THE INFLUENCE OF NEO-NAZI MOVEMENT TO

AMERICAN YOUTHS LIFE IN 1990s.

A Thesis
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment to the Requirement for
Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

MUTIA ERIANI. E
02 185 042

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT- FACULTY OF LETTERS

ANDALAS UNIVERSITY
PADANG
2007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praised be to Allah the Mighty, the writer thanks the only God, Allah the
Mighty, for hearing and answering her every pray, giving me valuable, amazing and
wonderful way of learning in her process of life. Thanks for His bless, lesson, power
and strength so she can be what she is today.
The writer also thanks her Mother, for her strength so I can finish my study,
and Father, for teaching her the greatest way to stand on her own, Mama Idas family,
my cousins: Dina for being best sister and lending everything, NAyu, Riki and my
beloved brother Adek and BIrfan.
Next, the writer thanks her first supervisor, Ibu Dra. Yusmarni Djalius, MA,
for her great way of teaching and giving advice, comfortable supervision and making
everything easier for her during the process of making this thesis, her second
supervisor, Ibu Dra. Arwina Dharma, MA, for her kindness and her help in checking
the grammar of this thesis. The writer also thanks her Academic Supervisor, Ibu Dra.
Rahmadhani G, M.Hum, for her help, guidance and advice for these four years. The
writer thanks for all lecturers at English Department, Andalas University, whose
subject she had taken, for shared their knowledge, specially her favorite subjects on
Area Studies.
The writer also thanks Bayu Tirtana for his love and support during the
making of this thesis. The writer thanks her beloved friends, Lebh and Pujit, for their
help and support. The writer also thanks DSandra, BAbrar, BErros for providing
precious discussions lessons and sources discussion. The writer thanks all friends of
2002, specially: Hellen, Leny, Itim, Ink, Eshi, Dya, Ryo, Ipop, Masup, Tigor and
Rafi for giving precious advice and the Last Generation of Area Studies; Achi, Milla,
Freey and Ratna for checking grammar of this thesis.
.

Padang, February 2007

The Writer

ABSTRAK
Di dalam tesis ini, penulis membahas tentang pengaruh kemunculan dan
perekembangan Neo-Nazi di Amerika Serikat. Disini dibahas tentang dampak NeoNazi tersebut terutama terhadap anak muda Amerika pada tahun 1990an.
Di dalam tesis ini, penulis melakukan pengumpulan data berdasarkan
penelitian kepustakaan. Penulis mengunakan buku-buku dan artikel-artikel sebagai
sumber utama kajian ini. Metode yang diterapkan adalah metode penelitian kualitatif
dimana data yang disajikan tidak diubah kedalam bentuk lain. Dalam menganalisa
masalah, penulis menggunakan pendekatan Kajian Budaya (Cultural Studies) dan
salah satu teorinya yaitu Subkultur Teori (Theory Subculture) yang dikemukakan oleh
Prof. M. Brake salah seorang ahli dalam bidang Kajian Budaya yang menganalisa
tentang kemunculan dan pengaruh subkultur-subkultur anak muda. Selanjutnya, hasil
analisa disajikan secara deskriptif.
Dari analisa tersebut, penulis menemukan beberapa penyebab dan pengaruh
dari kemunculan subkultur Neo-Nazi di Amerika Serikat. Penulis menemukan
penyebab kemunculan Neo-Nazi tersebut antara lain adalah; pertama, Amerika
Serikat sebagai negara multi-budaya yang didiami oleh berbagai macam ras. Kedua,
rasisme di Amerika yang telah mendarah-daging dan yang ketiga kebebasan
berorganisasi bagi warga negara Amerika yang memungkinkan munculnya organisasi
seperti Neo-Nazi tersebut. Kemudian, penulis menemukan beberapa pengaruh NeoNazi terhadap anak muda Amerika yaitu, munculnya musik kebencian atau Hate
music, adanya jenis berpakaian tersendiri oleh Neo-Nazi dan terbentuknya prilaku
anak muda yang cenderung kepada kekerasan. Di sini dijelaskan juga bahwa setiap
dampak diatas merefleksikan ideologi dari Neo-Nazi tersebut dan Hate music sebagai
salah satu pengaruh dari Neo-Nazi dijadikan alat untuk mempengaruhi anak muda
Amerika lainnya.
Kemudian penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kemunculan Neo-Nazi di Amerika
Serikat membawa dampak yang negatif terhadap anak muda Amerika. Dampakdampak negatif yang merefleksikan ideology yang dibawa oleh Neo-Nazi tersebut
menyebarkan kebencian antar ras dan meningkatkan tindak krimital oleh anak muda
Amerika.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGDEMENTS.............................................................................

ABSTRAK..........................................................................................................

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................... iii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................

1.1 The Background of the Study.................................................

1.2 The Identification o the problem............................................

1.3 The Objective of the Study.....................................................

1.4 The Limitation of the Problem................................................

1.5 The Method of the Study........................................................

CHAPTER 2. REVIEWS ON RELATED STUDIES........................................

2.1 Reviews on Related studies....................................................

2.2 Review on Related Theory.....................................................

CHAPTER 3. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NEO-NAZISM.................................... 11

CHAPTER 4. ANALYSIS.................................................................................. 22
4.1 The Causes of Neo-Nazi Emergence in America................... 22
4.2 The Influence of Neo-Nazi Movement to
American Youth in 1990s....................................................... 28
4.2.1 The Emergence of Hate Music...................................... 28
4.2.2 The Formation of Violent Behavior............................... 35

4.2.3 The Rising of New Style............................................... 38

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION........................................................................... 41
BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................. 46
APPENDIX

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study.

