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OCK.6Q
PROBLEMS
IN
MATHEMATICAL
ANALYSIS
Under the editorship
of
B. DEMI DOVICH
Translated /rorn the Russian.
by
G. YANKOVSKY
MI~
PUBLISHERS
Moscow
TO THE READER
Second PrintiRR
Printed In
the Union
of
Soviet Socialist
Republics
CONTENTS
Preface .
1. Pu nctions
2
3
4
5.
. . . . . .
Graphs of Elementary Functions
Li mits
.
Infinitely Small and Large Quantities.
Continuity of Functions . . . . . . . . . . .
11
16
22
33
36
42
46
56
60
66
11
15
17
78
2
3
4.
5.
Chapter IV
Sec. 1
Sec 2
Sec 3
Sec. 4
Sec. 5.
83
The Dirfct ion of Concavity Points of Inflection
91
AsymptoteC)
. .
93
Graph Ing Functions by Characteristic Points
96
DilTerential of an Arc Curvature . .
. 101
I~DEFINI"E
INTEGRALS
Direct lntellration . .
by Substitution
Integrat 1 0n by Part~
. . . . .
Standard Integral'\ ContaininR a Quadratic Trinornlal
Integration of Rational Functions
Inte~ration
.
.
.
107
113
116
118
121
Contents
Sec. 6. Init'grating Certain IrratIonal Functions
125
~c 7. lr;t~rating 1 rifonrrretric Functions . .
128
~ec. 8 Integrat ion of H Yferbolic Functions . . .
. . 133
Sec 9. USIng I ngonometric and Hyperbolic Substitutions for Finding
FunctIon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I ntf,:rat ion of Varlouc; Transcendental Functions
Using Reduction Formulas.
.....
MIscellaneous Examples on Integration .
IS
a Ra133
135
135
136
1. Basic Notions
2. Contlnulty
3
4
5
6.
180
P.artlal Derivatives
Total DlfJerential of a Function
...
Dlffprpntiation of Comroslte F-unctions
184
185
181
190
193
197
202
205
211
217
220
222
227
230
2.32
234
Contents
S~c. 18. The Vector Function of a Scalar Argument
Sec. 19 The Natural Trihedrnn of a Space Curve
Sec. 20. Curvature and Torsion of a Space Curve
7
2JS
238
242
1. Number Series
2. Functional Series
3. Taylor's Series
4. Fourier's Series
293
304
. . . . . 311
318
322
324
327
330
3::12
335
337
339
340
345
349
351
Contents
356
357
359
361
363
.
.
. . "
Equations
.
367
372
APPENDIX . . . . . .
396
ANSWERS
.....
376
382
384
3Q3
475
475
475
476
478
479
480
PREFACE
This collection of problems and exercises in mathematical analysis covers the maximum requirements of general courses in
higher mathematics for higher technical schools. It contains over
3,000 problems sequentially arranged in (~hapters I to X covering
all branches of higher mathematics (with the exception of analytical geometry) given in college courses. Particular attention is
given to the most important sections of the course that require
established skills (the finding of limits, differentiation techniques,
the graphing of functions, integration techniques, the applications
of definite integrals, series, the sol ut ion of differential equations).
Since some institutes have extended courses of mathematics,
the authors have included problems on field theory, the Fourier
method, and approxima1e calculations. Experience sho\vs that
the nunlber of problclns given in this book not only fully satisfies
the requirclT:n s of the student, as far as practical 11las~ering of
the various sections of the course goes, but also enables the instructor to supply a varied choIce of problems in each section
and to select problenls for tests and examinations.
Each chap.er begins with a brief theoretical introduction that
covers the basic definitions and formulas of that section of the
course. Here the rnost inlportant typical problems are worked out
in full. We beli('ve that this will greatly Silllplify the work of
the student. Answers are given to all computational problems;
one asterisk indicate~ that hints to the solution are given in
the answers, two asterisks, that the solution is given. The
problems are frequently illustrated by drawings.
