INTRODUCTION

It is generally held that Industrialization is a dynamic concept involving

transformation of economic, social, political, cultural and institutional aspects
of society. It is an important path to economic development. Industrial growth
has become a major issue of the day in the international and national politics
and policies. It has been realized that without industrialization no progress of
vital significance can be achieved. Industrialization is process of economic
development in which a growing part of national resources are mobilized to
develop technically up to date diversified domestic economic structure
characterized by a dynamic manufacturing sector having and producing
means of production and consumer goods and capable of assuming a high
rate of growth for the economic and social progress (U N Committee Report,
1963).
Industrial progress in India depends upon its agriculture to a
substantial extent because agriculture still accounts for around 30 per cent of
gross national income and about 70 per cent of working population directly or
indirectly depends on agriculture. In such a scenario, linkage effect between
agriculture and industry can play a big role for economic development. Most
of the population in India is living in rural areas. It seems that strategy of
economic development has to be such that it integrates rural and urban
economies, agriculture and industry which would be helpful in removing
economic disparities between urban and rural areas. In this context, agroindustries development draws a great attention. An integrated agro-industrial
development is a dynamic and self generating process.
Agro-industrial development mainly implies the growth of rural areas
through interdependence of agriculture and industry under a system of mutual
and complimentary input output relationship. It is a process of joint growth of
industry and agriculture in which the output of agriculture serves as the input
to industry and vice-versa. The term agro-industry embraces the cultivation
and marketing of feed, crops, fibers, live-stock, fish, medicinal plants, timber,
tobacco, rubber, etc. (Government of Punjab, 1990).
1

WORLD OVERVIEW OF CATTLE FEED

Domestic animals continue to make important contributions to global food
supply and as a result, animal feeds have become increasingly critical
components of the integrated food chain. Live-stock products accounts for
about 30 per cent of the global value of agriculture and 19 per cent of the
value of food production and provide 34 per cent of protein and 16 per cent of
energy consumed in human diet. The consumer demand for more meat and
milk, eggs and other lives-stock products is dependent to a major extent on
the availability of regular supplies of appropriate, cost effective and healthy
animal feeds (R. Gillbert, 2004).
Gilbert estimates that about 1000 million tonnes of animal feed are
produced globally every year. More than 80 per cent of this feed is produced
by 38 hundred feed mills and 60 per cent of world total comes from 10
countries. Feed for poultry has the greatest tonnage followed by pig and cattle
feed although feed production for aquaculture is relatively low at 14 million
tonnes.
International trade of raw material is the key to the global feed industry.
Such feed are formulated and milled locally. The availability of imported
protein material is often essential for local feed manufacture. Historically the
feed industry has also exploited price supported inexpensive grain that is
traded on global market (ibid.).
THE CATTLE FEED MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN INDIA
The farm animal population in India in 2003 was estimated to be about
974.01 million. Out of the total, number of the cattle was 185.18 million and the
total buffaloes were 97.92 million. Out of total animal, poultry constituted the
largest number of about 489.01 million. Small ruminants which constituted cow,
sheep and deer came to be 185.83. The total number of pigs came to be 13.52
million. It is clear from the table 1.

Table 1
NUMBER OF LIVE-STOCK IN INDIA AND THEIR COMPOSITION IN
(2003)
SPECIES

NUMBER

Cattle
Buffaloes
Small ruminants

(in million)
185.18
97.92
185.83

(cow, sheep, deer etc.)

Pigs
Other draught animals
Poultry*
Total

13.52
2.55
489.01
974.01

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi (2003).
*Poultry population may have been underestimated. The Compound Livestock Feed
Manufacturers Association (CLFMA) estimated that there were 150 million layer birds and
650 million broiler birds in 2003.