The glory of Nazi regime in its era influenced the growth of new fascist
movement in some big countries such as Germany, Britain and even in the United
States of America. The term Neo-Nazi begins to be widely known in the United
States after the British Skinhead movement spread overseas. The term Neo-Nazi
means as the new form of fascism. As explained in Wikipedia: the term of NeoNazism is used to refer to any social or political movement seeking to revive Nazism
or a racist form of fascism, and which postdated the Second World War" (Wikipedia:
2004).
Neo-Nazi movement adopted the exact idea with an allegiance to Adolf Hitler.
The insignia of Nazi Germany extremely had lack of tolerant features of specific
Germanys Third Reich1, Anti Semitism2, racism and xenophobia beside other
elements such as nationalism, militarism and homophobia. These groups above often
drew membership of people who blamed them as societys problem, such as the

Third Reich is the named that Hitler gave to the Nazi regime in Germany between 1933 and 1945.
Anti Semitism is political, social, and economic agitation and activities directed against Jews. The
term is now used to denote speech and behavior that is derogatory to people of Jewish origin, whether
or not they are religious.
2

disintegration of national unity, culture and multicultural friction on non-white

immigrant and Jewish world conspiracy3.
In the United States, in 1990s, the Neo-Nazi became well organized. Their
members were usually youth people that can be easily identified by their style and
tattoos, which indicated their hatred to other races. In 1990s, the American Neo-Nazi
began to disturb American society. They attacked the immigrants and non-white
people.
In its movement, Neo-Nazi brought its own features that they used as their
own identity, like the style of the head, clothes, taste and kind of music. Then, those
features influenced some of American youth. In another case, it became a trend.
From the explanation above, the writer is interested in studying the influence
of Neo-Nazi movement to youth life. That is why the writer writes her thesis entitled:
The Influence of Neo-Nazi Movement to American Youth life in 1990s.

1.2 The Identification of the Problem.

3

Jewish World Conspiracy state that the Jews will concord the world, its declare in the Protocols of
Elders of Zion which is forged document containing supposed plans for Jewish world conquest,
alleged to have been submitted by Jewish writer Theodor Herzl to the first Zionist Congress at Basel,
Switzerland, in 1897 and published in Russia in 1905.

Based on explanation above, the writer is interested in studying the influence

of Neo-Nazi movement to the American youth in 1990s. Therefore, the writer focuses
on the following research questions in her study,
1. What were the causes of Neo-Nazi emergence in America?
2. What were the Neo-Nazi influences to the American youth in 1990s?
1.3 The Objective of the Study.
The study is aimed at finding out what the causes of the Neo-Nazi emergence
were and it focuses on the influences of Neo-Nazi to of American youth in 1990s.
Moreover, the identification of the ideology behind this phenomenon and the hidden
agenda in the rising of racism are going to be discussed in this thesis..
1.4 The Limitation of the Problem.
This study is focused on the causes of the emergence of Neo-Nazi and the
influence of Neo-Nazi movement in American youths lifestyle and behavior in
1990s.

1.5 The Method of the Study.

In doing this thesis, the writer applies methods of collecting the data, studying
and analyzing them, and making the conclusion. In collecting the data, the writer did
library research. The data are taken from relevant books, papers, articles or journal
from Internet and other printed materials.
In analyzing and studying the data, the writer applies qualitative research
method. Qualitative research method is a method that interprets data by giving them
meaning, translating them or making them understandable (Bogdan, 1982: 24). By
using the qualitative method, the data that has been collected are in the form of words
or pictures rather than numbers. Moreover, the result of the study contains quotation
from data to illustrate and substantiate the presentation (Bogdan, 1982: 28). The same
statement is also mentioned in Pengantar Metode Penelitian Kualitatif: dari
pengertian sampai penulisan laporan written by DR. Afrizal, MA (2005: 14):
Metode penelitian kualitatif dikatakan sebuah metode penelitian
dengan data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata, gambar dan bukan
angka-angka,
(Qualitative research method is a research method where the data that
are collected are in the form of words or pictures rather than
numbers...)

DR. Afrizal MA also states that by using the qualitative method, we could
easily analyze condition, event, character and relationship among them by using
library research. (2005:28)

In presenting the analysis, the writer uses the descriptive methods, attempts to
present the phenomena in detail. This method also helps the writer to analyze the
problem objectively based on the data and information from the sources.
In addition, the writer uses the Subculture theory. According to Brake, the
Subculture theory state that: a subculture existed where there is some form of
organized recognized constellation of values, behavior and action which is responded
to as differing from the prevailing set of norms. (Brake: 1985: 24). This theory will
be explained in next chapter.

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

10

2.1 Reviews on Related Studies.

In doing this thesis, the writer also analyzes work and studies that to NeoNazi. The first study is a journal from one of Czech Republic Newspaper , The New
Presence entitled: The Evolution of Neo-Nazis in the Czech Republic, written by
Cyrus Philbrick and Jessica Wakeman that explains the history and the characteristic
of Neo-Nazi in Czech Republic. This journal analyzes the Neo-Nazi loyalty and why
it occurs in Czech Republic. In this journal, the writers also mention about how police
in Czech Republic handle these group and what people should do to prevent from this
groups ( Philbrick: 2004).
The second one is a paper in Patterns of Prejudice Magazine, Vol. 38, No.
1,by Fabian Virchow, a sociologist at the Fachhochscule Kiel, lecturing the far right,
its ideology, recruitment strategies and organizational development, entitled The
Groupuscularization of Neo-Nazism in Germany: the case of the Akitonsbro
Norddeutschland (Virchow: 2004). In this paper, he analyzes the development,
organization structure and movement of German Neo-Nazi from its emergence in the
era of post World War II. This paper focuses on analyzing one of the biggest NeoNazi organization in Germany. This organization was motorized by Akitonsbro
Norddeutschland. This paper consists of some information that may be needed by the
writer.

11

The third one is a journal by David Michaels, entitled Neo-Nazi Terrorism. In

this journal, he gives us some kind of reports about some violent incidents that caused
by the Neo-Nazi that happened in British, Germany and America. In this journal, he
also explains far right movement like the Neo-Nazi which has turned into terrorism
that caused many violent incidents. This journal explains how the organization like
Neo-Nazi movement had spread in many big countries all over the world. This
journal also helps the writer to see how the Neo-Nazi movement contributes violence
to American society.
The fourth is a paper by Eric Olsen, entitled 'White Power' music targets teen
(Olsen: 2005). In this paper, Olsen explains about the Neo-Nazi music and how the
music became widely spread and gained attention of the youth in America and
Germany. In this paper, Olsen explains that there has been music for racists since the
eighteenth century. The Racist music consists of racist lyrics that admit the white
supremacy and underestimate colored people. Olsen also learns about an up-andcoming leader of neo-Nazi music and recording company to record and label the NeoNazi music. This paper will help the writer to explain that the Neo-Nazi also
influence American youth music.
The last one is a book by Harun Yahya 4, entitled: Menyingkap Tabir Fasisme.
In this book, Yahya explains about the background of the reoccurrence of fascism in
4

Harun Yahya is a famous Moslem researcher that research world phenomena with science and Koran

12

20th Century that becomes the major cause of racism in many countries including
America. The Neo-Nazi as one of the example of American racism became the major
focus in this book. He discusses about the reoccurrence of fascism and its dangers to
the world. Firstly, he studies how racism still exists in Europe, and then he also
focuses on the development of the Neo-Nazi organizations.
In this book, he describes the development of Neo-Nazi; since it exists until it
becomes well organized in 1990s. This book also gives complete information about
the incident that is caused by the Neo-Nazi and the activities of the Neo-Nazis
organization. Unlike the writer thesis, Yahya sees the problem in religion perspective.

