Concept

of

sample

population

&

Collection,

Classification of data
Introductory Concept: The average person thinks of a population as a collection of entities that may
wrsist of animals, machines, plants or cells.
So we define population of entities as the largest collection of entities for which
we have an interest at a particular time.
Therefore population of values as the largest collection of values of a random
variable for which we have an interest at a particular time.
If the population in countable then it is known as firete population otherwise
known as infinite population.
There is another word is Sample which is relatively small group of selected
member of individuals an objects an case drawn from a particular population and
is used to through light an population characteristics.

Population: A population cab be defined as including all people an items with the characteristic
one wishes to understand.
It may be defined as values of largest collection of a random variable for which we

have an interest at a particular.

It is determined by a our sphere of interest.
So population means all possible data pertaing a particular experiment.
In a statistical sense it may be real or imaginary.
It may be also benite or infeinite type.
If population value consist of a fixetro then it is known as finite population.
But when it wensists of an endless sucession of population it is known as infirite

type.
Eg. All possible values of wheat yield of the state of U.P forms a population so
bron 10 districts, the wheat yield can be taken as sample.

Sample : when a portion of the population is examined in order to bend the characteristics
of the whole population, it is called a sample.
A sample provides valuable information about population.
It is used to measure and estimate the comes pending characteristics of the
population.
So the sample is the small collection of population which has actually being
observed.

For Example:School Children as Sample:1. Our population consist of the weight of all the elementary school children enrolled is a
certain school system. It we collect for analysis, the weight of a fraction of these children,
it is called as sample.
Similarly the water analysis of Mahanadi river is represent the population, the bottle of
water analysis may represent a sample.
Hemoglobin as sample
2. We cannot take out blood of whole body of all individual of the population to know the
Hb% or RBC count of human being. To ascertain RBCS count or HB% of human being,
a few drops of blood of a particular body part was taken out and was absurd
microscopically by humometer.

Sampling: Choosing or drawing a sample from a population is called as sampling.

The sample is essential because one cannot take out the whole water of river or
lake to determine structure various physic-chemical or biological properties.

Similarly are cant take out the whole blood or a man to determine the blood cell
count.
It is not possible to study the trees of the forest to estimate forest productivity.
So every population consist of individuals or items which is known as sampling
units.

Method of Sampling; The most important part is selection of the sample.

A sample study would give dependable conclusion only if the sample is a true
representative of the population.
There are several methods of collection of sample data in short is called as
sampling method.
There are two types of sampling methods.
a) Random or probability sampling.
b) Non-random or non probability sampling.
a) Random or probability sampling: In random sampling, a sample is selected in such a way that every element or
items the population had on equal opportunity of being includes in the sample.
So it means this sampling is carried out to asurtain a particular character of the
population.
There are 5 methods of random sampling such as
(a) Simple random sampling
(b) Stratified random sampling
(c) Systematic random sampling
(d) Cluster random sampling
(e) Multistage random sampling

(a).Simple random sampling:A random sample is a sample where each item of the population has an equal
chance of being included in the sample.
In this method samples are choeasen at random and each sample unit of population
has an equal chance of being selected.

For instance determining the no of cell x and its dimension in a particular tissue,
an expt might fows his microscope field to a particular are of the slide and get the
mean no of the cell x.

1.Lottery Method:This method is the simplest & most popular method of selecting a sample from a
finite population.
In this method, all items of population are numbered an separate slips of identical
shape, size and colour.
Eg:- Suppose 10 patients are to be put an a trial out of the 100 available.
Note the serial no. of patients on 100 cards and suffle them well. Draw out are and
the number.
Replace the card drawn, reshuffle and draw the second card & repeat the process
tell 10 numbers are drawn.
Reject the card that are drawn for second time.
The 10 cards drawn thus will indicate the patients number to be put on trail and the
patients selected in this manner from thorondom sample & similar procedure is
observed for selecting the control specimen.

2. Table of random no. method :If the population size is very large, the application of the lottery method becomes
difficult.
Therefore there is atendency to use a table of random numbers for drawing the
samples.
One can use the table of random numbers from any position either horizontally.
Eg:- if we want to select 10 fishes from 200 fishes in an aquarium, each fish
should be assigned a number from 01 to 200.
In fine digit number of Snedeear and Cochran (1988), we can take into
consideration only the 1st 3 digits and latter two are ignored.
If we begin from 5 line and 39 columns the following numbers will have their fir
stag digits less than 200.

Befin from the no which falls in 5 line and 39 column is 20002, the no coming
after this are 05217, 03164, 19774, 12696, 05437, 17805, 09609,09289,17771.
These the sample, selected in this way will have the following numbers ignoring
the last two digits, 200, 052,031,197,126,054,178.

(b). Stratified random sampling;Samples are choosen at random from different stage of usually different sizes of a
population.
It is based on priority information about the variation.
It is followed when the population is not homogenous.
Here the population under study is decided into more or less homogenous sections
on classes which are called as strata.
A Sample Is Drawn From each strata by simple random sampling. Then the
variability in sampling strata is adequately represented in sample also.
This method of sampling is used from diff. areas classes, ages etc and its is more
representative than simple random sampling.
It gives greater accuracy of the sampling.

(c ). Systematic random sampling:In this sampling method samples drawn are evertly spaeed after a random start
position is choosen.
So this is the most practical way of sampling.
Suppose a researcher wants to take 20 cases of 500 values.
All the 500 values are arranged is same order and are observation in taken from
each of the 25th observation systematically.
The first value among the 1st 25 observation is selected randomly.
Suppose this random start point (A) is 10.
So the value of 10th is 1st sample is the start point.
So after every 25th observation the sample will consists of the values of 10 th, 35th,
60th, 85th etc.
In such as sample thus, all section of a preparation are adequately represented.

(d). Cluster Sampling:The cluster is randomly selected groups.

So in this method the population is divided into separate natural groups or
elements called clusters.
Each cluster include only one type of elements random sample is taken from each
cluster.

This method is used when units of population are natural groups such as schools of
children hospital wards, slums of a town.
The technique of cluster sampling allows small no of target population to be
sampled, while the data provided statistically valid at 95% confidence limits.
As for module provided by who is most of all used to evaluate vaccination.