Section Abstracts

17th IA
AHR International Conference

C
e on
Coo
oling Toweer and Hea
at Exchang
gers
The University of Queen

nsland
Ausstralia
Gold Coast Austrralia

1 September 2015
2
7 -11
17th IAHR International Conference on Cooling Tower and Heat Exchanger, 7-11, September 2015, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
Opening session
Chair: Dr Kamel Hooman
The University of Queensland, Australia
OVERVIEW OF NSF-EPRI COLLABORATIVELY FUNDED ADVANCED DRY COOLING PROJECTS
Dr. Jessica Shi, Sr. Technical Leader/Manager; Dr. Sean Bushart, Director; and Dr. Bob Goldstein, Sr. Technical Executive
Electric Power Research Institute
Dr. Sumanta Acharya, Former NSF Program Director
University of Memphis
US thermoelectric power plants contribute to about 40% of nations fresh water withdrawals, primarily due to cooling. While
recirculating cooling towers only account for approximately 3% of US fresh water consumption, their water use rates may not be
sustainable in some locations. In addition, thermal discharges and water intake for once-through cooling face increasing regulatory
scrutiny. Furthermore, siting of new capacity is challenged by water supply constraints. Therefore, breakthrough cooling
technology development to minimize fresh water use is emerging as a top priority research topic for all types of thermoelectric
plants.
To develop viable game changing solutions, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
jointly released a $6 M solicitation on advancing dry cooling technologies in 2013. The presentation will highlight several
technologies being developed through this collaboration, including alternative dry cooling concepts, such as indirect dry cooling
towers with phase-change materials as intermediate coolants, novel heat driven micro emulsion-based adsorption green chillers for
steam condensation, on-demand sweating-boosted air cooled heat-pipe condensers for green power plants, direct contact heat
exchange and absorption refrigeration based on green non-volatile ionic liquids for enhanced dry cooling of thermoelectric power
plants, ejector cooling system with evaporation/condensation compact condenser, and integrated innovative heat pipe dry cooling
towers; and enhancement concepts for the currently used air cooled condensers, such as advanced air cooled condensers with
vortex-generator arrays between fins, auto flutter enhanced air cooled condensers, nanostructure enhanced air-cooled steam
condensers, and porous structures with 3D manifold for ultra-compact air side dry cooling.
OVERVIEW OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH IN BUILDING EQUIPMENT RESEARCH

Pradeep Bansal
Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Abstract: The Building Equipment Research Group at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is working on emerging
technologies that improve consumer health and productivity such as heating, cooling, hot water, and refrigeration. The research
is funded by the Building Technology Office (BTO) of the Department of Energy (USA) whose mission is to save 50% energy
with 2010 baseline by 2030, and advance the state of the art in building equipment research well beyond that the private sector is
1
willing to invest. The talk will present an overview of some of the research on emerging technologies related to appliances, water
heaters, heating/cooling, and supermarket refrigeration systems.
COOLING TOWER DESIGN FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

Reinhard HARTE1,2
1
2
Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, Germany
Kraetzig & Partner Engineering Consultants GmbH Bochum, Germany
Keywords: cooling tower shell, flue-gas inflow, stability, nonlinear shell analysis.
Abstract: It is a specific feature of German design for coal-fired power plants that the cleaned flue-gas is conducted into the
cooling tower and then forwarded to the atmosphere via the natural updraft in the Natural Draft Cooling Tower NDCT. The
lecture will summarize the benefits and drawbacks of this technology and will present strategies to optimize both the
thermodynamic updraft and the structural behavior. The paper will further present innovations of the current edition of the VGB
Guideline Structural Design of Cooling Towers, which since many years has served as the theoretical and practical tool to
design and build cooling towers all over the world.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN OF A NEW COOLING TOWER SPRAY SYSTEM FOR UNIFORM
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Danil ROUX1 and Hanno C. R. REUTER
1
Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Keywords: Spray nozzle, uniform water distribution, cooling tower performance.

Abstract: The performance of wet cooling towers can be improved by installing sprayers that distribute the cooling water
uniformly onto the fill whilst operating at a low pressure head. This paper presents the methodology that was followed to design a
new cooling tower spray nozzle. The fluid dynamics of an orifice nozzle, such as the effect of a change in pressure head, spray
angle, spray height, orifice diameter and wall thickness on drop diameter and spray distance, is experimentally investigated and
ultimately a model with which a spray nozzle can be designed is presented. The manufacture and testing of a prototype spray
nozzle show that it is possible to enhance the performance of sprayers and thus wet cooling towers by means of the methods
presented. Session I
OVERVIEW OF COOLING TOWER RESEARCH IN QGECE, UQ

Zhiqiang Guan
QGECE, The University of Queensland
Abstract: The University of Queensland (UQ) has developed several hybrid cooling technologies for renewable power plants,
especially for geothermal and concentrated solar thermal (CST) plants. The modelling results show that these novel technologies
will increase the performance of a dry cooling system when ambient temperature is high with low cost on tower structure
construction. The hybrid cooling technologies developed by UQ include: solar hybrid, water hybrid and windbreak wall hybrid
natural draft cooling towers as well as the innovative structural design of tower.
In a solar hybrid natural draft dry cooling tower, solar roofs are added and arranged radically at the base of the tower, and the
heat exchangers are placed vertically at the outside edge of the solar roofs. The system exploits the solar energy during the
hottest periods at which the conventional dry cooling tower would suffer the lowest performance.
The water hybrid system uses a small amount of water to increase the cooling performance of natural draft dry cooling
towers (NDDCTs) during periods of high ambient temperatures. In this system, water is introduced into the inlet air stream
of a dry cooling tower. The water evaporates and reduces the entering air dry bulb temperature theoretically to its wet bulb
temperature.
A simple but very effective windbreak wall has been introduced to improve the performance of small NDDCTs under
crosswind. These walls are used to divert crosswind flow through the heat exchangers to improve the performance of the
tower. When there is crosswind, the walls stop the crosswind flowing across the bottom, change the direction of the
crosswind, and force it flow through heat exchanger. Since more air flow through the heat exchanger, it improves the
performance of the tower.
QGECE develop a novel steel cooling tower structure design for renewable small power plants. In this design, construction
cost can be saved comparing to the traditional reinforced (RC) concreate cooling tower.
Session I
Cooling Tower
Chair: Dr Pradeep Bansal
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA
SHAKING INFINITE COOLING TOWER ALTERNATIVES THROUGH THE SIEVES OF PROJECT AND SITE
CRITERIA
Lawrence THOMAS
Marley Flow Control, Sydney, Australia
Keywords: cooling tower optimization fouling scaling capitalized power modular sustainable.
Abstract: New and old cooling towers alike too often are not optimized to suit to site conditions, physical constraints or plant
operating economics. Manifestation of a poor fit may include production reducing performance, unused capacity, fouling,
corrosion, high maintenance, unnecessary features and unacceptable noise or visible plume. The poor fit can be clear soon after
completion of a new construction and the owner is left wondering why these solvable issues were not dealt with in the equipment
selection. This paper examines a comprehensive optimization and selection process and explains how holistic choices can be
made according to economic criteria within constraints of individual sites. I aim to encourage owners and planners to engage with
cooling tower designers early to develop a detailed tower concept that strikes the right balance of priorities for a specific project.
ON-LINE REFURBISHMENT OF A WET NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER

Roger Rusch
Industrial Water Cooling (Pty)Ltd, South Africa
Keywords: Natural, Draught, Cooling, Tower, Refurbishment, On-line, retrofit

Abstract: Yallourn Power Station is located at the eastern end of the Latrobe Valley, approximately 150km east of Melbourne,
Victoria. The Power Station consists of 4 brown coal fired generator units, commissioned from 1973 to 1982. This project was
for the upgrade of the natural draught cooling tower servicing Generating units 3 and 4. The cooling Tower is a single concrete
Wet Natural Draught Cooling Tower This paper discusses the project scope, project execution as well as the resulting
improvement in the cooling towers thermal performance.
COOLING PERFORMANCE RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION ON COOLING TOWER BY SHANDONG

UNIVERSITY, CHINA
Fengzhong SUN, Yuanbin ZHAO, Ming GAO, Yan LI, Lei ZHANG, Dongqiang LV
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Keywords: Wet cooling tower; Dry cooling tower; Cooling performance; Improvement
Abstract: Focused on the performance optimization of thermal power plant cold end system, Shandong University has been
engaged in cooling performance research and optimization for natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT) and natural draft dry
cooling tower (NDDCT). Based on the fundamental principles of heat and mass transfer in tower, the experimental and numerical
platforms for NDWCTs and NDDCTs have been established, so as to study the cooling performance and relevant improvement
mechanisms, which are very beneficial for improving the cooling efficiency of running cooling tower. Effect mechanisms of air
deflectors, cross walls, air guiding ducts, fill and spray layout optimization have been studied and clarified in details for wet
cooling tower, among which air deflectors are also demonstrated to be very beneficial for improving cooling performance of
NDDCTs.
STUDY ON THE COMBUSTION OF POLYMERS WITHIN COOLING TOWERS

