Multiple Choice Answers

C (1) is incorrect. For compounds in the same homologous series, they show a steady variation in
physical properties as the number of carbon atoms increases. For example, the boiling point always
increases with the increase in the number of carbon atoms.

A Since the members of a homologous series have similar structures, they show similar chemical
properties.

D The molecules of alcohols and carboxylic acids are held together by hydrogen bonds as well as van
der Waals forces. More energy is required to overcome hydrogen bonds. Therefore, alcohols and
carboxylic acids have higher boiling points than alkanes with a similar relative molecular mass.

A They belong to the same homologous series because they have the same general formula, C 2 H 2n .

C 1-chloropropane and 2-chlorobutane have the same general formula, C n H 2n+1 Cl and they differ

Condensed formulae are the simple forms of structural formulae.

from each other by a CH 2 group.

7

A Alkanes contain single bonds only.

A 2,2-dimethylpropane is a branched-chain alkane. It is more rounded and has a smaller surface area
than pentane which is a straight-chain alkane. Therefore, the dispersion forces among
2,2-dimethylpropane molecules are weaker than those among pentane molecules.

10

11

A Pentanal is an aldehyde. Its structure does not contain any hydrogen atoms attached to the highly
electronegative atoms such as N, O and F atoms. Therefore, pentanal cannot form hydrogen bonds
among their molecules.

12

C Both molecules of propanoic acid and propan-1-ol are held together by hydrogen bonds as well as
van der Waals forces. However, propanoic acid has more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds

The molecular formula of ethyl ethanoate is C 4 H 8 O 2 .

than propan-1-ol because both C=O group and OH group can participate in hydrogen bond
formation. The molecules of methyl ethanoate are held together by dipole-dipole forces and dispersion
forces only.
13

D When more than one substituent is present, the parent chain is numbered from the end closest to the
first substituent. Then the substituents are arranged in alphabetical order.

14

A Both molecules of propanoic acid and ethanamide are held together by hydrogen bonds as well as
van der Waals forces. However, ethanamide has more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than
propanoic acid. Since each ethanamide molecule contains two slightly positive hydrogen atoms and two
lone pairs of electrons on the oxygen atom, it can form more intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The
molecules of methyl ethanoate are held together by dipole-dipole forces and dispersion forces only.

15

16

D Each amide molecule contains two slightly positive hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons
on the oxygen atom, so it can form more intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Therefore, more energy is
needed to overcome the intensive hydrogen bonds during the boiling process.

17

A Only unsubstitued amides are acid derivatives. It can be formed from the reaction between a

carboxylic acid and ammonia. Unsubstituted amides can form more intermolecular hydrogen bonds
than carboxylic acids with a similar relative molecular mass. Carboxylic acids have stronger
intermolecular hydrogen bonds than primary amine molecules. Therefore, the correct order of
decreasing boiling point is unsubstituted amides > carboxylic acids > primary amines.
18

For C, all compounds are haloalkanes and they have the same general formula, C n H 2n+1 Cl.

19

B Both propan-1-ol and propanoic acid can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so they are
soluble in water. However, chloromethane cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so it is
insoluble in water.

20

B CH 3 CCl 3 cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so it is insoluble in water. However,
the others can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so they are soluble in water.

21

22

A Referring to the general formula of ketones, RCOR, ketone molecules do not contain any slightly
positive hydrogen atoms attached to some highly electronegative atoms e.g. N, O and F. Therefore,
ketone molecules do not form hydrogen bonds between each other.

23

24

25

A Propan-2-ol and butanoic acid are soluble in water because their molecules can form hydrogen
bonds with water molecules.

26

B In each ester molecule, there is no hydrogen atom attached to highly electronegative atoms e.g. N,
O and F atoms. Therefore, there are no hydrogen bonds among the ester molecules. The ester molecules
are held together by dispersion forces as well as dipole-dipole forces.

27

C 2-methylpropanamide is an unsubstituted amide because the two hydrogen atoms attached to the
nitrogen atom are not replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms.

28

A Alkanes and alkenes have lower boiling and melting points than other organic compounds with
similar relative molecular masses.

29

B In a condensed formula, single bonds are usually omitted. However, carbon-carbon multiple bonds
e.g. C=C and CC must be written.

30

B Both molecules of butanoic acid and butanol are held together by hydrogen bonds as well as van
der Waals forces while the molecules of butanone are held together by dipole-dipole forces as well as
dispersion forces only. Since the strength of hydrogen bonds > dipole-dipole forces > dispersion forces,
the boiling points of butanoic acid and butanol are higher than that of butanone. Butanoic acid has more
extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than butanol, so butanoic acid has a higher boiling point than
butanol.

31

D Each amide molecule contains two slightly positive hydrogen atoms and two lone pairs of electrons
on the oxygen atom, so it can form a maximum of four hydrogen bonds.

32

B If only one hydrogen atom attached to the nitrogen atom of ammonia is substituted by an alkyl
group, it is a primary amine.

33

34

Propanoic acid has more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than propan-1-ol.

Since all molecules can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, they can dissolve in water.

35

36

37

C For 2-methylpropanamide and 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol, there are hydrogen bonds between the lone
pair on the highly electronegative oxygen atom and the slightly positive hydrogen atom in another
molecule.

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

D The carbonyl oxygen atom of propanone can form two hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The
amide group of propanamide can form four hydrogen bonds with water molecules. The amine group of
propan-1-amine can form three hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

49

50

Carbon-carbon double bonds only take the suffix form (-en) and are used with other suffixes.

51

The compound has functional groups of COOH and CONH 2 .

52

C When carbon compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of priority determines
which group is named as prefix or suffix. Since aldehydes have higher priority than ketones in naming,

The general formula for unsubstituted amides is RCONH 2 , where R is an alkyl group.

CHO group takes the suffix form while the others take the prefix forms. In addition, prefixed
substituents are arranged in alphabetical order.
53

C There are seven carbon atoms (hepta-) and two double bonds (dien) in the longest chain. One
double bond occurs between C-2 and C-3 while another between C-5 and C-6 (2,5-dien). In addition, a
C=O group, a Cl group and a OH group are attached to C-4 (4-oxo-), C-3 (3-chloro-) and C-6
(6-hydroxy) respectively. Finally, there is a COOH group at C-1 (-oic acid).

54

55

56

C It has two functional groups namely amino group and carboxyl group. 2- is not needed since the
amino group is always at C-2 when it is the prefix.

