Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

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Materials and Design

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matdes

Plasticity models for concrete material based on different criteria including

BreslerPister
Tayfun Dede *, Yusuf Ayvaz
Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 25 March 2009
Accepted 12 June 2009
Available online 17 June 2009
Keywords:
Failure analysis
Concrete
Plastic behavior
BreslerPister criterion

a b s t r a c t
The purpose of this study is to investigate nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with
the plasticity modeling. For this aim, a nonlinear nite element analysis program is coded in MATLAB.
This program contains several yield criteria and stressstrain relationship for compression and tension
behavior of concrete. In this paper, the well-known criteria, DruckerPrager, von Mises, and Mohr Coulomb, and a new criterion-BreslerPister are taken into account. The elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz
stressstrain relationships in compression and tension stiffening in tension behavior of concrete are used
with four different yield criteria mentioned above. The proposed models are in good agreement with the
experimental and analytical results taken from the literature. It is concluded that the coded program, the
proposed models, and BreslerPister criterion can be effectively used in nonlinear analysis of reinforced
concrete beams.
2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Considerable constitutive models have been proposed to dene
nonlinear behavior and stressstrain relationship of reinforced
concrete (RC) material. These models can be classied into orthotropic models, nonlinear elastic models, plasticity models, endochronic models, fracture mechanics models and micromodels [1].
Using these models, several studies have been made in the eld
of nonlinear analysis of RC structure to predict the behavior of
reinforced concrete structures more reliable. Arslan [2] investigated the sensitive of the DruckerPrager modeling parameters
and the use of it in plasticity theory for shear design of RC beams.
Park and Klingner [3] presented a nonlinear analysis study of RC
members by using plasticity multiple failure criteria. Wang and
Hsu [4] applied the nonlinear nite element analysis to various
types of RC structures using a new set of constitutive models. Bratina et al. [5] presented a study on materially and geometrically
nonlinear analysis of RC planar frames by dealing with the berbased constitutive equations of concrete and steel. Zhao et al. [6]
studied the load-deection and failure characteristics of deep RC
coupling beams. Pankaj and Lin [7] used two similar continuum
plasticity material models to examine the inuence of the material
modeling on the seismic response of RC frame structures. Belmouden and Lestuzzi [8] investigated post peak modeling and nonlinear performance of RC structural walls. Bischoff [9,10],

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 462 3772638; fax: +90 462 3772606.
E-mail address: tayfundede@gmail.com (T. Dede).
0261-3069/$ - see front matter 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.06.018

Stramandinoli and Rovere [11] and Dede and Ayvaz [12] studied
on RC structures by considering tension stiffening effect.
Among the models given above, plasticity models need a yield
function, a hardening rule, a ow rule and a stressstrain relationship to construct the plastic material matrix for the plastic behavior of concrete. A review of the literature indicates that there are
not any studies based on the BreslerPister criterion for plastic
behavior of concrete. This yield function can be found in the books
concerning with the plasticity theory. But, its plasticity material
matrix or any application of this function to the RC structures is
not found.
In this paper, derivation of plastic material matrix based on
BreslerPister yield function and two applications of this function
to the RC beams are presented. For this aim, a nonlinear nite element analysis program is coded in MATLAB. This program contains
several yield criteria and stressstrain relationship for compressive
and tensile behavior of concrete. In the nonlinear analysis, the
well-known criteria, DruckerPrager, von Mises, and Mohr Coulomb and as a new criterion, BreslerPister, are taken into account.
The elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz stressstrain relationship in
compressive and tension stiffening in tensile behavior of concrete
are used with four different yield criteria mentioned above.
2. Yield criteria for concrete
The concrete is assumed to be elastic until it reaches the yield
limit. Beyond yielding, plastic deformations take place. So, residual
plastic deformations remain after removing the loading. A considerable amount of formulations have been proposed for concrete as

279

T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

Nomenclature
fc0
ft0
h

s
/
d
a, k

ecr
rcr
rf, ef
roct
soct
ep
rp
qx
qy
c

uniaxial compressive cylinder strength

uniaxial tensile strength
angle of similarity
effective von Mises stress
internal friction angle
kronecker delta
material parameters
cracking strain of concrete
cracking stress of concrete
control point coordinates on stressstrain curve
octahedral normal stress
octahedral shear stress
concrete strain corresponding to rp
peak concrete compressive stress
reinforcement ratio in global direction of the X axis
reinforcement ratio in global direction of the Y axis
cohesion

