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Beyond 3G Techniques of
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing and Performance
Analysis via Simulation
Chunyan Wang, State Intellectual Property Office, China
ABSTRACT
As one of the techniques beyond 3G, because of the effective performance of high spectrum utilization and antifading for frequency selecting and adopted multi-carrier modulation technique that meets the requirement of
the explosive traffic capacity, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has carried great weight
in wireless communications. This paper expounds OFDM technical characteristics and performs computer
simulation on the OFDM system based on Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) by means MATLAB. During
the course of simulation, comparison between OFDM and traditional single-carrier technology is performed.
The simulation results have great significance for research and applications in the field.
Keywords:
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), MATLAB, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM), Single-Carrier Technology, Wireless Communications
INTRODUCTION
OFDM is kind of both multi-carrier and multiplexing technique, which distributes a given
channel into plurality of sub-channel. And
each parallel transmitting sub-channel adopts
single-carrier modulating. By this meaning,
each sub-channel is flat relatively, and performs
narrowband transmission. Signal bandwidth is
less than related bandwidth, which eliminates
interference between signal waveforms and improves frequency spectrum utilization because
DOI: 10.4018/japuc.2011070101
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2 International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 3(3), 1-13, July-September 2011
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4 International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 3(3), 1-13, July-September 2011
1, m = n
exp( j wnt )dt =
0, m n
(4)
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KEY TECHNIQUES
As a technique beyond 3G, OFDM has following key techniques.
1. Synchronization of Time Domain and
Frequency Domain
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2. Channel Estimation
In OFDM system, there are two points in
channel estimation: pilot information selection
and channel estimator designation. Because the
wireless channel is fading channel and channel
tracking must be continuous, the pilot information must be transmitted constantly. Channel
estimator designation requires low-complexity
and nice pilot tracking capability.
3. Channel Encoding and Interleaving
For improving digital communications
system performance, channel encoding and
interleaving are general technical meaning.
Channel encoding avoids random errors in
channels and channel interleaving avoids burst
error in fading channel.
4. Depressing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
(PAPR)
In OFDM signal time domain, orthogonal
N sub-carrier signals overlay each other. When
all the maximum of the N sub-carrier signals
add together, the OFDM signal generates a peak,
and the peak power is N times of the average
power. Though the peak power value occurs
seldom, however, for transmitting undistorted
OFDM signal at high PAPR, the transmitter
requires High Power Amplifier (HPA) with
high linearity degree. Therefore, a high PAPR
depresses OFDM system performance greatly,
as well as the real allocation (Ramasami, 2002).
5. Channel Equalization
In general fading environment, because the
OFDM technique has diversity characteristic
of multi-path channel, therefore OFDM does
not equalize. But in high scattering channel,
channel memory length is great; therefore the
Cyclic Prefix (CP) must be long enough so as
to avoid the ICI, however, the CP length results
in energy lost. Accordingly, adding equalization
can be considered to reduce CP length. That
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
VIA SIMULATION
In 1971, Weinstein and Ebert apply DFT to
multi-carriers transmission system, which
realizes multi-path signal multiplexing and decomposition of multi-path signal. Consequently,
OFDM attracts great attention and is regarded
as a beyond 3G hot technique in future mobile
communications. In this part, in accordance
with OFDM system model based on IFFT/FFT,
numerical analysis software MATLAB is adopted to perform a mass of computer simulation.
The simulation results embody OFDM system
characteristic and performance intuitively (You,
2002; Gong & Jia, 2002).
Simulation Model
Figure 7 describes an OFDM system flow using
MATLAB simulation. Wherein, the input data
is binary data, and after baseband modulating
(16QAM), mapping to be symbol data (
d0 ~ dN -1 ), S/P converting, the parallel data is
converted to be time domain sample point by
IFFT/FFT.
Channel simulation describes some wireless channel generality characteristic, e.g., noise,
multi-path. The noise is generated by adding
random data to transmitting data. The multi-path
is generated by copying the channeling with
time-delay and fading. Definitively, the OFDM
performed P/S converting is generated by aliasing plurality sub-channels, which results in
great PAPR. When going through a nonlinear
device, spread spectrum and band distortion
emerges much. Accordingly, the peak clipping
must be performed. After performing S/P converting to the serial data, the receiver executes
FFT converting to the parallel data to acquire
corresponding frequency domain data, and finally, after base-band demodulating (16QAM)
and P/S converting, binary data is recovered.
During perform the simulation, there
are the following hypothesis premises: ideal
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SIMULATION RESULTS
ANALYSIS
Figure 8 describes the simulation of binary data
input/output and OFDM transmitting/receiving.
The binary input data is performed 16QAM
modulation as Figure 9, and the output data
corresponds to the time domain signal waveform
at B point in Figure 8.
(6-1)
(6-2)
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Parameter value
FFT_size
128
Num_carrier
32 (fft_size/4)
Signal constellation
16QAM
Channel model
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10 International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, 3(3), 1-13, July-September 2011
DQPSK
Uncoded
16PSK
1/2
16QAM
1/2
64QAM
1/3
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CONCLUSION
The paper expounds OFDM technical characteristic, and performs computer simulating to
OFDM system based on FFT/IFFT by means
of MATLAB. During the course of simulation,
comparation between OFDM and single-carrier
technique (16QAM) is described in detail.
Generally speaking, because of the subcarrier orthogonality, OFDM system reduces
inter-carrier interference, and also increases
spectrum utilizations. By adopting IFFT/FFT
to modulate/demodulate signal, complexity
of realizing the communications system is
depressed. The low-speed data stream is modulated on orthogonal frequency and transmitted
in the meantime, which changes the wide band
to be narrow band, consequently, the problem
of frequency selective fading is solved. By
comparing with single-carrier system, it is
embodied that OFDM has more advantage in
fields of resisting multi-path interference and
channel fading, and spectrum utilization.
Because that OFDM system has the
advantages that sing-carrier communication
system and traditional FDM system does not
have, OFDM is considered as one of the most
important techniques beyond 3G. In OFDM
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