1. (a) Define Counseling.

The process by which the structure of the self is relaxed in the safety of the clients relationship with the therapist and
previously desired experiences are perceived and then integrated into an altered self'.
According to Halm and Mcheall (1955) "Counseling is a one to one relationship between an individual troubled by
problems with which he cannot cope alone and a professional worker whose training and experience have qualified him
to help others reach solutions to various types of personal difficulties".
Smith (1955) defines "Counseling is a process in which the counselor assists the counseling to make interpretations of
facts relating to a choice plan or adjustments which h$ needs to make".
Therefore, we can say that Counselling involves a relationship. It involves a relationship hetween a professionally
trained, competent counsellor and an individual seeking help. This relationship is not casual, matter of fact or business
like. It is characterized by warmth, understanding, acceptance and trust".
(b) What is the difference between empathy and sympathy?
Empathy
Sympathy
Definition
When we understand and feel anothers feelings When we have sympathy with someone, we
for ourselves, then we have empathy.
have compassion for that person, but we dont
necessarily feel his/her feelings.
Relationship
Personal understanding
Understanding the experience of others
Scope
Personal; it can be one to many in some From either one to another person or one to
circumstances
many (or one to a group).
(d) Why good communication skill is essential for a counsellor?
Communication skills should be integrated in a natural way in the counselling process. Skilled counsellors continually
attend and listen, and use a mix of empathy and probes to help the client to come to grips with their problems. Which
communication skills will be used and how they will be used depends on the client, the needs of the client and the
problem situation.
(e) What is Rehabilitation Counselling?
Rehabilitation counseling is focused on helping people who have disabilities achieve their personal, career, and
independent living goals through a counseling process. Rehabilitation Counselors can be found in private practice, in
rehabilitation facilities, hospitals, universities, schools, government agencies, insurance companies and other
organizations where people are being treated for congenital or acquired disabilities. Over time, with the changes in
social work being more psychotherapy-oriented, rehabilitation counselors take on more and more community
engagement work, especially as it relates to special populations. Some rehabilitation counselors focus solely on
community engagement through vocational services, others in various states qualify as both a certified rehabilitation
counselor (CRC) and a licensed professional counselor (LPC), enabling them to focus on psychotherapy.

(f) What is C.G.C.?

Child Guidance Clinic (CGC) is one of the medico-social amenities and may be best defined as a centre for the
organized and scientific study and treatment of maladjustment in children. The first CGC was started in India in 1939 at
the TATA institute Mumbai .The CGC in Delhi was started in 1955 at RAK con, simultaneously with madras. There
after there has been a slow growth .As per WHO, there should be a CGC for every 1 lakh children.
(g) What do you mean by follow-up service in guidance?
Follow up service is a continuous monitoring program designed to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention
procedures in relation to student progress & adjustments. This service is undertaken as systematic evaluation of
whether the guidance service in particular and the educational program in general have satisfied the needs of students.
It refers to the formal and systematic monitoring of the individual progress of current students who have undergone
academic advising, counseling, referral, placement, or any special intervention program. An integral part of guidance
services is the follow-up.
(h) Mention one social and one psychological needs of guidance.

Guidance and counseling helps the students to have a bettervself understanding and proper adjustment to self
and society.
It helps in the total development of the student.

(i) Differentiate between job and career.

No.
1.

Job
Career
Job is an activity through which an individual can A career is the pursuit of a lifelong ambition or the
earn money. It is a regular activity in exchange of general course of progression towards lifelong

2.

payment.
Job is a short term process.

(j) What is Career Hub?

(k) What do you mean by vocational choice?
(l) What is gerontological counselling.

2.

goals.
Career is a long term process.

3. (a) What is psychological trauma? Discuss about the causes and symptoms of trauma. Suggest some treatment
options for those going through psychological trauma.
Psychological trauma:
Psychological trauma is a type of damage to the psyche that occurs as a result of a severely distressing event. Trauma is
often the result of an overwhelming amount of stress that exceeds one's ability to cope or integrate the emotions
involved with that experience. It is the result of extraordinarily stressful events that shatter your sense of security,
making you feel helpless and vulnerable in a dangerous world.