D
Dc
Dep
Dp
Ds
E
f
Hp
I1
J2
J3
K
s

e
ee
ep
r

a yield function such as DruckerPrager, von Mises, Mohr Coulomb, Tresca, Rankine, William Warnke, Ottosen, Hsieh Ting Chen,
and BreslerPister [13]. The well-known yield function for DruckerPrager, von Mises, and Mohr Coulomb are given by the following equations, respectively [14].

p
f aI1 J 2  k
p
f J2  k
ip
p
1h
f I1 sin / 31  sin / sin h 33 sin / cos h J 2
2
 3c cos /
p
3 3 J3
:
cos3h
2 J3=2
2

1
2

fc0





roct
roct 2

c
ab
:
fc0
fc0

3
4

where a, b, and c are the material parameters of this yield function.

These parameters can be established by using available experimental test data given in Table 1 [14]. In this table, f 0t and f 0bc are the normalized strengths, ft0 is uniaxial tensile strength, fc0 is uniaxial
0
is equal biaxial compressive
compressive cylinder strength, fbc
strength, roct is octahedral normal stress and soct is octahedral shear
stress.
The octahedral normal and shear stresses are given by the following equations, respectively.

r
2
soct
J
3 2
I
roct 1
3

0
f 0 fbc :
bc
fc0

p
2 0 0 0
a
f t f bc 8f bc f 0t  3=D
3
p
0
0 0 0
0
b 24f 02
bc  f bc  f bc f t f t 1  f t =D
p
c 3 23f 0 f 0  f 0  2f 0 =D
t bc

bc

D 2f 0bc  12f 0bc f 0t 1 f 0t

p !

 
J p
c
b
2
p
2
I
I
J 2  a:


1
1
02
0
9fc
3fc
3fc0


f

10

3. Plastic material matrix for concrete based on BreslerPister

criterion
In the plasticity theory, total strain can be assumed to be the
sum of the elastic strain and plastic strain as given in Eq. (11),
and stress increment, drij, for strain increment, deij, is given in
Eq. (12) [15].

deij deeij depij

drij

11

Dep
ijkl d ij

12

Dep
ijkl

where
is elasticplastic material matrix. In the case of associated ow rule the general form of this matrix is given as,
p
Dep
ijkl Dijkl Dijkl

13

Table 1
Test data for BreslerPister Criterion.

roct =fc0

r1
r3 fc0
r2 r3 fbc0
ft0

Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq. (5) and rewriting Eq. (5), the Bresler
Pister yield function in terms of stress invariant can be obtained,
and it is given as

Test

The normalized strengths are given by the following equations.

0
f 0 ft ;
t
fc0

When these experimental test data are substituted into Eq. (5), the
parameters a, b and c can be obtained by solving a system of three
linear equations given below.

where

where f is yield function, a and k are the material parameters, c is

cohesion, / is internal friction angle, I1 is the rst invariant of stress
tensor, J2 is the second invariant of deviator stress tensor, J3 is the
third invariant of deviator stress tensor, and h is angle of similarity.
The BreslerPister criterion is the extension of DruckerPrager
criteria. This yield function in terms of octahedral stresses is given
by

soct

elastic material-stiffness tensor

material matrix of concrete
elasticplastic material-stiffness tensor
plastic material-stiffness tensor
material matrix of equivalent reinforcing bar elements
Youngs modulus
yield function
plastic hardening modulus
rst invariant of stress tensor
second invariant of stress deviator tensor
third invariant of deviatoric stress tensor
initial tangent modulus
deviatoric stress
strain
elastic strain
plastic strain
stress

1 0
3ft

 13
 23 f 0bc

0
oct =fc
p
2 0
3 ft
p
2
3
p
2 0
3 f bc

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T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

where Dijkl is the elastic material matrix of the element (see Section
5), and

Dijkl @@fr

@f
@ rpq

ij

Dpqkl

14

h @@fr Dijkl @@fr

ij

kl

where

h UHp

@f
@s

15

rc

where

In order to dene stressstrain relationship for concrete several

stressstrain curves are proposed by researchers [4,1625]. The
Saenz [19] and elasticperfectly plastic stressstrain relationship
used for the behavior of concrete in compression are given in
Eqs. (23) and (24), respectively, and they are given in Fig. 1.