2.2 Reviews on Related Theory.

In analyzing this thesis, the writer uses the perspective of cultural studies.
According to S. Hall in his book The Work of Representation: cultural studies is a

13

discursive formation which means a formation of ideas, images and practices which
includes the way to talk about, the form of behavior and knowledge that associates
with a topic, social activity or certain institutional area of society. (Hall: 1997: 84).
Dealing with the topic, of the influence of the Neo-Nazi movement, the writer
sees the idea of the Neo-Nazi and compares it with the original Nazis ideology and
how this Neo-Nazis ideology and behavior develop in particular society, that is the
American youth.
In order to conduct this thesis, the writer uses the Subculture theory, stated by
Prof. M. Brake. The subculture theory is a systematic way to analyze gang, group or
subculture activity and behavior (Thrasher: 1927: 46). In this case, subculture means
the distinctive culture within a culture, so its norm and values differ from majority
culture but not necessarily represent a culture deemed deviant by the majority
(Wikipedia: 2004). So, the Neo-Nazi movement is an example of a group movement
that developed became one of the American youth subculture where the Neo-Nazi
developed their own music, style and activity that particular with youth, as stated by
Chris Barker in his book Cultural Studies: Teori dan Praktik (2000: 432):

Subkultur-subkultur anak muda dicirikan dengan perkembangan

gaya-gaya tertentu. Di sini terjadi pengorganisasian aktif berbagai
benda dengan aktifitas dan sikap-sikap melalui cara-cara berpakaian,
musik, ritual dan jargon/ semboyan.

14

(Youth subcultures are characterized by the development of some

specific styles. In this case, there is an active organizing over
activities and attitudes through way of dress, music, ritual and
jargon.)
According to Brake: a subculture existed where there is some form of
organized recognized constellation of values, behavior and action which is responded
to as differing from the prevailing set of norms. (Brake: 1985: 24). This statement
means that in the formation of a subculture, there are acts of resistance, protest and
refusal, which seek to differentiate from the mainstream. Therefore, by using the
subculture theory, the writer will explain the causes and the influences of the NeoNazi as one subculture influenced its major culture, in this case the American youth
society.
Furthermore, in analyzing the data the writer uses the cause and effect way of
explanation by stating the fact and giving the reason to explain why and how the facts
come about. Here the writer explains how the Neo-Nazi movement emerged then how
and why this movement influences the American youths ways of life.

CHAPTER 3
BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NEO-NAZISM

15

In this chapter, the writer gives explanation about the term Neo-Nazi, its
ideology, Neo-Nazism, how Neo-Nazi differs from the original Nazi and short history
about the Neo-Nazi emergence and development in America.
The term Neo-Nazi refers to any social or political movement that seeks to
revive Nazism or a racist form of Fascism (Wikipedia: 2006). To understand deeper
about Neo-Nazism, we must distill the essence of Nazism. In common, the essence of
Nazism comprises two fundamental beliefs, they are: (1) some people are genetically
and morally inferior forms of life; and (2)genetically and morally superior forms of
life, to survive, must "purify" their race by eliminating genetically and morally
inferior groups (Encarta: 2006).
Historically, The National Socialist Party (Nazi) which emerged in post World
War I era, was one of the biggest fascist parties at that time. In 1918, German was
defeated by the Alliance (American, British and Russia) and forced to sign the
Versailles Treatment5. As the result, life became so hard in German, inflation raised,
economic felt down and many people died in suffer. People in German were
desperately expecting a new hope that later was offered by Adolf Hitler, born on April
20, 1889 in Brunay. As a brilliant orator, Hitler successfully gained mass sympathy by
5

Versailles Treatment or Treaty of Versailles is the peace treaty signed at the end of World War I
between Germany and the Allies. This agreement state that German Republic replaced by the imperial
German government at the end of the war, was excluded from the parley. Included in the first section
of the treaty was the Covenant of the League of Nations, the world's first peacekeeping body, which
was given the responsibility for executing the terms of the various treaties, negotiated after the World
War I.

16

his propaganda and formed the National Socialist Party and later was well known as
Nazi. Hitler raised the German nationalism and convinced German people that the
pure German was Aria, the superiority race that was chosen to be the best (Purcell:
2004: 34).
In 1933, Hitler suspended the constitution, abolished the presidency, and
declared himself Germanys Fhrer6, like T. L. Jarman states in his book, The Rise
and Fall of Nazi Germany (Jarman: 139):
When Hitler, with the Cabinet, appeared on the balcony, the crowd
went wild with delight. Again and again it shouted, Heil Hitler! By
the new law, the government was given power for the next four years
to make law without Reichstag; such laws were to be drafted by the
Chancellor, and they might modify the constitution. Hitler was
independent of the Reichstaghe was a dictator.

Moreover once in control, Hitler was able to insert his fascist vision of the new
Germany into a highly receptive political culture. This made German became the
largest fascist country in Europe. The Third Reich quickly created the technical,
organizational, militaristic, and social means to implement its far-reaching schemes
for the transformation of Germany and large parts of Europe.
Furthermore, the word fascism came from Italian word fasces that mean
union or league. This word firstly introduced by Benito Mussolini, an Italian
6

Fhrer or Fuehrer originally from German language that means a leader who is regarded as
autocratic.

17

Fascist leader, who inspired Hitler in his movement at that time. On 1935, fascism
had dominated Italy and Germany (Purcell: 2004: 4). In both Italy and Germany, the
backgrounds of the emergence of fascism were almost the same. They were: the
poverty that happened after the World War I, disappointment of democracy, fear of
communism which would occurred in both countries and high nationalism of German
and Italian people (Purcell: 2004: 25).
As an ideology, fascism means modern political ideology that seeks to
regenerate the social, economic, and cultural life of a country by basing it on a
heightened sense of national belonging or ethnic identity. Fascism rejects liberal ideas
such as freedom and individual rights, and often presses for the destruction of
elections, legislatures, and other elements of democracy (Encarta: 2006). Fascism has
seven basic thoughts that often seen in almost fascist text. Those basic thoughts are
Irrationalism, Social Darwinism7, Nationalism, State, Leadership principal, Racism
and Anti-Communist (Sargent: 1984: 156). In all of those basic thoughts, racism is
the most powerful one. Hitler believed that the Aria, or the Nordic, or the white
dominate above others. He used this to grow the German nationalism so that the
German people had something in common to be proud of (Hitler: 1973: 393).

