, a combination of both the modes is used.
2.2.1 In the space-switching mode, corresponding time-slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways
are interconnected. A sample, in a given time-slot, TSi of an I/C HWY, say HWY1, is switched
to same time-slot, TSi of an O/G HWY, SAY HWY2. Obviously there is no delay in switching of
the sample from one highway to another highway since the sample transfer takes place in the
same time-slot of the PCM frame.
2.2.2 Time Switching, on the other hand, involves the interconnection of different time-slots on
the incoming and outgoing highways by re-assigning the channel sequence. For example, a timeslot TSx of an I/C Highway can be connected to a different time-slot., TSy, of the outgoing
highway. In other words, a time switch is, basically, a time-slot changer.
3.0
3.1
Principle
3.3.1 The Digital Space Switch consists of several input highways, X1, X2,...Xn and several
output highways, Y1, Y2,.............Ym, inter connected by a crosspoint matrix of n rows and m
columns. The individual crosspoint consists of electronic AND gates. The operation of an
appropriate crosspoint connects any channel, a , of I/C PCM highway to the same channel, a, of
O/G PCM highway, during each appropriate time-slot which occurs once per frame as shown in
Fig 2. During other time-slots, the same crosspoint may be used to connect other channels. This
crosspoint matrix works as a normal space divided matrix with full availability between
incoming and outgoing highways during each time-slot.
3.1.2 Each crosspoint column, associated with one O/G highway, is assigned a column of
control memory. The control memory has as many words as there are time-slot per frame in the
PCM signal. In practice, this number could range from 32 to 1024. Each crosspoint in the
column is assigned a binary address, so that only one crosspoint per column is closed during
each time-slot. The binary addresses are stored in the control memory, in the order of time-slots.
The word size of the control memory is x bits, so that 2x = n, where n is the number of cross
points in each column.
3.1.3
A new word is read from the control memory during each time-slot, in a
Cyclic order. Each word is read during its corresponding time-slot, i.e.,
Word 0 (corresponding to TSO), followed by word 1 (corresponding to TS1) and so on.
The word contents are contained on the vertical address lines for the duration of the timeslot.Thus, the crosspoint corresponding to the address, is operated during a particular
time-slot. This crosspoint operates every time the particular time-slot appears at the inlet.
in successive frames. normally, a call may last for around a million frames.
As the next time-slot follows, the control memory is also advanced by one step, so that
during each new time-slot new corresponding words are read from the various control
memory columns. This results in operation of a completely different set of cross points
being activated in different columns. Depending upon the number of time-slots in one
frame, this time division action increases the utilisation of crosspoint 32 to 1024 times
compared with that of conventional space-devided switch matrix.
3.2
Illustration
3.2.1 Consider the transfer of a sample arriving in TS7 of I/C HWY X1 to O/G HWY Y3.
Since this is a space switch, there will be no reordering of time i.e., the sample will be transferred
without any time delay, via the appropriate crosspoint. In other words, the objective is to connect
TS7 of HWY X1 and TS7 of HWY Y3.
3.2.2 The central control (CC) selects the control memory column corresponding output
highway Y3. In this column, the memory location corresponding to the TS7 is chosen. The
address of the crosspoint is written in this location, i.e., 1, in binary, is written in location 7, as
shown infig 2.This crosspoint remains operated for the duration of the time-slot TS7, in each
successive frame till the call lasts.
For disconnection of call, the CC erases the contents of the control memory locations,
corresponding to the concerned time-slots. The AND gates, therefore, are disabled and
transfer of samples is halted.
3.3
In a serial 32 time-slot PCM multiplex, 2048 Kb/s are carried on a single wire
sequentially, i.e., all the bits of the various time-slots follow
one another. This single wire stream of bits, when fed to Serial to Parallel Converter is
converted into 8-wire parallel output. For example, all 8 bits corresponding to TS3 serial
input are available simultaneously on eight output wires (one bit on each output wire),
during just one bit period, as shown in fig.3. This parallel output on the eight wires is fed
to the switching matrix. It can be seen that during one full time-slot period, only one bit is
carried on the each output line, whereas 8 bits are carried on the input line during this
period. Therefore, bit rate on individual output wires, is reduced to 1/8th of input bit
rate=2048/8=256Kb/s
3.3.3 Due to reduced bit rate in parallel mode, the crosspoint is required to be operated only for
1/8th of the time required for serial working. It can, thus, be shared by eight times more
channels, i.e.,32 x 8 = 256 channels, in the same frame.
3.3.4
However, since the eight bits of one TS are carried on eight wires, each
cross point have eight switches to interconnect eight input wires to eight output wires.
Each crosspoint (all the eight switches ) will remain operated now for the duration of one
bit only, i.e., only for 488 ns (1/8th of the TS period of 3.9 s)
4.0
4.1
Principle
4.1.1 A Digital Time Switch consists of two memories, viz., a speech or buffer memory to store
the samples till destination time-slots arrive, and a control or connection or address memory to
control the writing and reading of the samples in the buffer memory and directing them on to the
appropriate time-slots.
4.1.2 Speech memory has as many storage locations as the number of time-slots in input PCM,
e.g., 32 locations for 32 channel PCM system.
4.1.3 The writing/reading operation in the speech memory are controlled by the Control
Memory. It has same number of memory locations as for speech memory, i.e., 32 locations for 32
channelPCM system. Each location contains the address of one of the speech memory locations
where the channel sample is either written or read during a time-slot. These addresses are written
in the control memory of the CC of the exchange, depending upon the connection objective.
4.1.4 A Time-Slot Counter which usually is a synchronous binary
counter, is used to
count the time-slots from 0 to 31, as they occur. At the end of each frame, It gets reset and the
counting starts again. It is used to control the timing for writing/reading of the samples in the
speech memory.
4.2
Illustration
4.2.1 Consider the objective that TS4 of incoming PCM is to be connected to TS6 of outgoing
PCM. In other words, the sample arriving in TS4 on the I/C PCM has to be delayed by 6 - 4 = 2
time-slots, till the destination time-slot, viz., TS6 appears in the O/G PCM. The required delay
is given to the samples by storing it in the speech memory. The I/C PCM samples are written
cyclically i.e. sequentially time-slot wise , in the speech memory locations. Thus, the sample in
TS4 will be written in location 4, as shown in fig.4.
4.2.2
The reading of the sample is controlled by the Control Memory. The Control
Memory location corresponding to output time-slot TS6, is 6. In this location, the CC
writes the input time-slot number, viz.,4, in binary. These contents give the read address
for the speech memory, i.e., it indicates the speech memory locations from which the
sample is to be read out, during read cycle.
When the time-slot TS6 arrives, the control memory location 6 is read. Its content
addresses the location 4 of the speech memory in the read mode and sample is read on to
the O/G PCM.
In every frame, whenever time-slot 4 comes a new sample will be written in location 4.
This will be read when TS6 occurs. This process is repeated till the call lasts.
4.2.3 For disconnection of the call, the CC erases the contents of the
location to halt further transfer of samples.
control
memory
4.3
4.3.1
occurance of the time-slot. The entire process of writing and reading is repeated in every
frame, till the call is disconnected.
4.3.2
It may be noticed that the writing in the speech memory is sequential and independent of
the control memory, while reading is controlled by the control memory, i.e., there is a
sequential writing but controlled reading.
Input associated control
Here, the samples of I/C PCM are written in a controlled way, i.e., in the order specified
by control memory, and read sequentially.
Each location of control memory is rigidly associated with the corresponding TS of I/C
PCM and contains the address of TS of O/G PCM to be connected to.
The previous example with the same connection objective of connecting TS4 of I/C PCM
to TS6 of O/G PCM may be considered for its restoration. The location 4 of the control
memory is associated with incoming PCM TS4. Hence, it should contain the address of
the location where the contents of TS4 of I/C PCM are to be written in speech memory. A
CC writes the number of the destination TS, viz., 6 in this case, in location 4 of the
control memory. The contents of TS4 are therefore, written in location of speech memory,
as shown in fig5.
The contents of speech memory are read in the O/G PCM in a sequential way, i.e.,
location 1 is read during TS1, location 2 is read during TS2, and so on. In this case, the
contents of location 6 will appear in the output PCM at TS6. Thus the input PCM TS4 is
switched to output PCM TS6. In this switch, there is sequential reading but controlled
writing.
4.4
4.4.1 The writing and reading, of all time-slots in a frame, has to be completed within one
frame time period (before the start of the next frame). A TS of incoming PCM may, therefore, get
delayed by a time period ranging from 1 TS to 31 TS periods, before being transmitted on
outgoing PCM. For example, consider a case when TS6 of incoming PCM is to be switched to
TS5 in outgoing PCM. In this case switching can be completed in two consecutive frames only,
i.e., 121 microseconds for a 32 channel PCM system. However, this delay is imperceptible to
human beings.
