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17
Abstract--
1. INTRODUCTION
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has become one of the
fastest-growing country in the word . The rapid growth is
not accompanied by comparable growth in essential public
services such as an available water supply. Water is one of
main factors in the city's existence, Quantity of water
available and became considered important factors in the
social political and economic life of urban area. The
government has given a great effort to supply cities with
sufficient quantity of water as much as possible. However,
Water is still scarce resource in KSA due to lacking of rains.
In 2007, the Saudi Water Conservation Corporation
(SWCC), produced 1066 million cubic meters of desalinated
water to supply water to Saudi major cities from 30
desalination plants located on Read Sea and Arabian Gulf
coasts [1] most of that desalination plants are reverse
osmoses plants .
Fig. 1.
METHODOLOGY
The proposed methodology is to use deductive and
inductive methods, in order to describe reverse osmoses
technology and sea water reverse osmoses plants in Saudi
Arabia ( Jeddah and Al-Birk plants as case study ) .
2. T YPES OF MEMBRANE OF REVERSE OSMOSES
2-1 choosing membrane
Membrane with highest possible flux and reasonable
should be chosen, with good salt rejection (97%) and
producing water having TDS with less than 500 ppm
according HOW ".
2-2 Commercial SWRO membrane
1)
To sum up, in the case of RO, there are two types
of flow: the first flow is the normal flow (direct flow) with
natural pressure, which is the pressure caused by the
difference in concentration between the two solutes (the
direct osmotic pressure (DO)); and the second flow is
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Fig. 2.
2-
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
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3. DESALINATION
Saudi Arabia suffer of scarcity that have limited
surface water and groundwater choose Desalination to
desalinate seawater to get portable water. Even though 80
percent of purified water is resulted from multistage flash
plants , Reverse osmosis is the most common method of
desalination and RO plants are used in the Middle East.
A large energy requirements to operate and maintain
the plants, but electricity can be produced by using oil which
is available in the region put oil is recently become scares.
Thus, energy has to be managed for that the power plants
are located near to the desalination plants, which the energy
exchanged between each other which reduces energy losses.
Energy requirements are low in comparison to other
processes of desalination, Because RO does not need heat or
phase changes.
Sea Water Reverse Osmoses
components as follows :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Intake
Pretreatment
High pressure pump
Membrane assembly
Re-mineralization and pH adjustment
Disinfection
3-1 Pretreatment
When operating RO and Nano-filtration (NF)
Pretreatment of effluent is important as the nature of
membrane and the problem of fouling . The material of
membrane is designed and made in such a way to allow
water to flow through the system in same time back flow is
not allowed. Because accumulated solid cannot be removed
from the membrane surface systems, fouling the pores of
membrane come to the surface (loss of production capacity
and efficiency). Because the previous reasons , pretreatment
is a necessary for RO system. Contamination of membranes
causes a higher energy use, a higher cleaning frequency and
a shorter life span of the membrane, Membrane
contamination is usually called fouling. And in order to
avoid the problem of fouling , Jian-Jun Qin, Boris Liberman,
and Kiran A. Kekre are develop a system that depends on
direct osmoses to remove and control fouling continuously
without disturbing the process of revers osmoses (flow
water ) [3] . Usually, control fouling Pretreatment in SWRO
systems contains of four components:
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3-6 Post-treatment
"Screening of solids: to reduce fouling of pores of
the membranes by filtration , fine particle or
biological growth, and to reduce the damage that
may occur to pump.[5]
Chemical Dosing: Oxidizing biocides, such as
chlorine, are added to kill bacteria, followed by
bisulfite dosing to deactivate the chlorine, which
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5-3-1Removing Fouling
The mechanism of fouling is very important in order
to identify the or determine a method to avoid or remove
fouling. Contamination of filters causes a higher pressure
and loos in energy, a higher cleaning frequency and a
shorter membrane's life. The process of membrane
contamination is commonly called fouling. Engineers face
challenge of removing that Fouling, first of all we have to
category Fouling into types in order to ease finding methods
to remove it.
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5-3-2 Disinfection
There is several ways to disinfect the purified water which
result from reverse osmoses:
1- Killing of bacteria by the use of chlorination But
bodies of chlorinated bacteria still form a biofilm,
compatibility of dead bacteria over living bacteria
it may secure the living bacteria .[10]
2- Ultraviolet light (UV) disinfection kills by
damaging DNA so that the bacteria cant reproduce.
Save on membrane.