It is further estimated that in 2003 India produced a total of 5.98

million tonnes of meat, 88 million tonnes of milk and 40 billion eggs. Despite
this large volume from the live-stock sector, animal production in India is
largely comprises of small and medium size farming enterprises. Most of the
feed used for animal production consists of natural pastures and farm made
feeds. In comparison with other developed nations and developing countries
of the world, the feed manufacturing industry is in early stage of development
(A. Victor, Suresh, 2007).
The current volume of all types of feed production for the dairy, poultry and
aquaculture sector is about 5 million tonnes. It has been estimated that India
would require 42 million tonnes of balanced feed if live-stock farming were to
be primarily feed based. By 2010, this demand was expected to increase
about 60

million tonnes (Compound

Live-Stock Feed Manufacturer

Association, CLFMA), 2005. With the advent of dairy development board,

there has been a substantial growth of cattle/poultry farms all over the
country. By sustained efforts of agricultural and veterinary development to
boost the production of milk and large number of farms for breeding milk
cattle have been developed on the scientific lines in the country. The increase

of these development projects depend largely on the availability of wellbalanced feed in respect of carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and minerals.
Therefore, the need of balanced cattle feed as an addition to the green fodder
and for the general improvement of the cattle health forms an essential part of
the intensive cattle development program. (CLFMA 2005)
Production of cattle feed is an important activity in rural and semi-urban
areas. Even today in rural India, particularly North Eastern region agriculture
is largely cattle based. (Kumar et al. 2007) Apart from farming activity, a large
part of rural livelihood depends on cattle. Both the dairy and meat industry are
fully dependent on the cattle rearing. Therefore, the demand for cattle feed for
animals is in huge quantity.
AGRO-VET INDUSTRY IN PUNJAB
The term Agro-vet means all those activities which are related to both
agriculture and veterinary. Agriculture is related with the cultivation of crops,
fruits and allied activities whereas veterinary is related to the health of
animals. In other words, agro-vet is combination of two words agro and vet
where agro implies those industries whose inputs are coming from agriculture
and vet implies the health and healthy feed for the animals eg, Poultry feed,
aqua feed and cattle feed. So agro-vet industry is a feed producing industry
taking its inputs from agriculture. In 2008, the number of cattle feed units in
Punjab were 632 out of which 235 were established in Ludhiana and only 8
units were established in Mansa (Government of Punjab, Directorate of
Industries, Chandigarh). In our study of Ludhiana and Mansa districts, most of
the agro-vet industries were only producing feed for cattle. So we have
restricted our study to cattle feed industry.
Punjab is one of the most prosperous states of India. Punjabs
agriculture has witnessed phenomenal transformation during the last 45 years
due to green revolution. Punjab has geographical area of 5.03 million hectare.
Of this, 4.21 million hectare was under crops i.e. over 84 per cent of this area
has been cropped. Punjab produces as much as 11.5 per cent of the total

food grains of the country. In Punjab total live-stock on 31-03-2007 was 73.66
lakh out of which 50.36 lakh were buffaloes and 17.61 lakh were cows
(Government of Punjab, 2009). Since the 1950s, New factories came up in
the old Punjab but after separation of Punjab and Haryana in the year 1966,
agrovet unit was first established by Godrej agrovet private limited in the year
1982 in Ludhiana district at Khanna.
Table 2
TOP TEN FAST GROWING INDUSTRIES OF PUNJAB (1998-2003)
S.

INDUSTRY

GROWTH RATE

No.
1.

Manufacturer of Pulp, Paper and Board

(PER CENT PER ANNUM)

50.75

2.

Weaving of Cotton Textiles in Handloom

23.73

3.

Wool Cleaning, Baling and Pressing

19.94

4.

Container Boxes of Paper and Board

18.18

5.

Grain Mill Products

15.33

6.

Weaving & Finishing of cotton textile in power

12.83

7.

loom
Footwear & other leather product

12.20

8.

Animal Feed

11.96

9.

Malt Liquor & Malt

11.67

10.

Blankets, Carpets, Rugs etc.

11.55

Source: Supplement to Annual survey of industries, various issues, quoted in Shergill and
Singh Agro Processing Industries in Punjab, Mimeo, Institute of Communication and
Development Studies, Chandigarh (1994).

Table 2 gives detail of top ten fast growing industries in factory sector
of Punjab in descending order of their growth rate. Pulp, paper and board
industry registered the highest growth rate of 50.75 per cent whereas
blankets and carpet industry recorded the smallest growth rate of 11.55 per
cent per annum. The animal feed industry also recorded a low growth rate of
11.96 per cent and was among the three industries having relatively low
growth rates.
Table 3

PERCENTAGE SHARE OF DIFFERENT STATES IN MANUFACTURING OF ANIMAL

FEED IN INDIA (2003)
S. No.
STATE
MANF. OF FEED
1.

