Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View
Part X Chemical Equilibrium
Structured Questions
Chemistry: Chapter 41 Dynamic equilibrium
Section 41.1
1
Ammonium chloride, a white solid, undergoes thermal decomposition to give
ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas. However, on cooling, ammonia gas will
recombine with hydrogen chloride gas to form ammonium chloride again.
(a) Write a chemical equation to represent the reversible reaction involved.
(b) Suggest ONE method to distinguish between two gaseous products.
(c) The reaction is an example of sublimation. Explain the term.
[4M]
2
When a mixture of propan-1-ol and ethanoic acid is heated under reflux in the
presence of an acid catalyst, an ester is formed.
(a) Name the ester formed.
(b) Name the acid catalyst.
(c) Two reactions are taking place at equilibrium.
(i) Write the equations of these two reactions.
(ii) What can you say about the rates of these two reactions?
[5M]
3
For each of the following reactions,
(i) state whether it is reversible or irreversible, and
(ii) write a balanced chemical equation.
(a) Dissolving ammonia in water
(b) Adding iron(II) sulphate solution to potassium hydroxide solution
(c) Mixing acidified silver nitrate solution and magnesium chloride solution
[6M]
Section 41.2
4
When a mixture of ethanoic acid and ethanol is heated under reflux in the presence of
an acid catalyst, an ester is formed.
(a) Is the reaction reversible or irreversible? Explain briefly.
(b) Write a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(c) Name the ester formed.
Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010
297

(d) Suggest the acid catalyst for the reaction.

(e) State TWO characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.
[8M]
5
It is known that weak acids ionize slightly in water.
For example,
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
CH 3 COOH(aq)
CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq)
State the chemical species that can be found in the reaction mixture at
equilibrium.
(i) State TWO reactions that are taking place at equilibrium.
(ii) What can you say about the rates of these two reactions at equilibrium?
Explain why 1 M ethanoic acid has a higher pH value than 1 M hydrochloric
acid.
In an experiment, a student accidentally added a small amount of HCl to the
reaction mixture in (a). He found that the pH value of the reaction mixture did
not change much. Explain briefly.
[8M]
6
When dinitrogen tetroxide is introduced into a sealed vessel at a certain temperature,
it decomposes to nitrogen dioxide as shown below:
N 2 O 4 (g)
2NO 2 (g)
(a) What can you say about the rates of the forward and backward reactions just
after N 2 O 4 (g) is introduced into a sealed vessel?
(b) What can you say about the rates of the forward and backward reactions at
equilibrium?
(c) What will happen to the reaction mixture if a hole is found in the vessel?
[6M]
7
Consider the following chemical equilibrium:
2NO(g) + O 2 (g)
2NO 2 (g)
(a) Write the equations of the forward and backward reactions.

(b) Sketch a graph to show the changes in rates of forward and backward reactions
against time until the reaction mixture reaches equilibrium.
(c) A student stated that the pressure of the reaction mixture at equilibrium is not
constant. Comment on his statement.
[8M]
8
298

When equal numbers of moles of N 2 (g) and O 2 (g) are introduced into a sealed vessel
at a certain temperature, the following reaction occurs:
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2NO(g)
(a) (i)
What can you say about the rates of the above forward and backward
reactions at equilibrium?
(ii) If the rate of forward reaction at equilibrium can be represented by
combining 1 mol of N 2 (g) with 1 mol of O 2 (g) per second, then represent
the rate of backward reaction at equilibrium in a similar way.
(b) Sketch a graph to show the changes in concentrations of N 2 (g), O 2 (g) and NO(g)
[6M]
9
A student used the following experimental set-up to study the equilibrium of thermal
decomposition of calcium carbonate.
beaker
solid sodium carbonate
Bunsen burner
(a) Write an equation to represent the equilibrium. It is known that calcium

carbonate would decompose to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide upon heating.
(b) Do you think that the above decomposition would reach equilibrium? Explain
briefly.
(c) Calcium carbonate is used as an antacid in the medical field. A student stated that
this is not a good idea. Comment on his statement.
[6M]
10
When ammonium iodide, a solid, is heated in a sealed vessel at a certain temperature,
it decomposes to give ammonia gas, hydrogen gas and iodine gas. A state of dynamic
equilibrium is established after some time.
(a) Two different reactions are taking place at equilibrium.
(i) Write the equations for these two reactions.
299

(ii) What can we say about the rates of these reactions?

(b) Write an equation to represent this state of equilibrium of the reaction.
(c) Sketch the changes in concentrations of reactant and products with time until the
reaction mixture reaches equilibrium.
[8M]
11
When 0.4 mol of H 2 (g) and 0.3 mol of I 2 (g) are mixed in a 1 L closed vessels, they
react to form HI(g). After 3 minutes, the reaction mixture reaches equilibrium and the
vessel contains 0.5 mol of HI(g).
(a) Write an equation to represent this state of the equilibirum.
(b) (i) Calculate the concentrations of H 2 (g) and I 2 (g) at equilibrium respectively.
(ii) Hence, sketch the changes in concentrations of H 2 (g), I 2 (g) and HI(g)
[11M]
12
Phosphorous pentachloride, PCl 5 , undergoes thermal decomposition to give
phosphorus trichloride, PCl 3 , and chlorine. When PCl 5 is heated in a sealed container
at a certain temperature, a chemical equilibrium is established.
(a) Write an equation to represent this state of equilibrium.
(b) Write the equations of the forward and backward reactions.
(c) Sketch a graph to show the changes in the rates of forward and backward
reactions against time until the reaction mixture reaches equilibrium.
[7M]
13
When sulphur dioxide is heated with oxygen in a sealed vessel at a certain
temperature, the following reaction occurs:
2SO 3 (g)
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
(a) Two reactions are occurring at equilibrium.