This collection of problems is the result of many years of
teaching higher mathelnatics in the technical schools of the Soviet
Union. It includes, in addition to original problems and exam
pies, a large nunlber of commonly used problelTIs.
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS
Sec. 1. Functions
1. Real nurrl:ers. Rational and irrational numbers are collectively known
1 he ab\olutf value of a real nurnber a IS undt'rstood to be
the nonnegative numb~r I a, defined by the conditions I a I = a if a ~ 0, and
la , = - a if a < o. lhe following in(qual1ty holds for all real numbers CJ
as
real numbers
and b:
'a+bl~lal+'bl.
Y=
V x2-1 .
> 0,
that is, if , x I> 1. Thus, the domaIn of the function is a set of two intervals: - 00 < x < - I ~nd I < x < + 00
4. Inverse functions. If the equation y = f (x) may be solved unIquely for
the variable x, that is, if there is a function x =g (y) such that y == f [g (y,
*) Hencelorth all values will be conSIdered
stated.
8S
Introduction to Analysis
12
(Ch. 1
then the function x = g (y), or. in standard notation, y =g (x), is the tnverse
of Y=f(x). Obviou~lv. g(f(x))=:x, that is, the function ,(x) is the Inverse
of g (x) (a nd v ice versa).
In 11 r J ereJ al ca~e, tre rquation y = f (x) refines a multiple-valued Inver~e fupct Ion x = f- J (y) ~uch that y == f If-) (y)J for all Y that are values of
the function f (x)
I:xhn Jjle 2. Cetennine the inverse of the funchon
y= 1-2- x .
(1)
IO~~~;Y) *).
(2)
=,
laI =a
2
2
;
c)
I~ I= :::
d)
Vi2=-.:\al.
(b =1= 0);
Functions
Sec 1)
13
f (x) =
{ 0,
~f x ~ 0,
x, If x>O
12.
Vx+ 1;
16. Y=
b) Y= ~ x+ 1.
Y-=4--2'
V -V
18. y==log
13. a) Y =
x 2 -2;
2
b) y~x x -2.
14**. y=V2+x-x
3 +2
x - xl
.
x-l2
2x
1
Y= V -x+ Y2+x'
15.
V X-Xl.
X)
Y= Vsin2x.
q> (x)
23. A function
is called even if
c) I(x)=
d)
+ x +x'- Vl-x +x
l+x
f (x) = log -1-x;
e) l(x)=log(x+Vl+x
J
).
(Ch. I
Introduction to Analysis
14
25. Prove that the product of two even functions or of two odd
functions is an even fl'nctlon, and that the product of an even
function by an odd function is an odd function.
26. A function f (x) IS called periodic if there exists a positive
numter T (the period of the tunction) such that f (x + T) = f (x)
for all valres of x within the de main of definition of f (x).
Ce1ermine \\hirh of the rol1ewing functions are perIodic. and
for tLe perlcdic ft:ncticns flnd tt.eir least period T:
a)
b)
c)
f (x) = 10 sin 3 x,
f (x) = a sin AX + b cos AX;
f (x) = Vtan x;
d)
f (x) =
e) / (x)
sin l x;
= sin (VX).
27. Express the length of the segment y.= M N and the area S
of the figure AA1N as a fun~tl0n of x= AM (Fig 1). Construct
the graphs of these functions.
D
C
28. The linear density (that is,
mass per unit length) of a rod AB = I
b (Fig. 2) on the segments AC = I"
CD == 12 and DB == la (L \ + I" + La ==- l)
A
is equal to q J' q 2 and q a' respec/3
c
~--a--~
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Show that
/ (n + 3)-3/ (n
f (x) =kx+ b
and the numbers
the nurn ters
gression.
Xl' XI'
J (Xl)'
/ (XI) and
pro-
Sec. J]
Functions
15
l+x
f(x)= log .
i-x
Show that
Show that
and
'" (x
f (x) =
Xl;
1 +x
d) y = log ~ ;
2
c) y=arctan3x.
o.
c) y = log tan 2 ;
d) y = arc sin (3 -X2 ).