57

B The functional group of carboxylic acids has the highest priority in naming. Therefore, it takes the
suffix form while the others take the prefix forms. Prefixed substituents are arranged in alphabetical
order.

58

D Halogen atoms must take the prefix form.

59

B In this case, the functional group of amide has the higher priority than the others in naming.
Therefore, it takes the suffix form while the others take the prefix forms. Prefixed substituents are

Carbon-carbon double bonds only take the suffix form (-en).

arranged in alphabetical order.

60

61

B The functional group of carboxylic acid is the highest priority group in naming. Therefore, it takes
the suffix form while the others take the prefix forms. The prefixed substituents are arranged in
alphabetical order.

62

A (2) is incorrect. When organic compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of
priority determines their homologous series. (3) is incorrect. Two organic compounds with the
molecular mass differing by CH 2 must belong to the same homologous series.

63

The structural formula of diol is

. The IUPAC name for the compound

is 4-hydroxypentanal, not 5-formylpent-2-ol.

The IUPAC name for the compound

is

2-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, not 3-carboxy-3-chlorobutan-2-ol.

64

C Carboxylic acid is the highest priority group in naming, so it takes the suffix form, with all others
taking the prefix forms.

65

66

67

B The functional group of carboxylic acids has the highest priority in naming, so it takes the suffix
form while the others take the prefix forms.

68

D The functional group of carboxylic acids has the highest priority in naming, so it takes the suffix
form and determines the homologous series.

69

70

71

72

73

A The alcohol molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds as well as van der Waals forces while
the alkane molecules are held together by van der Waals forces only. More energy is required to
overcome hydrogen bonds. Therefore, alcohols have higher boiling and melting points than alkanes
with a similar relative molecular mass.

74

C Haloalkanes are polar but most of them are insoluble in water. Because the amount of energy
released from the formation of intermolecular forces between most haloalkane molecules and water
molecules cannot compensate for the hydrogen bonds among water molecules.

75

D The boiling points of carboxylic acids are higher than those of alcohols with a similar relative
molecular mass because carboxylic acids have more extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonds than

alcohols.
76

A The haloalkane molecules are held together by dipole-dipole forces as well as dispersion forces
while the alkane molecules are held together by dispersion forces only. Since the strength of
dipole-dipole forces > dispersion forces, more energy is needed to separate the haloalkane molecules
during boiling.

77

78

79

D
The acyclic structural isomers of C 5 H 10 are shown as follows:

,
80

D A pair of structural isomers has the same relative molecular mass because they have the same
molecular formula.

81

D Ethanoic acid is a carboxylic acid while methyl methanoate is an ester. Since they have different
functional groups, they have different chemical properties.

82

D All of them have the same molecular formula C 4 H 8 O.

83

D Both ethanoic acid and methyl methanoate have the same molecular formula, so they have the same
relative molecular mass. They have different functional groups, so they have different chemical
properties.

84

A Both methyl propanoate and 4-hydroxybutanal have the same molecular formula C 4 H 8 O 2 .
However, the molecular formula of butane-1,4-diol is C 4 H 10 O 2 , not C 4 H 8 O 2 .

85

D Butanoic acid is reduced to butan-1-ol. Butan-2-ol is the position isomer of butan-1-ol because it
has the same molecular formula as butan-1-ol (i.e. C 4 H 10 O). They only differ in the position of the
functional group.

86

A Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms in
space. Therefore, they have the same empirical formula but different structural formula. Besides,
isomers may belong to different homologous series, so they may have different general formulae.

87

D They are position isomers because they differ only in the position of the functional groups.
Therefore, they have the same functional groups and similar chemical properties.

88

D For (1), cyclohexane cannot decolorize bromine in 1,1,1-trichloromethane. For (2), isomers with
different structures have different melting points or boiling points. For (3), 3-methylpent-1-ene is a
chiral compound.

89

C
The structural formulae of the structural isomers of C 4 H 8 are shown below:

90

91

C
The structural isomers of C 3 H 6 Cl 2 are shown as follows:

and

All of them have the molecular formula C 5 H 10 .

92

Propyl ethanoate has the molecular formula C 5 H 10 O 2 , not C 5 H 10 O.

93

A A pair of geometrical isomers may be optically active.

94

D (1) is incorrect because if either one of the doubly-bonded carbon atoms is attached to two identical
atoms or groups of atoms, no cis-trans isomers are possible. For (3), a pair of cis-trans isomers can also
exhibit enantiomerism, e.g. 4-chloropent-2-ene can exhibit both cis-trans isomerism and
enantiomerism.

95

C
The structural formula of 3,6-dibromo-4-methylhept-4-en-2-ol is shown as follows:

96

B In 2-methylpent-2-ene, one of the doubly-bonded carbon atoms is attached to two identical groups
of atoms (CH 3 ), so it could not exhibit geometrical isomerism.

97

A Both 2-aminopropanal and 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid have chiral carbon atoms in their
molecules.

2-aminopropanal

2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid
98

99

The carbon atom with a hydroxyl group attached to it is a chiral carbon.

100

B Chiral carbon atom is a carbon atom which has four different atoms or groups of atoms attached to
it. (1) is correct because CH 3 CH=CHCH 2 CHO does not contain any chiral carbon atoms. (2) is
incorrect because this compound has a functional group of CHO instead of a hydroxyl group. (3) is
correct because the 2 hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the the C=C double bond.

101

D (1) is incorrect because it has two identical atoms (i.e. H) attached to one of the doubly-bonded
carbon atoms.

102

Vitamin E has three chiral carbon atoms.

Vitamin E is soluble in fats or oils only because it has a long hydrocarbon chain.
103

B (1) is a pair of geometrical isomers. (3) is a pair of enantiomers. The two compounds in (2) are
identical.

104

A Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula, so they must have the same relative
molecular mass. If a compound has two identical atoms or groups of atoms attached to the same
doubly-bonded carbon atom, it does not show geometrical isomerism even it contains a carbon-carbon
double bond. A mixture of a pair of enantiomers can rotate the plane of polarized light if they are not
present in the same amount. Compounds with the same functional group at different positions are called
position isomers.

105

C Enantiomers are chiral molecules with at least one carbon atom attached to four different atoms or
group of atoms. There is no plane of symmetry in the chiral molecules.

106

B In (CH 3 ) 2 C=CH 2 , each doubly-bonded carbon atom is attached to two identical atoms (H) or
groups of atoms (CH 3 ), so it could not exhibit geometrical isomerism.

