ENGLISH 7 REVIEWER

OBJECTIVES:

Identify the different genres of pre-colonial literature

Identify the features of literature during the Apprenticeship Period
Identify features of proverbs, myths and legends
Distinguish features of colloquial language, idioms and slang
Give the meaning of road signs and symbols
Use pitch, intonation, stress, and juncture
Identify the basic features and kinds of paragraphs
Use the appropriate reading style (skimming, scanning, speed reading)
Observe rules in Subject-Verb Agreement
Use Library Sources to find information.
Use different parts of a book.
Use figures of speech (simile, metaphor, personification, irony, hyperbole, oxymoron)
Discriminate between summary, precis and paraphrase
Sentence, phrases and clause

I. FEATURES OF PRECOLONIAL LITERATURE

Form: based on ORAL traditions

Early writing used Alifbata/ Alibata etched in tree barks, stone or jars.
Topic: Mostly about supernatural beings that dwell in nature or origins of things.
Pre-colonial Literature is divided into Folk Speeches, Folk Narratives and Folksongs
o Folk Speeches include short witty sayings (proverbs, tanaga, riddles)
o Folk Narratives (folktales, legends, myth, fables, and epic)
o Folksongs are those intended to be sung or chanted (lullabies, chants, and
serenade)
o Proverbs (salawikain) proverbs are brief instructive expressions that suggest a
specific action, behavior, or judgment. They are commonly written in the form of
poetic two-liners which have rhyme. In Filipino, proverbs are called salawikain or
sawikain. They prescribe customs, impart a lesson, or emphasize traditions and
beliefs in a community.
o Myths explain how the world was created, usually concerns the acts of gods and
goddesses.
o Folktale are highly entertaining and fictional stories. Folktales often comedic in
nature and include ordinary or peasant people who have better values than the rich
and powerful.
o Legends are widely told stories about the past. Legends are often considered true
and may even have some historical basis. Legends often include elements of magic
and the supernatural.
o Fables are short stories that have animals/plants with human personalities as
characters. They intend to teach a lesson.
o Epics - These are long narratives based on oral tradition revolving around
supernatural events or heroic adventures or deeds of a particular local hero. Epics
are usually chanted during festivals and rituals.

II. COLLOQUIALISM, IDIOMS AND SLANG

Colloquialism - refers to the level language is used in everyday speech. It is used in
everyday speech and ordinary conversationsIt presents a neutral tone, not so much
informal or formal. This is the level used in speaking with classmates, teachers, visitors,
etc.
Slang - an informal style of language that is informal and not part of standard language. It
is often used by a certain group of people.
Idioms - These are figurative expressions that have meanings different than what each
word literally says.
III. USING LIBRARY SOURCES

LIBRARY A library is a collection of sources of information and similar resources, made

accessible to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It provides physical or digital
access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both.
SYSTEMS FOR CLASSIFYING BOOKS
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CLASSIFICATION system is used in most college and university
libraries.
A - General Works - encyclopedias
B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion
C - History - Auxiliary Sciences
D - History (except American)
E - General U.S. History
F - Local U.S. History
G - Geography, Anthropology, Recreation
H - Social Sciences
J - Political Science
K Law
L Education

DEWEY DECIMAL SYSTEM A system of classifying books and reference material. It is

made up of ten classes introduced by a range of numerical codes used to write a reference
materials call number.
NUMBE
R
000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900

M - Music
N - Fine Arts
P - Language and Literature
Q - Science
R - Medicine
S - Agriculture
T- Technology
U - Military
V - Naval Science
Z - Bibliography and Library Science

CLASS
Computer science, information and general
works
Philosophy and psychology
Religion
Social Sciences
Language
Science (including mathematics)
Technology and applied Science
Arts and Recreation
Literature
History and Geography

CARD CATALOG- A collection of cards (paper or electronic) that provide information

about books that help you:
o select an appropriate book
o locate the book you are seeking
o find out important information about a book
o help you cross-reference a research topic or subject
Catalog Card
PARTS
1. Library Section
2. Call Number
3. Author (Surname first)
4. Title of Book, Edition, Publisher
and
5. Date of Publication
6. Preliminary pages, Number of
Pages
7. International Standard Book
Number
The International Standard
Book Number (ISBN) is a 10 or 13digit number that uniquely identifies
books
and
book-like
products
published internationally.
8. Subject Access Points

THREE KINDS OF CARD CATALOG:

The title card presents the title of each book on the first line of the card.
The author card lists each book by the authors last name.
The subject card lists each book of non fiction by the name of its subject.