I_n_t,_od_u_c_t,_on_t_o_A_n_a~ly:-.s_,s
16
.....:[::.-C_h_._I
42. Write as a single equation the composite functions represented as a series of equalities:
8) y=U', U= sin x;
b) y=arctanu,
v=logx;
c) = { 2u, if u ~ 0,
y
0, if u>O;
u=Vv,
tt=x'-l.
43. Write, explicitly, functions of y defined by the equations:
a)
arc cos y =---1(,;
b) lOx + 1()Y = 10;
r-
c)
x+1YI=2y.
...
Fig. 3
Graphs of the basic eleJnentary functions (see Ap pendix VI) are readily
learned through their construction. Proceeding from the graph of
Y=f (x),
(f)
Sec. 2)
17
y = sin ( x - : ) .
Solution. The desired line Is a sine curve g = sin x displaced along the x-axis
to the: right by an amount
(Fig. 4)
x
Fig. 4
following
linear functions
(straight I inps):
y=+,
Intr,duct,on to Analysis
18
1
59. y= I-x.
x-2
60. y= x+2.
2x-3
62 * Y=3x+2"
65*.
x2
+ 1
!I = ;.
64. y= x
66. y=
x .
Vi
VX-
75*. y.
76. y=
f V25-x
V xZ-l
(elltpse).
(hyperbola).
77. y= V 1- Xl
78*. y=
Vb
(cis.<;oid of Diodes).
79. y= xV 25-x 2
Conslruct the graphs of the trigonometric functions:
80*. Y = sin x.
83*. y =- cot x.
81*. y=cosx.
84*. y=sec x.
82*. y=-tanx.
85*. y=cosec x.
86. y= A sin x, if A = 1, 10, 1/2, -2.
87*. y= sin nx, if n= 1, 2, 3, 1/2.
88. y=sin(x-q, if q>=O, ~,
n, - : .
89*. y = 5 sin (2x-3).
3;,
[eh. 1
Sec. 21
19
99*. Y = cos -x .
95. y = tan! x.
100. y = sin x.
Construct the graphs of the exponential and logarithmic runetions:
94*. Y = x sin x.
106. Y= lOx.
J07*. Y = e- x2 (probab ility curve).
108. y=2-
109. y=logx 2
110. Y = logl x.
lIt. y=log(logx).
1
113. y=log-.
x
114. y=log(-x).
115. Y = log! (l + x).
116. y=log(cosx).
1
112. .l j = -og
l- .
117. y=2- x sinx.
x
Construct the graphs of the inverse trigonometric
lt8*. y=arc sinx.
122. y=arcsin...!...
x
I
+,
127. a) y=xlxl;
b) y=logv7Ixl.
128. a) y=sinx+lsinxl;
b) y=slnx-lsinxl.
3-X2 \vhen Ixf~ I.
129. y= { ,:, when Ixl> 1.
*) About the number e see p. 22 for more details.
functions~
Introduction to Anall/sis
20
(Ch. 1
=!
132*. r
(spiral of Archimedes).
133*. r":= e<P (Iog'lrithmic spiral).
134*. r =!:. (hyperbol ic sptral).
q>
q>
CJns~ruct
cally:
141*. x = t a, y = ('
142*. X= 10 cos t,
143*. x = 10 cos' t,
144*. x=a(cost+
(sernicubical parabola).
y= sin t (ellipse).
Y = 10 sin a t (astroid).
t slnt), y=a(slnt-tcost) (involute of a
circle ).
145*.
X=l~tal
. . I)
se"LtCtrc
e .
1
t
147. x~~t +2-', y=2 _2- (branch of a hyperbola).
149. x=2co~Zt, y=2s1n 2 t (segntent of a straight line).
149. x==t-t 2 , y=t 2 __ t a
150. x==-~J2cost-co~2t), y=a(2sint-sin2t) (cardIoid).
CJnstruct the graphs of the following functions defined implicitly:
t 51 *.Xl + yl = 25 (c i r (l e) .