107

B In CH 2 =CHCHBrCH 3 , the C-3 carbon atom is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms,
so it is a chiral molecule and exhibits enantiomersim.

108

C 2-methylpropanal does not have any carbon atoms attached to four different atoms or groups of
atoms, so it is not a chiral molecule.

109

D
The functional group isomers are:
and

The geometrical isomers are:

and
The enantiomers are:

and
110

B In CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )COCH 3 , the C-3 carbon atom is attached to four different atoms or
groups of atoms, so it is a chiral molecule and exhibits enantiomerism.

111

B The trans isomer has a higher melting point than the cis isomer because the trans isomer has a
higher packing efficiency in the solid state. If one of the doubly-bonded carbon atoms of an organic
compound is attached to two identical atoms or groups of atoms, no geometrical isomers are possible.

112

D One of the carbon atoms is attached to four different groups, so compound X has a chiral carbon
atom. Compound X can form hydrogen bonds with the water molecules, so it is soluble in water.

113

114

B The molecules of cis-2,3-dibromobut-2-ene are held together by dipole-dipole forces as well as

dispersion forces while the molecules of trans-2,3-dibromobut-2-ene are held together by dispersion
forces only. Therefore, they have different intermolecular forces which lead to different boiling points.

115

C One of the planes of symmetry cuts from the hydrogen atom and divides the molecule into two
equal halves while the other plane of symmetry cuts from the chlorine atom.

116

117

A A pair of enantiomers can rotate the plane of polarized light to different directions. A pair of
enantiomers has the same boiling point because they have identical intermolecular forces.

118

B Only enantiomers are mirror images of one another. A pair of eanantiomers which are present in
different amounts can rotate the plane of polarized light.

119

120

B An achiral molecule does not contain any chiral carbon atoms. Butan-1-ol is an achiral molecule
because it does not contain any chiral carbon atoms. A chiral molecule cannot be superimposed on its
own mirror image.

121

All of them have a carbon atom attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.

122

Only 1-chloro-2-methylbutane has a chiral carbon atom, so it can exhibit enantiomerism.

123

D Both 2-chloro-2-fluorobutane and 5-chloro-3,4-dimethylpentan-1-ol have chiral carbon atoms in

their molecules.

2-bromobut-2-ene has two geometrical isomers, cis-2-bromobut-2-ene and trans-2-bromobut-2-ene.

All of them have chiral carbon atoms in their molecules, so they could exhibit enantiomerism.

2-chloro-2-fluorobutane

5-chloro-3,4-dimethylpentanoic acid
124

They differ in the types of functional group present.

125

C Both trans-5-chloro-5-fluoropent-2-ene and 2-chloro-2-fluorobutane have chiral carbon atoms in

their molecules.

126

127

D Geometrical isomers have the same molecular formula, so they have the same relative molecular
mass.

128

A The C-3 carbon atom of 3-bromobut-1-ene is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms.
There is a chiral carbon atom in the molecule of 3-bromobut-1-ene. Therefore, 3-bromobut-1-ene could
exhibit enantiomerism.

129

130

C Chain isomers have different physical properties. For example, pentane and 2-methylbutane are
chain isomers. Their strengths of intermolecular forces are different, so they have different boiling
points.

131

B 2-methylbutane is a branched-chain alkane which is more rounded and has a smaller surface area
than pentane, so the dispersion forces between their molecules are weaker. Therefore, less energy is
needed to separate the molecules during boiling. Pentane and 2-methylbutane are chain isomers because
they differ in the length of the main carbon chain.

132

C Position isomers differ only in the position of the functional group(s) but not the types of functional
group present.

133

C Some isomers have different functional groups, e.g. functional group isomers, so they have
different chemical properties.

134

135

C The mixture of the pair of enantiomers does not rotate plane-polarized light only if the two
enantiomers are present in the same amount.

136

137

A When methane is in excess, chloromethane is the major product.

138

D The product formed from the above reaction is a mixture of chloroalkanes, including
chloromethane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane and tetrachloromethane. Chloroform is the trivial
name of trichloromethane.

139

140

Geometrical isomerism is a type of stereoisomerism.

The reaction only takes place in the presence of sunlight which supplies energy to break the ClCl

bonds in chlorine molecules.

141

142

B According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom in hydrogen chloride is added to the carbon
atom of the carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen atoms. Then
the chlorine atom is added to the carbon atom carrying fewer hydrogen atoms.

143

C (1) is incorrect. A finely divided metal catalyst such as Pt, Pd or Ni is often used to speed up the
hydrogenation.

144

C According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom in hydrogen bromide is added to the carbon
atom of the carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen atoms. Then
the bromine atom is added to the carbon atom carrying fewer hydrogen atoms.

145

B According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom in HBr is added to the carbon atom of the
carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen atoms. The major
products of the reactions for A, C and D should be CH 3 CHBrCH 3 , Br 2 CHCH 3 and (CH 3 ) 3 CCHBrCH 3
respectively.

146

C According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom in hydrogen chloride is added to the carbon
atom of the carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen atoms. Then
the chlorine atom is added to the carbon atom carrying fewer hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the major
product is 2-chlorobutane.

147

D According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom in hydrogen bromide is added to the carbon
atom of the carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen atoms. Then
the bromine atom is added to the carbon atom carrying fewer hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the major
product is 2,5-dibromo-2,5-dimethylhexane.

148

149

A (3) is a substitution reaction.

150

B According to Markovnikovs rule, the major product of the reaction between propene and hydrogen
chloride is 2-chloropropane.

151

C A is incorrect. Propene can decolorize acidified potassium permanganate solution but not acidified
potassium dichromate solution. B is incorrect. Propene can be prepared by treating propan-1-ol with

Both of them are addition reactions.

concentrated sulphuric acid at 180C. D is incorrect. According to Markovnikovs rule, propene reacts
with hydrogen chloride to give 2-chloropropane as the major product.
152

According to Markovnikovs rule, the major product of the reaction is 2-chloro-2-methylpropane.

153

Hydrogenation of alkenes is exothermic. This is because the energy released during the formation

of new CH bonds is more than the energy needed for partially breaking the original C=C bonds.
154

155

According to Markovnikovs rule, the major product of the reaction is 2,3-diiodobutane.

156

(2) is a substitution reaction between butane and chlorine.

157

B For (2), OH ions are in aqueous solution e.g. sodium hydroxide solution.

