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ENERGY EQUATION
P1
V1
P2
V2
1
Z1
2
Z 2 hL
2g
2g
Where:
Z1 = elevation of streamline above the datum at cross-Section 1.
P1 = Pressure
= Fluid specific weight
P/ = Pressure head
V2 = streamline velocity
V2/2g = velocity head
g = local acceleration of gravity
hL= hydraulic losses
= correction factors
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ENERGY EQUATION
P1
z1 Y1 So X
and
P2
z2 Y2
E y
2g
E1 E2
2
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V1
V2
y1
y2
2g
2g
ENERGY EQUATION
Apply Continuity Equation:
A1V1 A2V2
2
Q
Q
y1
2
2
2
2 gA1
2 gA2
For rectangular channel or wide:
q vy
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q
q
y1
2
2
2
2 gy1
2 gy2
v2/2g
h
WS
EGL
HGL
Channel Bottom
2
1
Datum
V
Q
Head
yz
yz Ez
2
2g
2 gA
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Specific
9
Energy
SPECIFIC ENERGY
Specific Energy, E
E = energy (head) measured with respect to
the channel bottom
2
2
v
q
E y
y
2
2g
2 gy
Multiply through by y2 and arrange to find
y3 E y2 + q2/2g = 0
What kind of equation is this? How
many roots? Significance of roots?
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Rectangular
channel:
E=y
8.0
Q = 600 ft3/s.
Depth (ft)
B = 20 ft
Fr = 1
6.0
4.0
Fr = 2
Fr = V/(gy)0.5
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
15
E = y + Q2/2gA2 and
dE/dy = 0 (set dE/dy equal to zero)
2
dE
Q dA
1 3 0
dy
gA dy
Where, dA=Tdy
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Q 2Tc
1
gAc3
16
Ac
Q
2
Tc
gAc
2
Ac
Tc
Vc
Or
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Ac
Q
Tc
g
General
Geometry
17
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EXAMPLE 1
Determine the critical depth for water flowing at 10 m3/s
in a trapezoidal channel with bottom width 3 m and side
slopes of 2:1 (H:V).
T=3+4y
y
1
2
3m
Solution:
A=3y+2y2
Under critical flow conditions
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3
2
A
Q c
g
Tc
20
EXAMPLE 1
And since Q=10m3/s and g=9.81m/s2, then under critical
flow conditions
2
3
2
10 (3yc 2yc )
3 4yc
9.81
Solving for yc by trial and error yields the critical depth
yc=0.855m
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EXAMPLE 2
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EXAMPLE 2
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Thank You