SECTIONS OF THE LIBRARY

GENERAL REFERENCE
It houses general encyclopedic works including dictionaries, almanacs, atlases,
directories, handbooks, manuals, indexes and abstracts, et.
PERIODICAL SECTION
It houses all local and foreign journals, magazines, newspapers, government
publications and other forms of serial publication, vertical files such as pamphlets,
brochures and newspaper clippings.
GENERAL COLLECTION/CIRCULATION SECTION
It houses the main collection of the library. Books on Philosophy, Religion, Social
Sciences, Language, Arts, Pure Science, Applied Science, Literature, History, and
Geography.
FILIPINIANA SECTION
It houses books published within the Philippines and written about the Philippines,
its history, people, government, and culture.
SPECIAL COLLECTION
It houses thesis and dissertation books, law books, and National Library of the
Philippines book allocations
CHILDRENS SECTION
It houses childrens books, educational toys, and board games.
MULTIMEDIA AND INTERNET SECTION
Used for searching the net and browsing CD-ROMs.

IV. USING PITCH, INTONATION, JUNCTURE and STRESS

Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of the tone of voice. It has four levels: Extra High,
High, Normal and Low
Intonation the pattern of rise and fall of pitch at the middle and end of a sentence
Two Basic Patterns:
Rising Intonation is used for
Yes and No Questions (Are you looking for your bag?)
Tag Questions (Shes smart, isnt she?)
Expressing Clarification (You went to Luneta alone?)
Falling Intonation
WH-questions (Where are you from?)
Declarative Statements (Im from Mindanao.)
Commands or Imperatives (Go to your seat now.)
Stress the emphasis or force given on a particular syllable or word. Every word in English
contains only one primary stress
Three Kinds Of Stress:
o Primary Stress (greatest emphasis)
o Secondary
o Tertiary
Stress Markings indicate the kind of stress each syllable has. Stress marks are often
written at the front or beginning of the stressed syllable. In some cases, the stress mark is
written on top of the stressed syllable.
o Primary Stress ()
o Secondary () or (,) or no mark
o Tertiary () or no mark
How To Stress
a. One Syllable Words do not usually carry stress marks
farm make see floor make
b. Stress on the First Syllable 80% of English words put stress on the first
syllable.
Nouns
watersolar
peoplerecord
present

Adjectives
colorfulhappy
slendereasy
clever

Most 2-syllable Nouns and Adjectives are stressed on the first syllable

Compound Nouns are usually stressed on the FIRST SYLLABLE or WORD

Compound Nouns
BLACKbird GREENhouse SEAfood
TAKEout
ICEland TOOTHpaste AIRplane CLASSroom

C. Stress on the Second Syllable

Most 2-syllable VERBS and PREPOSITIONS are stressed on the second
syllable
verb

preposition

direct
recieve
present
explain
record

among
between
aside
around
across

Compound Adjectives
Compound Verbs

Compound Adjectives

underSTAND
overFLOW
outWIT
reTHINK
unWIND

bad-TEMpered
old-FASHioned
long-NECKed
hard- HEADed
near-SIGHTed

d. Stress On The Penultimate

You put stress on the second syllable from the end of the word,
with words ending in ic, sion and tion.
-IC
GRAPHic
iCONic
geoGRAPHic
geoLOgic

-SION

-TIN

teleVIsion
asCENsion
hyperTENsion

reveLAtion
ACtion
nuTRItion

e. STRESS ON THE ANTE-PENULTIMATE

You put stress on the third syllable from the end of the word, with
words ending in
-cy, -ty, -phy, -gy and -al
deMOcracy, liTEracy,
geOGraphy
dependaBIlity
ALlergy,
NAUtical, CRItical, geological

Juncture the relationship of one sound in a sentence or word to the other sounds before
or after it. It is also the pause or blending between two sounds.
Examples
ice cream
night rate

I scream
nitrate

might rain
keep sticking
Fetch me the paper, boy!
Carrie hit
button.

the

alarm

my train
keeps ticking
Fetch me the paper
boy!
Carrie, hit the alarm
button.

Volume when the voice is used loudly and clearly.

Projection is the strength of speaking or singing voice.

Dipthongs - A diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels. There are five primary
diphthongs in English:
1. [ei]as in RAY: rate race base place same take ache lake rage
2. [ai] as in RIDE: polite combine arrive surprise -- sky style type
3. [au] as in HOW: town clown about doubt foul -- sour flour
4. [oi] as in BOY: noise voice avoid poison join point boil foil oil exploit
5. [ou]as in NO: phone stone close note -- going growing throwing showing
sewing