158

C CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 undergoes substitution reaction with bromine in sunlight to give

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br. CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 Br undergoes substitution reaction with hydroxide ions to give

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH.
159

A (3) is an addition reaction between but-2-ene and hydrogen.

160

B Since the strength of CCl bond is stronger than that of CI bond, the reaction between
2-chlorobutane and NaOH(aq) should be slower.

161

C The chlorine atoms in chloromethane are substituted by hydroxide ions, so the reaction mixture
contains chloride ions which react with silver ions to form silver chloride, a white precipitate.

162

163

D Propan-1-ol is a primary alcohol which is first oxidized to propanal (aldehyde) and is then further
oxidized to propanoic acid (carboxylic acid).

164

D Primary alcohols are first oxidized to aldehydes and are then further oxidized to carboxylic acids.
Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones which are resistant to be further oxidized. Tertiary alcohols
are resistant to oxidation.

165

B Butan-1-ol is dehydrated to but-1-ene by treating with concentrated sulphuric acid at 180C.

Therefore, compound X is but-1-ene. Then, but-1-ene undergoes hydrohalogenation to give two
products, 1-chlorobutane and 2-chlorobutane. According to Markovnikovs rule, 2-chlorobutane is the
major product.

166

167

B Only primary alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids. Secondary alcohols are oxidized to
ketones and tertiary alcohols do not undergo oxidation under the same conditions.

168

169

A Butan-2-ol is a secondary alcohol, so it can be oxidized to butanone (ketone) only. Butanone is

resistant to further oxidation, so it is left as the end product.

170

A Pentan-1-ol is a primary alcohol, so it is first oxidized to pentanal and is then further oxidized to
pentanoic acid. The intermediate product pentanal could be collected by special experimental set-up.

171

172

C Since methanol is a primary alcohol, it is first oxidized to methanal and is then further oxidized to
methanoic acid.

173

174

A Firstly, KBr reacts with concentrated H 2 SO 4 to give HBr and KHSO 4 . Then, HBr formed reacts
with CH 3 CH 2 OH to give CH 3 CH 2 Br.

175

A According to Markovnikovs rule, the hydrogen atom of hydrogen chloride should be added to the
carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond that already carries the larger number of hydrogen

(2) is the reagent used to convert alkene to dihaloalkane.

(2) is an addition reaction.

atoms. Besides, the OH group is substituted by Cl. Therefore, the major product should be
1,2,2-trichlorobutane. The compound reacts with acidified potassium dichromate solution to give a
carboxylic acid.
176

(1) is a primary alcohol, (2) is a secondary alcohol and (3) is a tertiary alcohol.

177

A Hydrogen bromide should be made by heating solid potassium bromide with concentrated sulphuric
acid.

178

A (2) is incorrect because concentrated sulphuric acid should be used instead of the dilute one for the

dehydration of an alcohol. (3) is incorrect. Since compound X is a secondary alcohol, it is only oxidized
to a ketone which is resistant to further oxidation.
179

180

A (1) and (2) are common oxidizing agents.

181

A (3) is incorrect because ketones are resistant to oxidation.

182

B Lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether has no reaction with alkenes. It is used to reduce aldehydes
to alcohols.

183

B Pentan-2-one is a ketone which is resistant to oxidation, therefore it does not react with acidified
potassium dichromate solution.

184

A LiAlH 4 is insoluble in common organic solvents, it is used as a solid reducing reagent.

185

186

C For (2), ketones are reduced to secondary alcohols. For (3), the reactions between haloalkanes and
sodium hydroxide solution could give primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols.

187

188

D The ketone is reduced to a diol.

189

190

C There are two types of reactions. One is a substitution of the bromine atom by a hydroxide ion and

(2) is incorrect. The ketone group should also be reduced to a secondary alcohol,

The ketone is reduced to an alcohol.

the other is a neutralization between COOH group and sodium hydroxide.

191

C Lithium aluminium hydride in dry ether is used to reduce propanoic acid to propan-1-ol. Therefore,
compound A is propan-1-ol. Then propan-1-ol is heated with a mixture of phosphorus and bromine to
give 1-bromopropane.

192

B Propanal does not react with concentrated sulphuric acid and thionyl chloride. Lithium aluminium
hydride in dry ether is used to reduce propanal to propan-1-ol.

193

A Lithium aluminum hydride in dry ether is used to reduce carboxylic acids, aldehydes and ketones to
alcohols.

194

B CH 3 COCH 2 CH 3 is a ketone and (CH 3 ) 3 COH is a tertiary alcohol. Both of them are resistant to
oxidation. Only primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate
solution.

195

D CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Cl undergoes substitution with hydroxide ions to give CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH. Then,

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH is oxidized by acidified K 2 Cr 2 O 7 to give CH 3 CH 2 COOH.

196

A (3) only produces a secondary alcohol.

197

198

199

200

Butanoic acid is reduced to butan-1-ol.

201

D Since butan-1-ol is a primary alcohol, it can be oxidized to butanoic acid. The

products formed from the acid hydrolysis of butyl methanoate are methanoic acid and
butan-1-ol.

202

The acid hydrolysis does not go to completion because it is a reversible reaction.

203

There are acid hydrolysis and alkaline hydrolysis of an ester respectively.

204

C An amide is hydrolysed to give a carboxylate ion and ammonia by heating under reflux with
sodium hydroxide solution.

205

A There are two types of reactions. One is a substitution of the chlorine atom by a hydroxide ion and
the other is an alkaline hydrolysis of an amide to give a carboxylate ion and ammonia.

206

207

B CH 3 CH 2 CONH 2 undergoes alkaline hydrolysis to give carboxylate ion, CH 3 CH 2 COO.

208

C Propan-2-ol reacts with an oxidizing agent to give a ketone. However, ketones are resistant to
further oxidation.

209

210

211

212

A The reaction may give 2 products, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane and 2-chloro-3-methylbutane.

However, according to Markovnikovs rule, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane is the major product.

213

214

C Ethanol can be oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution. Ethanol is a primary alcohol,
so it can be oxidized to ethanoic acid.

215

D Carboxylic acids can be reduced to alcohols by mixing with LiAlH 4 in dry ether first, the reaction
mixture is then treated with a dilute acid. LiAlH 4 must be used in dry ether solvent because it reacts
violently with water. Besides, LiAlH 4 is a strong reducing agent.

216

C
The synthetic route is:

Heating ethyl butanoate with dilute acid under reflux will give butanoic acid and ethanol.