1 @f
r
s @ rij ij

16

p
where s is von Mises effective stress s 3J 2 and Hp is slope of
uniaxial stressstrain curve.
The gradient @@frij can be written as


@f
@f @I1
@f @J2
@f @J 3

:
@ rij @I1 @ rij @J2 @ rij @J 3 @ rij

17

Taking the derivatives of Eq. (10) with respect to I1, J2 and J3, the following equations can be obtained.

@f
2c
b

I1  0
@I1 9fc02
3fc
@f
1
 p
@J 2
6J 2 fc0
@f
0
@J 3

18

The gradient @@Ir1 and @@Jr2 are called to be the kronecker delta and
ij
ij
deviatoric stress tensor, respectively, and they are given in Eqs.
(19) and (20), respectively.

   2
K eepc  eepc
rp
 
 2
 3
1 A eepc B eepc C eepc

1 0 0
@I1
6
7
dij 4 0 1 0 5
@ rij
0 0 1
@J 2
I1
sij rij  dij :
@ rij
3

19

20

By substituting Eqs. (18)(20) into Eq. (17), the following equation

can be obtained.

!


@f
2c
b
1

I1  0 dij  p sij
@ rij
9fc02
3fc
6J 2 fc0

p
@f
2
 0:
@s
3fc

22

K=1.0
K=1.2

 

24

where

A C K  2; B 1  2C; C K
KE

K r  1
K e  12

ef
ep
rp
; K ; K
rp e ep r rf

rt Eet if et  ecr
 0:4
e
rt rcr cr
if et > ecr
et

Stress,

K=1.8
K=2.0

Strain,

1
Ke

25
26

27

where rt is concrete tensile stress, et is concrete tensile strain, rcr is

concrete cracking stress, and ecr is concrete cracking strain.
The other stressstrain curve of concrete in tension used in this
paper is Vecchio 1982 curve [26]. This curve is shown in Fig. 2b and
its stressstrain relationship is given by the following equation.

rt

pcr
200et

if 0 < ecr < et

28

5. Material matrix of nite element

The material matrix of a nite element is constructed to be the
sum of the material matrices of the concrete and reinforcement. In
this calculation, the reinforcement embedded in the concrete elements is represented by an equivalent element. The material
matrices of concrete and reinforcement are given, respectively, as:

K=1.4
K=1.6

where ef and rf are the control point coordinates on descending

branch of stressstrain curve, rc is concrete compressive stress, ec
is concrete compressive strain, rp is peak concrete compressive
stress, ep is concrete compressive strain corresponding to rp, and
E is modulus of elasticity of concrete.
The stressstrain curve of concrete in tension proposed by
Wang and Hsu [4] is shown in Fig. 2a. The ascending and descending braches of this curve are given by the following equation.

21

The gradient @@fs based on BreslerPister criterion can be obtained,

and it is given below.

23

ec
r if ep < ec < 0
ep p
rc rp if ec < ep < 0

rc 

Stress,

Dpijkl

4. Stressstrain curves for concrete

Strain,

Fig. 1. Stressstrain curve of (a) Saenz and (b) elasticperfectly plastic model for concrete under compression.

T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

cr

Stress,

Stress,

cr

281

cr

cr

Strain,

Strain,

Fig. 2. Stressstrain curve of: (a) Wang and Hsu [4] and (b) Vecchio 1982 model for concrete under tension.

2
D Dc  Ds 

E 6
4v
1  v2
0

v
1
0

qx Es

7 6
54 0
1  v =2
0
0

q y Es 0 7
5
0

0
29

where Dc and Ds are the material matrices of concrete and equivalent reinforcement elements, respectively, Es is the modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, qx and qy are the reinforcement ratios in
global directions of the x and y axes, respectively.
6. Applications
The applicability and verication of the developed program are
demonstrated by comparing the results obtained in this study with
the experimental and analytical results of two different RC beams,
BreslerScordelis beam and J4 beam, given below.
6.1. BreslerScordelis beam
The rst RC member used to validate the program coded is BreslerScordelis beam. It is simply supported RC beam [4,27] and is
shown in Fig. 3. The longitudinal reinforcement consists of four
steel bars with total area of 2580 mm2. The concrete has a compressive strength of 24.5 MPa and elastic modulus of 21,300 MPa.
The elastic modulus of steel bars is 191,400 MPa.
In the nite element modeling, 4-noded rectangular planestress element is used. This element has two displacement degrees
of freedom at a point and eight displacement degrees of freedom in
an element. Perfect bond between concrete and reinforcement is
assumed.
Since the method used herein is a numerical method, the nite
element method, there is always some error in the results, depend-