Social Darwinism is a discredited social theory stating that the political and economic advantages in a
developed society are derived from the biological advantages of its collective membership.

18

The political movement and ideology of Nazi was complete because in this
ideology was found the essence of left and right ideologies 8 (Macridis: 1992: 163).
Those essences could be divided into negatives and positives themes, which were
sometimes blended and addressed to the immediate situations. Nazi negative themes
are: (1) against class struggle, it means that Nazis thought that the notion of class
which was developed by Marx and endorsed by all Communist parties was
inconsistent with national unity and incompatible with communitarian values of the
German people and German nation. (2) Against parliamentary government, the Nazis
thought that parliamentary government led to fragmentation of the body politics into
parties groups jockeying for position, compromising their particular interest, and
forming unstable governmental coalitions. This made the real national interest was
being neglected. (3) Antitrade union, the Nazis thought that the workers who also the
German citizens who also should also integrated into society instead of pitting
themselves against other Germans. (4) Against political parties, like the
parliamentary government, political parties also expressed special ideological or
interest particularizes that they thought could split the nation. (5) Against the Treaty
of Versailles and the last is (6) Anti-Semitism and racialism (Macridis: 1992: 164).
Moreover, the positive themes of Nazism are: (1) Nationalism, the Nazi
ideology put the German Nation as the highest priority so that every citizen must be
8

Ideologies are defied into two there are the Left ideologies and the Right ideologies which Right is
grow along the mainstream like Nationalism and Left is against the mainstream like Communist.

19

willing to sacrificed everything they owned to their country. (2) Leadership, as we

had already discussed above that Hitler as the leader of the Nation ruled every aspect
of life. The concept of Nazis leadership is closely related to totalitarianism 9 concept
where the absolute highest position is on the hand of one leader. (Macridis: 1992:
168).
The ideology of Neo-Nazi is the genealogy of Nazism that had been
influenced by many beliefs, ideology and other factors, like being described in the
scheme below.

Totalitarianism is dictatorship, despotism, absolutism, tyranny, autocracy, authoritarianism, that Nazi

regime often consider as one of totalitarianism example.

20

Source: http://www.publiceye.org

The Neo-Nazism is surely influenced by the Nazi, so they have similarities

among them. The most specific similarities among those two are racism, the concept
of master race and anti-Semitism. Moreover, the Nazi concept of leadership was also
used by the Neo-Nazi, for example in the American Nazi Party which have George
Lincoln Rockwell as the American Fuhrer for their leader. The Neo-Nazism also has
the same fundamental believes which are: Irrationalism, Social Darwinism,
Nationalism, State, Leadership principal, Anti-Communist and the most powerful is

21

Racism. Both Nazism and Neo-Nazism were clearly racial, those two agreed about
the concept of master race and racial supremacy, which argued that only the
highest race, deserves to live in the world (Heywood: 1992: 185). In his book, Mein
Kampf10, Hitler describes racial purity as an iron law of Nature where the Nazi
believed that biological purity was the key to racial greatness and fear of intermarriage would pollute the pure race of their Nation (Hitler: 1973).
However, among those similarities there were also some differences stated the
line between them. The Neo-Nazis concerns were mostly about the immigration on
their country that later caused unemployment. The Neo-Nazi did not have a high
priority of Nationalism. Besides, the background and causes of German Nazi and
American Neo-Nazi emergence were different.
Historically, the Neo-Nazi emerged in America in1950's, while racism still
became the unsolved problem in America and the world was still coming to terms
with the Holocaust and fighting Cold War Communism. At that time, George Lincoln
Rockwell, born March 9, 1918 in Bloomington, Illinois, formed American Nazi Party
(ANP). He brought the ideas of white male racial superiority and the right to power
over all others-ideas. Then they underlined the rationale which was the basis of
Hitler's National Socialism (Nazi). George Lincoln Rockwell combined Nazi
10

Mein Kampf is Hitler famous book, he used it as the bible of Nazi fascism that contained many of
his basic ideas which he used as a guidance in ruling the Nazi regime. Hitler believed that history
was the record of struggles among races. He held that the superior Aryan race, centered in Germany,
would be the final victor and would rule the world.

22

ideology with Christian thought where one of the foundational beliefs of Christianity
was that Jews are the "seeds of Satan," and conspired to eradicate "God's chosen
people," the Aryans. The Neo-Nazi also denied the fact of Nazi holocaust and acused
the Jew has lied about it (Schamalz: 1999: 48).
From the late 1950's until 1967, Rockwell became the seminal force of postWorld War II National Socialism (Nazism) in America and the originator of the
"Holocaust Denial" movement. In 1967, Rockwell was assassinated by a disgruntled
party member in the parking lot of the local Laundromat. This movement later
inspired the growing of various Neo-Nazi organizations in America, for example: the
National Socialist White People's Party (NSWPP), Aryan Nations, Aryan
Brotherhood, National Alliance National Socialist Movement (NSM88), White Aryan
Resistance, United White Peoples' Party, National Democratic Front, Aryan Youth
Movement and many others (Schamalz: 1999: 64).
Later on 1980s, Nazi-Skinhead appeared on the streets of America. This
movement was originally from the United Kingdom, which was the revival of the
skinhead subculture11, which had originally died out in 1972, came as a sort of
backlash against the commercialization of punk 12 (Marshall: 2005: 64). The NaziSkinhead invested their music, style, and culture to the American youth and other
11

12

Skinhead subculture is one of a group of young white men with closely-cropped or shaven hair,
characterized by extreme right-wing views and aggressive behavior.
Punks are youth movement of the late 1970s, characterized by loud aggressive rock music,
confrontational attitudes, body piercing, and unconventional hairstyles, makeup, and clothing

23

American Neo-Nazi organizations. Moreover, the U. S department of justice also

stated that the Nazi skinhead imported into the United States Neo-Nazi in the early
1980s by powerfull long time right wing advocated. Some scholars have argued,
however, that the political environment in the United States during this period was
ripen for political unrest and encouraged violent attack on minorities, especially
during the establishment era of Ronald Reagan (Maxwell: 19: 1993). Besides, Hamm,
a leading expert on youth hate groups13 contended that the ideology of Ronald Reagan
was profoundly affected the white youth in the 1980s. According to Hamm (1993):
The social and political of the Reagan era seems to have produced
conditions conductive to extreme alienation caused certain belief,
and commit hare crimes14; usually with baseball bats, work boots,
guns or knives.