4.5
4.5.1 In a Time Switch, there are as many memory locations in the control and speech
memories as there are time-slots in the incoming and outgoing PCM highways, i.e.,
corresponding to each time-slot in incoming highway, there is a definite memory location
available in the speech and control memories. Similarly, corresponding to each time-slot in the
outgoing highway there is a definite memory location available in the control and speech
memories. This way, corresponding to free incoming and outgoing time-slots, there is always a
free path available to interconnect them. In other words, there is no blocking in a time switch.
5.0
5.1
Though the electronic crosspoints are not so expensive, the cost of accessing
and selecting them from external pins in a Space Switch, becomes prohibitive as the switch size
increases. Similarly, the memory location requirements rapidly go up as a Time Switch is
expanded, making it uneconomical. Hence, it becomes necessary to employ a number of stages,
using small switches as building blocks to build a large network. This would result in necessity
of changing both the time-slot and highway in such a network. Hence, the network, usually,
employs both types of switches viz., space switch and time switch, and. therefore, is known as
two dimentional network. These networks can have various combinations of the two types of
switches and are denoted as TS, STS, TSST,etc.
Though to ensure full availability, it may be desirable to use only T stages. However, the
networks having the architecture of TT, TTT, TTTT, etc., are uneconomical, considering
the acceptibility of tolerable limits of blocking, in a practical network. Similarly, a twostage two-dimentional network, TS or ST, is basically suitable for very low capacity
networks only. The most commonly used architecture has three stages, viz., STS or TST.
However, in certain cases, their derivatives, viz., TSST, TSSST, etc., may also be used.
An STS network has relatively simpler control requirements and hence, is still being
favoured for low capacity networks, viz., PBX exchanges. As the blocking depends
mainly on the outer stages, which are space stages, it becomes unsuitable for high
capacity systems.
A TST network has lesser blocking constraints as the outer stages are time stages which
are essentially non-blocking and the space stage is relatively smaller. It is, therefore, most
cost-effective for networks handling high traffic, However, for still higher traffic handling
capacity networks, e.g., tandom exchanges, it may be desirable to use TSST or TSSST
architecture.
The choice of a particular architecture is dependent on other factors also, viz.,
implementation complexity, modularity, testability, expandability, etc. As a large number
of factors favour TST structure, it is most widely used.
5.2
TST Network
5.2.1
As the name suggests, in a TST network, there are two time stages
seperated by a space stage. The former carry out the function of time-slot changing,
whereas the latter performs highway jumping. Let us consider a network having n input
and n ouput PCM highways. Each of the input and output time stages will have n time
switches and the space stage will consist of an n x n crosspoint matrix. The speech
memory as well as the control memory of each time switch and each column of a control
memory of the space switch will have m locations, corresponding to m time-slots in each
PCM. Thus, it is possible to connect any TS in I/C PCM to any TS in O/G PCM.
In the case of a local exchange, the network will be of folded type, i.e., the O/G PCM
highways, via a suitable hybrid. Whereas, for a transit exchange, the network will be nonfolded, having complete isolation of I/C and O/G PCM highways. However, a practical
local exchange will have a combination of both types of networks.
5.2.2 For the sake of explanation, let us assume that there are only four I/C and O/G PCM
highways in the network. Hence, there will be only four time switches in each of the T-stages and
the space switch will consist of 4x4 matrix. let us consider an objective of connecting two
subscribers through this switching network of local exchange, assuming that the CC assigns TS4
on HWY0 to the calling party and TS6 on HWY3 to the called party
The speech samples of the calling party have to be carried from TS4 of I/C HWY 0 and to
TS6 of O/G HWY3 and those of the called party from TS6 of I/C HWY 3 to TS4 of O/G
HWY 0 , with the help of the network. The cc establishes the path, through the network in
three steps. To introduce greater flexibility, it uses an intermediate time-slot, Tsx, which is
also known as internal time-slot. The three switching steps for transfer of speech sample
of the calling party to the called party are as under:
Step 1 Input Time Stage (IT) TS4 HWY0 to TSx HWY0
Step 2 Space stage (S)
Tsx HWY0 to Tsx HWY3
Step 3 Output Time Stage (OT)
Tsx HWY3 to TS6 HWY3
As the message can be conveyed only in one direction through this path, another
independent path, to carry the massage in the other direction is also established by the
CC, to complete the connection. Assuming the internal time-slots to be TS10 and TS11,
the connection may be established as shown in fig 6.
FIG 6 T S T SWITCH
5.2.3
more
assumptions for the sake of simplicity. Though practical time switches can handle 256
time-slots in parallel mode, let us assume serial working and that there are only 32 timeslots in each PCM. Accordingly, the speech and control memories in time switches and
control memory columns in space switch, will contain 32 locations each.
To establish the connection, the CC searches for free internal time-slots. Let us assume
that the first available time-slots are TS10 and TS11, as before. To reduce the complexity
of control, the first time stage is designed as output-controlled switch, whereas the second
time stage is input-controlled.
For transfer of speech samples from the calling party to the called party of previous
example, CC orders writing of various addresses in location 10 of control memories of
IT-10, OT-3 and column 3 of CM-S of corresponding to O/G highway, HWY3. Thus, 4
corresponding to I/C TS4 is written in CM-IT-0, 6 corresponding to O/G TS6 is written in
CM-OT-3 and 0 corresponding to I/C HWY 0 is written in column 3 of CM-S, as shown
in fig. 7.
As the first time switch is output-controlled, the writing is done sequentially. Hence, a
sample, arriving in TS4 of I/C HWY 0, is stored in location 4 of SM-IT-0. It is readout
on internal HWY 0 during TS10 as per the control address sent by CM-IT-0. In the space
switch, during this internal TS10, the crosspoint 0 in column 3 is enabled, as per the
control address sent by column 3 of CM-S, thus, transferring the sample to HWY3. The
second time stage is input controlled and hence, the sample, arriving in TS10, is stored in
location 6 of SM-OT-3, as per the address sent by the CM-OT-3. This sample is finally,
readout during TS6 of the next frame, thus, achieving the connection objective.
Similarly, the speech samples in the other direction, i.e., from the called party to the calling party,
are transferred using internal TS11. As soon as the call is over, the CC erases the contents in
memory locations 10 and 11 of all the concerned switches, to stop further transfer of message.
These locations and time-slots are, then, avialable to handle next call.
CHAPTER-3
Introduction
A telecommunication network establishes and realizes temporary
connections, in accordance with the instructions and information received from
subscriber lines and inter exchange trunks, in form of various signals. Therefore, it is
necessary to interchange information between an exchange and it external environment
i.e. between subscriber lines and exchange, and between different exchanges. Though
these signals may differ widely in their implementation they are collectively known as
telephone signals.
A signalling system uses a language which enables two switching equipments to converse
for the purpose of setting up calls. Like any other language. it possesses a vocabulary of
varying size and varying precision, ie. a list of signals which may also vary in size and a
syntax in the form of a complex set of rules. governing the assembly of these signals.
1.2
2.0
2.1.
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
Supervisory information
It specifies the on/off hook condition of a called subscriber after the connection has been
setup
i.
Called subscriber off hook called subscriber has answered and
commence.
ii.
charging may
Called subscriber has hung up to terminate the call, and the call is disconnected after a
time delay if the calling subscriber does not hang up.
The on/off-hook conditions of the calling subscriber are covered by call request and
release information.
2.2.
Call connection
The interchange of signaling information can be illustrated with the help of
a typical call connection sequence. The circled number in Fig. 1 correspond to the steps
listed below
CALLING SUBSCRIBER
i.
ORIGINATING EXCHANGE
TERMINATING EXCHANGE
CALLED SUBSCRIBER
OFF-HOOK(ANSWER)
AUDIBLE RINGING
TERMINATED
OFF-HOOK
SUBSCRIBERS CONNECTED
ON HOOK
OCONVERSATION ENSURES
ON HOOK
DISCONNECT
viii.
Signalling
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
Address signal
After the receipt of the dial tone signal, the subscriber proceeds to send the address digits.
The digits may be transmitted either by decade dialing or by multifrequency pushbutton
dialling.
1.
Decadic Dialling
The address digits may be transmitted as a sequence of interruption of the DC loop by a
rotary dial or a decadic push-button key pad. The number of interruption (breaks) indicate
the digit, exept0, for which there are 10 interruptions. The rate of such interruptions is 10
per second and the make/break ration is 1:2. There has to be a inter-digital pause of a few
hundred milliseconds to enable the exchange to distinguish between consecutive digits.
This method is, therefore, relatively slow and signals cannot be transmitted during the
speech phase.
2.
