Sl.

No.

Year

1962

Author

Stuart

Strip
25.4 x 330.2
(wooden)
12.7 x 228.6
(wooden)

Type of the footing

Rectangular
Square

Circular

others

Tank Size
considered

Spacing

Soil bed

Soil considered was of carefully compacted fine

dry sand. Sand depth of 203.2mm and 635mm
were employed for large and small footings
respectively.

S/B varied
as
1,2,3,4,5,6
.

Clean coarse-medium sand. Coarse fraction

(1.18mm-600micron) =43%, medium fraction
(600micron-212micron) =51%, fine fraction
(212micron-75micron) =6%, D10=0.27mm,
Cu=2.4, Cc=0.9, emax=0.44, Dr=80%, =47.

20cm,25c
m,30cm,3
5cm,40cm
, and
50cm.

Uniform, dry Ranipur sand. Dr=75%,

D10=0.13mm, Cu=2.10, G=2.66, =41.

Dry, dense sand. Coarse fraction(1.2mm-0.6mm)=

38%, medium fraction(0.6mm-0.2mm)=54%, fine
fraction(0.2mm-0.06mm)=8%, D10=0.25mm,
Cu=2.32, min=1.62g/cc, max=1.774g/cc,
=1.713g/cc, =40.

381 x 508

12.7 x 228.7
(Steel)

762 x 1016
763 x 1016

40 x 40
(Aluminium
alloy plates)
2

1974

Singh et
al.

49 x 49
(Aluminium
alloy plates)

60 x 60
(Aluminium
alloy plates)

1974

Saran and
Agarwal

75

50.8 x 254
(wooden)
4

1979 Deshmukh

The base of the

footing was
plastered with
the same sand
that was used as
the foundation
soil bed

75 x 100
75 x 150

100 x 100

300 x 100

75 x 75

88.9 x
177.8
(wooden)

101.6 x
101.6
(wooden)

The base of
the footing
was plastered
with the same
sand that was
used as the
foundation
soil bed

The base of
the footing
was plastered
with the same
sand that was
used as the
foundation
soil bed

1140 x 1140
and depth
490 (Tank
made of
wood)

1200 x 1200
and 1050
depth (Tank
made of
stiffened
steel tank)

101.6 dia
(wooden)
The base of
the footing
was plastered
with the same
sand that was
used as the
foundation
soil bed

1983

1983

Das and
LarbiCherif

Selvadurai
and
Rabbaa

50.8 x 304.8
(Steel)
The base of the
footing was
glued with the
sand paper

378 x 378 x
51 (Highly
polished
No.16 gauge
Steel
footings)

305 x 1524
and 914
depth.

380 x 1520
and depth
400

S/B varied
from B to
6B.

Sand with 100% passing No.4 sieve, 87% passing

No.10 sieve and 2% passing No.200 sieve, Cu=2.5,
Coefficient of gradation=0.97, max=1.79g/cc,
min=1.45g/cc, unit weight of compaction =
1.62g/cc, Dr=54%, =38

S/B varied
as 1,2,3,4.

The footing was made to rest in frictionless contact

with a layer of dense sand underlain by smooth
rigid base. Ottawa sand was sand used. Cu=1.7,
min=1.56g/cc, max=1.834g/cc, insitu=1.765g/cc, Dr= 90%, =41.

S/B varied
from
1.56B to
5B

The steel footings were placed on Ottawa sand

(sieve nos 20-30), dry=1.722g/cc and aluminium
footings were placed on uniform crushed silica
sand which is slightly more uniform than Ottawa
sand (sieve nos 40-60), D10=0.23mm, Cu=1.6, the
sand was placed by pouring technique and the
=36.4

S/B 1.5,2,2.5,3
,3.5

Fine, rounded silica sand. Cu=1.53, coefficient of

gradation=1.10, D10=0.34mm, min=1.434g/cc,
dmax=1.93g/cc, davg=1.747g/cc, Dr=70%,
=40.3. The sand was reinforced using high
density polyethylene biaxial geogrid polymer. The
sand was placed by raining technique.

75 x 200
(steel)

1984

Graham et
al.

19 x 305
(Aluminium)

914 x 914
and depth
609

304.8 x 1300
and depth
914 (Tank
made of steel
box and the
sides of box
were braced
with the
stiffeners)

38 x 305
(Aluminium)
76 x 305
(Aluminium).
101.6 x 304.8
(Steel)

1992

Khing et
al.

The footings
were plastered
thin layer of
sand at the base
of foundation
with epoxy glue.

101.6 x 304.8
(Steel)
9

10

11

12

1993

1994

2003

Das et al

Al-Ashou
et al.

Kumar
and Saran

2006 Khan et al.

The footings
were plastered
thin layer of
sand at the base
of foundation
with epoxy glue.

