4/9/2015

Tutorial 5: Black Hole and Cosmology

What is a Black Hole?

Schwarzschild radius:
Any object smaller than its own
Schwarzschild radius is called a
black hole.

2GM
;
c2
G 6.672 10 11 N m 2 /kg 2
Rs

In general, black hole can carry mass, electrical charge and

angular momentum.

4/9/2015

Structure of a Black Hole?

The surface at the Schwarzschild radius
acts as an event horizon in non-rotating
body.
The event horizon define the boundary
between the black hole and the rest of the
universe.

Crossing the event horizon is a one-way ticket!!

Question 1: [Black Hole]

(a) Suppose that the Mount Everest, which has a mass of about 51010
kg, is somehow compressed into a black hole. How would its
Schwarzschild radius be?

Schwarzschild radius:

2GM 2 6.672 10 11 N m 2 /kg 2 5 1010 kg

Rs 2
2
c
3.0 108 m/s

7.41 10 17 m
To turn Mt. Everest into a black hole, we have to compress it
to a size about hundred times smaller than a single proton or
neutron (10-15m)!

4/9/2015

Question 1: [Black Hole] Cont

(b) The temperature of the Hawking radiation emitted by a black hole of
mass M is approximately given by

1 kg
23
T
10 K
M
How hot will the Mount-Everest black hole be?

Temperature of the black hole:

1 kg
10 23 K 2 1012 K
T
10
5 10 kg
This is much, much hotter than say the centre of the Sun
(1.5107K)

Question 1: [Black Hole] Cont

(c) If indeed Mount Everest suddenly turned into a black hole in its
place, consider how it would affect you in Singapore. E.g., would you
be sucked into it? Would you be toasted?

The gravitational pull you would feel from Singapore would

be exactly the same as when Mt. Everest was still there. In
particular, you will not be sucked into the black hole. Such a
tiny black hole would have enormous difficulty trying to
swallow anything up. Even a single proton or neutron would
be a difficult feat, yet an entire atom or molecule.

However, the temperature of the Hawking radiation coming

from it is extremely high. It would be sufficient to vaporise
the whole Earth in an instant. You will definitely be toasted!

4/9/2015

1929 Hubble Observation

Light from distant galaxies
are red-shifted.
Galaxies are moving away
from us.
The distant the galaxy, the
faster the receding speed.

vreceeding H 0 d
All galaxies are moving away from each other!

Big-Bang Singularity (Infinite Curvature)

Extrapolating back in time, the Universe must have
begun from a single point in space and time.
Mathematically, the expanding Universe must have
started from a singularity Big Bang! GR predicts
its own failure.

There is no centre to the expansion!

4/9/2015

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

Background radiation (corresponds to a temperature of
about 2.7 Kelvins now) from sky that is isotropy (same
strength in all directions)
Identified as the radiation left over from the big bang
explosion

The first satellite built dedicated to

cosmology launched on 1989.

2012: Cosmic Background Microwave Map (WMAP)

Wilkinson Microwave
Anisotropy Probe

The image reveals 13.7 billion year old temperature

fluctuations (200 -Kelvins, shown as colour differences)
that correspond to the seeds that grew to become the
galaxies.

4/9/2015

Question 2: [Hubbles Law]

(a) Imagine a spherical balloon being inflated, with its radius r
depending on time as r (t ) at where a is a constant. Now suppose
there is a colony of ants living on the surface of this balloon, and that
one of them is an exceptionally keen astronomer.
(a) Show that it would be able to deduce an analogue of Hubbles law,
at any given instant in time. [Recall that the ants would measure
distances along the surface of the balloon, not across the interior!]

Denote as the angle of separation of two ants, then the

distance between them along the surface is

d (t ) r (t ) at

The speed of separation

of the ants is

d
d
a
t
t

Thus, at a given instant of time, the speed of separation

is proportional to the distance between them. This is
the analogue of Hubbles law.
(b) What is the value of the Hubble constant? Is it really a
constant?

The Hubble constant is Ho=1/t. It is not really a

constant as it will change with time (which is also the case
for the real Hubble constant.)

4/9/2015

Evidence for the Big-Bang model

The expansion of the Universe.
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation.
Relative abundances of hydrogen, deuterium, helium and
lithium.

Problems with the Big-Bang model

Flatness problem: Why is the geometry of universe so
close to being flat?
Horizon problem: Why is the Universe so isotropic?
Smoothness problem: Why is the Universe so
homogeneous?
Why does the Universe appear so
uniform on opposite sides of the sky,
which could never have been in casual
contact with each other?

4/9/2015

Inflationary Model
An exponential expansion lasted between 10-35 and 10-32
seconds after the Big Bang.
Universe expanded by a factor of 1050, from smaller than
an atom to bigger than a galaxy.

Spacetime underwent
phase transition
during inflation epoch
Alan Guth of MII was only 32 when he
developed the theory of inflation in 1979.

Inflation to the Rescue: Flatness Problem

In each successive frame, the sphere is inflated by a factor

of three. By the fourth frame, it looks like a flat plane.
Thus, inflation drives the geometry of the universe toward
flatness.

4/9/2015

Inflation to the Rescue: Horizon and

Smoothness Problem
Without inflation, the universe
today would consist of a patchwork
of different regions. Instead, it is
very uniform. Inflation had the
effect of expanding a small region
to a very large one. Since we are
inside such a region, our
neighbourhood appears uniform.

Euclids five axiomsEuclidean geometry

A line can be drawn from any point to any
other point.
A finite line segment can be extended to a
line of any length.
A circle can be drawn with any centre and
ay any distance from that centre.
All right angles are equal to one another.
Parallel postulate: Given a line, and a point
not on this line, there is only one line through
this point that is parallel to the original line.

4/9/2015

Non-Euclidean geometry:
Negative curvature
A new geometry built without
the parallel postulate.
It actually describes geometry
on a surface such as a saddle.

Sum of angles of a triangle

is less than 1800.

Non-Euclidean geometry:
Positive curvature
It was discovered by Riemann, who
dropped another of Euclids axioms
(the second one).
Bernhard Riemann
(1826-1866)

Sum of angles of a triangle is

more than 1800.

10

4/9/2015

Question 3: [Fate of the Universe]

Three simplest fates of the Universe are open universe, flat universe and
closed universe. Discuss the ultimate fates of the universe in relation to the
expansion of the universe and the mass density of the universe.

Two cosmological parameters: Tug-of-war

The evolution of our Universe is governed by
two competing factors: H0 and

Hubble constant
H0 is related to
the expansion of
the universe.

is related to the
matter density of
the universe.

H0 expands the universe whereas contracts the

universe due to attractive gravitational interaction.

Question 3: [Fate of the Universe] Cont

=1, flat universe, zero curvature

>1, closed universe, positive curvature; Big Crunch
<1, open universe, negative curvature; Big freeze/Rip

11

4/9/2015

Question 4: [Cosmological Constant]

The earlier form of Einsteins General Relativity field equations contained
the cosmological constant, . Why did Einstein feel that this constant was
necessary? Was he right or wrong?.

1998 Type Ia Supernovea Observation:

Cosmic acceleration

Question 4: [Cosmological Constant] Cont

Source of acceleration: Dark Energy

12

4/9/2015

Question 4: [Cosmological Constant] Cont

Einsteins greatest scientific blunder in life?

R

1
8 G
g R g 2 T
c
2

Einsteins introduced cosmological constant into his original

equations of GR in order to allow a static universe solution.
Hubbles observation later showed that our Universe is
actually expanding.
Nowadays, cosmological constant is believed to be related to
dark energy to provide source of acceleration of Universe!

13