Andhra Pradesh

2.64

2.

Assam

----

3.

Bihar

----

4.

Gujrat

19.71

5.

Haryana

7.91

6.

Himachal Pradesh

----

7.

Jammu & Kashmir

----

8.

Karnatka

13.86

9.

Kerala

----

10.

Madhya Pradesh

2.14

11.

Maharashtra

26.16

12.

Orrisa

0.74

13.

Punjab

11.49

14.

Rajasthan

4.82

15.

Tamil Nadu

9.51

16.

Uttar Pradesh

2.33

17.

West Bengal

6.14

18.

Delhi

----

19.

Other states

0.00

Source: Report on the Second All India Census of Small Scale Industrial Units (2003)
Development Commissioner Small Scale Industries, Government of India, New Delhi, 2003.

Table 3 indicates the per cent share of animal feed manufactured by

different states in India. The share of Maharashtra in the total was the highest
(26.16 per cent) among all the states followed by Gujrat (19.71 per cent),
Karnataka (13.86) and Punjab (11.49 per cent), respectively.
Punjab agro-industry provides the crucial farm-industry linkages which
helps accelerate agricultural development by creating backward linkages
(supply of credit, inputs and other production enhancement services) and
forward linkages (processing and marketing) adding value to the farmer's

produce, generating employment opportunities and increasing the farmer's

net income. This in turn motivates the farmer for better productivity and
further opens up possibilities of industrial development. The agro-industry
generates new demand on the farm sector for more and different types of
agricultural output which is more suitable for processing (Srivastava, U. K.
1989). By the increased supply of milk, the scope for the establishment of
more milk plants in Punjab would increase. These plants can further prepare
better by-products from milk (e.g. Curd, ice cream, bottled sweet milk etc.)
and by preparing the production of better quality they can also be sold in
other states and even exported. This would further help in increasing
employment opportunities.
There has always been a positive relation between agricultural and
economic growth (www.ieeexplore.ieee.org). Although the share of agriculture
in GDP has declined significantly over time, but the dependency of population
over agriculture has maintained an upward trend with more than 70% people
are dependent on agriculture in a direct or indirect way. The contribution of
allied sector in agriculture is also increasing. All these issues will be taken for
analysis in the present study.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature helps to have a proper insight into the various aspects
of the problem under study:
Panse et.al (1964) reported that several factors like feed, labour and
depreciation on capital investment contribute to the cost of production of milk.
While feed accounts for the largest part amounting to about 60 to 70 per cent

of total cost, the other factors account for 30 to 40 per cent of cost of milk
production.
Prasad, Dineshwar (1966) studied the role of agro-based industries in
providing incentives, encouragement and guidance to the farmers. In India,
large scale food processing plants in towns should be avoided in the interest
of an integrated development of agricultural production, processing and
marketing.
Bhargava, Gopal (1971) examined the remedy to solve Indias
economic problem. India, being an agriculture based country, must have rural
orientation of planning so as to attain a high rate of economic growth.
Economic growth in India is only possible through gearing the village
economy, which can be done by the establishment of agro-industrial source of
employment and livelihood in the rural areas.
S. Mani (1975) in his article on Agro Based Industries has studied the
linkages between agriculture and industry and importance of agro based
industries. Agro-based industries provide employment opportunities; improve
the economic condition of poor and these help in the dispersal of industries.
These industries also solve the problem of exploitation of farming community
by traders and middleman. He has emphasized on the role played by AgroIndustries Corporation.
Singh, Harpal (1978) emphasized the role of agro-processing
industries ranging from food manufacturing to leather tanning provide an
essential link between production and marketing, between rural and urban
areas, between the owners of capital and labour, between the producers and
consumers of industrial and agricultural products.
Kavinandan, Vijay (1979) has presented the framework of agroindustries in rural development of the economy and in brief also highlighted its
implication on income and employment generation. Agro-industries can be a
8

