ACI 318-14:

Reorganized for Design

Chapters 21, 22, 24, 25 Toolbox
Chapters

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Toolbox Chapters

Ch. 21 Strength Reduction Factors

Ch. 22 Sectional Strength
Ch. 24 Serviceability Requirements
Ch. 25 Reinforcement Details

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Toolbox Chapters
Referenced mainly by member chapters in
part or in whole
Requirements organized by topic
Contain requirements that would otherwise
be repeated in several chapters
Allows simpler modification in future editions

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Ch. 21 Strength Reduction Factors

Ch. 21 is a simple reference chapter
Contains all reduction factors in tabular
form
Section 21.2 referenced by member
chapters

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Ch. 21 Strength Reduction Factors

Lists strength reduction factor requirements
based on:
action or structural element
axial load, moment, and combined,
ends of prestressed members

Special requirements for in structures

resisting earthquake effects

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Ch. 21 for pretensioned members *

Clarified for sections near the end of
pretensioned members *
ACI 318-11, 12.9.3: Where
bonding of a strand does
not extend to end of
member, and design
includes tension at service
load in precompressed
tensile zone as permitted
by 18.3.3, ld specified in
12.9.1 shall be doubled.
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Ch. 21 for pretensioned members *

Clarified for sections near the end of
pretensioned members *

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Ch. 22 Sectional Strength

Referenced in member chapters by section
Used as a reference for strength calculations
Not intended to be read from beginning to
end

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Ch. 22 Sectional Strength

Chapter subheadings

22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
22.8
22.9

Scope
Design assumptions for moment and axial str.
Flexural strength
Axial strength or combined flexural and axial str.
One-way shear strength
Two-way shear strength
Torsional strength
Bearing
Shear friction
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22.2 - Design assumptions for moment and axial

design
Maximum strain at
extreme concrete
fiber, c = 0.003

c = 0.003
ca

C = 0.85fcba
neutral axis

Neglect concrete
tensile strength

d
T=Asfy

Plane sections
remain plane
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Flexural, axial, or combined strength

22.3 - Flexure
Mn based on assumptions in 22.2

22.4 - Axial or Combined Axial & Flexural

Mn and Pn based on assumptions in 22.2
Pn,max = (Factor) (Po)

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22.4.2.3 - Axial strength for prestressed member

Calculate Po (previously undefined) *
= .

(Eq. 22.4.2.3)

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22.4.3.1 Maximum axial tensile strength *

Added equation 22.4.3.1 for the maximum
nominal axial tensile strength of any member *
,

(22.4.3.1)

Where:
fse = effective stress in prestressing reinforcement,
after allowance for all prestress losses, psi
fp = increase in stress in prestressing
reinforcement due to factored loads, psi
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Shear strengths
22.5 - One-way shear
Vn = Vc + Vs

22.6 - Two-way shear

vn = vc + vs

22.9 - Shear friction

Vn = Avf fy

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22.9 - Shear-Friction Behavior *

Vn

Vn

Slip
Gap

Shear Plane
(Assumed Crack)

Shear Friction
Reinforcement

Vn

Vn =C
C

T= Avf fy

Note: C=T

Vn = C = T = Avf fy
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Ch. 22 Shear friction *

Clarification that shear friction does not apply
when reinforcement is in compression *

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Torsion and bearing strengths

22.7 - Torsion
Torsion threshold can
neglect torsional
effect
Cracking torsion can
design for cracking
torsion if torsion can
be redistributed

22.8 - Bearing
Bn = 0.85 A1 fc
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Ch. 24 Serviceability Requirements

Referenced in member chapters by section
Not intended to be read from beginning to
end
Used as a reference for serviceability
calculations

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Ch. 24 Serviceability Requirements

Chapter subheadings
24.1 Scope
24.2 Deflections due to service-level gravity loads
24.3 Distribution of flexural reinforcement in oneway slabs and beams
24.4 Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
24.5 Permissible stresses in prestressed concrete
flexural members