As the result of this, the mainstream media started to label the whole skinhead
style as the Neo-Nazi. In the late 1980s, the Neo-Nazi group and organization had
became well organize and responsible for many violent actions in the future.

13
14

Hate group is the name for every racist organization; include Neo-Nazi, KKK and others.
Hate crime is the crimes pr violent actions that done by the hate groups, including the Neo-Nazi.

24

Source: Klanwacth, the Nation Magazine, Page 82-107. July 16th /23rd, 1990.

The picture above is produced by the Klanwatch Project of the Southern

Poverty Law Center (S. P. L. C) in Montgomery, Alabama. The Klanwatch Project
discovered that the Neo-Nazi groups have spread and the number of the members
have been increased over years and have reached huge numbers about 10.000 up to
20.000 members all over America, beside that the Neo-Nazi groups has had their own

25

record company, TV shows, weekly magazine and official site to help them spread
their propaganda (Nation Magazine: Langer: 1990: 84).
Moreover, the picture above shows the spreading of the Neo-Nazi groups and
other white supremacist groups that also have same goal, share same ideas and
cooperate with the Neo-Nazi groups. Those groups are: Klu Klux Klan15, this is a
group which has been Nazified, it means that they began to have the same goals,
share same ideas and mutually cooperate with the Neo-Nazi. Posse Comitatus, a
decentralized, antistate and largely rural movement which also appears as American
Freemen Associations, whose adherents believe that all government should be rooted
at the country level and cooperated with any higher authority are wrong. The
Christian Identity movement which is an Aryan religious denomination descended
believe that chosen people of the Bible are white Anglo-Saxon and that Jews are
descended from Satan and that all non-white are pre-Adamic or lower species than
white. The Christian Identity movement is also known as the religious movement that
often indistinguishable from a political one (Nation Magazine: Langer: 1990: 85).

15

Klu Klux Klan is a secret terrorist organization that originated in the Southern states during the
period of Reconstruction following the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was reactivated on a
wider geographic basis in the 20th century.

26

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS.

4. 1. The Causes of Neo-Nazi Emerge in America.

According to the writers perspective and analysis, the causes of the Neo-Nazi
emergence in America were divided into three major causes. The first cause was
America as a Multi-racial country, where many immigrants from all over the world
come and became American citizens. The second one was American racism that has
existed in American life until now. The third was American liberalism for every
citizen to form any organization that they think as their way of life.
As has been known, the United States of America has often been call as a
nation of immigrant, it is because every year more than thousands of people come to
America and seek for the American dreams 16. Therefore, the United States of America
is counted as the most heterogeneous societies in the world where there are many
different religious affiliations, cultural traditions, ethnic sympathies, national origins
and racial groups that live together, assimilated and freely speak with their mother
language because The United States of America has no official national language. The
table below shows the number of American citizen by their race:
16

The American Dream is the belief that through hard work and determination, any United States
immigrant can achieve a better life, usually in terms of financial prosperity and enhanced personal.

27

Table 1
Resident Population by Race and Spanish Origin* (1980 Census)
Race
White
Black
American Indian
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Asian Indian
Korean
Vietnamese
Other Race
Spanish Origin
Total

Number
188.372.000
26.495.00
1.420.400
806.000
774.700
701.00
361.500
354.600
261.700
6.999.200
14.609.000
226.546.000

*person of Spanish origin may be of any race

Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1986 (Fredikson:

1987:12).

From the table above, it can be seen that the white race has been the majority
race in the United States in 1980 and they still maintain until now. Moreover, it also
shows that the black people were the minority and their numbers did not even reach
half of the whites. The table also shows the variety of race that lives in the United
States, which automatically made the United States as a multi-racial nation.
In fact, even though the number of white race is higher than other races, in the
average of American poverty by race, the white race has the lowest percentage of
poverty. As being describe on the table below:
Table 2
Persons Below the Official Poverty Level

28

Race

White

Black

Spanish

10.2%
12.2%
11.4%

32.5%
35.7%
31.3%

25.7%
28.1%
29.0%

Year
1980
1983
1985

Other
Races
13%
15.3%
14.0%

Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1986 (Fredikson:

1987: 16).

In writers opinion, this fact also cocked the Neo-Nazi hatred of other races
because they considered the other race only brought poverty, stupidity and wasted the
States money for their welfare. Moreover, the Neo-Nazi thought that multi-racial
nation was a mess system which was unfair for them. They think that while the poor
non-white was grabbing their taxes, the rich and educated non-white stole their
opportunity to play role in some aspects of life.
As what has been discussed in the previous chapter, the Neo-Nazis hoped to
build a global movement by relying on the central element of racism, which is to
create a doctrine of white supremacy in all over places with substantial populations of
white people like United States. In fact, American racism began since the early
colonial time, when the African Black people were forcedly brought to America to
become slaves. After the abolishment of slavery in 1860, the unsatisfied white people
refused to live side by side with the Black Americans. This made them still lived in
racism. In 1960s, the Civil Right Movement era was the consequences of the
Segregation policy, Jim Crow System, which aimed at separating the black and white
people in every aspect of life and achieving supremacy over the Blacks. This policy

29

made black, as the second-class citizens, not be able to share school, restaurant, seat
in the bus or others public facilities in America, mostly the southern States. Even
though the Civil Right Movement had ended with the abolishment of Jim Crow
policy, the Blacks had gained right for vote and equality, racism still exists in the
United States (Encarta: 2005).
Actually, racism began from the religion conflict where the Christian belief
states that the Jews are responsible to the cruelest sin on earth. Later, racism occurred
after the concept of slavery determines the Black people became the second races
(Fredrickson: 2003: 67). The concept of racism, where the sinful Jews and the Black
as the second race, made the whites as the superior race was adopted by the NeoNazism. They refused to live side by side with other non-whites.
According to the writers perspective, even though now the American people
have declared that they have lived in harmony as they use the term the pizza 17, in
fact some of the American people are still racist. The concept of Master race that was
brought by the Neo-Nazi was accepted by some of the American people. Moreover, in
the era of Neo-Nazi emergence, the American people were still faced racism
conflicts, and the concept that was brought by the Neo-Nazi was suitable for some
white Americans and made them easy to accept Neo-Nazi and it continues until now.