valuable tool for rural transformation in India. This is more so when

subsistence farming is undergoing a radical change in techniques of
production. This way one can take industry activity in the villages which is the
only way in India to embark on self-sustaining growth.
Santwant, M.T. and R.N. Sharma (1979) in their paper have highlighted
that the growth of agro-based industries helps in checking rural exodus,
reinforcing social and co-operative bondage, gainful utilization of locally
available resources and materials as well as by products which were hitherto
discarded as waste material. This has also led to meaningful diversification of
the resources and their utilization this providing a sound base for agroindustrial set up in under developed countries like India.
Small industries Service Institute of Government of Punjab (1985)
conducted a survey of the Sangrur district to identify the scope of industrial
opportunities in the small scale sector and assess the requirements of
infrastructural facilities to accelerate the race if industrial growth. Various
areas of industrial development of the district were studies with the help of
relevant data. It was seen that the district was well developed and was rich in
agricultural and live stock resources, therefore, good potential exists for agrobased and live stock based industries.
Adhaoo (1985) explained the role and prospects of agro industries in
Vidarbha. He stressed the importance of agro industries and said that the
agro industries depend not only on the output of agriculture but also on the
input in agriculture like agriculture implements, fertilizers and pesticides etc.
Various important agro industries were also listed down and important
conversion ratio between raw material and processed products were also
given. It was further concluded that the area is relatively week in industry. In
order to gainfully employ the rural youth, it was necessary to establish and
develop agro-industries giving them employment and improving their social
economic conditions.

Dhar, Usha (1986) suggested a wider coverage for Agri-processing

industries which should include horticulture, plantation, forests and animal
husbandry.
Venkaish (1987) conducted an intensive study of four selected villages
covered by four different types of agro-based industries, namely sugar factory,
rice mills, tobacco processing and khandari sugar factory. Changing pattern of
employment, occupation, wages, incomes, migration etc. in the rural areas,
because of setting up of these industries was also studied. It was seen that
the employment pattern differed depending upon the nature of agro-based
industry. Indirect employment was also looked into. Changes the cropping
pattern consequent upon the setting up of agro-industries resulted in the
creation of substantial additional employment in the farm sector. The impact
of these industries was significant on the income level of all categories of rural
population. The impact of these industries on migration was also very
significant. Overall impact of these industries at the micro level and macro
level were also studied. It was concluded that all these findings were very
useful for planners and policy makers.
Agarwal, N. L. (1989) examines the profitability in oil seeds processing
industry in Bharatpur district of Rajasthan. It was found that processors earn
good profit margins in all the processing methods. It was also found that all
the processing units of oil seeds operate at a level lower than their intake
capacity due to non-availability of raw material for processing.
Srivastava, U. K. (1989) in his study based on secondary data
concluded that most of the net value added of agro-processing industries is
derived from unregistered sector and most of the agro-processing units were
set up in small scale sector. At present, agro-based industries are contributing
between 35 per cent to 40 per cent to the total exports. Many companies had
found the agro-processing and processed food as lucrative avenues for
diversification.

10

Shah, Jayshree (1989) attempts to study the spatial pattern of agrobased industries and to analyze the input resources linkages of 9 selected
agro-based industries in 17 major states. The analysis infers a weak
association between the locations of agro-based industries and crop or
resources base of the state. It indicated the failure of both industry and
agriculture sector to generate effective inputs for each other.
Shah, Amita (1989) in her paper attempted to give a region profile of
the agro-processing industries in India in terms of employment and examined
the correlation of the development of these industries in a regional framework.
The regional profile focused on the inter-state variations in terms of
production, composition, rural-urban divide and share of householder sector
in agro-processing industries.
Sain, Inder (1989) in his study examined the regional distribution of
selected agro-processing industries in India and compared it with primary
commodity production pattern with a view of identifying the scope for
expanding such industries in different states particularly in Punjab. His study
concluded that some states having larger share in production lagged behind
in the development of processing facilities. On this basis he drew the attention
towards an ample scope of expanding flour mills in Punjab and Haryana
which constitute food bowl of India.
Singh, Balwinder and G. S. Mann (1989) studied the operational and
locational aspects of the existing agro-based industries in India with particular
reference to Punjab. The study brought out the trend that most of the flour
mills were located in those states where raw material was not surplus and
almost all of these were fed by surplus states. In Punjab also, there was
unbalanced growth of flour mills and bakeries. In oil seed processing units
profit margins for groundnut were more in the case of large units as compared
to medium and small units. The losses were higher due to improper storage
of oil seeds.

