Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ANSYS Confidential
Outline
Background
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
Scales
Eliminating the small scales
Reynolds averaging
Filtered equations
Turbulence modeling theory
RANS turbulence models in Fluent
Near wall modeling and transition modeling
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and other Scale Resolving Simulation (SRS) models
LES theory and models
Hybrid RANS-LES methods
Case studies
Comparison with experiments and DNS
2
ANSYS Confidential
ANSYS Confidential
Reynolds Number
The Reynolds number is defined as
where U and L are representative velocity and length scales for a
given flow. L = x, d, dh, etc.
Internal Flows
Natural Convection
(Rayleigh number)
where
ANSYS Confidential
(Prandtl number)
ANSYS Confidential
Energy Cascade
Larger, higher-energy eddies, transfer energy to smaller
eddies via vortex stretching
ANSYS Confidential
Vortex Stretching
Existence of eddies implies vorticity
Vorticity is concentrated along vortex lines or bundles
Vortex lines/bundles become distorted from the induced
velocities of the larger eddies
ANSYS Confidential
h = (n 3 / e) 1/4;
length scale
t = (n /e ) 1/2;
time scale
ANSYS Confidential
v = (ne ) 1/4
velocity scale
Re
T
h (n / e )1/ 4
n 3/ 4
l
ANSYS Confidential
Implication of Scales
Consider a mesh fine enough to resolve smallest eddies and large
enough to capture mean flow features
Ncells ~ ( 4 l / h ) 3 or
Ncells ~ ( 3Ret ) 9/4 where
Ret = ut H / 2n
ANSYS Confidential
l
(n 3 / e )1 / 4
Uk
xk
xi
xk
t
U i
x j
ANSYS Confidential
Filtering (LES)
Transport equations for resolvable scales
Resolves larger eddies; models smaller ones
Inherently unsteady, D t dictated by smallest resolved eddies
ANSYS Confidential
Prediction Methods
13
ANSYS Confidential
u
u'i
Ui
ui
time
ui ( x, t ) U i ( x , t ) ui( x, t )
14
ANSYS Confidential
1
U i ( x , t ) lim
N N
ui
(n )
( x, t )
n 1
ANSYS Confidential
x
x j
k
i
j
F f ; f 0; fy F f y ; Fy 0; f y 0, etc.
ANSYS Confidential
RANS Equations
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations:
U i
U i
p
U i ui u j
Uk
x
x j
k
i
j
j
x j
U i
ui u j
x
ANSYS Confidential
isotropic
relies on dimensional analysis
Reynolds stress transport models
no assumption of isotropy
contains more physics
most complex and computationally expensive
18
ANSYS Confidential
2
U k
2
t
ij k ij ;
3
xk
3
Sij
U j
1
U i
2
xi
xj
t xy uv 2 Sij
ANSYS Confidential
Modeling t
Basic approach made through dimensional arguments
Units of nt = t / are [L2/T]
Typically one needs 2 out of the 3 scales:
velocity length time
20
ANSYS Confidential
Sij
U j
1
U i
2
xi
xj
1
v thlmfp
2
1
v mix lmix
2
21
ANSYS Confidential
One-Equation Models
Traditionally, one-equation models were based on transport equation for k
(turbulent kinetic energy) to calculate velocity scale, v = k
22
ANSYS Confidential
Rij U i e
x j
x j
unsteady &
convective
where
23
e n
production
ui ui
xk xk
dissipation
1
ui ui u j p ' u j
x
2
molecular
diffusion
(incompressible form)
ANSYS Confidential
turbulent
transport
pressure
diffusion
ui ui u j p' u j
s k x j
can be transported by
turbulence similarly to U
ANSYS Confidential
Summary
Turbulent flows are inherently unsteady, three-dimensional and irregular.
A broad range of time and length scales exist in turbulent flows.
Turbulent flows are governed by the Navier-Stokes equations, but the need to resolve all
scales from the dissipative (Kolmogorov) scales to the mean flow scales makes direct
simulation too expensive to be feasible for industrial applications.
Reynolds averaging is one of the approaches used to eliminate the small scales. The
application of this approach leads to the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)
equations.
The Reynolds stress terms in the RANS equation require modeling in order to obtain a
closed system of equations.
Two branches of RANS modeling are eddy viscosity models (EVM) and Reynolds stress
models (RSM).
EVM are based on the Boussinesq approximation. They can be classified in terms of the
number of equations that are solved to provide the turbulent viscosity.
25
ANSYS Confidential