Chris BOWMAN, Jia SHEN and Richard AULL
North America Bentwood Industries, Reading, PA USA
Keywords: Flame spread, flame retardants, fire risk, polymer combustion, PVC, Polypropylene
Abstract: Due to the continued growth of polymer materials in the fabrication of fills, drift eliminators and even heat exchangers,
the knowledge of their fire risk and flame propagation characteristics becomes more important than ever for the specifying
engineer and ultimate end user. Additionally, cooling tower component manufacturers are using increasingly varied formulations
of polymers in the manufacture of their products so it is prudent to understand whether the current test standards provide the
complete picture of a cooling towers susceptibility to initiating and propagating a fire event.
INVESTIGATIONS OF ADVERSE WIND LOADS ON LARGE COOLING TOWERS UNDER SIX TOWER
COMBINATION
Yaojun GE1, Xu CHEN1, Yuwen LIANG1, Lin ZHAO1
1
State Key Lab for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Keywords: Cooling tower, Wind load pattern, Asymmetric distribution, Safety strength
Abstract: Wind-induced pressures were measured on a grouping of six cooling towers during a series of boundary layer wind tunnel
tests which varied among two tower arrangements, three tower spacings and sixteen yaw angles. The circular pressures on the throat
4
level were statistically analyzed and these pressure distributions can be generally divided into two patterns, i.e. symmetric pattern and
asymmetric pattern, among which the former can be subdivided into 9 forms and the latter 18 forms. The self-developed software for
the design of large cooling towers were adopted to calculate wind effects under the 27 wind loads. The stability coefficient and steel
ratio were chosen as indexes in the comparison of effects induced by different wind load forms. Finally, three symmetric and three
asymmetric wind pressure forms were suggested as the most adverse wind loads among them.
Session II-A
Dry cooling towers
Chair: Professor Dr.-Ing. R. Harte
Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, Germany
SIMULATION OF THE UQ GATTON NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWER

Xiaoxiao Li, Zhiqiang Guan, Hal Gurgenci, Yuanshen Lu
Keywords: Natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT), Cooling performance

Abstract: Natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT) is an effective cooling technology. The experimental studies of the full scale
cooling tower, especially the small size NDDCTs, are still not extensive. To fill this gap, Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre
of Excellence (QGECE) at The University of Queensland has built a 20m high NDDCT. In this paper, the 1D analytical model
and the 3D CFD model of this cooling tower were developed and its cooling performance was investigated at different ambient
temperatures, hot water temperatures and velocities of cross wind. The result shows that the small size NDDCT is suitable for
2~3MW CST power plants. The cooling performance decreases with the increase in the ambient temperature and the decrease in
the hot water temperature. In terms of the cross wind, the heat rejection ratio decreases with the increase of the cross wind velocity
when cross wind velocity is low. However, when velocities of the cross wind become large enough, the heat dumped at the bottom
of the tower can compensate some loss caused by cross wind. The results found in the present paper give reference for planed
experiments.
HEAT TRANSFER AUGMENTATION AND OPIMISATION IN A SOLAR ENHANCED NATURAL DRAFT DRY
COOLING TOWER
M. ODABAEE, M. M. SHANEHCHI and K. HOOMAN
The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
Keywords: Metal foam, finned-tube, heat exchanger, solar, natural cooling tower
Abstract: Different heat transfer surface extension techniques are considered in order to improve the performance of an air-cooled
heat. The conventional method of extending the heat transfer area by means of fins is compared with a modern technique being
the application of a thin metal foam layer to the outer surface of the tube. Aiming at maximizing the heat transfer enhancement
and minimizing the total pressure drop, different tube bundle arrangements are numerical investigated by ANSYS-Fluent where
the number of rows and tube spacing are systematically changed. An optimum design is presented for an existing tower to be
equipped with solar panels to afterheat the air leaving the heat exchanger bundles arranged vertically around the tower skirt.
CFD ANALYSIS OF THE WATER SPRAY SYSTEM WITH THE VERTICAL ARRANGED NOZZLE FOR THE PRECOOLING IN NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWERS
Lin Xia1,2, Zhiqiang Guan2, Hal Gurgenci2 and Deyou Liu1
1
2
Hohai University, Nanjing, China
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Keywords: Spray cooling, Numerical simulation, Complete evaporation.

Abstract: CFD analysis of the water spray system with the vertical arranged nozzle (VAN) for the inlet air pre-cooling is
presented to improve the performance of a 20m height natural draft cooling tower in UQ Gatton campus. The comparison between
the pre-cooling effect of the horizontal arranged nozzle (HAN) and the VAN shows that when air velocity is small, the pre-cooling
effect of the VAN is much better than that of the HAN. The impact of many physical parameters on the maximum fully evaporated
water flow rate is also investigated. The results are of great significance for the optimization design and operation of the water
spray system.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH FOR PREVENTIVE METHOD AGAINST CROSSWIND EFFECT ON AIRFLOW AT

OUTLET TO ENHANCE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF LARGE COOLING TOWER
Lei ZHANG1, Fengzhong SUN1, Ming GAO1
1
Shandong University, Jinan, China
Keywords: Cooling towerthermal state model experimentcrosswindthermal performancepreventive method.

Abstract: The paper reports thermal state model experiments of natural draft cooling tower (NDCT) to study crosswind effect on
outlet airflow and the preventive method to enhance thermal performance of the cooling tower. The flow patterns of outflow with
and without using the preventive method are presented comparably. Two new indices are introduced to evaluate the quantity of
cold inflow and the homogeneity of heat tranfer on the tower cross section respectively. It can be seen that the biggest ratio of cold
inflow occures at the crosswind velocity of 0.2 m/s, which is 8%~10% of outflow rate. As the crosswind velocity increases, the
ratio of cold inflow decreases gradually. At low crosswind velocities, cold inflow that reduces effective stack height plays more
important role, while at high crosswind velocties, the disturbance of outflow which increases flow resistance is prior to the
reduction of effective stack height. The preventive method capable of stopping cold inflow and making outflow dissipated more
smoothly is helpful to improve the thermal performance of cooling tower. However the excess of flow resistance shoule be
considered carefully. We also find that to evaluate thermal performance of NDCT, airflow rate should be considered first and the
homogeneity of heat tranfer on tower cross section is secondary.
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON OPTIMIZING INLET AIRFLOW OF INDIRECT DRY COOLING TOWER

UNDER CROSSWIND CONDITIONS
Yan Li, Fengzhong Sun, Yuanbin Zhao, Dongqiang Lv
Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
Keywords: dry cooling tower; hot model test; crosswinds; air deflector; thermal performance;
Abstract: To reduce adverse effect of crosswinds on the thermal performance of natural draft dry cooling towers (NDDCT), a
new kind of ventilation optimization technique was put forward, namely air deflector. Inlet airflow uniformity coefficient was
defined to analyze the uniformity of circumferential inlet airflow quantitatively. Based on the hot model test, the impact of air
deflector on the air flow and thermal performance of NDDCT is studied. By contrast between inlet air flow rate and cooling
efficiency, it has been found that crosswinds not only decrease the inlet air flow rate, but also reduce the uniformity of inlet
airflow. After installing air deflectors, the inlet airflow uniformity coefficient and the inlet air flow rate increases, so the cooling
performance of NDDCT was also improved.
Session II-B
Wet cooling towers
Chair: Prof Hanno C.R. Reuter
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF FILLING LAYOUT PATTERNS ON PERFORMANCE OF

COOLING TOWER
Ming GAO, Lei ZHANG, Yuanbin ZHAO, Fengzhong SUN
School of Energy Source and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan250061, China
Keywords: Wet cooling tower; Non-uniform layout filling; Thermal performance

Abstract: Experimental research and exploration in lab is performed to investigate the thermal performance of wet cooling tower
under different layout patterns of filling, and five kinds of layout patterns are studied in this paper. Experimental results show that
the thermal performance under non-uniform layout pattern conditions can enhance by approximately 20%-30%, compared with
uniform layout pattern. Additionally, the non-uniform layout pattern is the best plan when ra/rc is about 0.44 and rb/rc is around
0.71 within the test range.
A CFD STUDY ON WATER COLLECTING DEVICES RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COOLING