(i) Write the equations of these two reactions.
(ii) What can we say about the rates of these two reactions?
(b) What can you say about the concentrations of SO 3 (g), SO 2 (g) and O 2 (g) at
equilibrium?
(c) State TWO characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.
[6M]
300

Amount (mol)
14
(a) State THREE characteristics of an equilibrium system.
(b) The industrial preparation of ammonia can be represented by the following
equation:
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
2NH 3 (g)
The diagram below shows the change in amount of nitrogen with time after
mixing 1 mol of nitrogen and 3 mol of hydrogen in a sealed container. At
equilibrium, the number of moles of N 2 (g) is 0.5 mol.
N 2 (g)
Time
At equilibrium, what is the number of moles of

(i) hydrogen?
(ii) ammonia?
(c) On the diagram above, sketch the changes in amounts of hydrogen and ammonia
with respect to time.
[8M]
Concentration
15
The following equation represents a reaction in dynamic equilibrium.
A(aq) + B(aq)
2C(aq)
(a) Explain the term dynamic equilibrium.
(b) The diagram below shows the change in concentrations of reactants and product
with time.
[C]
[A] or [B]
Time
301

(i)
On the diagram above, mark with a dotted line the time, t, at which the
equilibrium starts and give your reasons.
(ii) Sketch the rates of forward and backward reactions with respect to time.
[6M]
16
Consider the following reversible reaction describing the decomposition of calcium
carbonate in a closed metal container at 800C:
CaCO 3 (s)
The set-up is shown below:
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
metal container
calcium carbonate solid
(a) Do you expect all CaCO 3 solid decomposes at the end? Explain briefly.
(b) After careful examination on the metal container, it is found that there is a tiny
hole on the surface. What do you expect to observe if the experiment is still to be
carried out? Explain your answer.
[4M]
17
Consider the following reversible chemical reaction:
N 2 O 4 (g)
2NO 2 (g)
N 2 O 4 is a colourless gas and NO 2 is a brown gas. NO 2 is initially injected into a
closed gas jar.
(a) Describe what you can observe when NO 2 is just injected into the jar until the
closed system attains equilibrium.
(b) Describe the change in the concentration of NO 2 throughout the same period of
time as (a).
(c) Describe the chemical changes occurring at molecular level throughout the same
period of time as (a).
[6M]
302

18
Consider the following reaction:
CH 3 COOH(l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH(l)
CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l)
(a) Name the reactants for the forward reaction.
(b) Name the reactants for the backward reaction.
(c) Suppose initially ethanoic acid and ethanol are mixed together. Sketch a diagram
showing the forward and backward reaction rates.
[4M]
19
(a) State FOUR important characteristics of dynamic equilibrium.
(b) Using the reaction: CH 3 COOH(aq)
meaning of the term dynamic.
CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) to illustrate the

[7M]
20
Consider the following equilibrium reaction:
SbCl 5 (g)
SbCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
SbCl 5 (g) is initially placed into a sealed container and is allowed to attain
equilibrium.
(a) Which chemical species are present in the sealed container at equilibrium?
(b) Write the equations for the forward reaction and the backward reaction
respectively.
(c) Describe the rate of forward reaction and the rate of backward reaction when a
certain amount of SbCl 5 (g) is initially placed into a sealed container until the
equilibrium is attained.
[9M]
Chemistry: Chapter 42 Equilibrium constant
Sections 42.142.4
21
In an experiment, 1.00 103 mol of PCl 5 (g) was introduced into a 250 cm3 container
and allowed to reach equilibrium with PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) at a certain temperature.
9.65 104 mol of Cl 2 (g) was found in the equilibrium mixture.
(a) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
(b) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
(c) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
[8M]
22
303