17

The pizza is the American motto, after the melting pot and the salad bowl, which means that the
various difference of the American society could not separate them.

30

The American liberalism and freedom of speech were also the factor of NeoNazi emergence in the United States. The American society had been lived with the
concept of democracy since their independent on July 4, 1776. In America and other
countries, democracy is a political system in which the people of a country rule
through any form of government they choose to establish (Cincotta: 1950: 48). In
modern democracy, supreme authority is run by the representatives of people who are
elected by general election. Democracy allows people to have freedom to speak and
create any kind of organization. In America, this concept is known as Civil liberties,
and it is used to guarantee the freedom of speech, press, religion; the process of law;
and to other limitations on the power of the state to restrain or dictate the actions of
individuals (Encarta: 2006).
In the writers opinion, the concept of liberty and freedom of speech seem to
misused by some of American citizen. In the early of Neo-Nazi emergence in
America, George Lincoln Rockwell founded the American Nazi Party based on the
American concept of liberty and freedom of speech where citizens were allowed in
joining and making an organization.
Moreover, as the writer has discussed in the previous chapter, the Neo-Nazi
was still gaining huge number of members on its organization and developed official
net-sites, magazines, TV shows, etcetera that can easily consumed by the public. In

31

addition, the American concept of liberty also enabled Neo-Nazi to spread their
movement became legal (Nation Magazine: Langer: 82: 1990).
Related to the subculture theory, that states, a subculture existed where there
is some form of organized recognized constellation of values, behavior and action
which is responded to as differing from the prevailing set of norms.(Brake: 1985:
24). The theory is suitable with the causes of the Neo-Nazi emergence. It is because
the writer sees that the existence of Neo-Nazi subculture in America has already been
well organized since the American Nazi Party was founded. Later the other Neo-Nazi
organizations become widely spread by using net-sites, magazines, TV shows and
label record company. Moreover, the writer finds that the existence of the Neo-Nazi is
also a response to the disagreement about anti-racist policy in America and the
American heterogeneous societies.

4. 2. The Influence of Neo-Nazi Movement to American Youth in 1990s.

32

Since one definition of subculture is: "subcultures are meaning systems,

modes of expression or life styles developed by groups in subordinate structural
positions in response to dominant meaning systems, and which reflect their attempt to
solve structural contradictions rising from the wider societal context" (Barker: 2005:
147), the writer saw the Neo-Nazi subculture also created modes of expression or life
styles which gave influences to the American youth society. These influences were in
the emerging of hate music, the rising of new style and the formation of violent
behavior, which finally resulted in the acceptance of the Neo-Nazism by the
American youths.
4. 2. 1. The Emergence of Hate music.
Along with the development of the Neo-Nazi movement, the Hate music has
became an instrument in the formation of the Neo-Nazi subculture. Originally, the
Hate music came from the British Skinhead group where a British singer Ian Stuart
Donaldson transformed himself and his band, Skrewdriver, into the explicit promoters
of racism and white supremacy, and later it was known as the Hate music. This music
rapidly began to increase its hold among young racists around the world. When Ian
Stuart Donaldson died in an auto accident in 1993, he became an icon of Hate music
in both British and America.

33

In 1990s, there were many Hate music bands existed, such as Jew Slaughter
(Oregon), Angry Aryans (Detroit), Max Resist, Aggressive Force (California), and
many others. Beside that, the labeling and record companies also took part in the
development of Hate music in America. Those labeling and record companies, for
example are Resistance Records and Panzerfaust Records. The Resistance Records
was the first a truly significant racist music distributor which raised in the United
States. It was founded in 1993 which was located in Michigan and sold as many as
50,000 CDs a year. The Panzerfaust Records was started in 1998 by Anthony
Pierpont and former of Resistance employee Eric Davidson. It has strong ties to the
American Neo-Nazi. The Panzerfaust created special compilation CD of Hate music
that they offered for sale for just pennies, intending that the Neo-Nazis would buy
large number of the CDs and distributed them to the children at schools, concerts, and
other venues (http://www.adl.org).
Additionally, to spread the Neo-Nazis influence by using Hate music, the
Panzerfaust Records also launched the Project Schoolyard campaign to distribute
free Hate music CDs to schools across the America. The Panzerfaust Records planned
to distribute 100.000 copies of CD sampler featuring Hate music bands and artists.
The Panzerfaust Records had volunteers from the Neo-Nazi groups to hand out these
CDs to student in school activities like dance and sport events. The Panzerfaust

34

Records thought that the best target audience of these free CDs was the students in the
middle and the high school age (Gwinn: 2006: 17).
The genre of this music was mostly affected by the Punk Rock, street punk,
garage rock, rockabilly, and psychedelic rock mostly affected the genre of this music
(Wikipedia: 2006). The Hate musics fans referred their music in different ways. They
differentiated the Hate music into some subgenres that later influenced and blended
into each other and it kept changing over time. There were Racist Oi, Hatecore,
National Socialist Black Metal Music (NSBM) and Nationalist Folk Music. Racist Oi
is an offshoot of punk music that originated in the 1970s and became heavily
associated with the emerging of the Neo-Nazi subculture (Marshall: 184). Second,
Hatecore is essentially a racist version of hardcore punk, a musical subgenre that
emerged in the United States in the early 1980s. Some hardcore punk musicians later
merged the hate music with the heavy metal music to create thrash or speed metal.
The National Socialist Black Metal Music (NSBM) is a racist version of black (or
death) metal music. It is descended from heavy metal and hardcore punk. The
Nationalist Folk Music is sometimes known as folkish music or national socialist
folk music. This term refers to songs and music that hearken back to a mythical, often
Aryan, Germanic, or otherwise nationalistic past. In such music, racism is often
implied rather than explicit. It becomes a reason why it is more popular in some

35

European countries for example in Germany, where white supremacist lyrics

explicitly may be illegal. Like lyrics below:
Browntown Burning Down
By Angry Aryan
Driving through the city, blackened ghetto is all you see
Direct result of permitting the niggers to run free
They destroy their own community and shoot each other down
Abandoned homes are torched to ashes
Inner Zulu tribal clashes
Browntown burning down
Cities getting sacked, it's coming down
Browntown burning down
Negro in flames rolling on the ground
No longer welcome in our cities 'cause you'll get beat
Extreme White racial violence!
Is what the darkies can expect to meet
Source: www.azlyrics.com

The lyric of the song Browntown Burning Down by the Angry Aryans
above clearly shows the racism on it. The song tells about the Black peoples city that
has been destroyed by their own stupidity. The lyric that says: Direct result of
permitting the niggers to run free shows their disappointment to the government to
let and allow them to live side by side with the Black. Then lyrics that says: They
destroy their own community and shoot each other down shows that they mock the
Black people as stupid people who shoot and kill each other and do not give any
advantages to the country. In addition, the lyrics that says: Extreme White racial
violence! - Is what the darkies can expect to meet reflects the invitation to do the
Hate crime and violent behavior.