TOWER WITH WATER COLLECTING DEVICE
Feng Jing1, An Yuan1, Guan Xin1, Song Kejia1, Song Xiaojun2
1North China Power Engineering CoLtd., Beijing, China, 100120
2
China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, 100038
Keywords: water collecting devices (WCD); resistance characteristics; flow around bluff body
Abstract: Compared with common natural draft cooling tower, cooling tower with WCD(water collecting device) has no rain
zone but WCD was added.WCD was the key part of the tower, its structure not only affected the resistance of the tower but also
affected the air velocity distribution of the fill, study on resistance characteristics of WCD made sense for the cooling tower
design. A CFD model was set to study on it in the paper by Fluent, the resistance values of WCD in different depth were given,
the results can be used for the design of cooling tower with WCD.
INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PERFORMANCE AND FRICTION FACTOR OF A DOUBLE PIPE HEAT
EXCHANGER USING NDG BASED NANOFLUIDS
M. GOODARZI1,*, A. MALVANDI2, B. RAHMANIAN3, E. SADEGHINEZHAD1, M. MEHRALI4, M. DAHARI1 and M.S. GOODARZI5
1
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2
Payam Noor University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran
4
5
Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
Keywords: Nitrogen-doped graphene, Double pipe heat exchanger, and Pressure Drop.
Abstract: Nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) nanofluids are prepared using a two-step method in an aqueous solution of 0.025wt.%
Triton X-100 as a surfactant with various nanoparticles at several concentrations. The results are reported of experiments on
thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, viscosity and the convective heat transfer behavior of the NDG nanofluids flowing in
a double pipe heat exchanger. Simulations were performed for Reynolds number equal to 10000 for hot fluid and ranging from
2500 to 10000 for nanofluid as well as nanoparticle weight percentages of 0.00% to 0.06%. The two-dimensional governing
equations were discretized with the finite volume method. The results indicate that the Reynolds number and NDG volume
fraction considerably affect the heat transfer coefficient and consequently the Nusselt number (Nu); a rise in local heat transfer
coefficient was noted when both Reynolds number and NDG volume fraction were increased for all cases.
NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER WITH COOLED
COLLECTORS
Zhao Shunan , Guo Fumin , Feng Jing1, Song Xiaojun1ZHANG Dongwen3
1
China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China

2
Shandong Design Institute of Electrical Power, Jinan, China
State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design and Research I Institute, Beijing, China
Keywords: Cooled collectors, Discrete Phase Model, Heat and Mass transfer Model, resistance coefficient
AbstractCooling tower with cooled collectors can save the pumps head is of advantages in using of large capacity nuclear unite.
This paper focuses on tower performance by CFD, with establishing thermal and aerodynamic characteristics of three dimensional
numerical model about the tower. The numerical simulation results show that: (1) Although the cooled -collectors adds flow
resistance, but this increment is significantly less than the decrease of resistance of rain zone. (2) The ventilation quantity of the
tower with cooled collectors is larger than that of conventional tower in the same situation.(3) The cooling efficiency of the tower
with cooled collectors is superior to the conventional tower.
10
Session III-A
Tower structural design & maintenance
Chair: Dr Jessica Shi

EPRI, USA
11
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EARLY TESTING OF A 1-MW NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWER
Hugh RUSSELL, Kamel HOOMAN, Zhiqiang GUAN
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Keywords: natural draft dry cooling tower, test facility, instrumentation.

Abstract: The QGECE has recently completed construction of a 1 MWt Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower (NDDCT) Test Facility.
The facility has been constructed with funding provided by the QLD State Govt. through the Hybrid Cooling Towers grant, and
aims to test the viability of short NDDCTs in real-life environmental conditions. The tower is 20 m high overall, with a heat
exchanger deck 12 m in diameter. The heat exchanger deck is located at a height of 5 m, giving sufficient distance for spray
cooling evaporation beneath the heat exchangers. The shell of the tower is a PVC membrane, supported by a lightweight steel
truss structure that also bears the heat exchanger deck. The tower is fully instrumented for both the water- and air-flow paths; this
will permit a unique perspective of the distribution factors such as temperature, humidity and flow within the tower in both calm
and crosswind conditions, and at varying ambient temperatures.
BEHAVIOUR OF R/C COOLING TOWER SHELL UNDER LATERAL LOAD ON NON-UNIFORM FOUNDATION
Takashi HARA1
1
National Institute of Technology, Tokuyama College, Shunan, Japan
Keywords: cooling tower, wind load, settlement, reinforced concrete, ultimate strength.
Abstract: The stress distributions and the ultimate strength of a reinforced concrete (R/C) cooling tower shell under a self-weight
and a lateral wind load were investigated under the conditions on non-uniform foundation. The construction site of the cooling
tower is quite huge and the site may have different bearing capacities within location by location. Therefore, to design such
structures, the effects of uneven settlements of supporting system due to the non-uniform foundation should be considered. In
modelling the cooling tower, the height of the shell was about 160m and the radius at the lintel was about 60m. From the
numerical analysis, the stress concentration was arisen near the connections between the unsettled column and the lintel and the
ultimate strength was reduced by the uneven settlement depend on the wind direction. The foundation beam plays an important
role to transfer the stresses.
MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR LARGE COOLING TOWERS

Lin ZHAO1, Yuwen LIANG1, Xu CHEN1, Yaojun GE1, Wen SUN2, Yinan Li3, Dongwen Zhang3, Jiantao He3, Yingtao Li3,
1
State Key Lab for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
2
3
Shandong Electric Power Design Institute, Jinan, China
State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design & Research Institute, Beijing, China
Keywords: Cooling tower, Multi-objective Optimization, Structural Design

Abstract: Under the effect of equivalent wind load that acquired by the theory of CQC extreme value response result at the
equivalent target node has the large error. To this problem, it conducts the conclusion to the study process of multi-objective
equivalent static wind load, and summarize the cricials points in the process of its essence and numerical value optimization
process. Combined with the wind vibration characteristics of large cooling towers itself, it puts forward the improved multiobjectives equvailent wind load computing method. Through the analysis of three kinds of numerical examples of equivalent
working conditions, it further discusses the multi-objective equivalent wind load distribution characteristics, its rationality of
application in the large tower structure, and gives the multi-objective equivalent wind load fitting polynomial at the different
heights circular cross sections.
12
WIND-INDUCED EFFECTS OF AN LARGE COOLING TOWER SUFFERING THE NORMAL WIND AND
TYPHOON
1
Xu CHEN , Lin ZHAO1,Yaojun GE1

1
State Key Lab for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, China
Keywords: Cooling tower, Normal Wind, Typhoon, Wind-induced effect, Construction cost
Abstract: Nowadays, more and more large cooling towers in China have been built in the typhoon-prone regions of coastal. Wind
field parameters between normal winds and typhoons are quite different. The 3D wind load models of normal winds and typhoons
were built based on the mathematical relationship between the dynamic wind loads and turbulence intensities suggested by the onsite
measurement. The self-developed software for the design of large cooling towers were adopted to calculate the wind-induced effects
under the normal winds and typhoons, which were compared with the results under the wind loads suggested by the Chinese load code.
The results show that it is difficult to distinguish the adverse loads adopting the displacement or internal force responses. Therefore, a
method considering the buckling coefficient and construction cost to evaluate wind-induced effects were proposed.
METHODS OF INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ITERSON COOLING TOWERS

Ji BYDOVSK1, Rostislav DROCHYTKA2 and Vt ERN3
1,2,3
Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic
Keywords: Cooling tower; durability; repair mortar; surface treatment

Abstract: Iterson cooling towers make essential part of power station technology. Although cooling towers may appear at first
sight that they have similar life span as dams and other monumental constructions, but in reality it is not so. The tower shell is
formed by thin-walled reinforced concrete construction, with life span approximately 40 years, but due to negative degradation
effects their life span can be shorter. In order to improve life span of the cooling towers for entire power station service-life, their
regular inspection and maintenance is required. This paper deals with basic principles of inspection and maintenance methods,
completed with pictures of inspections and repair works.
A STUDY ON THE DEPTH AND PITCH FACTOR CORRELATIONS AND SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF CHEVRONTYPE PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Byeong-Ryeon Kim1, Oh-Kyung Kwon2, Dong-An Cha2, Kyung-Jin Bae2, Min-su Kim3 Chan-Woo Park3
1
Department of Mechanical Design, Chonbuk National University, Korea

2
Energy System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology
Department of Mechanical Design, Chonbuk National University, Korea
Keywords: Plate heat exchanger (PHE), absorption chiller, pressure drop, chevron, Wilson plot method, overall heat transfer
coefficient, heat recovery, condensation
Abstract: The performance of a plate heat exchanger for liquid solution absorption chiller was analyzed. The objectives of this
paper are to measure the heat transfer and pressure drop through the plate heat exchanger for absorption system applications. Three
types of plate heat exchangers with different chevron angles are tested in the present experiment. The working fluid is H2O/LiBr
solution with LiBr mass concentration of 55%. The results show that the overall heat transfer coefficient increases linearly with the
increase of Re. This work is a basic study of a cycle in which LiBr aqueous solution, which has been diluted through the absorption
of water vapor in the absorber of an absorption chiller, is made concentrated before reaching the regenerator.
13
Session III-B
Wet cooling towers
Chairs: Prof Fengzhong Sun
Shandong University
Prof Wuquan Li
Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute
COMPARISON BETWEEN 1D AND 2D CALCULATION METHODS FOR SUPER LARGE COOLING TOWER
WITH WATER COLLECTING DEVICES
Zhang Dongwen, Luan Wei
State Nuclear Electric Power Planning Design and Research Institute, Beijing China
Keywords: the cooling tower with water collecting devices, the conventional, 1D and 2D thermal calculation, wind and water
distribution
Abstract: Thermal performance and wind field distribution in the conventional and that with water collecting devices are studied
using 1D and 2D numerical simulation methods. With the absence of rain zone, the cooling towers with water collecting devices
have well-distributed wind velocity in its filling section, so the uniform arrangement of filling is recommended, and 1D method
can meet the requirements of engineering design. On the contrary, with non-uniform wind distribution, different height
arrangement of filling should be used in the conventional, besides, optimizing the wind and water distribution by 2D method.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLOW FIELD OF THE WATER COLLECTING DEVICES