At 460C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction

H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)
2HI(g)
is 48. In an experiment, 2.0 g of H 2 (g) was mixed with 508 g of I 2 (g) in a 5.0 dm3
container and the mixture was allowed to reach equilibrium.
(a) Calculate the initial number of moles of H 2 (g) and I 2 (g) respectively.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of H 2 (g), I 2 (g) and HI(g) in the
mixture.
[9M]
23
At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the following reaction
2H 2 S(g)
2H 2 (g) + S 2 (g)
is 2.25 104 mol dm3. At equilibrium, the concentrations of H 2 S(g) and S 2 (g) are
2.42 103 mol dm3 and 1.165 103 mol dm3 respectively.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant of this reaction.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentration of H 2 (g).
[3M]
24
At 250C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the following equilibrium
PCl 5 (g)
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
is 3.8 102 mol dm3. In an experiment, 0.55 mol of PCl 3 (g) and 0.55 mol of Cl 2 (g)
were mixed in a 2.5 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with PCl 5 (g).
(a) Calculate the initial concentrations of PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) respectively.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of PCl 5 (g), PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) in the
reaction mixture.
[7M]
25
Consider the following equilibrium:
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g)
In an experiment, 2x mol of SO 2 (g) and y mol of O 2 (g) were introduced into a V dm3
container. At equilibrium, 2z mol of SO 3 (g) was found in the reaction mixture.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant of the reaction in terms of x, y,
z and V.
(b) At equilibrium, the concentrations of SO 2 (g), O 2 (g) and SO 3 (g) are 0.71 mol
dm3, 0.50 mol dm3 and 1.00 mol dm3 respectively. Calculate the equilibrium
constant, K c .
[6M]
304

26
CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
CO(g) + H 2 O(g)
(a) State whether the equilibrium is homogeneous or heterogeneous. Explain briefly.
(b) In an experiment, 0.10 mol of CO 2 (g) and 0.12 mol of H 2 (g) were introduced
into a 1 dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with CO(g) and H 2 O(g).
The equilibrium constant of the reaction is 0.63 at a certain temperature.
Determine the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products at this
temperature.
[10M]
27
Given:
Equilibrium constant
Reaction
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) + Br 2 (g)
2NO(g)
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2NO(g) + Br 2 (g)
(a) (i)
2NOBr(g)
2NOBr(g)
Kc
K c1
K c2
Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c1 .
(ii) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c2 .

(iii) Hence, write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , in terms of
K c1 and K c2 .
(b) Calculate K c if K c1 and K c2 are 2.4 1018 and 1.4 mol1 dm3 respectively.
[5M]
28
CO(g) + 3H 2 (g)
H = +x kJ
CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g)
According to the above information, a student made the following statements.
Comment on each of his statements.
(a) At equilibrium, the amount of carbon monoxide must be equal to the amount of
methane.
(b) The enthalpy change for the reverse reaction is x kJ.
(c) At equilibrium, the rate of forward reaction is higher than the rate of backward
reaction.
[5M]
29
The expression for the equilibrium constant, K c of a homogeneous equilibrium is
shown below.
305

2
[Z (g)]eqm
Kc =
2
[ X (g)]eqm
[Y (g)]eqm
(a) (i) Write the equations for the forward and backward reactions respectively.
(ii) Deduce the units for the equilibrium constants of both reactions.
(b) Consider the following equilibrium,
2NOCl(g)
2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g)
In an experiment, 2 mol of NOCl was introduced into a 1 dm3 container and

allowed to reach equilibrium with NO and Cl 2 . At equilibrium, 0.66 mol of NO
was found in the reaction mixture.
(i) Calculate the initial concentration of NOCl.
(ii) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of NOCl and Cl 2 .
(iii) Write an expression for K c and calculate its value.
[9M]
30
Consider the following equilibria:
2P(g) + 3Cl 2 (g)
2PCl 3 (g)
K1
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
PCl 5 (g)
K2
2P(g) + 5Cl 2 (g)
2PCl 5 (g)
(a) Write the expressions for K 1 and K 2 .

(b) Write an expression for K in terms of K 1 and K 2 .
(c) In an experiment, PCl 3 (g), Cl 2 (g) and PCl 5 (g) existed in equilibrium as shown
by the following equation:
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
PCl 5 (g)
The equilibrium mixture in a 2.5 dm3 vessel contained 1.6 103 mol of PCl 3 ,
0.03 mol of Cl 2 and 5.04 104 mol of PCl 5 .
Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
[9M]
31
Consider the following equilibrium,
CH 4 (g) + 2H 2 S(g)
CS 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g)
K c = 3.6 mol2 dm6
(a) What does K c indicate?

(b) State whether the reaction mixture is at equilibrium or not if the concentrations
of CH 4 (g), H 2 S(g), CS 2 (g) and H 2 (g) are 1.07 mol dm3, 1.2 mol dm3, 0.9 mol
dm3 and 1.78 mol dm3 respectively.
(c) The following equation represents a reaction in equilibrium:
306

ClF 3 (g)
ClF(g) + F 2 (g)
In an experiment, 9.25 g of ClF 3 (g) was introduced into a 2 dm3 container at 700
K, 21.5% of ClF 3 decomposed to give an equilibrium mixture.
(i) Calculate the K c of the reaction.
(ii) In another experiment, 39.4 g of ClF 3 was introduced into the same
container at 700 K, calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all species in
the reaction mixture.
[11M]
32
In the Haber Process, ammonia is synthesized by the reaction between nitrogen and
hydrogen.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction in the process.
(b) In an experiment, 10 mol of nitrogen and 28 mol of hydrogen were introduced
into a 100 dm3 container. The mixture was heated in the presence of finely
divided iron and allowed to reach equilibrium with ammonia. At equilibrium, 6
mol of ammonia was found in the reaction mixture. Calculate the equilibrium
constant for the reaction.
[6M]
33
In an experiment, 0.15 mol of H 2 (g) and 0.15 mol of I 2 (g) were introduced into a 3
dm3 container and allowed to reach equilibrium with HI(g). At equilibrium, 0.24 mol
of HI(g) was found in the reaction mixture.
(a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
(c) Hence, what can you say about the equilibrium position of the reaction? Explain
briefly.
[8M]
34
In an experiment, 2.5 g of phosphorus pentachloride, PCl 5 , was heated at 250C in a
2.0 dm3 sealed container until equilibrium was reached.
PCl 5 (g)
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
The value of K c at 250C is 0.19 mol dm3,
(a) calculate the concentrations of PCl 5 (g), PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) at equilibrium.
(b) calculate the concentrations of PCl 5 (g), PCl 3 (g) and Cl 2 (g) at equilibrium if the
volume of the sealed container is 5.0 dm3.
[15M]
307