V. ELEMENTS OF A NARRATIVE
1. CHARACTERS - A character is a person, or sometimes even an animal, who takes part
in the action of a short story or other literary work.
2. SETTING -The setting of a short story is the time and place in which it happens. Authors
often use descriptions of landscape, scenery, buildings, seasons or weather to provide a
strong sense of setting.
a) Place
b) Time
c) Weather Conditions
d)
Social
Conditions e) Mood or Atmosphere
3. PLOT - A plot is a series of events and character actions that relate to the central
conflict.
a) Introduction Characters and setting are revealed
b) Rising action Conflict of the action is revealed
c) Climax the highest point of interest of the story
d) Falling Action finding of resolution
e) Denouement Final action or the untangling of events
4. CONFLICT - The conflict is a struggle between two people or things in a short story. The
main character is usually on one side of the central conflict. On the other side, the main
character may struggle against another important character, against the forces of nature,
against society, or even against something inside himself or herself (feelings, emotions,
illness).
Types of Conflict:
a) Internal a struggle within oneself. b) External a struggle with a force outside
ones self
Kinds of Conflict
a) Man vs. man (physical)
c) Man vs. nature (classical)
b) Man vs. Himself/herself (psychological)
5. THEME - The theme is the central idea or belief in a short story. It is the message about
life or human nature that the writer presents to the speaker
6. MOOD - refers to how the general feeling that the reader felt about the selection.
7. TONE refers to how the author feels about the topic of the selection
8. POINT OF VIEW Point of view is defined as the angle from which the story is told.
a. First Person the story is told by the protagonist or a character close to the
protagonist. The reader sees the story through the experiences of this character and it
only reveals what he/she knows and feels.
b. Third Person a character or the author himself will tell the main characters
story. It uses third person pronoun (they, he, she, it)
c. Omniscient The author can move from character to character, event to event,
having free access to the thoughts, feelings and motivations of his characters and he
introduces information where and when he chooses.
9. IMAGERY descriptive writing that appeals to the senses.
VI. READING STYLES

Skimming means to read a page or handout - skip read - by reading the headings and
first sentences of each paragraph or section. It usually takes three forms: Preview,
Overview and Review.
Scanning differs from skimming in that you do not deal with all of the content, but
search through the material for a specific purpose or a specific word (or its synonym):
o finding the answer to a question
o seeking an appropriate quotation reference or statement
o locating names in a directory, words in a dictionary, prices in a catalogue, etc.
o When you scan, you cover only as much of the content as is necessary to
accomplish your purpose.
In-depth (or detail)/ Intensive reading is the most involved and essential. The
purpose of this style is to understand the concepts and arguments that the text
contains. It should be done after skimming the text.
Extensive reading occurs when students read numerous amounts of high interest
material, usually out of class, concentrating on meaning, "reading for gist" and skipping
unknown words."The aims of extensive reading are to build reader confidence and
enjoyment.Extensive reading is always done for the comprehension of main ideas, not
for specific details.

V. SENTENCE, PHRASES AND CLAUSE

A. PHRASE a group pf words without complete thought, it serves to add more information
in the sentence.
B. CLAUSE -Like a phrase, a clause is a group of related words, but unlike a phrase, a clause
has a subject and predicate.
Independent
Dependent
C. SENTENCE is a group of words containing a subject and a predicate and expressing a
complete thought. It starts with a capital and ends with a punctuation mark.
Kinds of Sentences
1. A simple sentence has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
Old-growth forests in the United States are disappearing.
Citizens must act.
2. A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses, joined by coordinating
conjunctions, and no subordinate clauses.
Old-growth forests in the United States are disappearing, and citizensmust act. (two
independent clauses joined by and)
3. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate
clauses.
Because old growth forests in the United States are fast disappearing, citizens must act
now.
(Because old growth forests in the United States arefast disappearing = subordinate
clause beginning with subordinatingconjunction; citizens must act now = independent
clause)
Forests that have existed for thousands of years are in danger. (that have existed for
thousands of years = subordinate clause beginning with relative pronoun; Forests . . .
are in danger = independent clause)
4. A compound-complex sentence joins two or more independent clauses with one or more
subordinate clauses.
Forests that have existed for thousands of years are in danger, and citizens must take
action.
(Forests are in danger and citizens must take action = independent clauses; that have
existed for thousands of years= subordinate clause)
VII. KINDS AND FEATURES OF A PARAGRAPH.
A paragraph is a group of sentences that tells about one subject. Each sentence in a
paragraph must give information (supporting details) about the topic or main idea.
a. Reasons for writing a paragraph:
1. Describe something
2. Tell a story
3. Explain something
4. To Persuade