Dongqiang LV, Fengzhong SUN, Yuanbin ZHAO, Yan LI
Keywords: water collecting device; cooling tower; wind tunnel experiment; flow field
Abstract: The wind tunnel experiment is employed in this paper on different structure of the water collecting devices trial models,
with a view to investigate principally the static pressure drop and the velocities of the airflow inside the trial models. Preliminary
study of numerical simulation is conducted, a three dimensional (3D) computational model is developed with the guidance of the
experiment to explore the 3D flow field in the water collecting devices based on a Reynolds time-averaged k-epsilon two-equation
model. Studies in the paper point to the fact that numerical simulation results match the experiment measurements very well,
which is to say numerical analysis to the water collecting devices is feasible. These conclusions lay an experimental foundation
for further research on the numerical simulation to the flow field of the water collecting devices.
TECHNICAL RESEARCH AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR COOLING TOWER WITH WATER COLLECTING
DEVICE OF 1000MW COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT
Yuan AN1, Jing FENG1, LUJUN LI2
1North China Power Engineering CoLtd., Beijing, China, 100120
2
China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, 100038
Keywords: Water Collecting Device (WCD); High-level collecting water; Energy saving; Coal-fired power plant
Abstract: Cooling water tower with WCD is gradually recognized in the 1000MW coal-fired power plant, this paper introduces
process arrangement, technical characteristics and design optimization of collecting water cooling tower. Through design data and
experimental study of 1000MW coal-fired power plant to analyze technology economic and comprehensive benefits of collecting
water cooling tower. The results show that Cooling water tower with WCD has the advantage of low noise, saving energy, and
low operation maintenance cost.
HEAT TRANSFER DURING CAVITATION BUBBLE COLLAPSE

Zongyi QIN1 and Habib ALEHOSSEIN2
1
The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia
15
2
School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.
Keywords: Heat transfer, Cavitation, Conduction, Radiation, CFD, Bubble simulation.

Abstract: Cavitation is the formation of bubbles in a liquid with various industrial applications such as high-pressure cavitation
water jets used in rock drilling, wastes treatment, biomedical and heating systems. The collapse process of a cavitation bubble can
become extremely violent generating substantial heat. To accurately calculate the temperature change and heat transfer during
bubble collapse, a heat transfer model including conduction and radiation is introduced. A two-phase compressible CFD model
developed to simulate the bubble collapse process and demonstrate variations of the pressure, temperature and velocity
distribution in the bubble and surrounding liquid. Our previous Rayleigh-Plesset (RP) solution has been modified to incorporate
heat conduction and radiation effects. The results of the CFD modelling match the RP solutions very well. Heat transfer of
bubbles of various size is considered in the new RP solution. A cavitation bubble can accumulate heat energy per cycle of 40J
while generating heat with temperatures up to 0.02MK.
DESIGN OF ON-LINE MONITORING SYSTEM ON DRIVE MECHANISM OF COOLING TOWER DRAUGHT FAN
Yang Fang1, Zhao Yan2, Li Jishun1, Xue Yujun1, Liu Chunyang1
1
Henan University of Science and Technology, Henan Key Laboratory for Machinery Design and Transmission System, Luo Yang, Henan 471003, P.R. China
2
Luoyang Bearing Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Luo Yang, Henan 471039, P.R. China
Keywords: Condition monitoring, Data acquisition, Network communication, ADSP.

Abstract: The drive mechanism vibration of draught fan is a potential security issue during the long term operation. In order to
monitor the fault of draught fan, a kind of on-line monitoring system for drive mechanism of cooling tower draught fan was
developed. In this work, an on-line monitoring system based on ADSP-BF518 processor was designed, which could cope with
diversified status parameters of drive mechanism. The key techniques for acquiring multivariate signals and data-processing, such
as CPLD-based function expansion, ADC, DAC, synchronization logic and network interface, were presented in details. The online monitoring system can realize real-time monitoring of multiple transmission mechanism by means of the network
communication. Using PC monitoring software, the status signal can be processed and the characteristic value of signal can be
extracted, by which the status evaluation of drive mechanism can be carried out. The developed on-line monitoring system is
capable of condition monitoring for drive mechanism of cooling tower draught fan by gathering data and analyzing the status
message of drive mechanism in real time. The research results could ensure that the cooling tower fan operation works in safe
condition.
COOLING PERFORMANCE STUDY ON NATURAL DRAFT WET COOLING TOWER WITH HIGH LEVEL
WATER COLLECTING
a
Guoqing LONG , Yuanbin ZHAOb, Fengzhong SUNb, Yanyan Wub, Dongqiang LUb
a
b
Guangdong Electricity Power Design Institute, Guangzhou 510660, China
Keywords: Wet cooling tower; water collecting devices; numerical simulation

Abstract: With the advantages of less air pressure drop in air inlet, reducing pumping power and decreasing acoustic pressure,
natural draft wet cooling towers with high level water collecting devices (HNDWCT) are now popularized along with the
development of large capacity power units. The high level water collecting devices, being installed below fill, can recover some
gravitational potential of falling water, which is fully lost in the rain zone below fill in the usual natural draft wet cooling tower
(UNDWCT). To study the cooling performance characteristics of HNDWCT, a three-dimensional (3D) numerical computation
model for HNDWCT was established, with full consideration of the structure of high level water collecting devices. The
16
aerodynamic field around tower, especially that near the water collecting devices was elaborated so as to clarify the impact of
water collecting devices on the cooling performance of natural draft wet cooling tower.
Session IV-A
Dry & Wet cooling towers
Chair: Roger Rush
Industrial Water Cooling (IWC), South Africa
17
DESIGN OF A NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWER FOR A 30-MWE CONCENTRATING SOLAR
THERMAL PLANT USING A SUPERCRITICAL CO2 CYCLE
Jishun Li*1, Tianyi Song2, Xiaoxiao Li3, Hal Gurgenci3 and Zhiqiang Guan3
1
2
Henan University of Science and Technology, China
Luoyang Longhua Heat & Energy Conservation Co., LTD., China

3
University of Queensland, Australia
Key words: Natural draft cooling tower, Supercritical CO2, Solar thermal
Abstract: Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) operated in a closed-loop recompression Brayton cycle offers the potential of higher cycle
efficiency versus supercritical or superheated steam cycles at temperatures relevant for CST applications. A set of sCO2 turbines
and compressors is about 3-4% the size of a conventional steam generator of similar power rating. It is believed that concentrating
solar thermal (CST) power plants using sCO2 cycle could reduce the power block size and potential saving. This paper presents
the design of a natural draft dry cooling tower for a proposed 30-MWe CST plant proposed in Luoyang, China.
ANNUAL PERFORMANCE VARIATION OF AN EGS POWER PLANT USING AN ORC WITH NDDCT COOLING
Sam DUNIAM, Hal GURGENCI
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Keywords: Geothermal, Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower, Organic Rankine Cycle.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to assess the influence of the variation of performance of a Natural Draft Dry Cooling
Tower (NDDCT) due to changing ambient temperature, and the effect this has on an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) power
plant using an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). A one dimensional cooling tower model was developed and integrated into a cycle
model. The ORC considered is the supercritical butane organic Rankine cycle, with three cycle variations considered; the basic,
recuperated and regenerative cycles. The EGS heat source conditions used are those found at the Habanero 1MW pilot plant in
South Australia, with geothermal brine inlet temperature of 220oC, minimum brine temperature of 80oC, and brine mass flow rate
of 35kg/s. The analysis finds that diurnal variation of net power generation is typically of the order of 10%, but in the most
extreme case may be as much as 30%.
RESEARCH ON APPLYING DRY COOLING TECHNOLOGY IN CONVENTIONAL ISLAND OF AP1000 NUCLEAR

POWER IN CHINA
Chai Jingyu1, Li Wuquan2 Zheng Jingwei3
1,2,3
Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing, China
Keywords: Indirect dry cooling system; Lack of water region; Conventional island; Application.
Abstract: In inland nuclear power plant adopted re-recycle water cooling system in conventional islandthe water consuming is
approximately double of the thermal power plant with the same capacity. When dry cooling technology is adopted, the water
consuming is same with the coastal nuclear power plant, and the fuel do not increase which is always happed in the thermal power
plant cause of the backpressure. The research of the applying dry cooling technology in inland nuclear power plant is urgent with
good prospects. This paper focuses on the construction of AP1000 nuclear power in water lacking district inland, analyses the
using of indirect dry cooling system, proposes some suggestions for the engineering practice.
18
EFFECT OF CROSS WIND ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A NATURAL DRAUFT COUNTER FLOW COOLING
TOWER OUTLET
1
Shun-An Zhao , Ming-Ren Wang2, Lu-Jun Li1, Cheng-Qi Du2

1
China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China

2
East China Design Institute of Electrical Power, Shanghai, China
Keywords: cross wind; cooling tower; air inlet; pressure loss coefficient.
Abstract: Cooling efficiency of counter-flow natural draft cooling tower can be reduced by cross wind, so it is necessary to
consider cross wind impact to revise the design. In the paper, a 3d numerical simulation method is used to research effect of cross
wind on pressure loss coefficient of the air outlet of counter-flow natural draft cooling tower. The results show that an additional
resistance would be exist on air flow of the tower while wind velocity is not more than twice of the mean outlet velocity of the
tower, otherwise an additional draft would be formed.
CFD ANALISYS OF DRIFT ELIMINATORS USING RANS AND LES TURBULENT MODELS
J. RUIZ1, A.S. KAISER3, B. ZAMORA3, C.G. CUTILLAS2 and M. LUCAS2
1
Dept. of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Universidad Miguel Hernndez, Elche, Spain
2
3
Universidad Miguel Hernndez, Spain
Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena, Spain
Keywords: Cooling tower, drift, drift eliminator, CFD, RANS, LES.