15l. xy= 12 (hyperbGla).
153*0 yJ=2x (parabola).
146
rot
Ir
, Y=
r 1 + /2
y2
at
I + tl
).
Sec. 2)
2t
(logarlthmtc spiral).
160*. X 8 +y3_3x!J=0 (folium of Descartes).
161. Derive the conversion fornlula trom the Celsius scale (C)
to the Fahrenheit scale (F) if it is known that OC corresponds
to 32P and 1000e corresponds to 212F.
Construct the graph of the function obtained.
162. Inscribed in a triangle (base b == 10, altitude h = 6) is a
rectangle (Fig. 5). Express the area of the rectangle y as a func-tion of the base x.
159*.
'--'-----~ 8
Fig. 5
FIg 6
b) XS + x-I = 0;
c) logx=O.lx;
d) lO-x=x;
e) x = I -+ 0 5 sin x;
f) cot x=x (O<x<:t).
e) Y= sinx. y=cosx,
(O<x<2n).
Introd'lction to Analysis
(Ch. 1
Sec. 3. Limits
XI'
tJ
sequence
lim xn=a,
n + C1J
+ 1=2.
(I)
n+l
n-+ct)
+ 1_ 2 =
__
1_
n+1
n+l'
2n 1
1
j n + 1 - 2 = n + 1 < e,
if
> -e
-1
=N
(2)
(e).
Thus, for every positive nUlnber e there will be a number N =.!-l such
e
that for n > N we will have irequality (2) Consequently, the number 2 is
the limit of the sequence x n = (2n-t- l)/(n + 1), henc~t formula (I) is true.
2. The limit of a function. We say that a function f (x) ...... A as x ~ a
(A and a are numbers), or
lim f (x):= A,
x -+a
if
I f (x) -
linl f (x) = A,
-+
00
A I < e for
x ..... a
IS
f (x) =
I x I > tv (8).
also used:
CO,
which means that I f (x) I > E for 0 < , x-a I < f) (E), where E i~ an arbitrary
positive number
3. One-sided limits. If x < a and x -+ a, then we write conventionally
x -+ a-O; s!ml1arly, if x > a and x a, then we Wrtte x a +0. The numbers
f (a-O) = lim f (x) and J (a + 0) = lim f (x)
-P
a -- 0
-?
a+0
.are catted, respectively, the ltmlt on the left of the function f (x) at the point a
and thf limIt on the f,ght of the function f lX) at the point a (if these
nuolbers eXist).
23
Limits
Sec. 3)
a, it Is necessary
x~a
1old:
1) lim [f. (x)
x~a
2)
3)
litn
+ f2 (x)] =
'2 (xli
x~a
x~a
f" (x);
x~a
(x)! Brn
x~a
f 2 (x)
(lim
x~a
x~a
and
1
Jim (1
X-+(;I)
+..!..)X
=
X
Jim (1
-+0
..
Example 2. Find the limits on the right and left of the functioD
1
-+
o.
Solution. We have
and
-!..)=~
X
2
(aJctan..!..)=-~.
f(-O)= lim
x-+ - 0
-..0.
1, 4
1
nz'
...
<
8=O.OOl~
24
Introduction to Analysis
(Cia. I
Ixn-ll< e
8,
some
Ix -41< 8
l
Ix- 2 1<cS?
-~
+0
...
+ 00
00
a) 1, -"2' 3'
2
b)
(- I)n-l
n
, . .. ,
- 4-' ... ,
2n
V2. -( 2 Vf,
2 -.( 2 V'2,
d) 0.2 0.23, 0.233, 0.2333, ...
c)
'"
1
2
3
2+2-12n
n
n~oo.n
n-l) .
+ ... +-21l
n~oo
173. liln
l!..:t3+5+7+"'+'(2n-I)_2n+IJ
n+l
n-+oo
174 I1m
n+(-I)n
-(-1)".
n-+oon
175. lim
n~oo
2n + 1 +3 1Z + 1
2n +,n
~
}i~ ( ~ + ~ + ~ + ... + ~ ) .