35
Consider the following reaction. Hydrogen sulphide is partially decomposed when
heated to a certain temperature.
2H 2 (g) + S 2 (g)
2H 2 S(g)
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for this reaction at this
temperature.
(b) 6.0 dm3 of H 2 S(g) was placed in a sealed flask of volume 10.0 dm3 and heated
until equilibrium was reached. At equilibrium, 4.2 dm3 of hydrogen was formed.
Calculate the value of K c and state its unit.
(Assume molar volume of gases = 24.0 dm3)
[6M]
36
The decomposition of HI(g) can be represented by the equation:
2HI(g)
H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)
2.56 g of HI(g) was introduced into a sealed vessel and was heated to 730 K. When
equilibrium was reached, the equilibrium mixture was cooled rapidly and then opened
under potassium iodide solution. The mixture required 22.2 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium
thiosulphate solution to react with iodine.
(a) (i) What would be observed when HI(g) was heated to 730 K.
(ii) Why was the reaction mixture put into potassium iodide solution?
(b) (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between iodine and sodium
thiosulphate.
(ii) What is the number of moles of iodine in the reaction mixture?
(c) (i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c for the reaction.
(ii) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction.
[10M]
37
CaCO 3 (s)
CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)
(a) Explain briefly why concentrations of solids and liquids are not included in the
equilibrium expression.
(b) Write the expression of equilibrium constant, K c , for the above reaction, and
state its unit.
(c) Given that the equilibrium constant of the reaction at 800C is 2.80 mol dm3.
What is the equilibrium concentration of CO 2 (g) in the reaction tank?
[4M]
38
308

H 2 (g) + I 2 (g)
2HI(g)
Different proportions of hydrogen gas and iodine gas are mixed together at a certain
temperature. The results are as follows.
Initial concentration 102 M
Trial
Equilibrium concentration 102 M
[H 2 (g)]
[I 2 (g)]
[HI(g)]
[H 2 (g)]
[I 2 (g)]
[HI(g)]
0.27
0.27
1.47
1.10
0.10
1.80
3.04
0.04
1.92
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for this reaction.
(b) By referring to the experimental results, calculate the equilibrium constant.
(c) Predict the equilibrium concentration of each species when 3 102 M of H 2 (g)
is initially mixed with 1 102 M of I 2 (g).
[10M]
39
Consider the following esterification reaction:
CH 3 COOH(l) + C 2 H 5 OH(l)
CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 (l) + H 2 O(l)
To determine the equilibrium constant of this reaction at 298 K, 25 cm3 of CH 3 COOH

and 25 cm3 of C 2 H 5 OH are mixed in a beaker. After one week, the reaction mixture
has reached equilibrium. 10 cm3 of the mixture is withdrawn to titrate with 3 M
sodium hydroxide. 10.4 cm3 of 3 M sodium hydroxide is needed to neutralize all
CH 3 COOH remaining in the sample.
(Given that the densities of CH 3 COOH(l) and C 2 H 5 OH(l) are 1.049 g cm3 and 0.789
g cm3 respectively.)
(a) Calculate the initial concentrations of CH 3 COOH and C 2 H 5 OH present.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all reactants and products including
H 2 O, assuming that the volume of the equilibrium mixture is still 50 cm3.
(c) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for this reaction.
(d) Calculate the equilibrium constant of this reaction at 298K.
[13M]
40
Consider the following chemical equilibrium:
SO 3 (g) + NO(g)
SO 2 (g) + NO 2 (g)
K c = 0.5
1 mol of SO 3 (g) and 1 mol of NO(g) were placed in a 10 dm3 flask and allowed to
react.
Calculate the concentration of SO 2 (g) at equilibrium.
309