Abstract: Drift eliminators design should guarantee high collection efficiencies, for preventing cooling tower emissions, and low
induced pressure losses, in order to reduce the energy consumption of the cooling system. CFD methods have become a
straightforward strategy to achieve a deeper knowledge of the internal flow in the eliminator, which may result on a better design
of it. In this work 3 lath-type drift eliminators are numerically investigated. For this purpose Reynolds Average Navier--Stokes
(RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models are considered, since the interaction of the water droplets with the
turbulent scales may be relevant in order to predict accurately the collection efficiency of the eliminator. The effects of
considering the turbulence dispersion of droplets in the RANS models are also studied. The LES model is able to accurately
predict the flow configuration, the detachment of the boundary layer and to solve the scales of motion (eddies) more dependent of
the studied geometry. The RANS models have proven to appropriately predict the performance of the eliminator (pressure drop
and collection efficiency). The differences between LES and RANS in pressure drop and collection efficiency prediction are less
than 3%. For the eliminator design task, the RANS approach enhanced with the turbulent dispersion of droplets is sufficient to
predict the eliminator performance. In this sense the numerical efforts must be focused on the appropriate modelling of the water
film formed on the eliminator's wall since the numerical model has failed to predict the experimental results.
19
Session IV-B
Heat exchangers
Chair: Takashi HARA
National Institute of Technology
Tokuyama College, Japan
20
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WATER COLLECTION SYSTEMS WITH A HYBRID DEPHLEGMATOR

Jacques du Plessis1 and Prof. H.C.R. Reuter2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Keywords: Water collection, Troughs, Basin, Counter flow, Inlet loss coefficient.
Abstract: Water collection systems are used in wet-cooling towers (WCTs) and in evaporative air-cooled heat exchangers
(EACHEs). Collection systems collect and remove water falling while allowing air to pass with limited flow resistance. Collection
systems can be categorized as trough and basin systems. Trough systems comprise of multiple, evenly spaced parallel troughs
extended in one direction. With basin systems water falls directly into an open basin under gravity where it is collected. A more
effective water collection system with a lower pressure drop than what current designs have to offer is developed for (dry/wet)
dephlegmator (HDWD) for air-cooled steam condensers, developed at Stellenbosch University. An existing trough design is
evaluated by means of high speed camera and flow experiments. A modification is proposed which increases the effectiveness
from approximately 92% to 100 % with a relatively small increase in pressure drop, by adding a small deflector plate and reducing
the spacing between adjacent troughs.
THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OF A HEAT EXCHANGER OPERATED WITH ICE SLURRY AS
REFRIGERANT
Amin KAMYAR, Saiied M. AMINOSSADATI, Christopher R. LEONARDI
The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
Keywords: Ice slurry, Heat Transfer, Laminar flow, Helical coil

Abstract: Ice slurry has been potential candidates due to its high heat transfer capability as a phase change material. Previous
research show that ice slurry flows contribute to reductions in the amount of charge of primary refrigerant and enables load
shifting which results in substantial operating cost savings. In this study, a numerical analysis of a heat exchanger performance
operated with ice slurry is presented. The role of various parameters including ice concentration and mass flow rate on the heat
transfer and pumping power is presented and results are compared with those for the carrier fluid at the same conditions. The
results show that ice slurry and geometry of the heat exchanger enhance the heat transfer performance. A significant increase in
the pressure drop is also observed for the ice slurry flowing through this type of heat exchanger.
INVESTIGATION OF THE SPLITTING OF LOUVERS FOR A LOUVERED FIN AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Bernd AMEEL1, Joris DEGROOTE1, Henk HUISSEUNE1, Jan VIERENDEELS1 and Michel DE PAEPE1
1
Ghent University - UGent, Ghent, Belgium
Keywords: CFD, louvered fin, heat exchanger

Abstract: Many different authors have studied the louvered fin geometry, in order to improve the performance of the louvered fin
and tube heat exchanger, which is often used in air conditioning applications. In numerical studies, simplifications are often made
to the geometry. Some authors take the connection between the louvers and the fin around the tube into account (the flat landing),
whereas other authors do not. Some authors assume a rectangular shape for the louvers, whereas other authors use an X-shape. For
an X-shaped louvered fin, the louver length increases further away from the turnaround louver. In reality, the louvers furthest
away from the turnaround louver tend to be split into two parts. This geometrical detail has always been neglected in the available
studies. However, the transition zones between the flat part and the louvers around the split are positioned at an angle to the local
flow, which could generate vortices. Furthermore, by splitting the louver into two, the length of both individual louvers is
decreased, which could result in an increase in fin efficiency. In this study, different splitting strategies for the X-shaped louvered
fin are investigated using computation fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. It is revealed that for low Reynolds numbers, the effect
21
of the splitting is always negative, but at most 8% on the modified Colburn j factor. For the highest Reynolds number under
investigation, 600, an increase in the modified Colburn j factor was observed, but by only 1% with respect to the baseline case
without splits between the louvers. It is clear that there are very little performance gains to be expected by optimizing the splits
between louvers.
A NOVEL EXPERIMENTAL METHOD TO ASSESS INDUSTRIAL AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN IDEALISED

POROUS CHANNELS
Sahan T.W. KURUNERU1, Emilie SAURET1, Suvash C. SAHA1, YuanTong GU1, Kamel HOOMAN2
1
School of Chemistry, Physics & Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
2
School of Mechanical & Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia.
Keywords: Metal foam heat exchanger, industrial aerosol, fouling, particle deposition
Abstract: A novel and economical experimental technique has been developed to assess industrial aerosol deposition in various
idealized porous channel configurations. This judicious examination on aerosol penetration in porous channels will assist
engineers to better optimize designs for various engineering applications. Deposition patterns differ with porosity due to
geometric configurations of the channel and superficial inlet velocities. Interestingly, it is found that two configurations of similar
porosity exhibit significantly higher deposition fractions. Inertial impaction is profound at the leading edge of all obstacles,
whereas particle build-up is observed at the trailing edge of the obstructions. A qualitative analysis shows that the numerical
results are in good agreement with experimental results.
22
Session V-A
Cooling system optimization
Chair: Prof Yaojun Ge
Tongji University, China
Prof Jishun Li
Henan University of Science and Technology, China
23
WATER CONSUMPTION COMPARISON BETWEEN A NATURAL DRAFT WET COOLING TOWER AND A
NATURAL DRAFT HYBRID COOLING TOWER AN ANNUAL SIMULATION FOR LUOYANG CONDITIONS
Jishun Li, Xia Lin, Wei Ma, Hal Gurgenci and Zhiqiang Guan
School of Mechatronics Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
Keywords: Merkel method, Poppe approach, wet cooling tower, hybrid cooling tower.
Abstract: In a natural draft wet cooling tower (NDWCT), the heat is mainly transferred by latent heat through water evaporation.
This causes large quantities of water evaporate into the moving air stream and discharged to the atmosphere on top of the tower.
Thus, the utilization of natural draft hybrid cooling tower (NDHCT) in thermal power plant would conserve water and would be in
the best interest of the public. The Merkel method, Poppe approach and the empirical equation are employed in this paper to
predict the evaporation loss for a 300MW NDWCT in Luoyang, China. The results show that the Poppe approach is the most
accurate prediction for water loss in NDWCT. The annual simulation results for the thermal power plant show that more than 90%
fresh water could be saved, if the NDHCT is employed to replace the NDWCT.
ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS FOR COUNTER-FLOW COOLING TOWERS DESIGNED FOR COLD CLIMATIC
ZONES
Boris SVERDLIN, Dmitrii ELISEEV
EKOTEP Ltd., Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
Keywords: cooling tower icing

Abstract: this report is dedicated to the description and analysis of engineering solutions applied on the cooling towers
maintained in the regions with cold climate and high risk of icing.
COMPARISON OF A BASIC ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE AND A PARALLEL DOUBLE-EVAPORATOR
ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE
Dongshuai Hu, Yi Wu, Yike Gao, Yue Cao, Yiping Dai
Institute of Turbomachinery, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Keywords: Multi-evaporator organic Rankine cycle, Zeotropic mixture, thermo-economy.