Multifrequency Push-button Dialling
This method overcomes the constraints of the decadic dialling. It uses two sets of four
voice frequencies. pressing a button (key), generates a signal comprising of two
frequencies. one from each group. Hence, it is also called Dual-Tone Multi-frequency
(DTMF) dialling. The signal is transmitted as long as the key is kept pressed. This
provides 16 different combinations. As there are only 10 digits, at present the highest
frequency, viz., 1633 Hz, is not used and only 7 frequencies are used, as shown in Fig.2.
By this method, the dialling time is reduced and almost 10 digits can be transmitted per
second. As frequencies used lie in the speech band, information may be transmitted
during the speech phase also, and hence, DTMF telephones can be used as access
teminals to a variety of systems, such as computers with voice output. The tones have
been so selected as to minimize harmonic interference and probability of simulation by
human voice.
released after a time delay. The PG signal may also be sent, in case the subscriber takes
too long to dial. It is normally busy tone.
3.2.2 Called subscriber line signals.
3.2.2.1 Ring Signal
On receipt of a call to the subscriber whose line is free, the terminating exchange sends
the ringing current to the called telephone. This is typically 25 or 50Hz with suitable
interruptions. Ring-back tone is also fed back to the calling subscriber by the terminating
exchange.
3.2.2.2 Answer Signal
When the called subscriber, lifts the hand-set on receipt of ring, the line impedance goes
low. This is detected by the exchange which cuts off the ringing current and ring-back
tone.
3.2.2.3 Release Signal
If after the speech phase, the called subscriber goes on hook before the calling subscriber,
the state of line impedance going high from a low value, is detected. The exchange sends
a permanent line signal to the calling subscriber and releases the call after a time delay, if
the calling subscriber fails to clear in the meantime.
3.2.3
3.3
Inter-exchange Signaling
3.3.1 Inter-exchange signaling can be transmitted over each individual inter exchange
trunk. The signals may be transmitted using the same frequency band as for speech
signals (inband signaling), or using the frequencies outside this band (out-of-band
signaling). The signaling may be
i. Pulsed
The signal is transmitted in pulses. Change from idle condition to one of
active states for a particular duration characterizes the signal, e.g., address
information
ii. Continuous
The signal consists of transition from one condition to another, a steady
state condition does not characterizes any signal.
iii. Compelled
It is similar to the pulsed mode but the transmission is not of fixed
duration but condones till acknowledgement of the receiving unit is
Line signals
3.3.2.4 The simplest cheapest, and most reliable system of signaling on trunks, was
DC signaling, also known as metallic loop signaling, exactly the same as used between
the subscriber and exchange, i.e.,
i.
Circuit seizure/release corresponding to off/on-hook signal of
subscriber.
ii.
Address information in the from of decade pulses.
the
Forward
Backward
On
On
off
on
on
off/on
off
off
on
off
on
off
For in band signaling the tone frequency is chosen to be 2600Hz. or 2400 Hz. As the
frequency lies within the speech band, simulation of tone-on condition indicating end-of
call signal by the speech, has to be guarded against, for pre-mature disconnection.
Out-of- Band signaling overcomes the problem of tone on condition imitation by the
speech by selecting a tone frequency of 3825 Hz which is beyond the speech band.
However, this adds up to the hard-ware costs.
3.3.2.3 E & M Signals
E & M lead signaling may be used for signaling on per-trunk basis. An additional pair of
circuit, reserved for signaling is employed. One wire is dedicated to the forward signals
Outgoing Exchange
M- lead
E-lead
Earth
Open
Incoming Exchange
M- lead
Elead
Earth
Open
Battery
Open
Earth
Earth
Earth
Earth/open
Battery/Earth
Open
battery
Earth
Battery
Earth
battery
Open
Earth
earth
Earth
Earth
Battery
Open
This type of signaling is normally used in conjunction with an interface to change the E
& M signals into frequency signal to be carried along with the speech.
3.3.3
Register Signals
3.3.3.1
It was, however felt that the trunk service could not be managed properly
without the trunk register which basically is an address digit receiver, with such
development, the inter-exchange signaling was sub- divided into two categories.
1.
Line signaling in which the signals operate throughout the
duration of call, and
2.
forward
signal
outgoing register
incomming2-and-2only
register
signal recognition
time
time
acknowledgement backward
signal and request for next signal
compelled signal sequence
next forward
signal
acknowledgement backward signal
Sending
receiving
Link-By-Link signaling
The signaling is always confined to individual links. Hence, initially the
signaling is between A-B, then between B-C after the B-C connection is
established.
1380
1500
1620
1740
1860
Backward
1140
1020
900
780
660
f0
f1
f2
f3
f4
Index
Weight Code
Signal
1
2
0+1
0+2
3
4
5
6
7
1+2
0+4
1+4
2+4
0+7
Digit3
Digit4
Digit5
Digit6
Digit7
8
9
10
1+7
2+7
4+7
Digit8
Digit9
Digit0
Signal No.
1
2
3
0+2
1+2
0+4
1+4
2+4
7
8
9
10
0+7
1+7
2+7
4+7
Restart
Address complete,
Changeover to
reception of group B
signals
Calling line
identification for
malicious calls
send calling
subscribers category
Set up speech
connection
Send last but 1 digit
Snd last but 2 digit
Snd last but 3 digit
Spare
Group II
Ordinary subscriber
Subscriber
with
priority Test / Mtce,
equipment
Spare
STD Barred
Spare
CCB
Changed Number to
Operator
Closed Number
Closed Number
Spare
Group B
Called line free with
out metering
Changed number
Called line busy
Local congestion
Number unobtainable
called line fee, with
metering
Route congestion
Spare
Route Breakdown
Malicious call
blocking
Digital Signalling
4.1
All, the systems discussed so far, basically, are on per line or per trunk
basis, as the signals are carried on the same line or trunk. With the emergence of PCM
systems, it was possible to segregate the signaling from the speech channel.
Inter exchange signalling can be transmitted over a channel directly associated with the
speech channel, channel-associated signalling (CAS) , or over a dedicated link common
to a number of channels, common channel signalling (CCS). The information transmitted
for setting up and release of calls is same in both the cases. Channel associated signalling
requires the exchanges, to have access to each trunk via the equipment which may be
decentralised, whereas, in common channel signalling, the exchange is connected to only
a limited number of signalling links through a special terminal.
4.2
State
Idle
Seizure
Forward
af
1
0
Bit Value
backword.
bf
ab
0
1
0
bb
0
0
Seizure
acknowledge
Answer
Clear Forward
0/1
Clear Back
4.3
4.3.1
SIG
OFFICE A
TRUNKS
SIG
SIG
SIG
SIG
SIG
OFFICE B
OFFICE C
OFFICE D
PROCESSOR
PROCESSOR
CCIS
SIG
CCIS
SIG
CCS SIG Common-Channel Inter-exchange Signalling Equipment SIG per trunk Signalling
Equipment
Figure 4. Inter-exchange Signalling Techniques
In other words, CCS has a pool of signalling channels which are allocated to a speech
circuit, only when the later has any requirements of signalling. Hence, the speech circuits
may have to queue up for a spare signalling circuit. Therefore, the dimensioning of the
pool capacity will depend on the acceptable level of service, and expected signalling
content and frequency per speech circuit.
By using this technique, the signalling equipment can be centralised and made more
compact resulting in advantages of space saving and economy. However, this technique
can be used only by the SPC exchanges for inter processor signalling.
4.3.2
Iner-Processor signalling
In the inter processor signalling, there is a total departure from the conventional
signalling. Instead of exchanging DC signals, tones, frequencies or bit patterns for
hundreds of milliseconds, a single data nessage of 40 to 50 millisecond is sufficient for
conveying the entire information.
The signalling word, also called, signalling unit (SU), is divided into sub words or fields
containing bits to represent.
1.
Actual signal message, i.e., speech circuit number, service indicator
(telephone,data etc.,) and signal information (directory number, etc.)
2.
Transfer control, i.e., informatin for synchronisation, message
numbering and acknowledgement of receipt.
3.
Error protection , i.e., redundant bits for detection of
transmission
error.
4.3.3
4.3.3.1 Synchronisation
Synchronisation is required at several levels at
1.
data link level to recover bit timing.
2.
message level to detect the start and end of messages and
3.
message sequence level to identify each message in a series of
messages received so that retransmission can be requested if
necessary.
4.3.3.2 Error protection
To detect and correct transmission errors, redundancy must be provided in the transmitted
information, if there is no provision of requesting retransmission of the information.
4.4.1
Fig5 (a) organised as block of 12 signal units. Error protection is through an error
detecting code and repeat transmission of mutilated message
Fig.5 Typical message formats. The shaded area represent spare bit fields.
4.4.2 CCITT No. 7 System
In view of the introduction of an unprecedented range of new services and facilities for
subscriber, operating companies and telecommunications networks, a new system has been
evolved which will be suitable for the international network (terrestrial and satellite links) and
national network with optional performance in digital network. The signal unit is shown in Fig.