[4M]
41
In an experiment, 11.31 cm3 of methanoic acid, 36.44 cm3 of ethanol and a small
quantity of catalyst were mixed together.
HCOOH(l) + CH 3 CH 2 OH(l)
HCOOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l)
After several hours, equilibrium was reached, 5.0 cm3 of the reaction mixture required
25.0 cm3 of 0.25 M NaOH(aq) for neutralization.
(Given that the densities of ethanol and methanoic acid are 0.789 g cm3 and 1.22 g
cm3 respectively; the molar masses of ethanol and methanoic acid are both 46 g
mol1.)
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction.
(b) Calculate the number of moles of methanoic acid and ethanol before reaction.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of methanoic acid in 5.0 cm3 of the equilibrium
mixture.
(d) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction.
[10M]
42
The following graph shows the change of numbers of moles of the reactants and
A 2 B(g) at 500C.
Number of moles (mol)
products with time for the reaction: 2A(g) + B(g)
M
0.575
0.425
0.15
N
t1
t2
B(g)
A 2 B(g)
A(g)
Time
(a) What do the slopes at point M and point N at time t 1 represent respectively?
(b) At which time is the system at equilibrium? Explain your answer.
(c) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all the chemical species in the system
if the volume of the sealed container is 500 cm3.
(d) Calculate K c for the above reaction at 500C and state its unit.
310

[10M]
43
PCl 5 (g)
PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction is 8.00 103 mol dm3 at 200
C. At this temperature, a sample of PCl 5 (g) is introduced into a sealed container until
the equilibrium concentration of PCl 5 (g) is 5.00 104 mol dm3. Find the initial
concentration of PCl 5 (g).
[5M]
44
2XO(g) + O 2 (g)
2XO 2 (g)
The value of the equilibrium constant for this reaction at 398 K is 1.00 104 mol1
dm3. If 1.00 mol of XO(g) and 2.00 mol of O 2 (g) are placed in a 2.00 dm3 vessel and
are allowed to attain equilibrium at 398 K, find the equilibrium concentrations of each
chemical species.
[8M]
45
An industrial process is studied by placing 0.030 mol of SO 2 Cl 2 (g) in a 100.0 dm3
reactor along with 2.00 mol of SO 2 (g) and 1.00 mol of Cl 2 (g) at 173C. The equation
is shown as follows:
SO 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g)
SO 2 Cl 2 (g)
The value of the equilibrium constant for the reaction at 173C is 0.0810 mol dm3.
Find the equilibrium concentrations for all the chemical species in the reaction
mixture.
[7M]
Section 42.5
46
In an experiment, equal number of moles of ethanol and propanoic acid were mixed
and heated under reflux to give an ester.
(a) Write the balanced equation for the above reaction.
(b) Suggest a catalyst for the above reaction.
(c) Give an outline to describe how to determine the equilibrium constant, K c , of the
above reaction with the use of standard sodium hydroxide solution.
[8M]
47
A student determined the equilibrium constant, K c , of the following reaction by an
experiment.
311

Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq)
Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq)
Procedure:
1.
Mix 25.0 cm3 of 0.10 M AgNO 3 (aq) and 25.0 cm3 of 0.12 M Fe(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) in a
dry clean bottle.
2.
Allow the mixture to stand for two hours.
3.
Pipette 25.0 cm3 of the resultant solution into a conical flask and titrate with
0.02 M KSCN(aq) until an end.
(a) Why is it necessary to allow the mixture to stand for two hours?
(b) Briefly explain what would be observed when the end point is reached.
(c) (i) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction.
(ii) According to step 1, what are the concentrations of Ag+(aq) and Fe2+(aq)
immediately after mixing?
(iii) 14.2 cm3 of KSCN(aq) is required to react completely with the Ag+(aq) in
the resultant solution.
(1) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between Ag+(aq) and
SCN(aq).
(2) What is the concentration of Ag+(aq) in the resultant solution?
(d) Calculate the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction.
[12M]
Chemistry: Chapter 43 The effect of changes in concentration and temperature on
chemical equilibria
Section 43.1
48
In an experiment, 2 cm3 of 0.1 M potassium thiocyanate, KSCN(aq) and 2 cm3 of 0.2
M iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) were added to 50 cm3 of distilled water, the
resultant solution turned red.
(a) (i) What is the red substance formed?
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq) and
KSCN(aq).
(b) When the reaction reaches equilibrium, an orange-yellow solution is formed.
Explain the colour changes when the following chemical reagents are added to
the orange-yellow equilibrium mixture.
(i) 5 drops of 0.2 M Fe(NO 3 ) 3 (aq)
(ii) 5 drops of 0.1 M KSCN(aq)
(iii) 5 drops of 6.0 M KOH(aq)
312

(iv) A few pieces of Na 2 HPO 4 crystal

[12M]
49
Consider the following reaction which has attained dynamic equilibrium:
CaCO 3 (s) + 2HCl(aq)
CaCl 2 (aq) + CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l)
For each of the following changes, describe briefly what would be observed.
(a) Dissolving the salt calcium chloride into the reaction mixture.
(b) Bubbling hydrogen chloride gas, which is very soluble in water, through the
mixture.
(c) Letting some carbon dioxide gas escape out of the container.
(d) Adding sodium hydroxide solution to the reaction mixture.
[4M]
50
In an experiment, bromine was dissolved in water to form bromine water.
Br 2 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
H+(aq) + Br(aq) + HOBr(aq)
The pale yellow colour of bromine water is due to bromine, as the products are
essentially colourless. Deduce the colour change when a few drops of the following
solutions are added to bromine water.
(a) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(b) Concentrated potassium hydroxide
(c) Silver nitrate solution
[6M]
51
The following equation shows bismuth trichloride, BiCl 3 , hydrolyses in water to give
a white precipitate, bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl).
BiCl 3 (s) + H 2 O(l)
BiOCl(s) + 2H+(aq) + 2Cl(aq)
By Le Chteliers Principle, predict the observations when the following solutions are
added to the reaction mixture.
(a) Concentrated hydrochloric acid
(b) A large amount of water
(c) Saturated sodium chloride solution
[6M]
Section 43.2
52
The following equation shows the equilibrium established in cobalt chloride paper.
[Co(H 2 O) 6 ]2+(aq) + 4Cl(aq)
cobalt(II) hexahydrate
pink
[CoCl 4 ]2(aq) + 6H 2 O(l)