An alcohol is converted to an alkene by dehydration, not oxidation.

Alkane Haloalkane Alcohol Carboxylic acid Amide.

217

218

The synthetic route is:

A The synthetic route is:

219

A The synthetic route is: 2-bromobutane butan-2-ol butanone.

220

D 1,2-dichloropropane reacts with hydroxide ions to give propane-1,2-diol. Then propane-1,2-diol is

oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution and the primary alcohol is converted to a
carboxylic acid while the secondary alcohol is converted to a ketone. The synthetic route is

221

The synthetic route is amide carboxylic acid primary alcohol alkene alkane.

222

The synthetic route is

223

The synthetic route is

224

The synthetic route is

225

B The reagent A is concentrated sulphuric acid which dehydrates an alcohol to form an alkene.
According to Markovnikovs rule, the major product is 2-bromopropane.

226

The bromine and chlorine atoms are substituted by the hydroxide ions.

227

The synthetic route is alkane haloalkane alcohol carboxylic acid amide.

228

The synthetic route is

229

The synthetic route is

230

The synthetic route is

231

D (1) involves a reduction of a carboxylic acid to an alcohol which requires a dilute acid. (2) involves
an oxidation of an alcohol to a carboxylic acid which requires an acid to acidify potassium dichromate
solution. (3) involves an acid hydrolysis of an ester which requires dilute HCl.

232

233

A Haloalkane alcohol carboxylic acid

234

235

(1) and (3) are regarded as alkaline hydrolysis. (2) is an amide formation.
The synthetic route is CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH CH 3 CH=CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 .

The synthetic route is: CH 3 CH 2 CONH 2 CH 3 CH 2 COOH CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH CH 3 CH=CH 2

236

A Butan-2-ol undergoes dehydration at 180C. Both but-1-ene and but-2-ene are formed.

237

B The chlorine atom of 2-chloropropane is substituted by hydroxide ions to give propan-2-ol. The
secondary alcohol is oxidized by acidified K 2 Cr 2 O 7 to give ketone.

238

239

C In reaction A, the alcohol is dehydrated to give an alkene. In reaction B, a hydrogen halide is added
across a carbon-carbon double bond, converting an alkene to a haloalkane.

240

A Ethanol is oxidized by acidified potassium dichromate solution to give ethanal and then ethanoic
acid. However, ethanol does not react with ethanoic acid to give ethyl ethanoate.

241

The synthetic route is

242

The synthetic route is

243

The synthetic route for the conversion of propene to propanone is:

The synthetic route is

244

The synthetic route for the conversion of ethene to ethanamide is:

245

The synthetic route for the conversion of 2-bromo-2-methylbutane to 2-methylbutane is:

246

A No catalyst is used in the reaction. To prepare ethanal from ethanol, the reaction mixture should be
warmed to a temperature that is above the boiling point of ethanal but below that of ethanol. Then,
ethanal is distilled out as soon as it is formed. Ethanol is flammable, so the reaction mixture should be
heated in a water bath.

247

The synthetic route is

248

The synthetic route is

249

The synthetic route is

250

The synthetic route is

Since excess Cl 2 in organic solvent is used during the conversion of Q to R, all hydrogen atoms of
ethane are substituted by chlorine atoms to give CCl 3 CCl 3 .

251

The synthetic route is

Since all hydrogen atoms of ethane are substituted by chlorine atoms to give CCl 3 CCl 3 , excess Cl 2 in
organic solvent should be used during the conversion of CH 3 CH 3 to CCl 3 CCl 3 .
252

The synthetic route is

Since all hydrogen atoms of ethane are substituted by chlorine atoms to give CCl 3 CCl 3 , excess Cl 2 in
organic solvent should be used during the conversion of CH 3 CH 3 to CCl 3 CCl 3 .
253

The synthetic route is

254

The synthetic route is

255

The synthetic route is

256

A The synthetic route is

257

The synthetic route is

258

The synthetic route is

259

The synthetic route is

260

The synthetic route is

261

The synthetic route is

262

The synthetic route is

263

B (1) involves reducing CH 3 CHO to CH 3 CH 2 OH by using LiAlH 4 which is a reducing agent. (3)
involves reducing CH 3 COOH to CH 3 CH 2 OH by using LiAlH 4 which is a reducing agent.

264

265

266

C Propanone and propanal can be reduced to a secondary alcohol and a primary alcohol respectively
in a single step. Propene reacts with acidified potassium permanganate solution to give propane-1,2-diol

The synthetic route is alkane haloalkane alcohol aldehyde.

in a single step. However, the synthetic route for converting propane to an alcohol is alkane
haloalkane alcohol.
267

The synthetic route is

268

The synthetic route is

269

C
The overall reaction is
CH 3 CH 2 OH + HBr CH 3 CH 2 Br + H 2 O
No. of moles of CH 3 CH 2 OH used =
No. of moles of HBr used =

23.0 g
(12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0) g mol 1

= 0.500 mol

48.5 g
= 0.600 mol
(1.0 79.9) g mol 1

From the equation, the mole ratio of CH 3 CH 2 OH to HBr = 1 : 1,

CH 3 CH 2 OH is a limiting reagent.
From the equation, the mole ratio of CH 3 CH 2 OH to CH 3 CH 2 Br = 1 : 1,
no. of moles of CH 3 CH 2 Br obtained = 0.500 mol
Theoretical mass of CH 3 CH 2 Br obtained
= 0.500 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 5 + 79.9) g mol1
= 54.5 g
32.7 g
100% = 60.0%
Percentage yield of CH 3 CH 2 Br =
54.5 g
270

D
The mole ratio of ethanol to ethanoic acid is 1 : 1,
the theoretical no. of moles of ethanoic acid obtained = 1 mol
The theoretical mass of ethanoic acid obtained
= 1 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 2) g mol1
= 60.0 g
The actual mass of ethanoic acid obtained
= 0.8 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 2) g mol1
= 48.0 g
48.0 g
100% = 80.0%
Percentage yield of ethanoic acid =
60.0 g

271

Ethanol is a primary alcohol which is first oxidized to ethanal and is then further oxidized to ethanoic
acid. Acidified KMnO 4 is also an oxidizing agent.
D The overall percentage yield = 80% 75% x% 36% = 80% 75% x%.