5 (b). The functional breakdown of the system is as under :i.
Advantages of CCS
The other advantages of CCS, in addition to space saving are :i.
Faster call set up by cutting down the post dialler delay. In SPC
environment setting up a call via two transit centres takes just 0.8 second with
CCS, compared to 3.5 seconds with MF signalling.
ii.
New services can be made available with a better quality. For
example, setting up a call with abbreviated dialling facility and routed via two
transit centres, takes just 3 seconds with CCS, as compared to 12 seconds required
by the network using CAS, moreover it is also possible to use additional services,
as it is possible to transmit signals during speech phase also.
iii.
More call completion is possibly by re routing the call without
increasing the call set up time to an unacceptable level.
iv.
In MF signalling system it is possible for a clever subscriber to access
the system by generating of generally used signalling tones. By generating tones.
of the correct frequency and at the correct time, such a phone- phreak can make
long distance calls without being charged thus resulting in loss of revenue,
However, phone phreak phree calls are not possible in CCS, as the signalling link
is totally separate from the speech link.
v.
Unified signalling system is possible to provide all existing and
envisage services as required under the integrated services Digital Network
(ISDN).
vi.
Modem network management will be possible by provision of an
efficient means of collecting information and transmitting orders for technical
operation and maintenance of the network.
vii.
Traffic engineering becomes more efficient. The speech circuits
4.5
4.51
5.0
5.1
5.2
5.3
6.0
Conclusion
6.1
Looking back over the years, it can be seen that there has been substantial
Central Module (CM) consists of a message switch and a space switch to provide inter-module
communication and perform voice and data switching between Base Modules. It provides control
message communication between any two Base Modules, and between Base Modules and
Administrative Module for operation and maintenance functions. It also provides clock and
synchronisation on a centralised basis.
communicates with the Base Module via the Central Module. It supports the Input Output
Module for providing man- machine interface. It also supports the Alarm Display Panel
for the audio-visual indication of faults in the system. Input Output Module (IOM) is a
powerful duplex computer system that interfaces various secondary storage devices like
disk drives, cartridge tape drive and floppy drive. It supports printers and upto 8 serial
ports for video display units which are used for man- machine communication interface.
All the bulk data processing and storage is done in this module. Thus, a C-DOT DSS
exchange, depending upon its size and application, consists of Base Modules (maximum
32), Central Module, Administrative Module, Input Output Module and Alarm Display
Panel. The Base Modules can be remotely located or co-located depending on the
requirement.
3.
Remote Switch Unit (RSU) is an integral part of C-DOT DSS architecture. In order to realise a
RSU, the normal BM can be modified for remoting with the host exchange via 2 Mbps digital
links. The number of 2 Mbps links between the Main Exchange and RSU is primarily determined
by the traffic. A maximum 16 PCMs can be provided between a RSU & Main exchange. Analog
and Digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support direct parenting of small
exchanges from RSU itself instead of parenting it to the main exchange which will ultimately
save the media required from main exchange. As far as call processing is concerned, RSU is an
autonomous exchange capable of local-call completion. Operation and maintenance functions are
handled by the host exchange. In the event of failure of PCM links, RSU goes into standalone
mode of operation. In case it is not possible to process a call request due to unavailability of links
to the host, the subscriber is connected to appropriate tone or announcement.
During standalone mode of operation, the local and Incoming terminating calls in RSU are
switched and the metering information of all the RSU subscribers is stored in the RSU. It is sent
to the host whenever the PCM links are available again. Only the even numbered BMs can be
configured as RSU i.e. a maximum 16 RSUs are possible in C-DOT DSS MAX-XL and 8 RSUs
in MAX-L.
4.
Common Channel Signalling is pre-requisite to provide any value added service in the network
e.g. Intelligent Network Services, ISDN services. Due to intelligent protocol implementation in
conformance to ITU-T specifications and with the implementation of CCS7 signalling in C-DOT
DSS, it has been made possible to provide the value added services. Also it is possible to
configure the C-DOT DSS as TAX with multiple nodes, connected on CCS7 signalling. ISDN
Services are the most widely used carriers to transport bulk volume of data. With the increasing
use of Internet Access, the use of ISDN interface is likely to go up as it provides the reliable
access to the user at the rate of 64/128 Kbps. In addition to reliable data connection at higher rate,
it integrates computer and Telephone on the single access. In C-DOT DSS, the implementation is
through add-on modules to provide the services in the beginning itself or retrofit as and when
required. This facilitates the network administrator to upgrade the already commissioned
exchanges in future.
5.
REDUNDANCY
To meet the stringent availability requirements, C-DOT DSS employs 'hot standby' technique
for all processor complexes so that in the event of the failure of any one security-block, not
more than 8 subscribers will be affected. Hardware cross-links between processors have been
planned in such a way that even the failure of two dissimilar processors will not affect system
performance. Also, wherever there is no duplication of hardware units, multiple units are
provided to work in a load-sharing mode. In the event of failure of one of the units, other
units will share its load preventing disruption of service. In case of certain service circuits,
n+1 configuration is used for maintaining reliability.
1.
COMMON HARDWARE UNITS
Various hardware units such as controller complexes and message switches have been
standardised for multiple applications. This interchangeability is an important feature of
the system hardware that helps in reducing inventories and increasing system availability.
Some of these standardised units are
2.
Module Control Unit is a 16-bit or 32-bit microprocessor complex with associated memory unit.
The same unit can be used as the Base Processor Unit in the Base Module or as the Space Switch
Controller in the Central Module or as the Administrative Processor Unit in the Administrative
Module.
3.
Interface Controller
This is an 8-bit microprocessor based unit with a time-switching network that can be used
to control either terminal interface in the Terminal Unit or service circuit interface in the
Time Switch Unit. In both the cases, its function is to assign time-slots on the 128channel link between the terminals (subscribers, trunks, etc.) and the module time
switch.
4.
Message Switch
Message Switch is implemented as a 32-bit message switch controller which provides upto 38
HDLC/ADLC links for message communication between controllers. In the Base Module, the
message switch can also be implemented as a 16-bit message switch controller and a message
switch device card. In such an implementation, the controller provides upto 22 HDLC/ADLC
links with the help of the device card.
6.
OPTIMISATION
In C-DOT DSS, distribution and centralisation of functions have been optimised. There are
local functions which are entrusted to the growth units, i.e., the Base Modules, for local
switching and interfacing. These functions use resources whose requirement is directly linked
with the number of lines and trunks equipped. These functions are
1.
2.
3.
4.
Terminal Interfacing - interfacing lines, analog and digital trunks, CCM, PBX and
remote digital lines.
Circuit Switching - switching within the Base Module.
Call Processing - majority of call processing functions.
Concentration - for providing upto 2024 subscribers on 512 time-slots.
On the other hand, the functions that are shared globally over the switch are provided by a
central facility which may either be the Central Module or the Administrative Module. These
functions are a)
b)
Inter-module Communication
Inter-BM and BM-AM communication via the Central Module.
Message Switching
Inter-BM and BM-AM control-message communication via the Central Message
Switch in the Central Module.
c)
d)
e)
Resource Allocation
Done by the Administrative Module. THE C-DOT DSS FAMILY
Operations and Maintenance
Bulk data storage by the Input Output Module and man-machine interface
provided by the Administrative Module via the Input Output Module.
Services
Announcements and conference circuits. This approach is also followed while
introducing new services and facilities in order to utilise them most optimally.
INTRODUCTION TO C-DOT
1.1.1. PHILOSOPHY AND GROWTH OF C-DOT
The Centre for Development of Telematics (C-DOT) is the Telecom Technology
development centre of the Government of India. It was established in August 1984 as an
autonomous body. It was vested with full authority and total flexibility to develop state-ofthe-art telecommunication technology to meet the needs of the Indian telecommunication
network. The key objective was to build a centre for excellence in the area of telecom
technology. While the initial mandate of C-DOT in 1984 was to design and develop digital
exchanges and facilitate their large scale manufacture by the Indian Industry, the
development of transmission equipment was also added to its scope of work in 1989.
1.1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF C-DOT FAMILY OF SWITHES
C-DOT DSS MAX is a universal digital switch which can be configured for different
applications as local, transit, or integrated local and transit switch. High traffic/load handling
capacity upto 8,00,000 BHCA with termination capacity of 40,000 Lines as Local Exchange
or 15,000 trunks as Trunk Automatic Exchange, the C-DOT DSS family is ideally placed to
meet the different requirements of any integrated digital network.
The design of C-DOT DSS MAX has envisaged a family concept. The advantages of family
concept are standardised components, commonality in hardware, documentation, training,
installation and field support for all products and minimization of inventory of spares. Infact
this modular design has been consciously achieved by employing appropriate hardware,
software, and equipment practices.