50 x 295
(Aluminium
plates)

100 x 860
(Mild steel)

60 x 150
(Aluminium
alloy)

80 x 80
(Aluminium
plates)

175 x 175
(Mild steel)

50 dia
40 x 40
(Aluminium
(Aluminium
alloy)
alloy)
60 dia
50 x 50
(Aluminium
(Aluminium
alloy)
alloy)
70 dia
70 x 70
(Aluminium (Aluminium
alloy)
alloy)

1.5,2,2.5,3
,3.5,4

The soil medium is the dual layered with a dense

sand of limited thickness underlain by soft clay.
Sand having dry=1.762g/cc, Dr=79%, =39.8.
Clay having moist=1.905g/cc, moisture content =
38%, degree of saturation = 97%, undrained
cohesion = 5.51KN/m2.

1000 x 1000
and depth
600 (Tank
made of
wooden box
which was
connected to
a stiff frame)

Air dried local river sand. Cu=3, Cc=1.02,

classified as poorly graded sand according to
unified classification system, =41, =1.677g/cc,
Dr=78%. The sand was reinforced with the strips
of dipped aluminium of dimensions 15mm wide
and 1.2mm thick and 800mm long.

860 x 2200
and depth
1200

S/B varied
from 0.5
to 2

Geogrid-reinforced sand, Dr=60%, =37, soil

was reinforced using Tensar SS20, the sand was
placed using rainfall technique and the height of
fall kept at 480mm, the sand was reinforced at
particular levels and compacted at each layer.

500 x 1000
and 500
depth (Tank
made of
angle iron
and wooden
planks)

S/B varied
from 1 to
4

Dry sand, 100mm passing through 2mm sieve.

Cu=1.5, G=2.66, proctors =1.69g/cc,
min=1.753g/cc, optimum moisture
content=11.63%, achieved=1.682g/cc, =36
(dry), =33.5 (submerged), permeability of sand
= 0.453x10-3 mm/s, sand is a poorly graded.

305 x 1220
and depth
915

13

14

2008

2008

Kumar
and Bhoi

Lee et al

70 x 360
(Steel)

The tests were

conducted by
plate load
tests. Four
tests
conducted of
which, one
test was done
using single
circular plate
of dia 30 cm
and the three
using two
circular plates
of 30 cm dia.

370 x 2000
and 650
depth (Tank
made of mild
steel plates,
glass sheet
was fixed so
as to simulate
plane strain
conditon)

Spacing
was
varied
between
5cm and 6
cm, i.e
S/B
between
1.43 and
17.14.

D10=0.2mm, D30=0.37mm, D60=0.75mm,

Cu=3.75, Cc=0.91, max=1.83g/cc,
min=1.44g/cc, G=2.65, the sand depth was kept
60cm. The different considered were 1.65g/cc,
1.70g/cc, 1.75g/cc with corresponding Dr 67%,
79%, 90% with 37.4, 41.8, 44.8.

The soil bed is of two layers, upper sand layer

underlain by soft coastal clay layer. The upper
layer is of depth 15m and underlain layer is of
45m. The sand is uniform silica sand with G=2.66,
dry=1.467g/cc,Dr=50%.

15

2009

Kumar
and Bhoi

70 x 360
(Steel)

370 x 2000
and 650
depth (Tank
made of mild
steel plates,
glass sheet
was fixed so
as to simulate
plane strain
conditon)

Spacing
was
varied
between
S/B of
1.43 and
17.14.

A sample of dry homogenous sand having

properties, max=1.83g/cc, min=1.443g/cc,
G=2.65, D10=0.20mm, D30=0.37mm,
D60=0.75mm, Cu=3.75, Cc=0.91. Sand was
placed after compacting, in 30 layers. Experiment
was conducted on different unit weights, 1.65g/cc,
1.702g/cc, and 1.753g/cc, corresponds Dr 67%,
79% and 90%. measured for different were
37.4, 41.8, and 44.8.

1000 x 1000
and depth
1000

Spacing
was
varied
between
S/B of 1.5
to 3

Dry, medium dense, reinforced Ennore sand bed.

=38.9, Dr=65%. Reinforcement was done using
uniaxial geogrid made of high density polyethylene
having ultimate tensile strength=64.5KN/m and
approximate strain=11.5% at failure. Sand was
placed by rainfall technique keeping height of fall
as 350mm.

Spacings
varied are
0.1B,0.5B
,1B,2B

The field plate load tests were conducted on a site.

having 1.855g/cc.

1000 x 1000
and 1000
depth

S/B varied
from 0.5
to 3.

Dry homogenous Ennore sand bed. Dr=65%,

=38.5. Rainfall pouring technique is used to
achieve placing density of 1.6g/cc by keeping the
height of fall as 35cm.

75 x 150
(mild steel)
16

2009

Ghosh and
Kumar

50 x 100
(mild steel)

17

18

2009

Lee and
Eun

Srinivasan
2011
and Ghosh

The tests were

conducted by
plate load tests.
The plates
employed for
the tests were of
40cm dia
circular plates.