272

A The overall yield = 80% 60% 50% = 24%

273

The overall equation is

No. of moles of ethanol used =

4.6 g
= 0.1 mol
(12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0) g mol 1

From the equation, the mole ratio of ethanol to ethene is 1 : 1,

no. of moles of ethene obtained = 0.1 mol
Theoretical mass of ethene obtained = 0.1 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 4) g mol1 = 2.8 g
1.4 g
Percentage yield of ethene =
100% = 50%
2.8 g
274

B The overall yield = 90% 80% 50% 40% = 14.4%

275

C
The overall equation is CH 3 CH 2 Cl + OH CH 3 CH 2 OH + Cl
70.0 g
No. of moles of chloroethane used =
= 1.09 mol
(12.0 2 1.0 5 35.5) g mol 1
From the equation, the mole ratio of chloroethane to ethanol is 1 : 1,
no. of moles of ethanol obtained = 1.09 mol
Theoretical mass of ethanol obtained = 1.09 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 6 +16.0) = 50.1 g
27.0 g
100% = 53.9%
The percentage yield of ethanol =
50.1 g

276

277

B
The overall equation is CH 2 = CH 2 + HCl CH 3 CH 2 Cl.
28.0 g
No. of moles of ethene used =
= 1 mol
(12.0 2 1.0 4) g mol 1
From the equation, the mole ratio of ethene to chloroethane is 1 : 1,
no. of moles of chloroethane obtained = 1 mol
Theoretical mass of chloroethane obtained
= 1 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 5 + 35.5) g mol1 = 64.5 g
38.0 g
Percentage yield of chloroethane =
100% = 58.9%
64.5 g

278

C The overall yield = 70% x% 80% = 28%.

279

C
The overall equation is

No. of moles of butan-1-ol =

12.0 g
= 0.162 mol
(12.0 4 1.0 10 16.0) g mol 1

No. of moles of ethanoic acid =

10.2 g
= 0.170 mol
(12.0 2 1.0 4 16.0 2) g mol 1

From the equation, the mole ratio of butan-1-ol to ethanoic acid = 1 : 1,

butan-1-ol is the limiting reagent.
From the equation, the mole ratio of butan-1-ol to butyl ethanoate = 1 : 1,
no. of moles of butyl ethanoate obtained = 0.162 mol
Theoretical mass of butyl ethanoate obtained = 0.162 mol (12.0 6 + 1.0 12 + 16.0 2) g mol1 =
18.8 g
5.8 g
100% = 30.9%
Percentage yield of butyl ethanoate =
18.8 g
280

C
The overall equation is

No. of moles of methyl ethanoate used =

10.5 g
= 0.142 mol
(12.0 3 1.0 6 16.0 2) g mol 1

From the equation, the mole ratio of methyl ethanoate to ethanoic acid is 1 : 1,
theoretical no. of moles of ethanoic acid obtained = 0.142 mol
Theoretical mass of ethanoic acid obtained
= 0.142 mol (12.0 2 + 1.0 4 + 16.0 2) g mol1
= 8.52 g
The equation for the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate solution is
2CH 3 COOH + Na 2 CO 3 2CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2
No. of moles of Na 2 CO 3 used = 0.5 mol dm3 0.1 dm3 = 0.05 mol
From the equation, the mole ratio of CH 3 COOH to Na 2 CO 3 is 2 : 1,
no. of moles of CH 3 COOH obtained = 0.05 mol 2 = 0.10 mol
Mass of CH 3 COOH obtained = 0.10 mol 60.0 g mol1 = 6.0 g
6.0 g
Percentage yield of ethanoic acid =
100% = 70.4%
8.52 g
281

C
The overall equation is

The mass of methanoic acid used = 10 cm3 1.2 g cm3 = 12.0 g

12.0 g
No. of moles of methanoic acid used =
= 0.261 mol
(12.0 1.0 2 16.0 2) g mol 1
The mass of ethanol used = 10 cm3 0.8 g cm3 = 8.0 g

No. of moles of ethanol used =

8.0 g
= 0.174 mol
(12.0 2 1.0 6 16.0) g mol 1

From the equation, the mole ratio of methanoic acid to ethanol is 1 : 1,

ethanol is the limiting reagent.
From the equation, the mole ratio of ethanol to ethyl methanoate is 1 : 1,
theoretical no. of moles of ethyl methanoate obtained = 0.174 mol
Theoretical mass of ethyl methanoate obtained
= 0.174 mol (12.0 3 + 1.0 6 + 16.0 2) g mol1
= 12.9 g
8.5 g
100% = 65.9%
Percentage yield of ethyl methanoate =
12.9 g
282

D The condenser must be kept open to the atmosphere, otherwise, pressure will be built up inside the
condenser.

283

284

D Sodium carbonate solution reacts and removes any acidic substances in the distillate. Calcium
chloride reacts and removes any unreacted ethanol in the distillate. Anhydrous calcium chloride is a
drying agent that removes remaining traces of water from the distillate.

285

B Concentrated sulphuric acid is used as a catalyst in the laboratory preparation of ester. It also
removes water, driving the equilibrium of esterification to the product side.

286

287

B The reflux condenser should be kept open to the atmosphere during heating, otherwise, a high
pressure will be built up inside.

288

D Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with H and O in the ratio of 2 : 1, as
in water. The ratio of H to O in C 7 H 15 O 7 is not 2 : 1.

289

B (2) is incorrect. Glucose contains an aldehyde group while fructose contains a ketone group, so they
are functional group isomers.

290

A Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are soluble in water.

291

B (1) is correct. Glucose has 4 chiral carbon atoms while fructose has 3 chiral carbon atoms.

glucose

fructose

(2) is incorrect. They are functional group isomers because glucose contains an aldehyde group while
fructose contains a ketone group. (3) is correct. Both of them have many OH groups which can form
hydrogen bonds with water molecules, so they are soluble in water.
292

293

294

295

B They contain a higher proportion of triglycerides derived from long-chain saturated fatty acids.

296

297

A Palmitic acid is a saturated fatty acid.

298

D Animal fats contain a higher percentage of saturated triglycerides derived from long-chain saturated
fatty acids. Since cholesterol dissolves well in saturated triglycerides, eating too much animal fats will
raise blood cholesterol level.

299

B (2) is incorrect. If the hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid contains carbon-carbon double bonds, the
fatty acid is unsaturated. For (3), since fatty acids contain COOH, they can be regarded as carboxylic
acids.

300

B The carbon-carbon double bonds in olive oil adopt the cis configuration. This causes the
triglyceride molecules to pack less efficiently. Therefore, olive oil has a lower melting point and is
usually a liquid at room temperature.