[
1
I
1
( _ 1) n - ']
177. 21~ 1-"3+ 9-27+ ... + 3"176.
+n
Seco 3]
L_l_om_i_t.s
(V n + 1- Vn).
179. lim
n-fJ(J)
n "ill nl
-r-+
1
n
180. htll
n
-+J
linl
3x'+x-1
5)( 4 - 6)
3+(2 - 3)(
x =2.3.4c= 8.
x'
-=-=- !ill)
3-~-~-~3
t+7fJ
x2
Example 2o
x
1IIII
x~rJ::3/~\3+10
V
181.
182.
1lIn
x~oo
(x+ 1)2
hIll
.r
=::
OCt
2 _L
I-
184. 11111
t -+-
rJ::
.t -+
-1- V x
J
x2
-~ oc 10
+x V "t
- +1
X2
x~oo
00
+1
189 1lIn V
--1-.
+5
3_8'\:
,.,
2.t+3
188. HIn
185. 11111
00
x + 00 x
2~2-x-1X
187 1lIn
x2-5t+ 1
183. 11111 - 3..l~7
X
2x~-3x-4
11In --;r -::---==4
x+ooX-
00
1--1->.J
lOOOx
I 1:11 -.2-1
~
186.
-1
3V-TO == .
-t- 5
x+
190.
t
Ii 111
~ too
Y:-==:x====~
-V x + V x -f
V-;-
If P (x) and Q (x) arp integral polynomials and P (0) '# 0 or <J
then the lilnlt of the rational fraction
lll)
:f: 0,
lim P (x)
t
~a
Q (x)
is obtained directly.
But if P (a) = Q (a) =0, then it is advisable to laJllel the binonllal
~ ~:~
Example 3.
lIru
11
-+ ..tl
x -4
-
3~
+2
z::
lim (z-2) (x
. -+ 2
(x - 2) (x -
t- 2) =
1)
lim x +2 c::.ft
~ 2 x-I
Ai&a-Q
Int,oduction to Analysis
(Cho J
x'-3x+ 2
11m
195. X-+l~
4-4 x + 3 '
, x2_(a+
196 IlIn
3
x -a
x ..... a
197 I1m
h
-+
I) x+a
a
(X+h)'_X'
h
lim Vf+X-I
.r~oVI+x_I
Solution. Putting
I +x=y',
"We have
Yf+X-l
Urn
199o 1lIn
0
-+ J
200. I1m
x
V" 1 + x-I
-+.
-"14
Vx-I
Jim
y:- 1=
Y-+ly-I
lim y!+Y+I=~.
y+1
2
Y~l
2O1. 11m
I'
xYx -8
X-+l
V-x -4
202. 1lIn
x-.
-x - I
V
V x-I
V-x + 1
V - (-2-1)2
Xl
Another way of finding the litnit of an irrational expression is to transfer the Irrational term froln the nUlnerator to the denominator, or vice versa,
froln the denominator to the numerator.
Example 5.
lim
~~Q
VX" - Va _
x-a
Um
x-a
-,
--%-+Q(x-a)(Yx+Ya)
lim
%-+aVx+Va
2- Vx-3
x2 - 4 9 '
204. I.TI x-h
x ... 8
x -2
203.
1m
-+,
205.
10
V-
Vx-I
1m ~--.
~-+IV..t-l
206.
Va
(a>
r1m 3-Y5+x
v--.
x-+41-
5-x
VI +x- Yl-x
207. lim
x
%-+0
VX .
0),
Limits
~')
Sec.
209.
v-
r1m
x+hh
h-.o
210.
211.
V-x
.-++ aJ
2
In)
JC~3
. -++
x-x+ .
iim
(V x
x-.-t aJ
(V x! -5x -+ 6-x).
IL11 x <V x! + I-x).
213. ILn
y x -2t+6- y x + 2x-6
1.
(V x (x + a)-x).
212. lim
214.
t a- Vx).