100 dia
(Mild steel)
-

The base of
footing is
glued with the
emery sheet.

1000 x 1000
and 1000
depth

Spacing
was
varied
between
S/B of 1.5
to 3

Cohesionless, dry Ennore sand. The distribution

was obtained through, 100% passing through 1mm
and retained on 0.075mm sieve. Soil medium
having two layers, one having Dr=32.2% and the
other one having 65%.
Cu=1.56,Cc=0.96,D10=0.45mm,
G=2.66,max=1.68g/cc,min= 1.47g/cc,emax =
0.8,emin=0.58, corresponding to 32.2% and 65%
were obtained 32.6 and 38.9. The sand was
placed by rainfall technique with a height of fall
350mm for top and bottom layers.

500 x 1100

Spacing
was
varied
between
S/B of 1
to 5.

A homogenous layer of clay, Kaolin clay was used.

OMC=32.5%,dry=1.36g/cc,=1.802g/cc,PL,PI,L
L were 35%,46%,81% respectively. 100% of
material was smaller than 26.3m

S/B varied
from 0.5
to 3.

Cohesionless, dry Ennore sand. The distribution

was obtained through, 100% passing through 1mm
and retained on 0.075mm sieve. Soil medium
having two layers, one having Dr=32% and the
other one having 64%. Cu=1.56, Cc=0.96,
D10=0.45mm, G=2.65, max=1.68g/cc,
min=1.47g/cc, emax=0.78, emin=0.53, placing
density of bottom layer=1.6g/cc, placing density of
top layer=1.53g/cc. The corresponding to Dr
32% and 64% were obtained 32.5 and 38.5. The
sand was placed by rainfall technique with a height
of fall 100mm and 350mm for top and bottom
layers.

75
(mild steel)
19

2011

Ghosh and
Kumar

50
(mild steel)

20

2011

Bellas

100

75 dia
(Mild steel)
The base of
footing is
glued with the
emery sheet.

21

2012

Srinivasan
and Ghosh

100 dia
(Mild steel)
-

The base of
footing is
glued with the
emery sheet.

150 dia
(Mild steel)
The base of
footing is
glued with the
emery sheet.

1000 x 1000
and 1000
depth

22

23

24

2012

2013

2013

Reddy et
al.

Pusadkar
et al.

Eltohamy
and Zidan

100 x 500
(wooden)

25 sq cm
(cast iron)

50 x 100

25

2014

Ghosh et
al

2014

Naderi and
Hataf

80 dia
(Mild steel)

100 x 100
(Mild steel)

100 dia
(Mild steel)

120 x 120
(Mild steel)

120 dia
(Mild steel)

50 x 50
(Cast iron)

56.42 dia
(cast iron)

1650 x 1650
and depth
1500

S/B varied
from 3 to
6.

Locally found dry sand of Hyderabad.

D10=0.18mm, D30=0.30mm, D60=0.80mm,
Dr=64%, dry=1.68g/cc.

600 x 600
and depth
600

15cm,20c
m

Single layered soil deposit. G=2.81,

dry=14.63KN/m3, =20. The placing of soil is
done by rain falling technique.

500mm x
1200mm and
1000mm
depth (Tank
made of
perspex
sheet)

S/B varied
as
0,0.3,0.6,0
.9,1.2.

G=2.66, max= 18.22KN/m3, min=1.575g/cc,

D10=0.3mm, D30=0.6mm, D60=1mm, Cu=3.3,
Cc=1.14, dry=1.733g/cc,=36. Reinforcement
used was HD-polyethylene geogrid. Sand was
placed by rainfall technique keeping the height of
fall 400mm.

1000 x 1000
and 1000
depth

S/B varied
from 0.5
to 2

Cohesionless, dry Ennore sand. The distribution

was obtained through, 100% passing through 1mm
and retained on 0.075mm sieve. Soil medium
having two layers, one having Dr=32% and the
other one having 64%. Cu=1.56, Cc=0.96,
D10=0.45mm, G=2.66,
max=1.71g/cc,min=1.47g/cc
placing=1.61g/cc,emax=0.78,emin=0.53,eplacem
ent=0.62 and 0.7. The sand was placed by rain
pouring technique with the height of fall 10cm and
32cm for Dr of 32% and 64% respectively.

1000 x 1000
and depth
1000 (Tank
made of
steel)

S/B varied
from 1 to
4

The sand was classified as SW in unified soil

classification system, Dr=50%. The sand is
reinforced with the monolithic polypropylene flat
bars. Size of geogrid used was 950mm x 950mm
and was placed at a depth of 60mm.

75 x 75

75 x 150

26

80 x 80
(Mild steel)

100 x 100

120 dia
(rigid
plastic) sand

Ring
footing
with
paper was
outer dia
attached to the
120 & 48
base of
inner dia
footing