36

Racially Debased
By Angry Aryan
The mud brown child that's been given birth
The beating of your life is what it is worth
To satisfy your lust, well, you never did care
Your baby was born a mongrel, with African hair!
The culprit of producing a maleficient race
We will soon dispose of your shameless disgrace
Your villainous contempt is really well understood
Your futile cries of mercy will do ya no good!
You had to be sexually explored by countless black men
You continue to abide by this horrible trend
Fear strickened eyes are drenched with tears
Your feeble pleas will only fall upon deaf ears
My Hands are around your neck
Your error is mine to correct
The air slowly dwindles away
Your defiled body, on the ground it lays
Source: www.azlyrics.com

Moreover, the song Racially Debased by the Angry Aryans also closely relates
with racism. In this song, the Angry Aryans tells about a woman who gives birth to a child
that has a Black father that they assume she makes a mistake in doing that. Additionally, in
the lyrics that says: The mud brown child that's been given birth, they name the mix blood
child as the mud blood to express they dislike the child. The lyrics that says: Your error is
mine to correct shows that the woman really does a mistake in doing that.
White Power
By: Skrewdriver
I stand watch my country, going down the drain
We are all at fault, we are all to blame
We're letting them takeover, we just let 'em come
Once we had an Empire, and now we've got a slum
White Power! Forever
White Power! Today
White Power! Forever

37

Before it gets too late

Well we've seen a lot of riots, we just sit and scoff
We've seen a lot of muggings, and the judges let 'em off
Well we've gotta do something, to try and stop the rot
And the traitors that have used us, they should all be shot
middle eight:
Are we gonna sit and let them come?
Have they got the White man on the run?
Multi-racial society is a mess
We ain't gonna take much more of this
What do we need?
Well if we don't win our battle, and all does not go well
It's apocalypse for Britain, and we'll see you all in hell
Source: www.azlyrics.com

Furthermore, the song White Power by the Screwdriver tells about the NeoNazi ways of life and philosophy. In the lyrics: I stand watch my country, going
down the drain - We are all at fault, we are all to blame - We're letting them takeover,
we just let 'em come shows their rejection and disagreement to the multi-cultural
society that allows other races to come and live in their country. Then the lyrics that
says: White Power! Forever - White Power! Today - White Power! Forever - Before
it gets too late shows the pride of becoming whites. Additionally, the lyrics: Well
we've gotta do something, to try and stop the rot - And the traitors that have used us,
they should all be shot - middle eight: - Are we gonna sit and let them come? - Have
they got the White man on the run? - Multi-racial society is a mess - We ain't gonna
take much more of this - What do we need? - Well if we don't win our battle, and all

38

does not go well - It's apocalypse for Britain, and we'll see you all in hell clearly
shows their challenge to the youth in doing Hate crime.
According to the writers perspective, the Hate music gives the major
contribution to attract the American youth into their movement. In fact, most of the
young people have great attraction to the music. Specifically, for the American
youths, the music is the most important aspect of their lives and the most phenomenal
media to express their feelings, thoughts and ideas. Actually, some of the young
people feel that they are being abandoned by their family who are too busy in
working or earning money for living. To them, music is a great answer to entertain
them selves. Moreover, the Neo-Nazi uses the Hate music to gain and maintain their
membership. Since the genre of Hate music is related to punk, rock and hard core,
which are usually liked by the mostly youth in 1990s, the Hate music becomes easily
accepted by the American youths. In addition, the writer sees that the Hate music was
also used as a tool for the Neo-Nazi to insert their ideology to the youths.
Furthermore, the Hate music lyrics inspired many youths to do the violent
actions. This Hate music gave influence toward the young people not only in their
behavior, clothes and style, but also in the way they thought about racism.
Additionally, the Hate music also had become an important source of income
for the Neo-Nazis. Mostly, they received a substantial amount and even the majority

39

of their funding from the distribution of the Hate music, the promotion of the Hate
music concerts, and the selling of accessories and clothing. The significant portions
of these materials were distributed in Europe, even in countries where they might be
illegal.
Related to the theory, the writer concluded that the Hate music was one of the
form of organize recognized constellation of values, behavior and action which
develop by the Neo-Nazi subculture. Moreover, the Hate music as one form of the
Neo-Nazi influenced not only use to insert the Neo-Nazi ideology but also used to
inspired the youth in doing the Hate crime and to keep influencing the youth to join
the Neo-Nazi subculture.
4. 2. 2. The Formation of violence behavior.
The violent behavior that was done by the Neo-Nazi was well known as the
Hate crime18. The Hate crime is also unilaterally condemned as unjustified attack on
an individuals or groups right to live and act with diversity in pluralistic or multicultural society (Maxwell: 1995: 2). Since its existence, the Neo-Nazi had been
responsible for many violent actions toward the Blacks, Jews and others non-white
immigrants in America. For example, David Michaels mentions in his paper entitled
Neo-Nazi Terrorism, some violence incidents done by the Neo-Nazi:
18

Hate crime is the crimes and violence that motivated by one, hatred toward anothers real or
perceived race , religion, sexual oriented or other innate characteristic.