ing on the mesh size used to solve the problem. Therefore, for the
sake of accuracy in the results, rather than starting with a nite
element mesh size, the mesh size to produce the desired accuracy
is determined. To nd out the required mesh size, convergence of
the maximum displacement is checked for different mesh sizes.
In conclusion, the results have an acceptable error when using
approximately 70 elements. Therefore, 70 elements which is also
the number of the elements used in the literature are used in this
study in order to compare the results obtained in this study with
the experimental and theoretical results given in the literature. Finite element modeling of this beam is given in Fig. 4.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of DruckerPrager criterion with two different tension
stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior
of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain
curves (elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression
behavior of concrete are given in Fig. 5. These results are compared
with each other and with the experimental result taken from the
literature [4,27]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement
curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the
experimental result.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of von Mises criterion with two different tension stress
strain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain curves
(elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression behavior
of concrete are given in Fig. 6. These results are compared with
each other and with the experimental result taken from the literature [4,27]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement curves
obtained in this study are in good agreement with the experimental result.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of Mohr Coulomb criterion with two different tension

Fig. 3. BreslerScordelis beam.

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T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

P
78 61

12 11
1 1

2 2

10 11

127

425.5 mm

70 88

1828.8 mm
1,2, , 88 : Node numbers
1 , 2 ,, 70 : Element numbers
Fig. 4. Finite element modeling of BreslerScordelis beam.

Load (kN)

300

200
This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic perfectly plastic

100

Wand and Hsu (2001)

Experimental

Saenz

Vecchio 1982

Elastic perfectly plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

4
Displacement (mm)

Fig. 5. Loaddisplacement curves of BreslerScordelis beam for DruckerPrager criterion.

300

Load (kN)

200
This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic perfectly plastic

100

Wand and Hsu (2001) Saenz

Experimental

Vecchio 1982

Elastic perfectly plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

4
6
Displacement (mm)

10

Fig. 6. Loaddisplacement curves of BreslerScordelis beam for von Mises criterion.

stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior of

concrete and with two different compression stressstrain curves
(elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression behavior
of concrete are given in Fig. 7. These results are compared with
each other and with the experimental result taken from the literature [4,27]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement curves
obtained in this study are in good agreement with the experimental result.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of BreslerPister criterion with two different tension

stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior

of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain
curves (elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression
behavior of concrete are given in Fig. 8. These results are compared
with each other and with the experimental result taken from the
literature [4,27]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement
curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the
experimental result.
In general, the results obtained using the compression models,
tension models and the yield criteria considered in this study are

283

T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

300

Load (kN)

200
This study
Compression model
Tension model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic perfectly plastic

100

Wand and Hsu (2001)

Experimental

Saenz

Vecchio 1982

Elastic perfectly plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

4
6
Displacement (mm)

10

Fig. 7. Loaddisplacement curves of BreslerScordelis beam for Mohr Coulomb criterion.

Load (kN)

300

200
This study
Compression model
Tension model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic perfectly plastic

100

Wand and Hsu (2001) Saenz

Experimental

Vecchio 1982

Elastic perfectly plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

4
Displacement (mm)

Fig. 8. Loaddisplacement curves of BreslerScordelis beam for BreslerPister criterion.

in good agreement with the experimental result. Especially, the results of new criterion, BreslerPister, show excellent agreement
with the results obtained by using the other criteria and with the
experimental result.
6.2. Simply supported J4 beam
The second RC member used to validate the program coded is J4
beam. It is simply supported [28,29] and is shown in Fig. 9. The longitudinal reinforcement consists of two steel bars with total area of
1021 mm2. The concrete has a compressive strength of 33 MPa and
elastic modulus of 26,200 MPa. The elastic modulus of steel bars is
203,000 MPa.

The nite element mesh convergence of this beam is also studied. It is concluded that the results have an acceptable error when
using approximately 45 elements. This element number is also the
number of the elements used in the literature. Therefore, using this
element number makes possible compare the results obtained in
this study with the experimental and theoretical results given in
the literature. Finite element modeling of this beam is given in
Fig. 10.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of DruckerPrager criterion with two different tension
stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior
of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain
curves (elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression

Fig. 9. J4 beam.

