Should the inventory of

contrastive sounds in Mokilese

include voiceless vowels?

Should the inventory of

contrastive sounds in Mokilese
include voiceless vowels?
no minimal pairs

Should the inventory of

contrastive sounds in Mokilese
include voiceless vowels?
no minimal pairs
voiceless vowels are between
voiceless consonants
V -> [-voi]/[-voi]__[-voi]

Should the inventory of

contrastive sounds in Mokilese
include voiceless vowels?
no minimal pairs
voiceless vowels are between
voiceless consonants
V -> [-voi]/[-voi]__[-voi]
but not all vowels between
voiceless segments devoice.

Should the inventory of

contrastive sounds in Mokilese
include voiceless vowels? NO
no minimal pairs
voiceless vowels are between
voiceless consonants
V -> [-voi]/[-voi]__[-voi]
but not all vowels between
voiceless segments devoice.
V
[+high] ->[-voi]/[-voi]__[-voi]

6: Gen Determine the rule that accounts for the distribution of [r]
and [l] in the following data.
agble

farm

agoglo

lizard

ali

ghost

akpl

spear

sabul

onion

sra

strain

al

hand

atitrw

red billed wood dove

avl

bait

blafogbe

pineapple

dr

stretch arms

edr

dream

exl

friend

exle

flea

hl

read

write

r,

exterminate

kl

wash

tre

glue

vlu
mla
wla

stretch a rope
pound a drum
hide

l
pleplelu
zro

like
laughing dove
fly

esr

spouse

etro

scale

er,

spitting cobra

ro

hint

be ugly

6: Gen Determine the rule that accounts for the distribution of [r]
and [l] in the following data.

[r] comes aer alveolar

sounds.

agble

farm

agoglo

lizard

ali

ghost

akpl

spear

sabul

onion

sra

strain

al

hand

atitrw

red billed wood dove

avl

bait

blafogbe

pineapple

dr

stretch arms

edr

dream

exl

friend

exle

flea

hl

read

write

r,

exterminate

kl

wash

tre

glue

vlu
mla
wla

stretch a rope
pound a drum
hide

l
pleplelu
zro

like
laughing dove
fly

esr

spouse

etro

scale

er,

spitting cobra

ro

hint

be ugly

6: Gen Determine the rule that accounts for the distribution of [r]
and [l] in the following data.

[r] comes aer alveolar

and palatal sounds.

agble

farm

agoglo

lizard

ali

ghost

akpl

spear

sabul

onion

sra

strain

al

hand

atitrw

red billed wood dove

avl

bait

blafogbe

pineapple

dr

stretch arms

edr

dream

exl

friend

exle

flea

hl

read

write

r,

exterminate

kl

wash

tre

glue

vlu
mla
wla

stretch a rope
pound a drum
hide

l
pleplelu
zro

like
laughing dove
fly

esr

spouse

etro

scale

er,

spitting cobra

ro

hint

be ugly

6: Gen Determine the rule that accounts for the distribution of [r]
and [l] in the following data.

[r] comes aer alveolar

and palatal sounds.

agble

farm

agoglo

lizard

ali

ghost

akpl

spear

sabul

onion

sra

strain

al

hand

atitrw

red billed wood dove

avl

bait

blafogbe

pineapple

dr

stretch arms

edr

dream

exl

friend

exle

flea

hl

read

write

r,

exterminate

kl

wash

tre

glue

vlu
mla
wla

stretch a rope
pound a drum
hide

l
pleplelu
zro

like
laughing dove
fly

esr

spouse

etro

scale

er,

spitting cobra

ro

hint

/l/ -> [r]/

(t,s,d,z,,,)__

be ugly

6: Gen Determine the rule that accounts for the distribution of [r]
and [l] in the following data.

[r] comes aer alveolar

and palatal sounds.

agble

farm

agoglo

lizard

ali

ghost

akpl

spear

sabul

onion

sra

strain

al

hand

atitrw

red billed wood dove

avl

bait

blafogbe

pineapple

dr

stretch arms

edr

dream

exl

friend

exle

flea

hl

read

write

r,

exterminate

kl

wash

tre

glue

vlu
mla
wla

stretch a rope
pound a drum
hide

l
pleplelu
zro

like
laughing dove
sequence [+cor][+lat] is
fly

esr

spouse

etro

scale

er,

spitting cobra

ro

hint

be ugly

/l/ -> [r]/

(t,s,d,z,,,)__
+cor
+lat -> [-lat]/[+cor] ___

dispreferred and
[+cor][-lat] is a
perceptually viable

Americanist transcription.

Are [i] and [] separate phonemes?

[ ] is similar to [ ]

An example I got on the internet.

Are [i] and [] separate phonemes?
It seems not. [i] is always preceded
by a palatal, or alveopalatal sound.