The equipment practices provide modular packaging. Common cards and advanced
components have been used in the system hardware in order to reduce the number and type
of cards. Standard cards, racks, frames, cabinets and distribution frames are used which
facilitate flexible system growth. Interconnection technology has been standardised at all
levels of equipment packaging. All these features, together with ruggedised design, make CDOT DSS MAX easy to maintain and highly reliable.
Another important feature of the design is the provision of both local and centralised
operation and maintenance. Beginning with local operation and maintenance, with the
installation of similar digital switches in the network, centralised operation and maintenance
will provide maintenance and administration services very economically. All these services
are provided through a simple, interactive man-machine interface.
1.1.3. ARCHITECTURE
C-DOT DSS is a modular and flexible digital switching system which provides economical
means of serving metropolitan, urban, and rural environments. It incorporates all important
features and mandatory services, required by the user with option of upgradation to add new
features and services in future. The architecture for the C-DOT DSS is such that it is possible
to upgrade a working C-DOT SBM or MBM Exchange to provide ISDN service by adding
minimum additional hardware modules while retaining existing hardware units. Another
factor of the architecture is to support ISDN subscribers through Remote Switching Unit
(RSU). This remote switching unit is able to provide switching facility locally even in case of
failure of the communication path to the parent exchange. The system employs an openended architecture for flexibility of configuration and growth. The processor architecture is
characterised by distributed control and message-based communication in order to achieve a
loosely-coupled network for flexible system architecture.
Software is written in high level language 'C and distributed over various processors and is
structured as a hierarchy of virtual machines. The software is packaged such that, depending
upon the actual switch configuration, it can be distributed over appropriate controllers. The
software features are implemented by communicating processes. The operating system
provides message communication facilities such that the processes are transparent to their
physical locations.
For inter-processor communication, messages are exchanged over HDLC links that are
implemented either as direct links or switched network paths. This approach hides the
physical details of processes from each other and provides a flexible communication network
between the processors. New modules can be added and existing modules can be modified
without affecting other modules in the system.
Resources are identified as 'global' or 'local' depending upon their distribution in the system.
The resources which depend upon the number of terminals are provided within the basic
growth unit, the Base Module. Base processors are provided for handling call processing
locally. In a small system application, these processors independently support call processing,
exchange operation and maintenance functions.
On the other hand, in order to avoid replication of large data and memory intensive functions,
some features and facilities are provided centrally. Program backup, bulk data storage, manmachine interface, operations and maintenance facilities are therefore provided centrally in
order to provide a means of separating the switch from the operations and maintenance
interface.
1.2.1. TECHNOLOGY
The system employs a T-S-T switching configuration and is based on a 32-channel PCM
structure. It uses a basic rate of 64Kbps and 2Mbps primary multiplexing rate. Control is
distributed over the system by using 32-bit, 16-bit and 8-bit microprocessors. All the critical
control circuitry has built-in redundancy.
System hardware utilises advanced concepts in micro electronics for a compact and optimum
design. Basic memory unit has been implemented as a 16MB dynamic RAM board. Singlechip digital signal processors are used for implementing DTMF and MF receivers. A high
performance, high density VLSI chip detects multiple tones and simultaneously performs
signal filtering on four channels. This approach reduces costs, power dissipation and saves
space on the PCBs.
Analog to digital conversion on the line circuits has been achieved by using a per channel
coder-decoder (CODEC) chip. Customisation based on ASICS/ FPGAs has been used to
optimize space utilisation and reduce the number of components on the line cards.
1.2.2. BASIC GROWTH/BUILDING MODULES
C-DOT DSS MAX exchanges can be configured using four basic modules (Fig. 1.1)
a
Base Module
Central Module
Administrative Module
The Base Module (BM) is the basic growth unit of the system. It interfaces the external
world to the switch. The interfaces may be subscriber lines including CCM and PBX lines,
analog and digital trunks. Each Base Module can interface upto 2024 terminations. The
number of Base Modules directly corresponds to the exchange size. It carries out majority of
call processing functions and, in a small-exchange application, it also carries out operation
and maintenance functions with the help of the Input Output Module.
In Single Base Module (SBM) exchange configuration, the Base Module acts as an
independent switching system and provides connections to 1500 lines and 128 trunks. In such
a configuration, the Base Module directly interfaces with the Input Output Module for bulk
data storage, operations and maintenance functions. Clock and synchronisation is provided
by a source within the Base Module. It is a very useful application for small urban and rural
environments.
With minimum modifications in hardware through only one type of card, a Base Module can
be remotely located as a Remote Switch Unit (RSU), parented to the main exchange using
PCM links.
Central Module (CM) consists of a message switch and a space switch to provide intermodule communication and perform voice and data switching between Base Modules. It
provides control message communication between any two Base Modules, and between Base
Module and Administrative Module for operation and maintenance functions. It also provides
clock and synchronisation on a centralized basis.
FIG 1.1
the Input Output Module for providing man- machine interface. It also supports the Alarm
Display Panel for the audio-visual indication of faults in the system.
Input Output Module (IOM) is a powerful duplex computer system that interfaces various
secondary storage devices like disk drives, cartridge tape drive and floppy drive. It supports
printers and upto 8 serial ports for video display units which are used for man- machine
communication interface. All the bulk data processing and storage is done in this module.
Thus, a C-DOT DSS exchange, depending upon its size and application, consists of Base
Modules (maximum 32), Central Module, Administrative Module, Input Output Module and
Alarm Display Panel. The Base Modules can be remotely located or co-located depending on
the requirement.
Remote Switch Unit (RSU) is an integral part of C-DOT DSS architecture. In order to realise
a RSU, the normal BM can be modified for remoting with the host exchange via 2 Mbps
digital links. The number of 2 Mbps links between the Main Exchange and RSU is primarily
determined by the traffic. A maximum 16 PCMs can be provided between a RSU & Main
exchange. Analog and Digital trunk interfaces are also implemented in RSU to support direct
parenting of small exchanges from RSU itself instead of parenting it to the main exchange
which will ultimately save the media required from main exchange. As far as call processing
is concerned, RSU is an autonomous exchange capable of local-call completion. Operation
and maintenance functions are handled by the host exchange. In the event of failure of PCM
links, RSU goes into stand alone mode of operation. In case it is not possible to process a call
request due to unavailability of links to the host, the subscriber is connected to appropriate
tone or announcement.
During stand alone mode of operation, the local and incoming terminating calls in RSU are
switched and the metering information of all the RSU subscribers is stored in the RSU. It is
sent to the host whenever the PCM links are restored.
Only the even numbered BMs can be configured as RSU i.e. a maximum 16 RSUs are
possible in C-DOT DSS MAX-XL and 8 RSUs in MAX-L.
1.3.1. VALUE ADDED SERVICES:Common Channel Signalling is pre-requisite to provide any value added service in the
network e.g. Intelligent Network Services, ISDN services. Due to intelligent protocol
implementation in conformance to ITU-T specifications and with the implementation of
CCS7 signalling in C-DOT DSS, it has been made possible to provide the value added
services. Also, it is possible to configure the C-DOT DSS as TAX with multiple nodes,
connected on CCS7 signalling.
ISDN Services are the most widely used carriers to transport bulk volume of data. With the
increasing use of Internet Access, the use of ISDN interface is likely to go up as it provides
the reliable access to the user at the rate of 64/128 Kbps. In addition to reliable data
connection at higher rate, it integrates computer and Telephone on the single access.
To support V5.x interface in C-DOT Digital Switching System, a new hardware unit called
VU (V5 Interface unit) is required. All the layer 2 and layer 3 software for V5 interface
resides in this unit. VU works in conjunction with DTU, which in turn extends the 2.048
Mbps digital link (E1) towards Access Network.
In C-DOT DSS, the implementation is through add-on modules to provide the services in the
beginning itself or retrofit as and when required. This facilitates the network administrator to
upgrade the already commissioned exchanges in future.
1.3.2.1. REDUNDANCY
To meet the stringent availability requirements, C-DOT DSS employs 'hot standby' technique
for all processor complexes so that in the event of the failure of any one security-block, not
more than 8 subscribers will be affected.
Hardware cross-links between processors have been planned in such a way that even the
failure of two dissimilar processors will not affect system performance. Also, wherever there
is no duplication of hardware units, multiple units are provided to work in a load-sharing
mode. In the event of failure of one of the units, other units will share the failed units load
preventing disruption of service. In case of certain service circuits, n+1 configuration is used
for maintaining reliability.
1.3.2.2. OPTIMISATION
In C-DOT DSS, distribution and centralisation of functions have been optimised. There are
local functions which are entrusted to the growth units, i.e., the Base Modules, for local
switching and interfacing. These functions use resources whose requirement is directly linked
with the number of lines and trunks equipped.