40

.three bombs exploded in spring 1999, targeting the

capitals black, Asian and gay communities, the threat of neoNazi terrorism finally seemed to have become a reality. .Far
from being a loner as he was initially portrayed, David
Copeland is simply another demonstration of the direct line
between the incitement-filled, hate-driven ideology of the far
right, and the kind of murderous violence seen in last year.
(Michaels: 2000).
In the writers opinion, those violent actions were cocked by many causes;
some were done individually and some others were done by the members of the NeoNazi organization. Firstly, the Neo-Nazi organizations demanded and ordered their
members to do those violent actions toward non-white.
Second, the Neo-Nazi produced propaganda and spread their racist ideology in
which they refused to life side by side with other race. It made the members of NeoNazi and some people that even have not yet recommended as the Neo-Nazi done
those violent actions. Actually, the American youths lived in the society where their
parents were too busy in increasing the economic strata. At that point, when the youth
felt that they were being abandoned and drifted, the Neo-Nazi offered them family,
sense of identity, sense of belonging, value, purpose, excitement alignment with
strong leaders, empowerment, answers to difficult questions, camaraderie, protection
and later the justification for violence. The Neo-Nazis offers made these youth feel
they became valuable as the member of their new family. As the valuable members,
those youths were expected to be useful to the group. Furthermore, the Neo-Nazi

41

convinced them that violence against their enemy (non white) was not only justified
but also righteously necessary.
Moreover, the American youth saw the Neo-Nazi not only as subculture but
also as an ideology that could influenced its members and society around them. Being
a Neo-Nazi was obviously being a racist that held on master race concept. This
philosophy guided the members of the Neo-Nazi, which mostly the youth in doing
Hate crime which were those violent actions.
Third, the Hate music also influenced them in doing those violent actions. The
lyrics that consist of racial hatred and invitation to do crime that persuade them to so.
Then genre of the Hate music which increased the youths adrenaline also became
other cock in doing violence.
Related to the theory, the writer sees that the form of organized recognized
constellation of values, behavior and action develop by group in subordinated
structural positions in response to dominant meaning systems which can be also seen
in their violent behavior. This violent behavior cooked by many causes such as: the
Neo-Nazi propaganda, the Neo-Nazi demand to their members which mostly the
youth to do those violent actions.

4. 2. 3. The Rising of a New Style.

42

Peoples personalities could be reflected in their appearance of fashion. Each

person had their own characteristics in the fashion to symbolize who they are. NeoNazi subculture had its own style to identify their members among other groups or
gangs. The most significant style of the Neo-Nazis was baldhead. Besides, the NeoNazis had their own style in clothing which was mostly influenced by the British
Skinhead (Marshall: 2005: 37). Those styles are: branded button-up or polo shirts,
tailored suits to events such as soul dances or ska concerts, favors tonic suits (also
known as shark-skin suits), so named for the shiny material, MA-1 type Flight
Jackets (popular brands include Warrior and Alpha) in black or sage green; blue
denim jackets (Levi or Wrangler); Harrington jackets; Monkey jackets; Crombie-style
overcoats; sheepskin 3/4 length coats; Donkey jackets, Men: Blue Levi's or Wrangler
jeans, straight leg with rolled cuffs (turn-ups) to show off the boots, often with the
seam cut off and sewn to give a neater, flatter turn-up, and "properly" fitted; Sta-Prest
flat-fronted slacks and other trousers; bleachers (jeans splattered with household
bleach to resemble camouflage trousers), and the most important was Boots,
originally regular army or work boots, and also Trilby hats; pork pie hats; scaly caps,
flat caps" or a driver's caps (Wikipedia: 2006). Those features can be seen in the
picture below:

43

Source: www.madvideo.ch/medias/neo-nazi.jpg
Those features were meant to symbolize tough, patriotic, anti-immigrant and
working-class attitudes, as discussed in previous chapter. The American Neo-Nazi
thought that those styles were suitable for them.
In the writers opinion, those features were also connected to their ideology.
With those kinds of clothes and wears, they could show the White Power by showing
their Aryans body on those tights shirt and jeans. Besides, their threatening style of
dress was just one way in which they expressed their hatred toward Blacks, Jews,
gays and other minority groups. Furthermore, their look was important for them.

44

Being Neo-Nazi was not just the way to dress- it is an entire way of life. Moreover,
their styles gave them a sense of power, belonging and superiority over others. It also
indicated that they want to create an atmosphere in which violence was the norm.
Dealing with the subculture theory, the writer sees that the form of organized
recognized constellation of values, behavior and action develop by group in
subordinated structural positions in response to dominant meaning systems can be
seen in their Hate music, their violence behavior and their style which reflected the
racist ideology of Neo-Nazi. Moreover, we could see that the Hate music, the violent
behavior and the style were the form of their resistance in the American Anti-racist
and American motto: the melting pot, the salad bowl and the pizza.

45

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

After the collapse of the Nazi regime, some people still admire and are
inspired by the Nazi philosophy and concept brought at that time. In 1990s, the NeoNazi had emerged and had been structurally organized in America and became a
subculture where the members were mostly the youths.
The writer finds that there were several major causes which became the
reasons why the Neo-Nazi emerged in America. The first, the writer finds that it was
due to the facts that the America is a multi-racial country, so that the Neo-Nazis
hatred toward other races grows. The second was that historically America had
already having trouble with racism problem for a long time. The problems of fascism
have rooted in the past and still existed in the American society. The American liberty
which allows people to make and join any organization that they think right made the
Neo-Nazi became big and well organized organization in America.
Additionally, the writer finds that the Neo-Nazi emergence and movement
gave many influences to the American youth. Those influences were in the emergence
of hate music, the rising of new style and the formation of violent behaviors which all
reflected the Neo-Nazi ideology, Neo-Nazism.

46

The first influence was the emergence of the Hate music. The Neo-Nazi
spread the Hate music into youth society and used it as a tool to influence others, gain
more members, gain income and the most important was to insert their ideology to
the youth. The second influence was the rising of new style which was influenced
from the British Skinhead that later became their identity. This style also reflected
their ideology and philosophy that they thought that they were the master race. The
third one was the Neo-Nazi led the youth to do the violence behavior and do the Hate
crime toward other races who also live in America. This violent behavior was
influenced by hate music and their way of dress or their style.
At last, the writer concludes that those Neo-Nazis influences had brought
their ideology and reawake the racism to the youths in American society. The NeoNazi also spread the hatred among American youth toward other races.

47

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Appendix:
Neo-Nazi pictures:
THE NEO-NAZI

THE RECORD LABEL COMPANY OF NEO-NAZI

THE CD COVER OF NEO-NAZI HATE MUSIC BANDS

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THE NEO-NAZI IN HATE MUSIC CONCERT

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THE NEO-NAZI PROPAGANDA OF HATE

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