11

Rao, K. Hanumantha (1989) studied the growth, pattern, structural

changes and performance of edible oil units in Andhra Pradesh. His study
concluded that the growth pattern was not uniform and capacity expansion in
phenomenal. Capital deepening had taken place without a commensurate
increase in capital productivity. But organizational improvements were found
to be contributing more to output expansion. The factors responsible for low
capacity utilization were:(i) Scarcity of oil seeds due to competition from outsiders.
(ii) Benefits of processing and trading of processed products vis--vis pure
trade are reported to be not very high.
Patel (1992) brought out different aspects of agro-based industries in
India. The classification of industries was made on the value added basis.
Various ratios and growth ratio of different industries were calculated. It was
concluded that a substantial portion of industrial activity was being
undertaken in the unorganized sector. It was further concluded that the agrobased industries assume a critical place in the development potential of the
national economy of India.

Shergill and Singh (1994) studied the scope of agro processing

industries in Punjab and identified two groups of agro processing units with
very good and good scope of development in Punjab. This was done keeping
in view the availability of raw material, backward and forward linkage, growth
and performance etc. Few industries like dairy products, bakery products,
animal feed, liquor malt and malt products, cotton textile, woolen, leather,
paper, meat etc. were regarded as agro processing units with very good
scope of development in Punjab.

12

According to Rao (1996) the big enterprises and large farmers were in an
advantageous position in carrying our dairying activity. Study found that feed
and fodder alone accounted for 65% of total cost of production. Due to
uneconomic land holdings, inaccessibility of production inputs and lack of
extension education, the small and original farmers were unable to carry out
dairy farming on a profitable manner. The study suggested that in order to
improve the income and employment potential of small and marginal farmers,
credit and marketing facilities were provided to them to develop the dairy
farming in an efficient manner. Cheap credit facilities will enable them to
purchase veterinary medicines.
Kumar (2002) analyzed the consumption of green fodder, concentrate
and milk yield per day per animal in Merrut district of U.P. The normative
factor demand equations were derived from the Cobb-Douglas production
function to estimate factor demand, the regression coefficient of concentrate
input was positive and significant but that for green fodder was positive and
non significant for all breeds of milk animals. The own price elasticitys of
green fodder and concentrate had negative sign. This confirms the
supplementary relationship between green fodder and concentrate in milk
production process.
Perdana, T. (2003) conducted a study on competitiveness and
comparative advantage of beef cattle fattening. He concluded that all beef
cattle systems were privately profitable indicating that productions had
positive financial incentives to continue or to expand production. All beef
cattle fattening enterprises using either imported or local feed cattle were
socially profitable showed high degree of comparative advantage. Further, the
profits earned by different size enterprises (small, medium and large) were
not significantly different. He further argued that local cattle fattening was
more efficient than feeding imported cattle.

13

Gilbert, R. (2004) estimated that about 1000 million tonnes of animal

feed was produced globally, including 600 million tonnes of compound feed.
More than 80 per cent of this feed was produced by 3800 feed mills, and 60
per cent of the world total was from 10 countries. Feed for poultry had the
greatest tonnage, followed by pig and cattle feeds.
Becker, G. S. (2008) prepared a report on livestock feed costs. He
argued that production costs through the first half of 2008 climbed in every
segment of animal agriculture. The main driver was feed, which accounted for
60 per cent-70 per cent of total livestock production costs. Corn accounted for
about 90 per cent of feed grains used for feed, and soybean meal was the
main oil crop production used as feed. Soybean farm process averaged $
6.43 per billion in 2006-07 and climbed to an estimated record of $ 10.15 per
billion in 2007-08. He concluded that for many animal producers, returns from
their own sales were not concerning their higher production costs. Further,
Dairy producers had experienced cost pressures.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The present study will be confined to the State of Punjab. Ludhiana and
Mansa district will be selected for the purpose of this study. Punjab has
suitable climate and agricultural base for milk production and because of its
agricultural base and raw materials used in Agro-vet industry are easily
available. Agro-vet industry mostly uses the raw material i.e. de-oiled cake
(DOC), which is available in abundance from solvent plants. These solvent