Abstract: The applications of zeotropic mixtures and multi-evaporator systems are two viable options to improve the performance
of organic Rankine cycle (ORC). This paper conducts the thermo-economic comparison of a basic ORC with R245fa/R600a and a
parallel double-evaporator organic Rankine cycle (PDORC) with R245fa. Sub-models of condensers and evaporators are
established specially for pure organic fluids and zeotropic mixtures. Both the net power and the total heat exchanger area are
considered as evaluation criterions. The performance optimization using genetic algorithm is conducted to compare the two
systems quantitatively. The optimization indicates the PDORC with R245fa shows an increase of 18.1% on the net power and an
increase of 69.4% on the total heat transfer area from the basic ORC.
CONTACT OF DROPLETS WITH HEAT EXCHANGER SURFACES IN SPRAY ASSISTED DRY COOLING
TOWERS USING SALINE WATER A NUMERICAL STUDY
M.H. Sadafi, Ingo Jahn, Kamel Hooman
School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
Keywords: saline water; hybrid cooling; discrete phase model; multicomponent; heat and mass transfer; corrosion
Abstract: This article investigates the usage of saline water in a spray assisted natural draft dry cooling tower. Due to existence of
solid particles in the spray, different scenarios of droplet/heat exchanger contact occur. The different cases including the contact of
24
the heat exchangers with the wet droplets, semi-dried droplet, and fully dried solid particles are numerically investigated. To
simulate the crystallisation behaviour of saline water droplets, a set of modifications are made to the multicomponent discrete
phase model (DPM) of ANSYS FLUENT. A practical spraying application with a single nozzle in a vertical flow path is studied.
This paper provides new fundamental understanding in the area of saline spray cooling, and shows that although the use of saline
water increases the risk of corrosion and deposition on the surfaces, considering the necessary parameters in the design can control
these effects.
COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT COOLING IN AN sCO2 BRAYTON CYCLE FOR CONCENTRATED
SOLAR POWER PLANTS
Erond PEREZ, Sam DUNIAM, Yuanshen LU, Ingo JAHN, Kamel HOOMAN, and Anand VEERARAGAVAN
Keywords: concentrated solar power, natural draft dry cooling tower, direct and indirect cooling
Abstract: The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle has been identified as a promising candidate for the power cycle
in Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). It exhibits high efficiency even with dry cooling, has smaller components and less complex
cycle design. In this paper, cooling of the sCO2 cycle is investigated by the use of Natural Draft Dry Cooling Towers (NDDCTs).
Two configurations are considered; direct and indirect cooling. Direct cooling is where ambient air is used to cool the sCO2 that is
sent to the NDDCT while in indirect cooling, sCO2 rejects heat through a secondary water loop through an intermediate heat
exchanger (IHX) and the water is cooled by ambient air in the NDDCT. Direct cooling is investigated as a means to reduce exergy
losses to the additional heat transfer process in the IHX for indirect cooling. For each case, size of the NDDCT are similar and
their effect on cycle performance are discussed.
PARAMETRIC STUDY ON SPRAY COOLING SYSTEMS IN NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWERS WITH A
NEW NOZZLE REPRESENTATION APPROACH
Abdullah Alkhedhairc, Zhiqiang Guan, Ingo Jahn, Hal Gurgenci
Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia, 4072
Keywords: spray cooling, air pre-cooling, natural draft, nozzle optimisation, spray representation
Abstract: Pre-cooling of inlet air with water spray is proposed for performance enhancement of natural draft dry cooling towers
(NDDCTs) during high ambient temperature periods. In this study, an Eulerian-Lagrangian 3-D numerical model was used and
validated to simulate evaporating water sprays produced by real nozzles. A new adaptable method of hollow-cone spray
representation into an Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical modeling was developed to reproduce the real nozzle behavior using
experimentally measured initial spray characteristics and taking into account radial evolution of droplet size distribution and
air/droplets momentum exchange. A parametric analysis using the validated CFD model with the new nozzle representation
method was conducted on the effect of different spray characteristics parameters on spray cooling system performance for nozzle
design optimisation.
25
Session V-B
Heat exchangers
Chair: Dr Manuel Lucas
Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Spain
26
SIMULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER FROM A CONVEX HOT SURFACE USING AN IMPINGING JET
Pourya FOROOGHI1, Mingfei LI2 and Franco MAGAGNATO1
1
2
Institute of Fluid Mechanics (ISTM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Department of Thermal Engineering, Tsinghua University, Peoples Republic of China
Keywords: Surface cooling; Impinging jet; RANS.

Abstract: Impinging jets are efficient means of cooling in various industrial applications. In this paper, flow and heat transfer due
to a cold gaseous jet impinging on a hot convex surface is numerically investigated. The temperature difference between the jet
and the surface reaches up to 580K and the nozzle-to-surface distance is equal to the nozzle diameter. Due to the small nozzle-tosurface distance, flow and heat transfer over the impinging surface are highly sensitive to the nozzle flow conditions; therefore, in
this study various inlet conditions are examined and compared. Compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved using in-house
code SPARC, and the results are compared to experimental data obtained from a similar geometry.
ENHANCING TURBINE OUTPUT AT DRY-COOLED POWER PLANTS USING A HYBRID (DRY/WET)

DEPHLEGMATOR
Michael OWEN1, Detlev KRGER2 and Hanno REUTER2
1
2
Solar Thermal Energy Research Group, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Keywords: Air-cooled steam condenser, hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator, turbine output.

Abstract: This paper examines the benefits to steam turbine output of retrofitting an air-cooled steam condenser (ACC) with a
hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator (HDWD) in coal-fired, reheat, regeneration cycle. A HDWD concept has been proposed and
shown to provide enhanced ACC cooling performance while consuming only a small amount of water. The HDWD retrofit is
shown to be able to increase turbine power output by up to 10.8 % in this case. A corresponding increase in annual energy output
of 2.56 % can be achieved for continuous wet operation of the HDWD. A likely operating scenario, where HDWD units are
sequentially operated in wet mode in order to maintain rated turbine power output over a wide range of ambient temperatures,
results in an annual energy output increase of 1.33 %. Based on these results the payback period for an HDWD retrofit is between
3 and 6 years. The HDWD concept offers a simple, cost effective and sustainable solution to the issue of reduced ACC
performance at high ambient temperatures.
ANALYSIS ON THE COLLIMATED IRRADIATION IN A SOLAR AIR RECEIVER WITH POROUS MEDIA
P. Wanga, D.Y. Liu b, C. Xua, L. Zhou b, L. Xia b
a.
b.
Department of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China;
Department of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
Keywords: Porous media, Local thermal non-equilibrium, Convective heat transfer, Collimated irradiation, Modified differential
approximation (P-1)
Abstract: Convective and radiative transport in a air receiver with porous media in the presence of collimated irradiation and
local thermal non-equilibrium is analyzed in this work. A modified P-1 approximation with collimated irradiation was introduced
to incorporate the radiative transfer. We analyzed the distribution of the temperature of the fluid and solid phase, also the heat flux
in the incident direction was presented. The temperature Ts along the X direction is decrease for the solid phase but increases for
the fluid phase temperature f along the X direction. The limiting interactions between thermal radiation and conduction was
revealed. The porosity and pore diameter has a non-monotonic effect on the thermal efficiency of the receiver, optimization can be
achieved by further parameters analysis.
27
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS ON EQUIVALENT STIFFNESS OF METAL BELLOWS EXPANSION JOINT IN WATER

CIRCULATION PIPING LINES
Li Jishun1, Fang Jingwen, Ma Wei, Yang Fang, Xue Yujun
Henan University of Science and TechnologyHenan Key Laboratory for Machinery Design and Transmission SystemLuo YangHenanP.R. China
Keywords: Metal bellows expansion joint, Equivalent stiffness, Finite element method.
Abstract: In this paper, a numerical model of metal bellows expansion joint was established by using finite element method to
analyze the relationship between the equivalent stiffness and structural parameters of metal bellows expansion joint. In order to
verify the numerical model, the numerical simulation result was compared with EJMA (The Expansion Joint Manufacturers
Association, INC.) formula calculation result as well as tests result. Based on the numerical model, effects of structural parameters
including height of wave, number of wave, distance of wave, diameter, and wall thickness, on the equivalent stiffness of metal
bellows expansion joint were investigated. The research results show that the equivalent stiffness of metal bellows expansion joint
is increased with the increase of distance of wave, diameter, and wall thickness; however, the equivalent stiffness of metal bellows
expansion joint is decreased with the increase of height of wave and number of wave. Using proposed numerical analysis method,
the relationship between the equivalent stiffness and structural parameters of metal bellows expansion joint could be obtained. The
present studies would be helpful for designing the appropriate metal bellows expansion joint to satisfy the compensation
requirements for water circulation piping lines.
OPTIMALIZING GEOTHERMAL WATER DOMINATED SYSTEM PRODUCTION WITH VIBRATION TO
ABDICATE FLUID SURFACE TENSION
Agung Satria Warman1 and Rihan Efendi
State University of Padang, Padang, Indonesia
Keywords: Geothermal Water Dominated, Vibration, Surface Tension