tetrachlorocobaltate(II)
blue
H = +ve
313

(a) Account for the colour change when water is added to cobalt chloride paper.
(b) Explain why heating moisture-proof pellets ( ) containing
tetrachlorocobaltate(II) and cobalt(II) hexahydrate complexes can restore the
blue colour.
[4M]
53
When H 2 (g) is mixed with CO 2 (g) at 1800 K. The equilibrium is achieved according
to the equation below:
H 2 O(g) + CO(g)
H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)
If the value of the equilibrium constant is 6.0, and the concentrations of each chemical
species at 1800 K are as follows:
[H 2 (g)] = 0.20 mol dm3; [CO 2 (g)] = 0.30 mol dm3; [H 2 O(g)] = 0.55 mol dm3;
[CO(g)] = 0.55 mol dm3,
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the above reaction.
(b) By finding the reaction quotient of the reaction mixture at 1800 K, show that the
system has not reached the state of equilibrium.
(c) In which direction will the system shift in order to attain equilibrium at 1800 K?
(d) Calculate the equilibrium concentrations of all chemical species at 1800 K.
[14M]
Section 43.3
54
Consider the following equilibrium system:
2SO 3 (g)
H = ve
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
If the pressure of the system is kept constant, predict and explain the change in
equilibrium position for the reaction when
(a) the temperature of the system is increased.
(b) the concentration of SO 2 (g) is decreased.
(c) the concentration of SO 3 (g) is decreased.
[6M]
55
Consider the following equilibrium system:
H 2 O(g) + CO(g)
H 2 (g) + CO 2 (g)
H = ve
According to Le Chteliers Principle, fill in the following table for the disturbance to
the equilibrium system:
Addition of
H 2 O(g)
Addition of H 2 (g)
Change in
temperature
Effect on [CO 2 (g)]

314

Effect on [CO(g)]
Effect on equilibrium
position
Effect on equilibrium
constant
[12M]
56
For the following equilibrium reactions, state whether, and in which direction, the
equilibrium is shifted by the change applied. In each case, explain your answer.
(a) 3O 2 (g)
2O 3 (g)
volume is increased
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
3Fe(s) + 4H 2 O(l)
Fe 3 O 4 (s) + 4H 2 (g)
NH 4 Cl(s)
NH 3 (g) + HCl(g)
2NO(g)
N 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
BiCl 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)
BiOCl(s) + 2HCl(aq)
H 2 (g) is removed
pressure is decreased
volume is decreased
NaOH(aq) is added
[10M]
57
The following equation represents a reaction at equilibrium:
2A(g) + B(g)
4C(g)
(a) State the effect on the equilibrium position when the volume of the vessel is
decreased at constant temperature. Explain briefly.
(b) A decrease in temperature can increase the yield of product C. Predict whether
the forward reaction is endothermic or exothermic. Explain briefly.
(c) A student stated that adding a suitable catalyst can increase the yield of product
C. Comment on his statement.
[7M]
58
The equilibrium constant, K c , for the following reaction is 190 mol2 dm6 at 1000 K.
CO(g) + 3H 2 (g)
CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g)
H = ve
(a) State the effect of an increase in temperature on the equilibrium position. Explain
briefly.
(b) The above equilibrium has been disturbed and the concentrations of CO(g),
H 2 (g), CH 4 (g) and H 2 O(g) are now 4.0 mol dm3, 8.0 mol dm3, 6.0 mol dm3
and 6.0 mol dm3 respectively.
(i) Calculate the reaction quotient, Q c , at the point when the equilibrium is
disturbed.
(ii) To which direction will the equilibrium position shift? Explain briefly.
315

[6M]
59
The following equilibrium was originally established in a 1 dm3 container at a certain
temperature:
CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
CO(g) + H 2 O(g)
The equilibrium concentrations of of CO 2 (g), H 2 (g), CO(g) and H 2 O(g) are 0.0517
mol dm3, 0.0717 mol dm3, 0.0483 mol dm3 and 0.0483 mol dm3 respectively.
(a) If 0.02 mol dm3 of CO 2 (g) is added to the equilibrium system, determine the
new equilibrium concentrations of all species in the mixture.
(b) State the effect on the equilibrium position if the reaction mixture is introduced
into a 2 dm3 container. Explain briefly.
[9M]
60
At a certain temperature, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the following equilibrium
system is 2.98 mol1 dm3:
Ag+(aq) + Fe2+(aq)
Ag(s) + Fe3+(aq)
In an experiment, solid silver is added to a solution containing 0.200 mol dm3 of