Amharic (Odden, 2005)

frs

horse

tnsa

stand up!

jll

grandchild

majt

see

gnzb

money

gna

brave

I am

mwdd

to like

mnnsat

get up

mmkr

advise

le

unarmed

jllm

no

when

mstt

give

fllg

he wanted

ag

he found

tm

it got comfortable

mokkr

he tried

ka

he talked in his sleepmmr

he started

la

he shaved

he rubbed

bkkl

it germinated

mggl

he became old

Amharic (Odden, 2005)

frs

horse

tnsa

stand up!

jll

grandchild

majt

see

gnzb

money

gna

brave

I am

mwdd

to like

mnnsat

get up

mmkr

advise

le

unarmed

jllm

no

when

mstt

give

fllg

he wanted

ag

he found

tm

it got comfortable

mokkr

he tried

ka

he talked in his sleepmmr

he started

la

he shaved

he rubbed

bkkl

it germinated

mggl

he became old

Here we have about the same rule []->[]/palatal ___

Amharic

Two similar rules

[]->[]/palatal ___
[]([]) -> [i]/palatal___

[-back] [+back
[-rnd] [+rnd]
[+hi]
i

[+low]
a

[+back, -rnd] -> [-back]/ [-back]____

Morphophonemics sound patterns associated with morphology.

Axininca Campa Provide underlying representations and a phonological rule
which will account for the following alternations. (Odden, 2005)
toniro
jaarato
kanari
kosiri
pisiro
porita

palm
notoniroti
black bee
nojaaratoti
wild turkey nojanariti
white monkey nojosiriti
small toucan nowisiroti
small hen
noworitati

my palm
my black bee
my wild turkey
my white monkey
my small toucan
my small hen

Morphophonemics sound patterns associated with morphology.

Axininca Campa Provide underlying representations and a phonological rule
which will account for the following alternations. (Odden, 2005)
toniro
jaarato
kanari
kosiri
pisiro
porita

palm
notoniroti
black bee
nojaaratoti
wild turkey nojanariti
white monkey nojosiriti
small toucan nowisiroti
small hen
noworitati

my palm
my black bee
my wild turkey
my white monkey
my small toucan
my small hen

no- <stem> -ti = my <stem> - the morphology part

Morphophonemics sound patterns associated with morphology.

Axininca Campa Provide underlying representations and a phonological rule
which will account for the following alternations. (Odden, 2005)
toniro
jaarato
kanari
kosiri
pisiro
porita

palm
notoniroti
black bee
nojaaratoti
wild turkey nojanariti
white monkey nojosiriti
small toucan nowisiroti
small hen
noworitati

my palm
my black bee
my wild turkey
my white monkey
my small toucan
my small hen

Stem forms
Analysis 1. /janari/ wild turkey /j/ -> [k]/ #___
/wisiro/ small toucan /w/ -> [p]/ #___

Morphophonemics sound patterns associated with morphology.

Axininca Campa Provide underlying representations and a phonological rule
which will account for the following alternations. (Odden, 2005)
toniro
jaarato
kanari
kosiri
pisiro
porita

palm
notoniroti
black bee
nojaaratoti
wild turkey nojanariti
white monkey nojosiriti
small toucan nowisiroti
small hen
noworitati

my palm
my black bee
my wild turkey
my white monkey
my small toucan
my small hen

Stem forms
Analysis 1. /janari/ wild turkey /j/ -> [k]/ #___
/wisiro/ small toucan /w/ -> [p]/ #___
But if this is correct why isn't black bee pronounced [kaarato] ?

Morphophonemics sound patterns associated with morphology.

Axininca Campa Provide underlying representations and a phonological rule
which will account for the following alternations. (Odden, 2005)
toniro
jaarato
kanari
kosiri
pisiro
porita

palm
notoniroti
black bee
nojaaratoti
wild turkey nojanariti
white monkey nojosiriti
small toucan nowisiroti
small hen
noworitati

my palm
my black bee
my wild turkey
my white monkey
my small toucan
my small hen

Stem forms
Analysis 2. /kanari/ wild turkey
/k/ -> [j]/V__V
/wisiro/ small toucan /p/ -> [w]/ V___V
lenition: [+cons,-son,-cont,-voi,-cor]-> [-cons, +son,+cont,+voi]/V__V
A stop consonant becoming more like a vowel between vowels.

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

to cook
to burn

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

When is the prefix [ ko- ]?

to cook
to burn

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

to cook
to burn

When is the prefix [ ko- ]?

stem starts with [ o ], [ h ], [ ], [ n ], [ r ], [ m ], or [ i ]

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

When is the prefix [ o- ]?

to cook
to burn

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

When is the prefix [ o- ]?

stem starts with [ t ], [ k ], or [ ]

to cook
to burn

Kikuyu What is the underlying form of the infinitive prefix in Kikuyu?

Give a rule that explains the non-underlying pronunciation of the prefix.
(Odden, 2005)
otra

to run

okoora

okuua to carry

to root out

korua

kooria

to ask

koma to know

kohta

to be able

oina

koeera
koniina
ouuka

to fetch
to finish
to slander

kohetoka to pass
koina
to dance
okaya to cut

koaya

to divide

to cook
to burn

Underlying [ ko- ] becomes [o- ] when stem starts with a stop [-continuant].
disimilation of the feature [continuant]