Abstract: Mostly, geothermal water dominated system is found in Indonesia because geothermal in Indonesia is formed by high
terrain system. Geothermal production is very influenced by fluid motion (steam and water) caused by geothermal gradient from
temperature difference. Sometimes fliud motion is blocked by surface tension among steam, water, and permeability medium. In
this case, geothermal production decrease because this surface tension problem. This paper will give solution with vibration wave
to move the surface tension contact. Therefore, surface tension will pass away because disturbed by vibration which move surface
tension contact. This paper will study about minimum energy of vibration wave for disturbed surface tension to increase
geothermal production. This minimum energy useful to estimate effective cost for increase production with vibration wave and
bounding vibration energy for decrease environment effect cause vibration wave. From this estimate, we can determine
instrumentation to generate the vibration energy.
GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL FOR ALUMINA PRODUCTION IN WEST KALIMANTAN

Agung Satria Warman1 and Rihan Efendi
State University of Padang, Padang, Indonesia
Keywords: Alumina Smelter, geothermal potential, Enhanced (orengineered) Geothermal Systems, West Kalimantan.
Abstract: Indonesia is the largest producer of bauxite in the world. In 2011, 40 million tonnes of bauxite were exported to China
and Japan. But it is still a raw material which has a lower value than the final product i.e. aluminium metal.Bauxite must be
treated by the Bayer Process to get alumina and then alumina is changed to aluminium by the Hall-Heroult Process. A lack of
capital is one reason for government not to build an alumina smelter and also the energy consumed by an alumina smelter can be
major problem. In some cases the lack of power supply near a bauxite mining area can besolved. For example in West Kalimantan,
the power supplies problem could be solved by building a PLTP(Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga PanasBumi).This solution is
28
attractive because operating costs would be cheaper in West Kalimantan, which is the largest producer of bauxite in region, after
Bintan Islands. Thus alumina could be produced efficiently because the PLTP and the bauxite mine would be in the same
area.Investigations carried out by PT Alcoa Mineral Indonesia found 800 x 106 tonnes ofbauxite reserves in West Kalimantan in
1974. The geothermal energy potential is high eventhough it is not yet used to produce a large amount of power in West
Kalimantan.In 2006 the Department of Mining and Energy in found five locations with geothermal energy potential in West
Kalimantan and so far they have been used to produce about12.5 MW of electric power.
Session VI
Heat exchangers
Chair: Prof Hal Gurgenci
29
A STUDY ON COOLING PERFORMANCE OF AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR CSG PRODUCTION

Yuanshen Lu1,2, Prashant Parulekar3, Zhiqiang Guan1,2, Kamel Hooman1,2
1
2
Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence, Qld 4072, Australia
School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, the University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
3
Arrow Energy, Brisbane QLD 4000, Australia
Keywords: Finned tube heat exchangers, mechanical cooler, multi-section heat exchangers, CSG compression cooling
Abstract: This paper reports a study on a real cooling issue in the heat exchangers used in Queenslands coal seam gas (CSG)
industry. CSG gas compression facilities in some production sites suffer underproductions in recent summers because of frequent
automatic engine shutdowns. The cause of the issue was suspected that the control systems on the compression facilities trigger
the overheating-protection shutdowns due to the possible deficiencies in one or some water/gas cooling loops in the facilities aircooled heat exchangers. However, it is unknown which heat exchangers or what exact reasons cause the unexpected cooling issue
which is not expected by the manufacturers design. Therefore, an investigation has been carried out on the cooling performance
of the cooler units in the gas compression facilities. A field instrumentation measurement on one operating cooler unit has been
done, followed by an analysis using a 1-dimensional analytical model. The experimental results are used to validate the 1D model.
Then the cooling performance of the cooler unit under the summer peak condition is predicted by the verified analytical model.
The prediction suggests that the water inlet temperature in engine water cooler section is higher than its upper limit defined by the
manufacturer due to poor cooling at high ambient temperatures. The lower cooling performance is caused by large reductions in
the cooler air speed and total heat transfer coefficient. The former is a direct result of the less efficiency of cooler fans, while the
latter is related to fouling on the finned-tube surfaces.
DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF A PLATE-FINNED AIR-COOLED CONDENSER FOR WASTE HEAT
RECOVERY ORCS
Alihan KAYA and Marija LAZOVA, Michel DE PAEPE
Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
Keywords: Waste Heat Recovery, Organic Rankine Cycle, Condenser Design

Abstract: The study is related to the design sensitivity analysis of a plate-finned tube bundle V-shaped air-cooled condenser
design problem for a range of representative low-temperature waste heat recovery Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) cases. An
iterative design model is implemented which reveals the thermodynamic and geometric design error margins that occur when
different in-tube prediction methods are used. 19 condensation heat transfer correlations are used simultaneously within arrays of
geometric and thermodynamic variables. Through attained 19 different convective coefficients, a design sensitivity on the
calculated overall heat transfer coefficient, total transferred heat, degree of subcooling, required tube and fin material amount, airand refrigerant-side pressure drops is reported.
EFFICIENCY OF A COMBINED DESALINATION AND POWER SYSTEM UTILISING A MULTI-STREAM HEAT

EXCHANGER
Alireza HOSSEINI ARAGHI, Mehdi KHIADANI and Gordon LUCAS
Research in Desalination and Energy Conversion,
School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University
Keywords: Discharge Thermal Energy Combined Desalination (DTECD) and Power System, Compact Multi-Stream Condenser,
Exergy Analysis, Parametric Optimization.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to simplify the process of Discharge Thermal Energy Combined Desalination (DTECD) with
Power System by integrating the two existing heat exchangers (condensers) into a new multi-stream one. This system is a heat
30
recovery unit, which is used to cogenerate water and power. Two shell & tube condensers operate in a closed power cycle and a
desalination system for cooling an ammonia mixture (70% wt.) as a working fluid and condensing a pure vapor respectively. Here,
a multi-stream plate condenser is utilized instead of the two low exergy efficiency shell & tube condensers. The results proved
that the proposed technique leads to improvement in the system performance. The performance of the proposed process was
analyzed by applying parametric optimization.
HEAT TRANSFER OF FLUIDS WITH HIGHLY VARIABLE PROPERTIES IN PLATE-TYPE HEAT EXCHANGERS
Pourya FOROOGHI , Jacob HESS, Bettina FROHNAPFEL and Kamel HOOMAN
Queensland Geothermal Energy Centre of Excellence (QGECE), The University of Queensland, Australia
Institute of Fluid Mechanics (ISTM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Keywords: Plate heat exchanger, Variable property; Boundary

Abstract: Heat transfer coefficient can deviate from the prediction of conventional correlations in the event of highly temperature
dependent properties. It can be problematic in industrial applications such as power cycles working near critical pressure of the
working fluid considering severe variation of properties in such pressures. The present paper outlines a study on the evaluation of
convection heat transfer coefficient in plate heat exchangers under the above-described conditions. Experiments have been done
on two chevron-type plate heat exchangers with different chevron angles. The effect of property variation is proven. Also, with
help of numerical simulation, the effect of buoyancy was investigated and some minor impact in certain corrugation angles is
suggested.
EXPLOSION-FORMING OF CU-FE MISCIBILITY GAP ALLOY

T. FIEDLER, H. SUGO, K. HOKAMOTO, U. GARBE, E. KISI1, M. VESENJAK
The University of Newcastle, School of Engineering, NSW 2308 Callaghan, Australia
Keywords: Thermal Storage, Explosion-forming, Miscibility Gap Alloy

Abstract: Miscibility gap alloys (MGAs) are envisioned for use as thermal capacitors for the efficient storage and subsequent
discharge of thermal energy. MGAs are created by combining non-reacting metals in a controlled micro-structure. In the
investigated MGA, the fusible phase (copper) is enclosed inside an iron matrix. Upon heating the metallic constituents store
energy in the form of sensible heat whilst increasing their temperature. Energy storage occurs at a fast rate due to the high inherent
thermal conductivity of both metals. After exceeding the melting temperature of the copper, energy is predominantly stored in the
form of latent heat while the fusible phase is liquefied. As a result, a very high volumetric energy storage density can be achieved.
The current study presents a novel approach to manufacture Cu-Fe MGA using explosive compaction.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A BARE TUBE AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER BUNDLE IN DRY AND
WET MODE
Neil ANDERSON and Hanno REUTER
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
Keywords: Hybrid, e-NTU, heat exchanger, bundle, heat and mass transfer, pressure drop
Abstract: Performance tests have been conducted on a bare tube air-cooled heat exchanger bundle to be incorporated in a hybrid
(dry/wet) dephlegmator. The tube bundle has 25 rows of 19 mm outer diameter tubes with a triangular pitch double the tube
diameter. The tube bundle is tested as a wet as well as a dry heat exchanger. The heat and mass transfer coefficients for wet
operation are obtained by means of the Poppe method of analysis and the equations are solved using the Effectiveness-NTU
31
method, employing the Merkel assumptions of Lef = 1 and negligible evaporation loss. The experimentally determined heat and
mass transfer coefficients for wet operation predict the experimental results within 3 % and a new correlation for the pressure drop
over the tube bundle is presented as the measured air-side pressure drop was found to be 30 % higher than predicted with a
correlation from literature. For dry operation, a new Nusselt number correlation is proposed and compared against various other
correlations found in literature. All were found to be within 10% of the experimental results. The air-side pressure drop over the
dry tube bundle compares favourably to published correlations.
Session VII
Dry and Wet Cooling Towers
Chair: Dr Zhiqiang Guan
32
INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL DRAFT COOLING TOWER IN CHINA

LI WUQUAN, CHAI JINGYU, ZHENG JINGWEI
Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing, China
Keywords: Cooling tower; Investigation; Trend.