Ag+(aq), 0.100 mol dm3 of Fe2+(aq) and 0.300 mol dm3 of Fe3+(aq). Then, the above
reaction occurs.
(a) Determine the concentrations of Ag+(aq), Fe2+(aq) and Fe3+(aq) in the reaction
mixture at equilibrium.
(b) State the effect on the equilibrium position if a certain amount of sodium
chloride solution is added to the equilibrium mixture. Explain briefly.
[6M]
61
Hydration of ethene can be used as one of the ways to produce ethanol, according to
the equation below.
C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 O(g)
C 2 H 5 OH(g)
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant.
(b) (i) If you are in charge of the production of ethanol, would you use a high or
low pressure for the above reaction? Explain briefly.
(ii) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using such level of pressure.
(c) (i) Suggest another way of production of ethanol from yeast.
(ii) Write a balanced equation to represent the reaction.
(Hint: Sugar is metabolized to become ethanol and carbon dioxide.)
[7M]
316

62
The reaction below is responsible for the production of sulphuric acid in the Contact
process.
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g)
(a) Suggest a catalyst for the above reaction.
(b) A student claims that the catalyst in (a) would cause a change in the
concentrations of all species at equilibrium, thus the equilibrium constant is also
changed. Comment on his statement.
(c) Suggest a way to determine whether the above forward reaction is exothermic or
endothermic by using the equilibrium constants. Explain briefly.
[6M]
63
Pure nickel can be obtained by heating nickel carbonyl which is prepared by the
reaction between impure nickel and carbon monoxide.
Ni(s) + 4CO(g)
Ni(CO) 4 (g)
H = ve
According to Le Chteliers Principle, predict the effect of the following changes on
the equilibrium positions and the indicated quantities.
Change
Effect on the
equilibrium position
Indicated
quantity
(a)
Adding CO(g)
(b)
Removing CO(g)
(c)
Removing
Ni(CO) 4 (g)
(d)
Increasing the
temperature at
constant pressure
Kc
(e)
Decreasing the
temperature at
constant pressure
CO(g)
(f)
Decreasing the
volume at constant
temperature
Effect
Ni(s)
Kc
CO(g)
Ni(CO) 4 (g)
[12M]
64
Consider the equilibrium established by CO(g), I 2 O 5 (s), I 2 (g) and CO 2 (g) in a closed
container at a particular temperature.
5CO(g) + I 2 O 5 (s)
I 2 (g) + 5CO 2 (g)
H = ve
317

Concentration (mol dm3)
(a) According to Le Chteliers Principle, predict the effect on the equilibrium

position of the system if
(i) I 2 O 5 (s) is added.
(ii) CO 2 (g) is added.
(iii) I 2 (g) is removed.
(iv) the temperature is increased at constant pressure.
(v) the volume is decreased at constant temperature.
(b) In the graphs below, sketch the changes in concentrations of the reactants and
products if
(i) the pressure of the equilibrium system at constant temperature is increased
at 10 min.
I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)
CO(g)
10
Time (min)
(ii) a certain amount of CO(g) is added to the equilibrium system at 10 min.

I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)
CO(g)
10
Time (min)
(iii) the temperature of the equilibrium system at constant pressure is decreased

at 10 min.
318

I 2 (g)
CO 2 (g)
CO(g)
10
Time (min)
[9.5M]
65
HA is a weak acid and it slightly ionizes in water as shown in the following equation:
HA(aq) + H 2 O(l)
H 3 O+(aq) + A(aq)
H = +ve
Using the Le Chteliers Principle, predict and explain the effect on the equilibrium
position of the above reaction if
(a) the concentration of HA(aq) is increased.
(b) the pH of the reaction mixture is decreased.
(c) the temperature of the system is increased.
[8M]
66
Contact Process is an important industrial process which involves the following
reversible reaction:
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g)
H = ve
The table below shows the percentage of sulphur trioxide in equilibrium mixture at
different temperatures.
Temperature (C)
Percentage of sulphur trioxide in equilibrium (%)
400
99.2
500
93.5
600
73.7
(a) Explain why a lower temperature results in a higher percentage of sulphur

trioxide in the equilibrium mixture.
(b) Explain why a temperature of 500C is used in the Contact Process rather than a
lower temperature.
(c) What happens to the position of equilibrium when the following conditions of
the system are changed?
(i) The volume of container is reduced.
(ii) Some sulphur trioxide produced is removed.
319