IS)
~+oo
V 1-
215. liln (x -t
Xl).
x~eX)
The formula
Urn
x
Sitl
-+ 0
x= I
x-+a
Example 6.
JC-t> 0
216. a) lim
b) 1Lll
.
7 a) IlIn x sIn
- -I ;
22 J.
si fl x ;
sin x
-.
t
b) Ij'n x sin
x.....,. eX)
x -+ Cf)
sin 3x
sin 5x
.c .... l
Sill 311X
liin
(n sin ~).
n
n-+cx>
.
221. 1Inl
230. lim
-.
.t~o
232. lim
sin x-sin a
x-a
tan 3tX
1
22 4 ,,_~C~2
x+ 2
x2
sin (x
r
in]
11
~~-
art' sin.x
234 . 11 : 1 1 - - .
.t -+ Q
+ h)-sin x
h
I) -+-0
22 6.
cos mx-cf'S nx
233.
cC"s x - CPs a
225. 1un
2
3t-x
1- 2 C0S x
11- 3x
x-a
223. ILIl
.1-+
11
x ..... -
231 I l~n
1- c('sx
2x cot ( ; - x) .
I-sin~
S(fl1(X
219. I I~n--.
220.
X-+I
-!.x .
217. I en - - .
X-+ 0
x
. -.0
x~o
X -+2
sin X-CflS x
i-tan x
arc tcln 2t
23 5. I1m - - 3 - .
r ... O
4)Ul
l-x2
236 . IIrn - - .
.t --1> 1 Sll1llX
Introduction to Analysis
11m
237
x-c;in 2x
:r .... 0 X
+ S1Il 3.
X
1-
239. lim
cos-
liIn
240.
~.
~ +11x
lim
x...,. 0
VCOS"X
x2
x -+0
1(X
238.
[Ch. I
YI +sinxx
Y I-sjnx
(X)
= C
(3)
-+a
X-+Q
~-+a
then C= An;
2) if lim <p (x) = A #= 1 and lim 'l' (x)::..:
(
X -+
"1>Q
00,
(J
where a (x)
c=
lim
l'
-+
x-+a
0 as x
-+
'1' (X)
1
lim a (XI
{[I+a(x)]a(x)~~(.~)~(X)=ex-+a
+a
Eample 7. Find
sin 2x \ I+~
Urn ( - )
,
X
x-+o
Solution. Here,
~-+o
bence.
11m
x-.o
%-+0
Example 8. Find
lim
x-+ c
(X+ 1 )XJ
2x
+1
Solution. We have
1+ 1
x+l
1
11m - - = Urn --=~ -+ 2x + 1 x -+ 00 2 + l
2
x
fI:J
aod
a and, hen\,.e,
'1' (Xl
29
Limits
Sec 3)
1"here{ore,
.J(X+I\X
---)
2x + 1
11m
x-.
=0.
CX)
Example 9. Find
litn
% ..... 00
(X-I
)'x .
x+l
Solution. We have
t--!..
(X-I)~
- - = I"1m
x+1
(II
x -+ (YJ
l + (X-J
-+I
)J" =
-1
X+
!X
In this case it is ealijer to find the lilnlt without rec;orting to the general
procedure:
lim
JC -+ '"
(X-l)Xo=:
X+1
lim (1-+
X+ '" (
1+
'
rr J[I~mct 1( 1-++f"r
r
x
~I~
=e-l=e.' I ,
(2+X)"~
CJ)
t ..... z.:
244 I
--;-)~ .
x+
(X_')~+J
243. lim ( I
X-+>D
X
248. lim (
242. 1i~n(XI..!J)x+l.
%-+.
(l+~)x=efl
)-i+I .
_X)n
250. lim ( 1 + n
n-+QD
(xl-2.t+3)
sln%
;~~ xZ -3x+2
251. lirn (1
-.o
+ sin x) .c
. (Xl +2 ).t
245. :~~ 2xl + 1
..!.)II
n
247 lin) (1
~QI
+ !)J& .
