Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
When the hull form has been decided upon, it is necessary to determine the amount
of engine power that will enable the ship to meet its operational requirements.
Knowing the power required to propel a ship enables the naval architect to select a
propulsion plant, determine the amount of fuel storage required, and refine the
ships center of gravity estimate
naval architects have endeavored to increase the speed of ships.
wind was the force used to propel ships through the water and ships could only go
as fast as the wind would propel them.
wind was the force used to propel ships through the water and ships could only go
as fast as the wind would propel them.
Testing of full-scale ships and models determined that the power required to propel
a ship through the water was directly related to the amount of resistance a hull
experiences when moving through the water.
the modern screw propeller was developed, replacing the paddle wheel as the prime
mode of ship propulsion. The screw propeller, with many modifications to its
original design, remains the principle method of ship propulsion to this day.
Reduction
Gear
Bearing
Strut Screw
Seals
THP
BHP
SHP
DHP
4
BHP
R/G
SHP
Shaft
Bearing
DHP
Prop.
THP
Hull
EHP
Relative Magnitudes
BHP>SHP>DHP>THP>EHP
Measured EHP
V
Towing carriage
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
10
12
14
16
EHP
H =
THP
- Hull efficiency changes due to hull-propeller interactions.
- Well-designed ship : H 1
- Poorly-designed ship : H 1
Well-designed
Poorly-designed
propeller
Screw
THP
=
DHP
THP
SHP
DHP
EHP
p =
SHP
10
ft
RT (lb) VS
s
EHP(H P ) =
ft lb
550
s HP
ft lb ft J
RT V S ( lb ) =
= = Watts : Power
s
s
s
1 Watts = 1 / 550 H P
11
RT
lb
non - dimension
CT =
2
2
lb s 2 ft 2
0.5 Vs S
4
ft
ft
= Fluid density
VS = Speed of ship
S = wetted surface area on the submerged hull
12
CT , , S and VS
RT (lb) = 0.5SVS CT
CT : determined by the model test
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
0
RT CT VS
VS
10
S
hipS
peed, V
s(knots)
12
14
16
EHP RTVS CT VS VS
VS
RT = RV + RW + RA
RV : Viscous Resistance
RW : Wave Making Resistance
RA : Air Resistance
Viscous Resistance
- Resistance due to the viscous stresses that the fluid exerts
on the hull.
( due to friction of the water against the surface of the ship)
- Viscosity, ships velocity, wetted surface area of ship
generally affect the viscous resistance.
15
16
Resistance (lb)
Air Resistance
Hollow
Hump
Wave-making
Viscous
Speed (kts)
flow
a
norm
ta n
ia
t
n
e
ship
stern
Tangential Component : CF
- Tangential stress is parallel to ships hull and causes
a net force opposing the motion ; Skin Friction
- It is assumed CF can be obtained from the experimental
data of flat plate.
19
Wave-Making Resistance
Typical Wave Pattern
Stern divergent wave
L
Transverse wave
Wave Length
20
21
Wave-Making Resistance
Transverse wave System
It travels at approximately the same speed as the ship.
At slow speed, several crests exist along the ship length
because the wave lengths are smaller than the ship length.
As the ship speeds up, the length of the transverse wave
increases.
When the transverse wave length approaches the ship length,
the wave making resistance increases very rapidly.
This is the main reason for the dramatic increase in
Total Resistance as speed increases.
22
Vs Hull Speed
Slow
Speed
Wave
Length
High
Speed
Wave Length
25
Other Resistances
Increased Resistance in Shallow Water
- Resistance caused by shallow water effect
- Flow velocities under the hull increases in shallow water.
: Increment of frictional resistance due to the velocities
: Pressure drop, suction, increment of wetted surface area
Increases frictional resistance
- The waves created in shallow water take more energy from
the ship than they do in deep water for the same speed.
Increases wave making resistance
27
prototype ship
prototype
?
Dimension
Speed
Force
model ship
Model
28
: Area
S (ft 3 )
=
M (ft 3 )
: Volume
29
CV = f ( Rn ),
CW = f ( Fn )
RnS = RnM ,
FnS = FnM
LSVS LMVM
=
,
vS
vM
vM LS
VM = VS
,
vS LM
VS
VM
=
gLS
gLM
VM = VS
LM
LS
30
VS
VM
=
gLS
gLM
VS (ft/s) VM (ft/s)
=
LS (ft)
LM (ft)
- Example :
Ship length = 200 ft, Model length : 10 ft
Ship speed = 20 kts, Model speed towed ?
VM = VS
= VS
LM
1
= VS
LS
LS / LM
1
1
= 20kts
= 4.47 kts
20
1kt.=1.688 ft/s
31