14

plants use rice bran for making de-oiled cake. Rice bran is easily available in
Punjab. (www. Punjabgovernment.nic.in)
Agro-vet industry provides nutritious diet to cattle at cheaper rates by
using agricultural products as raw materials which are produced mainly in the
local areas of the agro-vet industrial units. Other feed ingredients such as
Mineral mixture without salt, dicalcium phosphate, common salt, calcite
powder, Crude protein, Crude fiber and Calcium are also mixed to make feed
more nutritious.
The feed provided by the agro-vet industry helps the milk-producers by
supplying their cattle a nutritious and balanced food which not only increases
the quantity of milk but also beneficial in keeping a good health of the cattle. It
is because of this the production of milk increases as a result of which other
dairy products as ghee, paneer, dahi, lassi, khoa, kheer, chocolates, biscuits
and other sweets etc. will be produced. So, it will give a boost to the food and
milk product industries.
It increases the income of these industries and the farmers with the
income of the state besides providing employment in the rural sector. As
almost all the inputs required in these food product industries are available in
Punjab like maize, rice, wheat, bajra, ragi, groundnut cake, soybean meal,
sunflower meal etc. It will motivate the farmers of Punjab in diversifying the
cropping pattern from wheat and rice to other commercial crops to gain more
profit. This will help in maintaining the fertility of soil and as a check on
continuous decrease in ground water level.
The output produced by these industries can be used within Punjab
besides supplying to other states, e.g. Haryana, Rajasthan and Himachal
Pradesh etc. The finished food and milk products can be exported which will
help in raising the national income of the country especially of the people
engaged in the industry.
So future of cattle feed industry in Punjab seems to be bright. No other
comprehensive study has been conducted in the recent past on Agro-vet

15

industry located in Ludhiana district which hosts large number of Agro-vet

units in Punjab and Mansa district which has relatively small number of Agrovet units. There is possibility that some partial studies might have given
passing references of this industry. Therefore, it has been decided to conduct
a comprehensive study on the Agro-vet industry in Punjab in Ludhiana and
Mansa districts.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The present study has been undertaken with the following objectives:
1) To examine the growth of Agro-vet industry in Ludhiana and Mansa districts.
2) To analyze and compare the structure of capital in Agro-vet industry in
Ludhiana and Mansa districts.
3) To know the status and opportunities of employment in the Agro-vet industry.
4) To examine the inputs and output of agro-vet industry.
5) To know the problems, prospects and give suggestions, if any on the basis of
our study.

DATABASE AND METHODOLOGY

The present study will be undertaken to analyze the Agro-vet
industry in Punjab particularly cattle feed industry in it.

For this purpose

mainly primary data would be used and secondary data sources will also be
taken into consideration wherever necessary. For collecting primary data
sources a detailed questionnaire will be prepared to get information from

16

different industrial units in Ludhiana and Mansa districts. Selection of districts

is done on the basis of stratified random sampling. About 20 percent of the
units would be selected from these two districts on the basis of stratified
random sampling. Mostly tabular analysis will be used to analyze the data.
Appropriate statistical techniques would be used. Secondary data will be
taken occasionally from a number of sources e.g. balance sheets of the
selected units of Agro-vet industry of Punjab, District Industries Centre,
concerned Research Papers, Articles and Reports etc. Time period from
2005-06 to 2010-11 would be taken for this comprehensive study.

TENTATIVE CHAPTER SCHEME:

Chapter1

Introduction, Research Methodology and Review of Literature

Chapter2

Agro-vet industry in India with special reference to Punjab

Chapter3

Capital structure of Agro-vet industry

Chapter4

Growth of Agro-vet industry alongwith its Efficiency

Chapter5

Pattern of inputs and output of Agro-vet industry

Chapter6

Employment and Wages in Agro-vet industry

Chapter7

Summary and Conclusion

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Adhaoo, S.H. (1985), Agro Industries in Vidarbha, Laghu Udyog Samachar,
Sept., pp. 8-11.