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24.2 - Deflections due to service-level gravity

loads
Allowable deflection limits
Time dependent deflections
Effective moments of inertia

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Ch. 24 Change in permissible deflection *

Table 24.2.2
Removed exception for exceeding allowable
deflection after attachment of nonstructural
element when camber is provided
Applies to roof or floor construction supporting
or attached to nonstructural elements not likely
to be damaged by large deflections
[4]Limit

shall not be greater than tolerance provided

for nonstructural elements. Limit may be exceeded if
camber is provided so that total deflection minus
camber does not exceed limit. *

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24.3 - Distribution of flexural reinforcement

Maximum spacing for crack control
Flanges of T-beams

24.4 - Shrinkage and temperature

Minimum reinforcement
Maximum spacing is the lesser of 5h or 18 in.

24.5 Stresses in prestressed members

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Ch. 25 Reinforcement Details

Referenced in member chapters by section
Not intended to be read from beginning to
end

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Ch. 25 Reinforcement Details

Chapter subheadings
25.1 Scope
25.2 Minimum spacing of reinforcement
25.3 Standard hooks, seismic hooks, crossties, and
minimum inside bend diameters
25.4 Development of reinforcement
25.5 Splices
25.6 Bundled reinforcement
25.7 Transverse reinforcement
25.8 Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
25.9 Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons
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25.2 - Minimum spacing of reinforcement

Nonprestressed bars in a horizontal layer
1 in.
1 bar diameter
(4/3) nominal maximum aggregate size

Longitudinal reinforcement in columns,

pedestals, struts, and boundary elements
1.5 in.
1.5 bar diameters
(4/3) nominal maximum aggregate size

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25.3 - Standard hooks, seismic hooks, crossties,

and minimum inside bend diameters

*
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25.4 Development of reinforcement

Tension development length

Straight bar
Hooks
Headed bars
Mechanical anchors
Welded wire reinforcement
Strand

Compression development of deformed

bars and wires
Reduction for excess reinforcement
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Development length table *

ACI 318-14, Table 25.4.2.4:

Changed from Top Bar
to Casting Position *

ACI 318-14, R25.4.2.4:

Should be considered for
inclined reinforcement *
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Ch. 25 Commentary closely

spaced headed bars *
ACI 318-14, R25.4.4.2: Where
closely spaced headed bars
are used, the potential for
concrete breakout failure
exists. concrete breakout
failure can be precluded by
providing anchorage length
equal to or greater than
d/1.5 or by providing
reinforcement in the form of
hoops and ties
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25.5 Splices
Lap splices
Based on development lengths
Excess reinforcement reduction for development
length not permitted
Contact and noncontact
Bundled bars
Tension and compression

End-bearing, mechanical, and welded

splices

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Yield strength of mechanical and welded

splices *
Removed full splice language *
Eliminated mechanical and welded splices not
meeting 125% of fy for No. 5 bars and smaller *
ACI 318-11

ACI 318-14

Removed
provision

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25.6 Bundled reinforcement

Bundled bars

Number
Size
Stagger
Development
Splices

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25.7 Transverse reinforcement

Configuration and anchorage
Stirrups
Ties
Rectilinear
Circular

Spirals
Hoops

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25.7.2.4.1 Anchorage of Circular Ties

a) Ends shall overlap by at least 6 in.
b) Ends shall terminate with std
hooks
c) Overlaps at ends of adjacent
circular ties shall be staggered
around the perimeter enclosing
the longitudinal bars.

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New in 2011

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Fig. R25.7.2.3b Continuous Ties *

New in 2014

Continuously wound
bars or wires can be
considered as ties,
provided their pitch and
area are at least
equivalent to the area
and spacing of separate
ties. *

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Post-tensioning anchorage
25.8 - Post-tensioning anchorages and
couplers
25.9 - Anchorage zones for post-tensioned
tendons

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