301

D D is incorrect. If R 1 is not equal to R 3 , the vegetable oil below is optically active.

302

A Glucose in open chain has an aldehyde group which can be oxidized by acidified potassium
dichromate solution. (3) is incorrect. Only starch reacts with iodine to give a dark blue solution.

303

C (1) is correct. The molecule has a chiral carbon atom.

(2) is incorrect. It is not a polymer, but a product formed by condensation between glycerol and fatty
acids. (3) is correct. After hydrogenation R 1 , R 2 and R 3 become the same hydrocarbon chains.
304

305

D Proteins are long polypeptide chains formed from a large number of amino acid molecules joined
by amide linkages. When two amino acid molecules are joined together by amide linkage, water is
eliminated.

306

307

B (2) is incorrect. Glycine is an amino acid with no chiral carbon atom. The structure of glycine is
shown below:

308

A (2) is incorrect. Protein is a condensation polymer. (3) is incorrect. Glycine is an amino acid
without any chiral carbon atoms. The structure of glycine is

309

A Each amino acid molecule has a central carbon atom, which forms covlaent bonds with an amino
(NH 2 ) group, a carboxyl (COOH) group and a side-chain specific to that amino acid.

310

A The functional groups of aspirin include benzene ring, carboxyl group and ester group.

311

312

313

D For (3), low dose of aspirin prevents stroke as it has a blood-thinning effect.

314

B The functional groups of aspirin include benzene ring, carboxyl group and ester group.

315

316

C The functional groups of aspirin include benzene ring, carboxyl group and ester group.

317

318

319

B Soapy detergents are made from fats or oils.

320

A Soapless detergents form lather in hard water because the ionic heads of soapless detergent particles
do not form participate with magnesium ions.

321

D Detergents work by reducing the surface tension of water, enabling it to wet things more
effectively, and by emulsifying grease.

322

C Soapy detergents are always alkaline and made from fats and oils.

323

A Glycerol is an alcohol while aspirin is an ester.

324

B Soapy detergents are made by the saponification of animal fats and vegetable oils.

325

B (1) is incorrect. A detergent anion contains a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. (3) is
incorrect. The ionic head of soapy detergent anion is always a carboxylate group while the ionic head of
soapless detergent anion is usually a sulphonate group or a sulphate group.

326

B Saponification is used to prepare soapy detergents. It hydrolysed animal fats and vegetable oils in
the presence of sodium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and soapy detergent.

327

A For (2), the ionic head (SO 3 ) of soapless detergent particles does not form precipitate with either
calcium or magnesium ions. For (3), the stearate ions in soaps combine with calcium or magnesium
ions to form scum only, so no lather is formed.

328

A When a vegetable oil is hydrolysed with sodium hydroxide solution, glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)
and salt of fatty acids (soapy detergents) are formed.

329

D A is incorrect. Ester would be formed if an alchohol and a carboxylic acid are heated under reflux
with concentrated H 2 SO 4 . B is incorrect. Soapy detergents react with calcium ions and magnesium ions
in hard water to form an insoluble scum. C is incorrect. They do not decompose in acids. D is correct.
CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COO + H+ CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH.

330

B A detergent particle contains an ionic head (either anion or cation) and a long hydrophobic tail.

331

332

333

A The detergents can emulsify grease because of its emulsifying property, not its wetting property.

334

D The ionic heads of the detergent anions are hydrophilic, so they are soluble in water. The
hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, so they are soluble in oil. Oil droplets are negatively charged
because detergent anions spread over the surface of the droplet.

335

A Soapy detergents form scum instead of lather in hard water because soap anions form insoluble
substance with calcium and/or magnesium ions. Therefore, soaps do not work well in hard water.

336

337

A Chemicals obtained from petroleum are the starting materials for making soapless detergents.

338

B Soaps do not work well in hard water because the soap anions form insoluble substance with
calcium and/or magnesium ions. Only soaps are made from fats or oils. Soapless detergents are derived
from petroleum.

339

A Only soapy detergents are made from animal fats while soapless detergents are derived from
petroleum.

340

B (1) and (3) are incorrect. Soapy detergents react with calcium ions and/or magnesium ions in hard
water to form scum, no lather is formed.

341

C For a detergent anion, the ionic head is soluble in water, but not in oil, so it is said to be hydrophilic
(water-loving). The hydrocarbon tail is soluble in oil, but not in water, so it is said to be hydrophobic
(water-hating).

342

C The ionic head of soapy detergents is always a carboxylate group (COO).

343

C The hydrophilic ionic heads dissolve in water while the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails dissolve in
oil. The negatively charged oil droplets repel each other and cannot join together.

344

C The ionic heads of the detergent anions dissolve in water while the hydrocarbon tails dissolve in oil.
The negatively charged oil droplets repel each other and cannot join together, so they disperse
throughout the water.

345

346

A (3) is an organic acid which is not a detergent. Soapy detergents are sodium or potassium salts of
long-chain carboxylic acids. Soapless detergents are sodium salts of long-chain alkylbenzenesulphonate
or alkylsulphate.

347

B They do not contain any carboxylate groups (COO) and do not behave as soaps because they
have different ionic heads.

348

D A detergent particle should have one ionic head and one hydrocarbon tail.

349

B A is a soapless detergent particle. C and D are not detergent particles.

350

A B and C are not detergent particles. D is a soapy detergent particle.

351

A Detergent is a wetting agent which helps water spread over the surface. B is impossible. C is the
shape of water droplet on the piece of cloth without detergent. D is not possible as the bottom of the
water droplet should be flat.

352

C Detergent is an emulsifying agent which helps to stabilize the oil-water emulsion. A and B are
incorrect because water and oil will not separate in the presence of detergent. D is incorrect because an
emulsion should be formed instead of a homogeneous solution.

353

A The ionic heads of detergent anions dissolve in the water and the hydrocarbon tails dissolve in the
oil droplets.

354

A Detergents are able to lower the surface tension of a liquid, so they are known as surfactants. Only
soapy detergents form scum in hard water while soapless detergents do not.

355

A Soaps are salts but not organic acids, covalent molecules or polymers.

356

B Soapy detergents are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids usually with 12 to 20
carbon atoms. A is incorrect because the hydrocarbon tail is too short, so it dissolves well in water but
not in oil. C is an organic acid without any detergent properties because the molecule does not have an
ionic head. D is a soapless detergent.