%
%-+0
I
...o
Introduction to Analysis
30
[Ch. 1
When solving the problems that follow, it is useful to know that if the
x-.a
x.... g
x-+o
1.
(*)
Solution. We have
253. Iim[ln(2x+l)-ln(x+2)].
. lOR ( 1 + lOx)
254. I1m
x
K-+'
255.
~~ ( ~ In y: ~;) .
eaX_e fJX
261. bIn
, In (Cf'S x)
257 I1m
2
262. lim~.
..... +GID
X-+O
K....O
259*. lim
%-+0
-=-
-x
SlIl
%-+0
oX
aX
-+O
(a>O),
n-+oo
(a
b) Iimcosh~-l
>0).
~ ... o
264. a) liln
% -+ - .... OD
b) lim
%
V ~! + 1
OD
Vx + 1
2
,t-++o
1 +e
In (1 +e-, .
a) lim
x
x-+ -00
In (I + eX)
b) lirn
x
JC-++oo
K
267.
b) lim tanh x,
eX _e- JI
where tanh x = e-x--+e- Jt
b) lim
I ~tn-x ;
J
268. a) rlin x-+ -
b) lim 'sin x I
-.+o
Limits
x-I
270. a) lim~2 ;
269. a) 11m -- ,
I I;
0
I-
%-+2-0
X-+I-O
81
x-I
b)X-+I+O
1m x
x-
b) 1im~2.
'--=-11
%-+2+0
x-
272*. y=lim
n-+oo
273. Y = lim
I+
(x~O)_
n
X
Vx-z-+-a,-z.
a-+o
275. y = lim
V 1 +xn
(x ~ 0).
n-+~
y=2 1 -
.,
as on
-=- e-CP
(Ch. 1
= O,
q:>1
AB = a
nn
= 2"'
... , q>tJ = 2
(Fi~. 7)
Q~
cHl
Fig 8
Fig. 7
sc~nlent
:c~r~(kX+b-.::t: )=0.
(1)
n-..
Sec.
41
33
lin1 a (x) = 0,
x-+a
Le., if
Ia
(x)
infinitesimal as x
as x
---+
a.
00.
P(xJ -
where C is sonle number diff~rent frolll zero, then the functions a (x) and P(x)
are called infinitesimals of the same order; but if C =0, then we say that the
function a (x) is an in fin ttesitnal of higher order than ~ (x). The function
u (x) is called an in{initesit1lal of order t1 cotnpared with the function p (x) if
Ihn
where 0 < J C 1<
If
,"~a
+ 00.
a (x)
IP (x)]n
=c
lim a (x)_1
,"-+Q ~
P(x)
are called
a (x) - p (x).
For exan1ple. for x --. 0 we have
(x)
and
(x) -
equit'alent
functions as x -+- a:
(x) ,
where a (x) - + 0 and P(x) ~ 0 as x --+ a, we can subtract fronl (or add to)
the numerator or denominator infinitesitnals of higher orders chosen so that
the resultant quantities should be equivalent to the original quantities.
Example 1.
~2(~
.
1
lIn1
11m - - = %-+0 In (1 + 2x)
x-+o 2x
2
. Vii
VX"'
2. Inftnltely large quantities (InOnltes). If for an arbitrarily large number N there exists a ~ (N) such that when 0 < I x-a I < ~ (N) we have the
inequality
If (x) I> Nt
f (x)
Introduction to Analysis
34
[Ch. 1
f (x) =
is an infinitesimal as x ~
quality
00.
sin x
x
If (x) 1<8
f (x) =
is an infinitesimal for
quality
x~
i-Xl
I f (x) 1<8
fuliilled if 8 is an arbitrary positive number? Calculate numerically for: a) 8=0.1; b) 8=0.01; c) 8=0.001.
290. Prove that the function
1
f (x) = x-2
is an infinite for x ~ 2. In what neighbourhoods of Ix - 21 < 6 is
the inequality
I f(x) I>N
fulfilled if N is an arbitrary positive number?
Find 6 if a) N = 10; b) N = 100; ,
o
c) N = 1000.