Abstract: Natural draft cooling tower has been widely used in thermal power plant because of its stable operation, less
maintenance cost and smaller environmental impact. Up to now, hundreds of natural draft cooling towers have been built in China,
including different types and various capacities of conventional cooling towers, sea water cooling towers, flue gas injection
cooling towers, cooling towers with water collecting device and dry cooling towers etc.. A wide range investigation for natural
draft cooling towers had been carried out for the first time by Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute from May to
October 2013 in China. Based on the collected data and summarized information, the statistical results and conclusive opinions
are deeply analyzed. The development trend of natural draft cooling tower technology is also prospected in this paper. The
investigation results are expected to be a reference for designing and operating natural draft cooling tower in the thermal power
plants.
COOLING ISSUES FOR SMALL-SCALE SCO2 POWERPLANTS

Ingo JAHN, Sam DUNIAM and Anand VEERARAGAVAN
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Keywords: Cooling Towers, supercritical Carbon Dioxide.

Abstract: The use of refrigerants and supercritical fluids, such as CO2, as the working fluid in thermodynamic cycle has the
potential to revolutionize power generation. Compared to steam Rankine cycles and open loop Brayton cycles, the advantages are
higher thermodynamic efficiencies and more compact components. This is of particular interest for small-scale renewable energy
systems, such as condensed solar power. However, the highly non-linear properties of the supercritical carbon dioxide, which
allow efficient compression near the critical point (31C) also create new challenges for the heat exchangers and cooling towers.
Depending on the cycle design the cooling tower must be capable of cooling and condensing the fluid from the supercritical
region to the liquid region. This is a particular challenge as recuperation and CO2 properties significantly reduces the air
temperature increase in Cooler.This paper quantifies the cooling requirements and associated cooling issues created by a smallscale (1MW) solar thermal supercritical Carbon Dioxide power plant operating with a Natural Draft Dry Cooling Tower.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF A SPLIT AIR-CONDITIONING UNIT USING

EVAPORATIVE PADS
1
P. MARTNEZ , J. RUIZ , C.G. CUTILLAS2, P.J. MARTNEZ2, A.S. KAISER3 and M. LUCAS2
1
Dept. of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Universidad Miguel Hernndez, Elche, Spain
2
3
Universidad Miguel Hernndez, Spain
Universidad Politcnica de Cartagena, Spain
Keywords: evaporative cooling, split air conditioning unit, energy efficiency.

Abstract: A well known strategy for improving the performance of air conditioning systems when using air-condensed units is to
decrease the ambient inlet airflow temperature by means of an evaporative cooling pad. In this work experiments are conducted in
a split air-conditioning system where the condensing unit is modified by coupling different evaporative cooling pads with variable
thickness. The impact of the different cooling pads on the overall performance of the air-conditioning system is experimentally
determined by measuring the airflow conditions and the energy consumption of the overall air conditioning system, including both
the condenser fan and the feedwater recirculation pump of the cooling pads. The aim is to determine the energy efficiency
33
improvement achieved by pre-cooling the ambient airflow compared to a common air-condensed unit and to calculate the optimal
pad thickness that maximize the overall COP of the system.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A CFD MODEL
FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A LARGE NATURAL DRAFT
WET COOLING TOWER
Nicolas BLAIN1 & Matthieu MIOLANE2
1
EDF SEPTEN, 12-14 avenue Dutrivoz, 69100 Villeurbanne FRANCE

2
OptiFluides SARL, 6 bvd Niels Bohr, Villeurbanne FRANCE
Keywords: Cooling tower, CFD model, Fluent, validation, test facility.

Abstract: lectricit de France (EDF) has commissioned the development of a CFD model, based on ANSYS Fluent v.16, which
includes the specific equations (Poppe and Merkel) describing the physical phenomena occurring in a natural draft wet cooling
tower (NDWCT). Heat and mass transfers between water and air, as well as drag equations for the two-phase system, are
computed in specific zones such as the cooling fill, spray and rain zones. This paper presents the CFD model created and the twostep methodology implemented for the validation process: The model is first tested and set regarding thermal performance results
obtained on EDF test cell Mistral located on the Bugey site. The Mistral facility includes a 7m x 7m counter-flow section,
equipped with a large number of temperature and pressure sensors, which represents an efficient and reliable mean for cooling fill
performances evaluation. Secondly, the model is fully validated thanks to acceptance tests results gathered from a large scale
NDWCT refurbishment. To this end, advanced instrumentation was positioned in the tower to provide additional data for
extensive validation of the model. The oral presentation during the IAHR Conference will give the audience an insight into what
is currently achievable with the CFD model.
34

Section Abstracts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Section Abstracts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

17th IA

AHR International Conference

The University of Queen

Gold Coast Austrralia

OVERVIEW OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH IN BUILDING EQUIPMENT RESEARCH

COOLING TOWER DESIGN FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

Bergische Universitaet Wuppertal, Germany

Kraetzig & Partner Engineering Consultants GmbH Bochum, Germany

Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa

Keywords: Spray nozzle, uniform water distribution, cooling tower performance.

OVERVIEW OF COOLING TOWER RESEARCH IN QGECE, UQ

ON-LINE REFURBISHMENT OF A WET NATURAL DRAUGHT COOLING TOWER

Industrial Water Cooling (Pty)Ltd, South Africa

Keywords: Natural, Draught, Cooling, Tower, Refurbishment, On-line, retrofit

COOLING PERFORMANCE RESEARCH AND OPTIMIZATION ON COOLING TOWER BY SHANDONG

STUDY ON THE COMBUSTION OF POLYMERS WITHIN COOLING TOWERS

SIMULATION OF THE UQ GATTON NATURAL DRAFT DRY COOLING TOWER

Keywords: Natural draft dry cooling tower (NDDCT), Cooling performance

Hohai University, Nanjing, China

University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Keywords: Spray cooling, Numerical simulation, Complete evaporation.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH FOR PREVENTIVE METHOD AGAINST CROSSWIND EFFECT ON AIRFLOW AT

Shandong University, Jinan, China

Keywords: Cooling towerthermal state model experimentcrosswindthermal performancepreventive method.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON OPTIMIZING INLET AIRFLOW OF INDIRECT DRY COOLING TOWER

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON INFLUENCE OF FILLING LAYOUT PATTERNS ON PERFORMANCE OF

Keywords: Wet cooling tower; Non-uniform layout filling; Thermal performance

A CFD STUDY ON WATER COLLECTING DEVICES RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COOLING

China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, 100038

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Payam Noor University, Jahrom Branch, Jahrom, Iran

Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran

University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China

Shandong Design Institute of Electrical Power, Jinan, China

Chair: Dr Jessica Shi

Keywords: natural draft dry cooling tower, test facility, instrumentation.

National Institute of Technology, Tokuyama College, Shunan, Japan

MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR LARGE COOLING TOWERS

Shandong Electric Power Design Institute, Jinan, China

Keywords: Cooling tower, Multi-objective Optimization, Structural Design

Xu CHEN , Lin ZHAO1,Yaojun GE1

METHODS OF INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ITERSON COOLING TOWERS

Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno, Czech Republic

Keywords: Cooling tower; durability; repair mortar; surface treatment

Department of Mechanical Design, Chonbuk National University, Korea

Energy System R&D Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology

Department of Mechanical Design, Chonbuk National University, Korea

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE FLOW FIELD OF THE WATER COLLECTING DEVICES

China Institute of Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China, 100038

HEAT TRANSFER DURING CAVITATION BUBBLE COLLAPSE

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia

School of Civil Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Australia.

Keywords: Heat transfer, Cavitation, Conduction, Radiation, CFD, Bubble simulation.

Keywords: Condition monitoring, Data acquisition, Network communication, ADSP.

Guangdong Electricity Power Design Institute, Guangzhou 510660, China

Keywords: Wet cooling tower; water collecting devices; numerical simulation

Henan University of Science and Technology, China

Luoyang Longhua Heat & Energy Conservation Co., LTD., China

University of Queensland, Australia

RESEARCH ON APPLYING DRY COOLING TECHNOLOGY IN CONVENTIONAL ISLAND OF AP1000 NUCLEAR

Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute, Beijing, China

Shun-An Zhao , Ming-Ren Wang2, Lu-Jun Li1, Cheng-Qi Du2

China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China