Non-bonding Interactions between molecules:

I t
Intermolecular
l
l interactions
i t
ti
NON-BONDING interactions are weaker than bonding
interactions (covalent and ionic)
Yet, these interactions are critical in defining
physical properties of compounds.

Types of Nonbonding Interactions

1) Dipole-Dipole interactions
Interactions between polar molecules - e.g. between two
HCl molecules

2) Ion-Dipole interactions
Interactions between an ion and a polar molecule - e.g.
dissolution of NaCl in water.

3) Induced Dipole interaction

Example:
p
a water molecule approaching
pp
g an O2
molecule, can induce a temporary dipole in the O2

4) Dispersion forces or van der Waals interactions

Example: interaction between two H2 molecules
When two non-polar molecules approach one another,
each can influence the electron distribution in the other
to a small extent
extent.
A small fluctuation in the electron distribution around
one of the molecules, will, at close distance, affect the
electron
l t
distribution
di t ib ti on the
th neighboring
i hb i molecule.
l
l

Hydrogen-bonding: a special case of dipole-dipole interaction

Hydrogen bonds form when a H atom is covalently bonded to a
N, O, or F atom and interacts with the lone electron pair on the N,
O or F atom in an adjacent molecule.

H
H O H

H F

H N H

water

Hydrogen fluoride

ammonia

Hydrogen bonds affect physical properties of a molecule,

boiling point (oC)
H2O

100

HF

20

NH3

-34

HCl

-85

CH4

-161
161

Hydrogen bonds in liquid water

Consequences of hydrogen bonding in water

Ice floats because hydrogen bonds hold water molecules
further apart in a solid than in a liquid - density of ice is
less than density of water

Density
y of water at 0oC - 0.9997 g
g/ml
Density of ice at 0oC - 0.9170 g/ml

liquid water

solid water

Water has a high specific heat index.

It takes much more heat to raise the
temperature of a volume of water than
the same volume of air.

Some Consequences:
Water is used as a coolant
Effects global climates and rates of
global climate change
- changes in temperatures are gradual

Water has a high surface tension

surface tension (dynes/cm at 20oC)

Water

73

Methanol

22

Ethanol

22

Ether

17

The surface tension makes

air-water boundaries
distinctive microhabitats.

Universal Solvent
Water can dissolve ionic and polar compounds

Polar compounds in water

H-bonding defines the shape of the molecule

for example, the overall shape of proteins, the
double-helix in DNA.

Vaporization
p
and Condensation
Molecules in a liquid are in constant motion; some
moving faster, others slower.
Those molecules with enough kinetic energy escape
from the liquid surface,
surface ii.e.
e vaporize
vaporize.

Molecules with higher energy are able to overcome

interactions between other molecules
If the container is kept open, vaporization continues until
no more liquid
li id remains;
i
molecules
l
l escape from
f
the
th liquid
li id
and heat flows in from the surroundings, replacing the
energy
gy lost to vaporization
p
and maintaining
g the rate of
vaporization.

Condensation: When molecules in the gas phase collide

with the liquid surface, they loose energy and return to
the liquid.
liquid
At some p
point the rate of vaporization
p
and the rate of
condensation become equal and the system is at
equilibrium (a dynamic equilibrium)
The partial pressure of the vapor above the liquid
established at equilibrium is called the equilibrium vapor
pressure or the vapor pressure.
pressure

Boiling Point - the temperature at which the vapor

pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure.
Normal boiling point - temperature at which the vapor
pressure equals
l 1 atm.
t
If the external pressure is reduced, the boiling point
decreases (e.g. at high altitudes).
If the external pressure increases,the boiling point
increases (e.g.
(e g a pressure cooker)
cooker).
Melting point - temperature at which a substance turns
from solid to liquid.
At the melting point,
point the solid and liquid are in
equilibrium and co-exist at this temperature

Phase Transitions
When a compound changes its state from a solid to a
liquid or a liquid to a gas, it is said to have undergone a
phase change or a phase transition.
Changes in temperature and pressure cause phase
transitions

Fusion or melting
g
Vaporization
Sublimation

solid liquid
q
liquid gas
solid gas

At the melting point, boiling point or sublimation point of

the substance,, temperature
p
remains the same even if the
sample is heated
These points correspond to phase changes
changes, and the
energy supplied is being used by the substance to
undergo the phase change.
Once the phase change is complete, and if heat is still
pp
, then the temperature
p
increases.
applied,

Phase Diagrams
Plots of pressure vs temperature showing changes in
the phase of a substance is called a PHASE
DIAGRAM.
DIAGRAM
liquid
solid

gas

liquid
solid

gas

1) Any point along a curve represents an equilibrium

between two phases. Any point not on a curve
corresponds to a single phase
phase.
2)The line from A to B is the vapor pressure curve of the
qu d The
e vapor
apo pressure
p essu e ends
e ds at the
t ec
critical
t ca po
pointt ((B),
),
liquid.
beyond which a gas cannot be compressed to a liquid - a
supercritical fluid exists.

liquid
q
solid

gas

3) Line from A to C represents variation in the vapor

pressure of the solid as it sublimes at different
temperatures.
4) Line
Li from
f
A to
t D represents
t change
h
in
i melting
lti point
i t off
the solid with increasing pressure
5) Point A
A, where the three curves intersect is called the
TRIPLE point, which corresponds to the pressure and
temperature at which all three phases coexist.