17

Agarwal, N. L. (1989), Agro Processing- A Business Entity-A Study of Oil

Seeds and Pulses in Rajasthan, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
Vol. 44, No. 3, July-Sept, p. 321.
Bhargava, Gopal (1971), The Agro Industrial Pattern of Development for
India, Agriculture and Agro Industries jounal, Vol. 4, No. 4, April, p.40.
CLFMA (Compound Live-Stock Feed Manufacturer Association) (2005),
Summary and Workshop organized by Food and Agriculture Organization at
Bangkok, 29 April-3 May 2002.
Dhar, Usha (1986), Location of Agri-Processing Industries, Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, Vol. 21(4), p. 76.
Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi,
2003.
Geoffry S. Becker (2008), Livestock Feed Costs, Concerns and Options,
Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, USA.
Government of India (2003), Live-stock Census 2003, Provisional Report,
Directorate Government of Punjab (1990), Agro Industrial development in
Punjab-A Blue Print Government of Punjab,
Government of Punjab Statistical Abstract of Punjab, Economic and statistical
Organization, Chandigarh, 2009.
Government of Punjab, Directorate of Industries, Chandigarh
Kavinandan, Vijay (1979), Agro Industries in Rural Economy of India, Rural
India, Vol. XXXII, April, pp.10.

18

Kumar (2002), Milk Production Function and Factor Demand in Dairy

Farming Evidence from the Meerut Villages. Indian Journal of Agricultural
Marketing, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 23-25.
Kumar et al. (2007), Livestock Sector in North Eastern Region of India,
agricultural Economics Research Review, Vol. 20, July- December, pp. 256272.
Mani, S, (1975), Agro Based Industries, Agriculture and Agro Industries
Journal, Vol. 8, Aug., p.8.
Panse (1964), Case of Production and Price of Milk, Indian Journal of
Agricultural Economics, Vol. 29, p.3.
Patel, K.V. (1992), Agro Based Industries in India, Prahnan, , pp. 203-212.
Prasad, Dineshwar (1966), Location and Role of Agricultural Processing
Industries in the Rural Economy of India, Indian Journal of Agricultural
Economics, Vol. 21(4), p. 15.
R. Gilbert (2004), World Animal Feed Industry, Expert Consultation and
Workshop, Bangkok, Food and Agriculture Organization.
Rao, B Sambasive (1996), Economics of Dairy Farming-A Study, Indian
Dairyman, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 105-109.
Rao, K. Hanumantha (1989), Structure and Performance of Edible Oil
Industry in Andhra Pradesh, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.
44, No. 3, July-Sept., p. 315.
Report on the Second All India Census of Small Scale Industrial Units (2003)
Development Commissioner Small Scale Industries, Government of India,
New Delhi, 2003

19

Sain, Inder (1989), Prospects for Agro-Processing Industries In India with

special reference to Punjab State, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
Vol. 44, No. 3, July-Sept.
Santwant, M.T. and R.N. Sharma (1979), Agro Industries Concepts, Area and
Standardization Agriculture and Agro Industries Journal, Vol. 12, Aug., p. 11.
Shah, Amita (1989), Understanding the Growth of Agro-Processing
Industries- An Inter-State Analysis, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
Vol. 44, No.3, July-Sept., p. 317.
Shah, Jayshree (1989), Input Linkages of Agro Based Industries: An Inter
State Analysis, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 44, No. 3, JulySept, p 340.
Shergill, H.S. and Gurmail Singh (1994), Agro Processing Industries in
Punjab, Mimeo, Institute of Communication and Development Studies,
Chandigarh.
Singh, Balwinder and G. S. Mann, (1989) A study into the Establishment of
Ago-Processing Industries in Terms of their Operation and Location in Punjab
State, Indian journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 44, No. 3, July-Sept., p
337.
Singh, Harpal (1978), Role of Agro-Processing Industries in Rural
Development, Agriculture and Agro Industries Journal, Vol. 11, Jan., p. 29.
Small Industries Service Institute (1985), Agro based Industries have Rich
Potential, Laghu Udyog Smachar, Feb., pp. 2-12.
Srivastava, U. K. (1989), Agro-Processing Industries : Potential, Constraints
and Task Ahead, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, op.cit Pp. 242252.

20

Suresh, A. Victor (2007), Development of Aqua feed Industry in India in M.R.

Hasan, T. Hecht, S.S. Desilva and A. G. J. Tacon (eds.)
Tomy Perdana (2003), Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage of Beef
Cattle Fattening in Bandung Regency, West Java, Research Institute
Padjadjanan, University, Bandung.
U. N. Committee for Industrial Development (1963), Report of the Session
13-31
Venkaish, V. (1987), Impact of Agro-based industries on Rural economy,
Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
WWW.ieeexplore.ieee.org
WWW. punjab government. nic.in.

21