3- Ozone very active oxidant. [10]
4- Oxidation is rupturing the cell wall of bacteria then
cell bodies may form a biofilm. And since all of the
organics will not be completely oxidized to carbon
dioxide and water, the resulting total organic
carbon (TOC) may increase. [10]
We have to be careful in case of using some
Disinfection type because it may destroy membrane as well.
May help in eliminating fouling.
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5-3-3 Adsorption
Carbon and others adsorbent may help in adsorb bio-fouling
5-3-4 Cleaning
If we cant avoid fouling layers, then we can remove
them once they are formed. That some of the Fouling may
be removed by using chemical cleaned especially in case of
well-known Fouling.
Her is some of cleaners connected by the type of formation
[11]:
1- Enzyme, to hydrolyze slime layer components(It is
the type of reaction that is used to break down
certain polymers)
2- Anti-precipitant, to solubilize inorganics
3- Denaturing agent, to solubilize organics
4- Bactericide, to kill living bacteria
The problem is that the biofilm changes with time so it
difficult to decide which substance should we used. Some
bacteria change its form specially the entire one.
The fouling layer changes with time. Cleaning
effectiveness of a single formulation may change
accordingly. It is obvious from the information presented in
this article that much more research is needed Stable
colloidal particles are destabilized by partial or complete
neutralization of their surface charge. This allows the
particles to come into close enough contact to agglomerate
(Figure 2b). Destabilization of particles by the addition of
organic polymers and by inorganic salts such as alum and
ferric chloride (coagulant aids) has been used for many
years in clarifiers and filters to accomplish agglomeration of
smaller particles into larger particles that can be settled or
filtered out.
5-3-5 Reduce fouling
In general increased feed/concentrate velocity and/or
decreased water flux reduces fouling.
6.
D ISADVANTAGES
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PLANT COMPARISON
A- Jeddah plant
UOP thin film and composite (TFC) SW membranes
are used in the Jeddah plant. Water feed is disinfected by a
dose of 1 ppm of the algaecide CuSO 4 in the feed (Table
1B). This dosage is less than that in the Al-Birk plants. This
difference gives an indication that the quality of Red Sea
water is of better quality than that of the Gulf Sea where the
Al-Birk plants are located. The sea water that feeds it
contains most algae because Jeddah city is an industrial city.
(Algaecide is a substance used for killing and preventing the
growth of algae).
B- Al-Birk plant
7-3 Pretreatment
7-3-1 Disinfection
As a pretreatment action, and to avoid some of the
seawater problems that may cause damage in some of the
plants parts, such as pump, membrane or pipes, we are
attempting to avoid large particles. Some of the TDS which
are present naturally in seawater reduce the plants parts
specification or requirements. So the quality of seawater
should be taken into consideration in terms of our plants
design (choosing membrane, pipes and pump material)
because seawater may harm these materials; otherwise the
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A- Al-Birk plant
The coagulant Magni-floc 537C is used at the concentration
of l-2 ppm in the water feed at Al-Birk plant .
B- Jeddah plant
Both coagulants: Alum (0-10 ppm) (Chemical
flocculants) and polymer (0-1 ppm) are dosed in the feed of
the Jeddah plant (see Table 1B).
"Alum is used to clarify water by neutralizing
the electrical double layer surrounding very fine
suspended particles, allowing them to flocculate (stick
together)." [3]
7-3-2-2
Filtration
A- Jeddah plants
CONCLUSION
Reverse osmosis is an important
technique for purifying sea water. Sea water
reverse osmosis desalination plants consist of four
main processes: first, a pretreatment process to
avoid fouling problems and destroying membranes;
second, a pressure pump; third, a membrane
assembly which affects water purification
efficiency; fourth, a disinfection process.
According to the comparison between the two
reverse osmosis plants, whatever processes are
used in reverse osmosis desalination plants, the
quality of purified water is the same but the quality
of the feed water will affect the choice of pretreatment, post-treatment and cleaning method.
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
REFERENCES
M. Hassan, and Saleh Al-Jarrah, Thabet Al-Lohabi,
Abdullah Al-Hamdan, and Lutfi M. Bakheet,
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SWRO PLANT OPERATION WITH TOYOBO
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Thomas Mani, Abdulrahman Abanmy and Ata M.
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Tzahi Y. Cath Amy E. Childress b, Menachem
Elimelech Forward osmosis: Principles, applications,
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Direct Osmosis for Reverse Osmosis Fouling
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[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
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Appendix
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