Causes of trauma:
1. Surgery or Serious Illness The child is in the hospital for a serious illness or surgery.
2. Accidents The child has experienced an automobile accident, a serious fall or sports injury, a house fire or
other major accident that threatens his or her feelings of safety and security.
3. Constant and Intense Bullying The child is bullied by one or more people over a period of time. The bullies
could be classmates, teammates, neighbors or others in the childs life. Bullying can begin as early as preschool.
4. Separation from Loved Ones A child might be separated from loved ones due to military deployment, a
divorce, a prison sentence or even removal of a child from home due to an investigation of abuse or neglect.
5. Natural Disasters A child is affected by a severe event such as a tornado, hurricane, forest fire, flooding.
6. Emotional Abuse A parent or other adult in the household often swears at the child, insults the child or
humiliates the child. Emotional abuse might include the adult acting in a way that makes the child afraid that he
or she might be hurt physically.
7. Physical Abuse A parent or other adult in the household often pushes, grabs, slaps or throws something at the
child. Physical abuse can also include hitting a child so hard it leaves marks or causes injuries.
8. Sexual Abuse Any sexual activity between an adult and a child. Sexual abuse can also occur between
children. This sexual activity can include obscene phone calls, fondling, exposure, pornography, prostitution or
rape. Specific legal definitions can be found in the Texas Penal Code.
9. Neglect The child does not have enough to eat, has to wear dirty clothes and has no one to protect him or her.
Parents might be too drunk or high to take care of the child or take the child to the doctor when needed.
10. Loss/Abandonment The child loses a biological parent through divorce, abandonment, death or other reason.
11. Isolation within the Family No one in the family appears to love the child or consider the child to be
important or special. The family does not look out for each other, feel close or support each other.
12. Domestic Violence Domestic violence is a behavior used by one person in a relationship to gain power over
or control the other. Abuse includes physical, sexual, emotional, economic or psychological actions or threats.
This includes any behaviors that frighten, intimidate, terrorize, manipulate, hurt, humiliate, blame, injure or
wound someone.
13. Community Violence A child either is hurt by violence or witnesses it. Sometimes a child only needs to hear
about violence to experience trauma.
14. Substance Abuse Someone in the childs household abuses alcohol, street drugs or prescription drugs.
15. Mental Illness Someone in the childs household is depressed, has another mental illness and/or has
attempted suicide.
16. Terrorism A child either experiences or hears about terrorism, especially when it happens in a place the child
believes should be safe. The child could experience even more traumatic stress if there are children among those
who are injured or killed.
17. Flight from Home as a Refugee A child has been uprooted from home, often after experiencing violence or
intense fear of harm.

Symptoms of trauma:
There are common effects or conditions that may occur following a traumatic event. Sometimes these responses can be
delayed, for months or even years after the event. Often, people do not even initially associate their symptoms with the
precipitating trauma. The following are symptoms that may result from a more commonplace, unresolved trauma,
especially if there were earlier, overwhelming life experiences:
Physical
Eating disturbances (more or less than usual)
Sleep disturbances (more or less than usual)
Sexual dysfunction
Low energy
Chronic, unexplained pain
Emotional
Depression, spontaneous crying, despair and hopelessness
Anxiety
Panic attacks
Fearfulness
Compulsive and obsessive behaviors
Feeling out of control
Irritability, angry and resentment
Emotional numbness
Withdrawal from normal routine and relationships
Cognitive
Memory lapses, especially about the trauma
Difficulty making decisions
Decreased ability to concentrate
Feeling distracted
ADHD symptoms
The following additional symptoms of emotional trauma are commonly associated with a severe precipitating event,
such as a natural disaster, exposure to war, rape, assault, violent crime, major car or airplane crashes, or child abuse.
Extreme symptoms can also occur as a delayed reaction to the traumatic event.
Re-experiencing the Trauma
intrusive thoughts
flashbacks or nightmares
sudden floods of emotions or images related to the traumatic event
Emotional Numbing and Avoidance
amnesia
avoidance of situations that resemble the initial event
detachment
depression
guilt feelings
grief reactions

 an altered sense of time Increased Arousal

hyper-vigilance, jumpiness, an extreme sense of being "on guard"
overreactions, including sudden unprovoked anger
general anxiety
insomnia
obsessions with death
Treatment:
There are several things you can do to look after yourself and promote recovery from a traumatic event or situation.
The following points provide some general advice.

Recognise that you have been through a distressing experience and give yourself permission to experience some
reaction to it. Don't be angry with yourself for being upset.

Remind yourself that you are not abnormal and that you can and are coping.

Avoid overuse of alcohol or other drugs to cope.

Avoid making any major decisions or big life changes.

Do not try to block out thoughts of what has happened. Gradually confronting what has happened will assist in
coming to terms with the traumatic experience.

Don't bottle up' your feelings - share your experiences with others when opportunities arise. This may feel
uncomfortable at times, but talking to understanding people that you trust is helpful in dealing with trauma.

Try to maintain a normal routine. Keep busy and structure your day.

Make sure you do not unnecessarily avoid certain activities or places.

Allow yourself time to rest if you are feeling tired, and remember that regular exercise is important.

Let your friends and family know of your needs. Help them to help you by letting them know when you are
tired, need time out, or need a chance to talk or just be with someone.

Make time to practise relaxation. You can use a formal technique such as progressive muscle relaxation, or just
make time to absorb yourself in a relaxing activity such as gardening or listening to music. This will help your
body and nervous system to settle and readjust.

If the trauma that you experience stirs up other memories or feelings from a past unrelated stressful occurrence,
or even childhood experiences, try not to let the memories all blur together. Keep the memories separate and deal
with them separately.

Express your feelings as they arise. Whether you discuss them with someone else or write them down in a diary,
expressing feelings in some way often helps the healing process.