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T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

P
37

45

60

10
11
1 1

10

51

457 mm

51

1850 mm
Fig. 10. Finite element modeling of J4 beam.

200

Load (kN)

160
Demir (1998)
Barzegar and Schnobrich (1986)
Experimental

120

This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic Perfectly Plastic

80

Wang and Hsu (2001) Saenz

40

Vecchio 1982

Elastic Perfectly Plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

8
10
Displacement (mm)

12

14

16

Fig. 11. Loaddisplacement curves of J4 beam for DruckerPrager criterion.

behavior of concrete are given in Fig. 11. These results are compared with each other and with the experimental [29] and analytical results [28,30]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement
curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the
experimental and analytical results.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of von Mises criterion with two different tension stress
strain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain curves
(elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression behavior
of concrete are given in Fig. 12. These results are compared with
each other and with the experimental [29] and analytical results
[28,30]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the experimental
and analytical results.

The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield

function of Mohr Coulomb criterion with two different tension
stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior
of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain
curves (elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression
behavior of concrete are given in Fig. 13. These results are compared with each other and with the experimental [29] and analytical results [28,30]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement
curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the
experimental and analytical results.
The results of the nonlinear analysis of this beam by using yield
function of BreslerPister criterion with two different tension
stressstrain curves ([4], Vecchio 1982) for the tension behavior
of concrete and with two different compression stressstrain
curves (elasticperfectly plastic and Saenz) for the compression

200

Load (kN)

160
Demir (1998)
Barzegar and Schnobrich (1986)
Experimental

120

This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic Perfectly Plastic

80

Wang and Hsu (2001) Saenz

40

Vecchio 1982

Elastic Perfectly Plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

8
10
Displacement (mm)

12

Fig. 12. Loaddisplacement curves of J4 beam for von Mises criterion.

14

16

285

T. Dede, Y. Ayvaz / Materials and Design 31 (2010) 278286

200

Load (kN)

160
Demir (1998)
Barzegar and Schnobrich (1986)
Experimental

120

This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic Perfectly Plastic

80

Wang and Hsu (2001) Saenz

40

Vecchio 1982

Elastic Perfectly Plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

8
10
Displacement (mm)

12

14

16

Fig. 13. Loaddisplacement curves of J4 beam for Mohr Coulomb criterion.

200

Load (kN)

160
Demir (1998)
Barzegar and Schnobrich (1986)
Experimental

120

This study
Tension model
Compression model
Wang and Hsu (2001) Elastic Perfectly Plastic

80

Wang and Hsu (2001) Saenz

40

Vecchio 1982

Elastic Perfectly Plastic

Vecchio 1982

Saenz

0
0

8
10
Displacement (mm)

12

14

16

Fig. 14. Loaddisplacement curves of J4 beam for BreslerPister criterion.

behavior of concrete are given in Fig. 14. These results are compared with each other and with the experimental [29] and analytical results [28,30]. As seen from this gure, the loaddisplacement
curves obtained in this study are in good agreement with the
experimental and analytical results.
In generally, the results obtained using the compression models, tension models and the yield criteria considered in this study
are in good agreement with the experimental and analytical results. Especially, the results of new criterion, BreslerPister, show
excellent agreement with the results obtained by using the other
criteria and with the experimental and analytical results.
7. Conclusions
Analytical models are presented for the nonlinear nite element
analysis of reinforced concrete structures. Based on the Bresler
Pister yield function, a plastic material matrix for concrete material
is constructed. Also, different stressstrain curves of concrete for
tension and compression behavior are taken into account and the
well-known criteria, DruckerPrager, von Mises and Mohr Coulomb are also used for the plastic behavior of concrete.
The computer program coded in this study is useful for predicting the behavior of reinforced concrete structures. This program
contains the well-known criteria (DruckerPrager, von Mises, and
Mohr Coulomb), a new criterion (BreslerPister), stressstrain
curves for the compression behavior of concrete (elasticperfectly
plastic and Saenz model), and tension stiffening model ([4], Vecchio 1982 model).

The proposed models and BreslerPister criterion can be effectively used in nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams.
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