The local functions are
Terminal Interfacing - interfacing lines, analog and digital trunks, CCM, PBX and remote
digital lines.
On the other hand, the functions that are shared globally over the switch are provided by a
central facility which may either be the Central Module or the Administrative Module. These
functions are
Inter-module Communication
Inter-BM and BM-AM communication via the Central Module.
Message Switching
Inter-BM and BM-AM control-message communication via the Central Message
Switch in the Central Module.
Resource Allocation
Done by the Administrative Module.
Bulk data storage by the Input Output Module and man-machine interface provided
the Administrative Module via the Input Output Module.
by
Services
Announcements and conference circuits.
This approach is also followed while introducing new services and facilities in order to utilise
them most optimally.
1.3.2.3 COMMON HARDWARE UNITS
Various hardware units such as controller complexes and message switches have been
standardised for multiple applications. This interchangeability is an important feature of the
system hardware that helps in reducing inventories and increasing system availability. Some
of these standardised units are
Interface Controller
This is an 8-bit microprocessor based unit with a time-switching network that can be used
to control either terminal interface in the Terminal Unit or service circuit interface in the
Time Switch Unit. In both the cases, its function is to assign time-slots on the 128channel link between the terminals (subscribers, trunks, etc.) and the module time switch.
Message Switch
Message Switch is implemented as a 32-bit message switch controller which provides
upto 38 HDLC/ADLC links for message communication between controllers. In the Base
Module, the message switch can also be implemented as a 16-bit message switch
controller and a message switch device card. In such an implementation, the controller
provides up to 22 HDLC/ADLC links with the help of the device card.
CHAPTER 2
ARCHITECTURE
2.1.1. PCM PRINCIPLE AND DIGITAL SWITCHING
2.1.1.1 PCM PRINCIPLES
The analog speech coming into the switch- cannot be handled as it is, by the
digital switches like CDOT. It is converted into digital form of 0s and 1s by the
PCM technique. PCM as used in the switch consists of the steps in Coding :
Filtering Sampling Quantising Encoding, by which the analog information
gets converted into digital. By filtering, the speech frequency is restricted to max
4 KHz. As the sampling frequency should be at least twice the cutoff frequency
according to sampling theorem, the analog speech is sampled at 8 KHz or in
other words once in 125 microseconds. Each analog sample (PAM, pulse
amplitude modulation) is quantised & encoded into a digital sample (PCM, of 8
bits). Line coding enables the PCM signal to be sent on the line properly
(example NRZ code converted to HDB3 and sent). Decoding is the reverse
process of converting the digitalised speech back into analog form. CODEC is
the chip which does the combined job of coding and decoding, as part of
BORSCHT functions.
As 3.9 microseconds time is sufficient to handle a channel, 32 channels are
possible in the available time of 125 microseconds. The 125 microseconds
duration is also called time-frame or Frame duration. 3.9 microseconds is the
duration of a time-slot (ts) or channel. This multiplexing done on the basis of
dividing time is termed TDM, Time Division Multiplexing. The PCM in which a
frame has 32 channels is usually called as 30 channel PCM as two time-slots
are reserved, ts0 for Synchronisation i.e. sending/receiving of FAW (Frame
Alignment Word) or Alarm information and ts16 for sending/receiving of
Signalling information. One time-multiframe (MF) has 16 Frames (F0 to F15).
During the 2 milliseconds of a multi-frame, signalling information pertaining to
two speech channels is sent on ts16 of each of its 16 frames except the first.
The ts16 of F0 carries MFAW (Multi Frame Alignment Word). For example, the
digitalised speech belonging to speech channels 15 & 30 are carried in ts15 &
ts31 of each frame; but their signalling information is carried in ts16 of F15 of
every MF. Similarly, ts16 of F4 of each MF carries the signalling information of
This digital stream of 2Mbps is also called basic or first order PCM. One bidirectional PCM link basically caters for 30 speech channels and is further
multiplexed into higher orders such as: 8 Mb (120 channels), 34 Mb (480
channels),140 Mb (1920 channels) and so on.
In Channel Associated Signalling (CAS), ts16 is distinguished as the signalling
time-slot and is rigidly associated with the function of carrying the signalling
information of the 30 speech channels of its own PCM Link only. The 64 Kbps
bit carrying capacity of the CAS-ts i.e ts16 is not fully utilised. The advanced
form of digital signalling namely Common Channel Signalling (CCS) overcomes
the drawbacks of CAS type of digital signalling. Here the CCS-ts @ 64 kbps is
fully utilised and it carries the signalling information of as many PCM links
with the help of different HW & SW. We can have CCS signalling between two
CDOT MBM exchanges as both support it. But we can have only CAS between a
CDOT MBM and a CDOT 256 as CDOT 256 does not support CCS but supports
only CAS.
B.M
TS4 PCM0
TS7 PCM0
TS4
PCM0
0
7
31
I/p associated
T.S writing is
controlled.
Reading is
sequential.
31
0
0
100
111
B.M
C.M
31
TS7
PCM0
31
And as such TS4 PCM0 information will be shifted to TS7 PCM0. Here writing is
sequential whereas reading is controlled
I/P associated time switch: let us take the same example
i.e.TS4 PCM0
TS7PCM0. Since the processor knows to which TS no. the
information should be switched, as it receives the TS4 infn in the I/C PCM highway it
writes that information (8 bits) into memory location no 7 of buffer memory.
The control memory receives the read address cycle of 32 time slots pertaining to I/C
PCM highway. When it comes to memory location no 4 the processor writes the buffer
memory address as 7 (i.e. 111) in binary bits.
During the next read cycle when it comes to memory location no 4 of command memory,
it fetches the address of BM area as 7 and as such it goes to location no 7 of BM area and
reads the 8 bit content and thus, TS4 PCM0 TS4 PCM0. Here, writing is controlled
but reading is sequential.
Space switching: in space switching TS no. remains the same,. While the PCM highway
no changes. Let us take as an example
TS4 PCM0
TS4 PCM2
Consider an mXn dimensional space switching network i.e. m I/C PCM highways and n
O/G PCM highways ,connected to the switching network. n - O/G PCM highways are
connected to the switching n/w.
TS4
PCM0
TS7 PCM2
n-1
Pcm 0
LOGIC 1
PCM m-1
CM0
CM1
CM2
The space switch consists of command memories which are equal to no of O/G PCM
highways. In our example, since n - O/G PCM highways are available, there will be n
command memories. In the above example, since O/G PCM highway is no. 2, the
processor picks up command memory no 2. In each command memory 32 memory
locations are available. i.e. 1/TS. Since we are interested in TS4, when the processor
comes to memory location no 4 of command memory 2, it writes the address of I/C PCM
highway no. i.e. 0. As such, logic 1 will be placed on the corresponding AND gate for a
period of 3.9 sec and the 8 bit information of TS4 PCM0 will be shifted to TS4 PCM2.
By employing both time and space switches double connections will be established and
the two subs. can converse with each other.
Switching the calls between terminals connected to the same Base Module
Communication with the Administrative Module via the Central Module for
administrative and maintenance functions and also for majority of inter-BM switching
(i.e. call processing) functions
Provision of special circuits for call processing support e.g. digital tones, announcements,
MF/DTMF senders/receivers
Provision for local switching and metering in stand alone mode of Remote Switch Unit as
well as in case of Single Base Module Exchange (SBM-RAX)
For these functions, the Base Module hardware is spread over different types of terminal and
other units
Analog Terminal Unit - to interface analog lines/trunks, and providing special circuits as
conference, announcements and terminal tester.
Digital Terminal Unit - for interfacing digital trunks i.e. 2Mbps E-1/PCM links
#7 Signalling Unit Module - to support SS7 protocol handlers and some call processing
functions for CCS7 calls.
1.1.
Time Switch Unit - for voice and message switching and provision of service circuits.
Base Processor Unit - for control message communication and call processing functions.
FIG 2.1
used in concentration with ISTU. By equipping one ISTU in the exchange, a max. of 256 B
channels are available to the administrator which can be configured as BRI, PRI or any mix,
as per site requirement. Depending on the requirement of number of ISDN-Interfaces, one or
more ISTUs can be integrated in C-DOT DSS, either in one BM or distributed across
different BMs.
2.2.1.5 V5.x - Unit (VU)
One of the four ATUs/DTUs in a BM can be replaced by VU to provide V5.x interfaces in CDOT DSS. Hardware architecture of VU (V5 unit) is same as that of SU (SS7 unit). SU
contains software for SS7 signalling whereas VU contains software for V5 interface.
Four 128-channel multiplexed links from four different Terminal Units which may be
any combination of. ATU, DTU, #7SU and ISTU.