357

D Sea water contains lots of ions including calcium ions and magnesium ions. Most of the soapy
detergent particles form insoluble scum in sea water, so only little lather is formed.

358

C The creamy yellow solid is the sodium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids the soaps.

359

A Butter is an animal fat which can be hydrolysed by sodium hydroxide solution to give a soapy
detergent.

360

B (2) is incorrect. Only very small amount of heat is evolved in the dissolution of sodium hydroxide.
The grease (triester) is hydrolysed by sodium hydroxide solution and gives soluble sodium salts. The
process is saponification. The soluble sodium salts is the soap which also helps to remove the remaining
grease.

361

C Bath soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils and potassium hydroxide solution. Bath
soaps are softer and milder but more expensive when compared to laundry soaps which are made from
animal fats or vegetable oils and sodium hydroxide solution.

362

D Soapy detergents change to insoluble long-chain carboxylic acids in acidic medium. Soapy
detergents form scum in sea water which contains a considerable concentrations of calcium ions and/or
magnesium ions. Soapy detergents form scum in hard water. Therefore, soapy detergents do not work
well in acidic medium, sea water and hard water.

363

B Alkali is used to make detergents, so it is not added to the washing powders.

364

D The soapy detergent anions react with hydrogen ions in acidic medium to form insoluble carboxylic
acid (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COOH). Since sea water contains a considerable concentrations of calcium ions
and/or magnesium ions, the soapy detergent anions react with those ions to form insoluble scum such as
(CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COO) 2 Ca and (CH 3 (CH 2 ) 16 COO) 2 Mg.

365

A Phosphates are water softeners which can remove magnesium ions and calcium ions. Carbonate
ions in washing soda also react with magnesium ions and calcium ions to form insoluble salts. Ca2+(aq)
+ CO 3 2(aq) CaCO 3 (s) and Mg2+(aq) + CO 3 2(aq) MgCO 3 (s).

366

A Sea water contains a considerable concentrations of calcium ions and/or magnesium ions which
form insoluble substances with soaps.

367

C Soap reacts with acid to form a carboxylic acid which is insoluble in water and comes out as white
precipitate.

368

369

is

neither

soap

nor

soapless

detergent.

is a soapy detergent.
B The detergent particles can attach to the grease with dirt and the grease is lifted up from the surface
to form an emulsion. The grease is then suspended in water. Detergent particles actually decrease the
cohesive forces between water molecules to increase the wetting ability of water.

370

B Brine is saturated sodium chloride solution. The addition of brine to the product mixture is to
decrease the solubility of soap in water, so that the soap is separated from the solution and floats on the
surface.

371

B Soapy detergents react with calcium and/or magnesium ions to form insoluble scum.

372

A 240 < 12.0n + 2.0n + 1.0 + 12.0 + 16.0 2 + 23.0 < 245
240 < 14.0n + 68.0 < 245
172 < 14.0n < 177
12.3 < n < 12.6
Therefore, n = 12 as it is an integer.

373

C Lime water contains calcium ions which react with soap anions to form white precipitate i.e. the
scum.

374

375

B The sodium hydroxide solution in pipe cleaners reacts with the grease in the pipes to form soap
which is soluble in water and further helps to remove the remaining grease. Sodium hydroxide is highly
corrosive.

376

C It is the by-product formed in the process of saponification.

377

C Paraffin oil is not an animal fat or a vegetable oil. It is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The other are
either animal fats or vegetable oils which can be used in saponification.

378

B Saponification is an alkaline hydrolysis of animal fats or vegetable oils (triesters) by using sodium
hydroxide solution to give sodium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids.

379

A Only Soapy detergents form scum in hard water. Bath soaps are soapy detergents.

380

D It is a soapless detergent, so it is made from chemicals obtained from petroleum and it forms lather
instead of scum in hard water.

381

A Polyesters contain ester linkages.

382

383

C (1) is incorrect. Nylon is a polyamide. (3) is incorrect. The correct general repeating unit of nylon is

384

C Nylon is a polyamide containing many amide linkages.

385

A PET is linked by ester linkages.

386

D Condensation is a type of reaction in which two or more molecules join together to form a large
molecule, with the elimination of small molecules e.g. H 2 O or HCl. During the synthesis of nylon or
polyesters, their monomers are joined together by eliminating water.

387

D Proteins are condensation polymers of amino acids. Nylon 6,6 is a condensation polymer of
hexanedioyl chloride and hexane-1,6-diamine. Terylene is a condensation polymer of a diol and a dioic
acid.

388

B A polyester is usually formed between a diol and a dioic acid. (2) is not a diol. (3) contains OH
group and COOH group which undergo condensation to give a polyester.

389

390

C The first statement is incorrect. Each fructose molecule contains two terminal OH groups which
can be oxidized to give carboxylic acids.

391

C The first statement is incorrect. Fructose has an ketone group.

392

C Glycerol contains three hydroxyl groups, so it is very soluble in water.

393

A The carbon-carbon double bonds in vegetable oils adopt cis configuration. This causes the
triglyceride molecules to pack less efficiently. As a result, vegetable oils have lower melting points and
are usually liquids at room temperature.

394

C Soapless detergents can be acidic, neutral and alkaline.

395

396

C Soaps are always alkaline. However, soapless detergents can be acidic, neutral, or alkaline.

397

A Since the surface tension of water is reduced by the detergent, water spreads over the surface and
wets the cloth more easily.

398

399

D Soapless detergents are sodium salts of long-chain alkylbenzenesulphonate or alkylsulphate.

Soapless detergents are made from chemicals obtained from petroleum.

400

B Detergent is an emulsifying agent which can stabilize an oil-water emulsion, so oil and water can
mix together. Detergent is a wetting agent which helps water spread over the surface and wet it more
easily.

401

402

C When a detergent is mixed with water, lather is formed. The lather contains air rather than any
gases produced.

403

404

405

406

B Soapless detergents work well in hard water because they do not form insoluble scum with calcium
and/or magnesium ions.

407

408

C Soapy detergents do not work well in acidic water because long-chain carboxylic acids are formed

which are insoluble in water.

409

D Both statements are incorrect. Since sea water contains considerable concentrations of magnesium
ions and calcium ions, soap anions react with these ions to form insoluble scum. Therefore, the soapy
detergents lose their cleaning powers in sea water.

410

411

B Both nylon and polyesters are insoluble in water because they have long hydrocarbon chains.