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Folded plates.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Arches
Cables
Truss
Beam
Column and Beam-Column
Grid
Frames
Folded Plate
Shell Structure
Dome
Describe the behavior, types, advantages, disadvantages and applications of the following
structural elements
Arch
Behavior
-
1 or 2 D (Dimensional Element)
Compressive member
Sufficient size proportion resist the buckling
Types
-
Single- Arch
Parallel Barrel Vault
Radial Dome
Advantages
-
Carry compression
Resist buckling
Suitable form for the materials which are weak in tension
Disadvantages
-
Weak in tension
Provide large amount of support reaction
Limited load capacity (as reinforced is not used)
No geometric flexibility
Application
-
Cable
Behavior
-
1 or 2 D
Tensile elements
No compression or bending
Cable shape depends on the magnitude and position of the load or external load
Types
-
Single
Parallel
Radial
Orthogonal
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
Weak in compression
Excess values of horizontal and vertical components of support reactions
Required high strength and expensive supports
Application
-
Truss
Behavior
-
2 or 3 D
Axial member
Carry both tension and compression
Types
-
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
Application
-
Airport hanger
Auditorium
Bridge
Shell structure
Behavior
-
2 or 3 D
Bending element
Can transmit the load effectively
No buckling
Load is carried by either tension or compression
Types
-
Advantages
-
Highly efficient
Aesthetically acceptable
Economic
Disadvantages
-
Application
-
Roofs
Gymnasium, cafeteria
Beam
Behavior
-
1 or 2 D
Bending element
Straight member
Can carry Axial Force(AF), Shear Force(SF), Bending Moment(BM)
Weak in tension, required reinforcement to carry tension
Types
-
Simply supported
Cantilever
Skew cantilever
Continuous
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
Application
-
Folded plate
Behavior
-
2 or 3 D
Bending element
Act as a beam or slab
When the ratio of span to width is small, behaves as a deep beam
Types
-
Advantages
-
Advantage may be gained by increasing the thickness of the slab, so it will act as a
haunched beam and as a I section plate
Easy in forming plane surface
More adaptable to smaller areas than curved surface
Disadvantages
-
Frames
Behavior
-
2 or 3 D
Bending and axial member
Can resist AF, SF, BM, torsion, compression
Can resist lateral loads
Direction of loads and location of joints are not restricted
Types
-
Advantages
-
Application
-
Building structures
Structural systems
Classification of long-span and complicated structures
In consideration of different active systems, there are four types of structural systems
Form active structural systems
Vector active structural systems
Section active structural systems
Surface active structural systems
Form active structural systems
Form active structural systems are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in which the redirection
of forces is effected by particular form design and characteristic form stabilization
Example of structures:
1. Cable structures
2. Tent structures
3. Pneumatic structures
4. Arch structures
Vierendeel truss
The Vierendeel truss is a truss where the members are not triangulated but form rectangular
openings, and is a frame with fixed joints that are capable of transferring and resisting bending
moments. Regular trusses comprise members that are commonly assumed to have pinned joints
with the implication that no moments exist at the jointed ends. This style of truss was named
after the Belgian engineer Arthur Vierendeel, who developed the design in 1896. Its use for
bridges is rare due to higher costs compared to a triangulated truss.
The utility of this type of truss in buildings is that a large amount of the exterior envelope
remains unobstructed and can be used for fenestration and door openings. This is preferable to a
braced frame system, which would leave some areas obstructed by the diagonal braces.
Another Definition of Vierendeel truss:
Vierendeel truss is an open-web truss with vertical members but without diagonals and with rigid
joints.
However, it is well established that Vierendeel trusses are less efficient than triangulated trusses.
Basic Elements
The principle components in a folded plate structure are illustrated in the sketch above. They
consist of, 1) the inclined plates, 2) edge plates which must be used to stiffen the wide plates, 3)
stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports and to hold the plates in line, and 4) columns to
support the structure in the air. A strip across a folded plate is called a slab element because the
plate is designed as a slab in that direction. The span of the structure is the greater distance
between columns and the bay width is the distance between similar structural units. The structure
above is a two segment folded plate. If several units were placed side by side, the edge plates
should be omitted except for the first and last plate. If the edge plate is not omitted on inside
edges, the form should be called a two segment folded plate with a common edge plate.
various construction stages of the suspension bridge. The construction period of large
suspension bridges should be wisely planned for seasons where no serious storm conditions are
anticipated. Proper prediction of the weather for extended time periods is important. If the
construction is contemplated for seasons with predicted storm activities, energy dissipating
devices and dampers should be used to reduce the magnitude of the vibrations on the partially
completed structure.
There are 3 types of wind tunnel tests on a suspension bridge:
1. Models of the entire bridge,
2. Taut strip models and
3. Sectional models.
The first category of wind tunnel models provides the engineer with the advantages of similitude
between model and prototype. These models are expensive to build and constitute a large initial
capital expenditure. Experience from previous designs indicates that a scale of 1 to 300 is
desirable. Other scales are also possible. The distribution of the mass in such complete scale
models is identical to the mass distribution of the real life structure or prototype.
The second category, or the taut strip model, consists of 2 wires that are stretched across the
wind tunnel. The response of such models to applied fluid flows in the wind tunnel is similar to
the response of the center section of the suspension structure.
The third category is made up of sections of the bridge deck in the span-wise direction. The ends
of these sections are supported on spring type foundations to allow motion in the vertical
direction as well as the rotational sense. The usual scales for such deck sections are within the
1/50 to 1/25 range. These sectional models are very important in determining the aero elastic
stability of the proposed deck system. These models allow us to further investigate the steady
state coefficients for drag, lift, and moment.