b. Parts of a Paragraph
Topic sentence
It states the main idea of the paragraph. It tells the reader what the
paragraph will be about. A good topic sentence does two things: 1. It names a subject 2.)
It give the focus or main point
Supporting Details
Sentences that are connected to the main idea. They include information or
details the reader needs in order to understand the topic. Sentences should be
ordered in the best possible order. 3 main ways to do this is either by time, location
or importance.
Closing Sentence - Sums up the paragraphs message. It reminds the readers of
the topic.
KINDS OF PARAGRAPH
1. Narrative paragraphs tell stories.
They differ from short stories or novels in length as well as in the amount of detail
provided; they sometimes are little more than brief articles. True narrative paragraphs,
however, are similar to short stories in that they feature characters, follow a plot line,
include a conflict which is resolved and are told from an identifiable point of view. They
may also establish a setting or include a moral.
2. Descriptive Paragraph
The purpose of a descriptive paragraph is to allow the reader to experience the
item, phenomenon or event being described as vividly as possible without physically
sensing it. That is, the reader cannot see it, but knows what it looks like; cannot taste it,
but knows whether it is salty or sweet; cannot touch it, but knows its texture. Descriptive
paragraphs typically include modifiers (ex., adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases) and
figurative language (ex., metaphors, personification, similes) to help enrich the
"experience" for the reader.
3. Expository Paragraph
An expository paragraph explains something; its purpose is to help the reader
understand. Exposition often includes techniques such as the use of examples or
illustrations to support a point or the use of some kind of ordering (chronological or
numerical, for example) to help a reader follow a process. Exposition needs to be clear;
language is often quite direct although sometimes a writer may use language devices to
help illustrate a point.
4. Persuasive Paragraph
The purpose of a persuasive paragraph is to convince the reader of something, such
as the writer's position on a controversial topic or a proposal for a new project. The
structure is often similar to that of an expository piece, as it is usually helpful to explain a
little bit about the subject, but rhetorical devices are often employed to help sway the
reader's opinion. The language can be highly charged; the intent is to get a reaction.
VIII. SUMMARY, PRECIS AND PARAPHRASE
Paraphrase
When you paraphrase, you retell the story in your own words in a passage
that is about the same length as the original.
Summary
When you summarize, you significantly shorten a piece, retell it in your own
words, touching on the main points of the passage. A summary restates the
authors main ideas. It omits all examples and evidence used to support and
illustrate the point of the passage. The function of a summary is to represent a large
amount of material in a concise form.
Precis
When you write a prcis, you use one or two concise sentences to give the
essence of a passage. A prcis is a concise summary. It should contain only the
essential points, statements, or facts with the focus on reproducing the logic,
organization, and emphasis of the original text.
IX. FIGURES OF SPEECH

Figurative language creates images for the reader or listener. The writer uses
descriptions that are comparisons, repetitions, exaggerations, and imitations to make the
writing more interesting and engaging.
Common Figures of Speech:
For comparison
1. Simile - uses words as and like to compare two things. The clouds are as white as
cotton
2. Metaphor- direct comparison the woman is a doll. your eyes are stars that twinkle in
the night
3. Personification giving life or personality to a non-living thing the moon guided the
young man on his way
4. Onomatopoeia A word whose sound represents a physical sound.
Plop, click and sizzle are onomatopoeic words.
5. Hyperbole exaggerated statement or phrase
I have seen this movie a million times.
You knocked my brains out.
For Contrast
1. Oxymorontwo contradicting words put together but still makes sense.
jumbo shrimp
thunderous silence
open secret
2. Irony a device where what is done or said is different and even opposite from what is
really meant.
You posted a video on YouTube about how boring and useless YouTube is.
The name of Britains biggest dog was Tiny.
You laugh at a person who slipped stepping on a banana peel and the next thing
you know, you slipped too.
The butter is as soft as a marble piece.
Oh great! Now you have broken my new camera.
3. Paradox an apparently self-contradictory statement that may actually contain some
truth or sense.
"The truth is the only thing that no one will believe."
X. FIGURES OF SOUND
1. Alliteration repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of a statement
Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pepper.
2. Assonance repetition of vowel sounds among words that are close to each other
3. Consonance repetition of consonant sounds at the within words.
XII. PERIOD OF APPRENTICESHIP
The period from 1900 to 1930. It coincides with the start of the American
colonization.
This period focuses on IMITATION of western literature, since Filipinos are only
starting to grasp the use of English.
The establishment of a central educational system contributed to the growth of
English Literature.
Thomasites (aboard SS Thomas) arrived in 1901. English was used as medium of
instruction.
Different universities were established by the Americans such as Philippine Normal
University (1901) and the University of the Philippines (1908).
The most common genre is the SHORT STORY.
Common topics include rural and city life, experiences in America,
Well known Writers and their works:
o Jose Garcia Villa aka Doveglion
The Coconut Poem
Footnote to Youth
The Anchored Angel
o Angela Manalang-Gloria(mostly poems)
o Manuel Arguilla
How my brother Leon Brought Home a Wife
o Arturo B. Rotor
The Wound and the Scar
Dahong Palay
XIII. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT RULES

XIV. COMMON ROAD SIGNS