One 128-channel multiplexed BUS from the Service Circuits Interface Controller
(SCIC) in the Time Switch Unit.
Three 128-channel links to support onboard three party conference circuits (3 x 128).
FIG 2.2
It multiplexes above 128-channel links to form a dual 512-channel, 4 Mbps multiplexed bus
towards the Central Module. The individual buses are called Bus0 and Bus1. Besides this, it
also provides network switched path for message communication between Base Modules,
between Base Module and Administrative Module, and between Base Module and Central
Module.
2.2.2.2. Base Processor Unit (BPU)
Base Processor Unit (BPU) is the master controller in the Base Module. It is implemented as
a duplicated controller with memory units. These duplicated sub-units are realised in the
form of the following cards:
BPC controls time-switching within the Base Module via the Base Message Switch and the
Time Switch Controller. It communicates with the Administrative Processor via Base
Message Switch for operations and maintenance functions. In a SBM configuration, BPC
directly interfaces with the Alarm Display Panel and the Input Output Module.
Figure 2.3 summarises the various units and sub-units of the Base Module.
2.2.3. CENTRAL MODULE (CM) HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
Central Module (CM) is responsible for space switching of inter-Base Module calls,
communication between Base Modules and the Administrative Module, clock distribution
and network synchronisation. For these functions, Central Module has a Space Switch, Space
Switch Controller and a Central Message Switch.
CM provides connectivity to 16 BMs if it is CM-L and 32 BMs if it is CM-XL. Each BM
interfaces with CM via two 512-channel parallel buses as BUS-0 and BUS-1, each operating
at 4 Mbps. These buses carry voice information of 512 terminations of the Base Module
towards CM. In the reverse direction, after space switching has been done in the Space
Switch under the control of Space Switch Controller (SSC), the same buses carry the
switched voice information for 512 terminations towards BM. Thus, in a 32 Base Module
configuration, there are 64 parallel buses carrying the voice information from Base Modules
to the Central Module, and also the switched voice information in the reverse direction.
2.2.3.1. Space Switch (SS) and Space Switch Controller (SSC)
In order to take care of the large number of interface signals, the switch portion of CM is
divided into three stages viz. MUX stage, Switch stage and DEMUX stage. The MUX and
DEMUX stages are implemented on single card to provide the Base Module to Central
Module interface in each direction. Interfacing and switching are controlled by SSC which
provides control signals for the MUX/DEMUX cards and the Space Switch Switch cards.
Interconnection between MUX/DEMUX cards and the Space Switch is shown in Figure 2.4.
MUX/DEMUX Cards extract the information from time-slots 0 and 1 of Bus0 and Bus1 from
the Base Modules. These time-slots carry control message from each Base Module and these
messages are sent to the Central Message Switch (CMS). The CMS sends these messages to
the Space Switch Controller (SSC) on a 128 kbps link to control space switching based upon
this information.
Four 512-channel buses from four BMs are multiplexed to form a 2048- channel, 16 Mbps
multiplexed BUS which is sent to both copies of the Space Switch Switch Card. Space
switching of these 2048 channels is done based upon the switching information received by
Space Switch Controller (SSC) from CMS.
Clock Distribution
CM provides the central clock for distribution to the Base Modules. The 8MHz clock
may be locally generated at the Central Clock (CCK) card in case of CM-XL and Space
Switch Clock (SCK) card in case of CM-L by using high stability VCXO crystal or may
be derived from an external reference clock using the Network Synchronisation
Controller (NSC) card in case of CM-XL and Network Synchronisation Equipment
(NSE) in case CM-L, under the control of SSC. In the event of failure of external
reference or duplex failure of the NSC cards/NSE, the local clock is fed in the hold-over
mode, synchronised to last reference value. In any arrangement, the local or external
clock is distributed via Central Bus Extender (CBX) cards in case of CM-XL.
The CBX card provides an interface between SSC and SSU. SSC makes any switch card
access through CBX. CBX also handles any power supply errors in SSU and BTU. Each
CCK-CBX-NSC complex form a security block i.e. CBX0 cannot be used with CCK1.
Thus there is a copy 0 complex and a copy 1 complex. The CBX also synchronises all
SSC accesses to SSU with the 16 MHz clock as well as BTU. Fig. 2.5 depicts the clock
distribution in C-DOT DSS with CM-XL.
2.2.3.2. Central Message Switch (CMS)
Central Message Switch (CMS) complex is the central message transfer point of the switch.
It is implemented as four different message switches, working in load-sharing mode. Each
message switch is a high performance message routing block, implemented by using high
speed 32 bit microprocessor MC 68040 in case of CM-XL and 16 bit microprocessor MC
68000 in case of CM-L. This card supports 38 HDLC links in case of CM-XL with flexibility
of programming individual HDLC links up to 750 kbps. All Central Message Switches
(CMS1, 2, 3&4) are used for routing of messages across the Base Modules. On the other
hand only CMS1 and CMS2 interface with the Administrative Module for routing control
message between Base Processors and Administrative Processor. This communication is used
to access office data for routing inter- module calls and administration and maintenance
functions. Fig. 2.6 depicts the Central Message Switch in C-DOT DSS.
FIG 2.4
FIG 2.3
FIG 2.6
The monitor based operations are performed only from the Console and the same is true in
case of login to root account. The operations like initial bootup, software link loading etc.
could be performed only from the Console. One X.25 port is implemented for 64Kbps full
duplex link to communicate with Centralise
FIG 2.5Billing/Telecom Management Network Centre.
In addition, one 10 Mbps Ethernet port is also implemented in the IOP-VH which has AUI or
Coaxial interface support at physical level to allow networking of user terminals in future. A
SCSI-2 controller with integrated DMA and SCSI cores is used for interfacing the disk drive
and cartridge tape drive.
FIG 2.7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
(a)
Analog Terminal Unit - to interface analog lines/trunks, and providing special
circuits as conference, announcements and terminal tester.
(b)
Digital Terminal Unit - for interfacing digital trunks i.e. 2Mbps E-1/PCM links
(c )
Signalling Unit Module - to support SS7 protocol handlers and some call
processing functions for CCS7 calls.
d)
1.
2.
5.
A Terminal Unit has some special service cards such as Conference (CNF) Card
to provide six party conference. Speech samples from five parties are added by
inbuilt logic and sent to the sixth party to achieve conferencing. Terminal Test
Controller (TTC) Card is used to test analog terminal interfaces via the test access
relays on the terminal cards. Announcement Controller (ANN) Card provides 15
announcements on broadcast basis. Only one service card of each type is
equipped in a Base Module with provision of fixed slot for TTC and variable slots
for CNF/ANNC. Announcement and Conference Cards are equipped in Terminal
Unit through S/W MMC command. Two slots are occupied by each card i.e. 16
channels for each card are used out of 128 channels available on a Bus between a
TU & TS.
11.
12.
13.
ISDN - Terminal Unit (ISTU)
One of the four ATUs/DTUs in a BM can be replaced by ISTU to provide BRI/PRI interfaces
in C-DOT DSS. The only constraint is that ISTU has to be principal TU i.e. directly
connected to TSU on 8 Mbps PCM link. The ATU/DTU cannot be used in concentration with
ISTU. By equipping one ISTU in the exchange, a max. of 256 B channels are available to the
administrator which can be configured as BRI, PRI or any mix as per site requirement.
Depending on the requirement of number of ISDN-Interfaces, one or more ISTUs can be
integrated in C-DOT DSS, either in one BM or distributed across different BMs.
14.
Time Switch Unit (TSU)
Time Switch Unit (TSU) implements three basic functions as time switching within the Base
Module, routing of control-messages within the Base Module and across Base Modules and
support services like MF/DTMF circuits, answering circuits, tones, etc. These functions are
performed by three different functional units, integrated as time switch unit in a single frame
(refer Fig. 3.2).
(1)
control of Service Circuits Interface Controller (SCIC) and sends it towards the
Time Switch.
(2)
Note : To support 8,00,000 BHCA, MSC and MSD cards are replaced by a High
performance Message Switch (HMS) with high speed, 32 bit microprocessor (MC
68040). It implements 38 HDLC links with flexibility of programming individual
link for a speed upto 750 kbps.
3.
(a)
(b)
(c)
15.
17.
Four 512-channel buses from four BMs are multiplexed to form a 2048- channel,
16 Mbps multiplexed BUS which is sent to both copies of the Space Switch
Switch Card. Space switching of these 2048 channels is done based upon the
switching information received by Space Switch Controller (SSC) from CMS.