[5M]
67
When nitrosyl chloride (NOCl) is heated, it forms an equilibrium mixture with
nitrogen monoxide and chlorine
according to the following equation:
2NOCl(g)
2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g)
H = +76 kJ mol1
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for this reaction.
(b) In an experiment, 1 mol of nitrosyl chloride was placed in a 5 dm3 sealed
container and heated to 500C. At this temperature, 20% of nitrosyl chloride was
dissociated. Calculate the value of K c at this tempearture.
(c) State the change in the degree of dissociation, when temperature is increased.
(d) State the change in the degree of dissociation, when pressure is increased.
[9M]
68
2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)
2SO 3 (g)
H = 197 kJ mol1
This reaction takes place in a closed container. For each of the following changes,
state the subsequent change in the equilibrium concentration of SO 3 (g).
(a) More SO 2 (g) is added to the container.
(b) Some O 2 (g) is removed from the container.
(c) The temperature is lowered.
(d) The reaction mixture is transferred into a smaller container.
[4M]
69
Nowadays, hydrogen can be obtained from natural gas by partial oxidation with steam.
This involves the following endothermic reaction:
CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g)
CO(g) + 3H 2 (g)
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for this reaction.
(b) State how the equilibrium position of the system is affected by
(i) increasing the pressure,
(ii) increasing the temperature,
(iii) using a catalyst.
(c) How will the value of K c be affected by:
(i) increasing the pressure,
(ii) increasing the temperature,
(iii) using a catalyst?
[10M]
320

70
A certain amount of solid ammonium hydrogensulphide is placed in a sealed flask
already containing 0.60 mol dm3 of ammonia gas at room temperature. It dissociates
as follows:
NH 4 HS(s)
H 2 S(g) + NH 3 (g)
At equilibrium, the concentration of ammonia gas is found to be 0.87 mol dm3.
(a) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the above dissociation
at room temperature.
(b) Calculate the equilibrium constant for the above dissociation at room
temperature and state its unit.
(c) If the volume of the flask used was doubled, calculate the equilibrium
concentration of ammonia gas.
[10M]
71
Cl 2 (g) + 3F 2 (g)
2ClF 3 (g)
H = 329 kJ mol1
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the above reaction.
(b) State three methods to increase the amount of ClF 3 (g) in the equilibrium
mixture.
(c) A student wrote the following conclusion in his notebook.
As the forward reaction was exothermic, then more ClF 3 (g) would be formed
than Cl 2 (g) and F 2 (g) in the reaction mixture.
Comment on the students conclusion.
[7M]
72
C(graphite) and H 2 (g) were allowed to attain equilibrium in an enclosed reaction
vessel at 298 K. The equation is shown below:
C(graphite) + 2H 2 (g)
CH 4 (g)
H = 75 kJ mol1
State, with explanation, the effect of each of the following changes on the equilibrium
position of the above system and the value of K c .
(a) Increasing the temperature of the reaction vessel.
(b) Increasing the volume of the reaction vessel.
(c) Adding C(graphite) to the reaction vessel.
[6M]
Section 43.4
73
In Harber process, ammonia is synthesized by the exothermic reaction between
321

nitrogen and hydrogen at 450C.

N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
2NH 3 (g)
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant of the reaction.
(b) (i) What is the reaction quotient, Q c ?
(ii) What information does Q c tell about the reaction mixture?
(c) Predict and explain the effect on the yield of NH 3 (g) if
(i) the volume of the system is decreased at constant temperature.
(ii) the temperature of the system is increased to 1000C at constant pressure.
[12M]
74
In Haber process, nitrogen and hydrogen combine to give ammonia as shown in the
following reversible reaction:
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g)
2NH 3 (g)
H = ve
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , of the reaction.
(b) Predict and explain the effect on the equilibrium position if
(i) the temperature of the system under constant pressure is decreased.
(ii) the volume of the system under constant temperature is increased.
[7M]
322

Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

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Structured Questions: HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View Part X Chemical Equilibrium

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HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Part X Chemical Equilibrium

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(d) Suggest the acid catalyst for the reaction.

(a) Write the equations of the forward and backward reactions.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(a) Write an equation to represent the equilibrium. It is known that calcium

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(ii) What can we say about the rates of these reactions?

2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g)

(a) Two reactions are occurring at equilibrium.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

At equilibrium, what is the number of moles of

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

calcium carbonate solid

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

CH 3 COO(aq) + H+(aq) to illustrate the

SbCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

At 460C, the equilibrium constant, K c , for the reaction

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c1 .

(ii) Write the expression for the equilibrium constant, K c2 .

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

In an experiment, 2 mol of NOCl was introduced into a 1 dm3 container and

PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

2P(g) + 5Cl 2 (g)

(a) Write the expressions for K 1 and K 2 .

K c = 3.6 mol2 dm6

(a) What does K c indicate?

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Equilibrium concentration 102 M

CH 3 COOC 2 H 5 (l) + H 2 O(l)

To determine the equilibrium constant of this reaction at 298 K, 25 cm3 of CH 3 COOH

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HCOOCH 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l)

Number of moles (mol)

products with time for the reaction: 2A(g) + B(g)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Allow the mixture to stand for two hours.

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

(iv) A few pieces of Na 2 HPO 4 crystal

[CoCl 4 ]2(aq) + 6H 2 O(l)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Effect on [CO 2 (g)]

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 2010

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

In an experiment, solid silver is added to a solution containing 0.200 mol dm3 of

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

I 2 (g) + 5CO 2 (g)

HKDSE Chemistry A Modern View

Concentration (mol dm3)

(a) According to Le Chteliers Principle, predict the effect on the equilibrium

Concentration (mol dm3)

(ii) a certain amount of CO(g) is added to the equilibrium system at 10 min.