Clock Distribution
CM provides the central clock for distribution to the Base Modules. The 8MHz
clock may be locally generated at the Central Clock (CCK) card in case of CMXL and of Space Switch Clock (SCK) card in case of CM-L by using high
stability VCXO crystal or may be derived from an external reference clock using
the Network Synchronisation Controller (NSC) card in case of CM-XL and
Network Synchronisation Equipment (NSE) in case CM-L under the control of
SSC. In the event of failure of external reference or duplex failure of the NSC
cards/NSE, the local clock is fed in the holdover mode, synchronised to last
reference value. In any arrangement, the local or external clock is distributed via
Central Bus Extender (CBX) cards in case of CM-XL. The CBX card provides an
interface between SSC and SSU. SSC makes any switch card access through
CBX. CBX also handles any power supply errors in SSU and BTU. Each CCKCBX-NSC complex form a security block i.e. CBX0 cannot be used with CCK1.
Thus there is a copy 0 complex and a copy 1 complex. The CBX also
synchronises all SSC accesses to SSU with the 16 MHz clock as well as BTU.
Fig. 3.5 depicts the clock distribution in C-DOT DSS with CM-XL.
18.
Central Message Switch (CMS)
Central Message Switch (CMS) complex is the central message transfer point of the
switch. It is implemented as four different message switches, working in load-sharing
mode. Each message switch is a high performance message routing block, implemented
by using high speed 32 bit microprocessor MC 68040 in case of CM-XL and 16 bit
microprocessor MC 68000 in case of CM L.
This card supports 38 HDLC links in case of CM-XL with flexibility of programming
individual HDLC links upto 750 kbps. All Central Message Switches (CMS1,2,3&4) are
used for routing of messages across the Base Modules. On the other hand only CMS1 and
CMS2 interface with the Administrative Module for routing control message between
Base Processors and Administrative Processor. This communication is used to access
office data for routing inter- module calls and administration and maintenance functions.
Fig. 3.6 depicts the Central Message Switch in C-DOT DSS.
19.
ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE (AM)
Administrative Module (AM) consists of a duplicated 16/32-bit controller called the
Administrative Processor (APC). It communicates with Base Processors via the Central
Message Switch for control messages and with the duplicated Input Output Processors in the
Input Output Module for interfacing peripheral devices Administrative processor is
responsible for global routing, translation, resource allocation and all other functions that are
provided centrally in C-DOT DSS MAX. The implementation of AM is similar to Base
Processor Complex of BM, using the same hardware configuration. As explained earlier,
HPC instead of BPC is used to support 8,00,000 BHCA.
20.
and future services can be incorporated in a flexible and comprehensive manner. Changes
to existing services can be implemented more quickly and at lower cost than with CAS
systems.
7.1.3. FEATURES OF CCS NO.7 SIGNALLING
Signalling System No.7 (CCS7) is a message based signalling system between Stored
Program Controlled (SPC) switches. Where the intermediate nodes may be used as Signal
Transfer Points (STPs), CCS7 network can be used for transmitting call related messages,
as well as slow speed data packets between ISDN users. The Signalling Connection
Control Part (SCCP) enables it to act like a packet network. Thus it is an important prerequisite to Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) and Intelligent Network (IN)
features. Enhanced service for the public telephone network can also be provided using
this message based signalling system
Some of the salient features of CCS7 are:
Fast, reliable and economical
Bit-oriented protocol
Labelled messages
Associated and quasi-associated mode of working
Error correction is supported at link level (level 2) by transmission and sequence
control.
Message routing is supported by signalling message handler at level 3
Redundancy and load sharing is possible on signalling links. Change back on link
restoration is possible
Redundancy and load sharing is possible on signalling routes, along with
diversion on route failure.
Level 4 comprises the user parts. The meaning of the messages transferred by the MTP
and the sequence of actions for a particular application (e.g. telephony) is defined by the
`user parts. A key feature is that many different user parts may use the standardised MTP.
Hence, if new requirements arise, that had not been foreseen previously, the relevant user
part can be enhanced (or a new user part derived) without modifying the transfer
mechanism or affecting other user parts. Three user parts have been defined, the
Telephone User Part (TUP), the ISDN User Part (ISUP) and the Data User Part (DUP).
Along with SCCP, which provides end-to-end signalling capability, MTP constitutes the
Network Services Part (NSP) which provides the Network Layer functionalities of the
OSI model. The user parts of NSP are Operations and Maintenance Application Part
(OMAP) and Mobile Application Part (MAP).
Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
The Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) has the functions of the network as well
as the transport layers of the CCS7 protocol stack. Together with the MTP, it provides
true OSI transport layer capabilities. Unlike MTP which provides only datagram service,
SCCP provides connection-oriented and connection-less services as well. Thus, while
MTP is sufficient for circuit switched applications like TUP and ISUP, for non-circuit
related applications, such as database querying, the enhanced addressing capability of
SCCP is required. SCCP has a unique scheme of addressing and routing based on Global
Titles. SCCP utilizes the services of MTP to route its payload from one node to other. In
addition to routing transaction related messages submitted by the Transaction Capabilities
Application Part (TCAP), SCCP also segments and sequences large TCAP messages to fit
into the MTP packet size. At the distant node it is the responsibility of the peer SCCP to
re-assemble the segmented message.
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
TCAP is an application part in the CCS7 stack and is responsible for establishing
dialogue with remote databases. It carries the data of higher layers like INAP and MAP
and invokes remote operations. An operation at remote end requires a series of queries
and responses as part of a TCAP dialogue. Management of a dialogue requires:
Establishing a dialogue
Continuing the dialogue
Terminating the dialogue
Maintaining the integrity of each dialogue in case of multiple dialogue scenario
by assigning unique transaction ids to each dialogue.
Invoking remote operation and managing the operation
TCAP layer is a compound layer in the sense that it is composed of two sublayers,
namely, Transaction Sublayer (TSL) and Component Sublayer (CSL). Transaction sub
layer is responsible for establishing, managing and maintaining the integrity of the
dialogue whereas Component sublayer is responsible for packing the upper layer message
into a component and assigning an invoke ID to the component. When CCS7 is specified
as a signalling system, level 4 specifies a number of call-control functions. Indeed, the
circuit-related mode of CCS7 is so closely associated with controlling the set-up and
release of physical circuits that it is essential that some aspects of call-control are defined
within the user part specification in order to optimise the procedures that are adopted.
Application of the Level Structure
The application of the level structure is illustrated in the above diagram. Exchanges A and
B are directly connected by speech circuits (denoted by the solid lines connecting the
respective switch blocks). A signalling link is also available between Exchanges A and B
(denoted by the dotted line). It is shown that level 4 (the user part) is closely associated
with the control function of the exchange. If the control function of exchange A needs to
communicate with the control function of Exchange B (e.g. to initiate the set-up of a
speech circuit between the exchanges), the control function in Exchange A requests the
level 4 functions to formulate an appropriate message. Level 4 then requests the messagetransfer part (level 1 to 3) to transport the message to exchange B. Level 3 analyses the
request and determines the means of routing the message to exchange B. The message is
then transported via levels 2 and 1. Upon receipt of the message by the MTP of exchange
B, levels 1 and 2 deliver the message to level 3. Level 3 at exchange B recognises that the
message has arrived at the correct exchange and distributes the message to the
appropriate user part at level 4. Level 4 in exchange B then interacts with the control
function to determine the appropriate action and response. If problems arise in the
transmission process between exchanges A and B, causing message corruption, the level
2 functions are responsible for detecting the corruption and retransmitting the
information. If the signalling link between exchanges A and B is not available (e.g. link
has failed), the level 3 functions are responsible for re-routing the information through
the signalling network to exchange B.
7.1.4. IMPLEMETATION OF CCS # 7 SIGNALLING IN CDOT
The ITU-T Signalling System No. 7 (CCS7) capability in C-DOT DSS MAX exchange is
provided in the form of the Signalling Unit Module (SUM). It is a standalone equipment
frame that can be used and retrofitted in any exchange configuration. Only one such unit
is required in an exchange.
The place of SUM in the switch architecture is similar to that of a Terminal Unit (TU).
SUM is equipped in one of the co-located Base Modules in a Terminal Unit frame
position.
Although SUM is a module by itself and contains global resources, it has been
deliberately placed at the front-end in order to make it independent of the switch
configuration. The BM containing the SUM is then called the "home" BM. Figure 7.1.4
depicts the placement of SUM in C-DOT DSS MAX. SUM contains a 68010 or 68040
based generic CPU complex and CCS7 signalling handler terminals. The number of
signalling terminals depends upon the signalling network connectivity and the amount of
signalling traffic to be carried. The CCS7 protocol stack has been implemented according
to ITU-T Recommendations and Indian National Standards. Message Transfer Part
(MTP), ISDN User Part (ISUP), Signalling Connection Controller Part (SCCP) and
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) are available for PSTN, ISDN and
Intelligent Network applications. Monitoring and measurements as per ITU-T Rec. Q.752
have been implemented. In future, Mobile Application Part (MAP) and Operations &
Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) will be available.
FIG 7.1.4