A ",..
...----.,;~
291. Determine the order of smallness
B of: a) the surface of a sphere, b) the volume
of a sphere if the radius of the sphere r
is an infinitesimal of order one. What
will the orders be of the radius of the
sphere and the volume of the sphere with
respect to its surface?
292. Let the central angle a of a cirFig. 9
cular sector ABO (Fig. 9) with radius R
tend to zero. Determine the orders of
the infinitesimals relative to the infinitesimal a: a) of the
chord AB; b) of the line CD; c) of the area of d ABD.
Sec. 4]
35
Vx+ Vx;
c)
Vii-Vi';
297. lim
(x-x1)2
arc
x~0
S1n ..
1m I -x
X-+l
I-Xl
-cos X
1n (1 -- x)
-i
(I)
I-x'
x
a -t- x~a + 2a
l+x
b)
(a
> 0);
V15;
36
ICh. 1
Introduction to Analysis
c)Vx+VX;
Xl
b)
x,-2 ;
d)
V x-2x
x-..;
~,
Le.,
(1)
X-+;
Putting
x=~+L\~,
(2)
~;-+o
d;-+O
or the function f (x) is continuous at the point ~ if (and only if) at this point
to an infinitesimal increment in the argument there corresponds an infinitesi..
mal increment in the function.
If a function is continuous at every point of some region (interval, etc.),
then it is said to be continuous in this region.
Example 1. Prove that the function
y=sinx
ts continuous for every value of the argument x.
Solution. We have
~
Ay = sin
(x + Ax) -
sin
L1x
2 sin
cos (
x+ ~x) . Ax.
"2
Since
L\x
Silly
dX-+O
L\x
L\2X)I~I,
+ co.
Sec. 5J
37
Continuity of Functions
f (x) has
a dIscontinuity lat x=xo (or at the point xo) within the domain of definition
of the function or on the boundary of this domain if
continuity of the function at this point.
Example 2. The lunct'ion
f (x) = (1
1x)t
(Fig.
th~re
10 a)
is a break in the
is
discontinuous
y
y=(x)
2
---~
I
__ ~
I
I
2
(b)
(a)
-I
(c)
FIg. 10
how we choose the number f (1). the redefined function f (x) will not be continuous for x = 1.
If the function f (x) has finite limits:
11m f (x) = f (xo-D) and lim f (x) = f (xo D),
X-+Xo - 0
X-+Xo +0
and not all three numbers f (xo)' f (xo-D), f (xo + D) are equal, then Xo is called
a discontinuity of the first kind. In particular, if
f (xo-O)=f (xo+O).
X o is called a removable discont inuit y.
For continuity of a function f (x) at a point xo, it is necessary and sufficient that
then
(CIl. 1
38
f (x) = ~I: ~
f (+ 0) = lim
x-++o
sin x =
x
+1
and
'(-0)= lim sin x = - t .
.1-+-0
-x
Example 4. The ~unction y = E (x), where E (x) denotes the integral part
of the number x [i.e., E (x) is an integer that satisfies the equal ity x = E(x) q.
where O<;q
<
kind.
These ar.e points Xo such that at least one of the one-sided limits, f (xo-O) or
f (xo+O), is equal to Q() (see Example 2).
Example 5. The function y=cos ~ (Fig. 10c) at the point x=O has a
x
discontinuity of the second kind, since both one-sided limits are nonexistent
here:
lim cos ~
%-+-0
and
lim cos ~
x-++o
~).
Xl
Sec. 5)
Continuity of Functions
39
R( )X -
+ ...
is cont in uous for all val ues of x except those that make the denominator zero.
307*. Prove that the function y= Vi is continuous for x ~O.
308. Prove that if the function f (x) is continuous and nonnegative in the interval (a, b), then the function
F (x) = V! (x)
is likewise continuous in this interval.
309*. Prove that the function y == cos x is continuous for any x.
310. For what values of x are the functions a) tan x and
b) cot x continuous?
311 *. Show that the function y = I x I is continuous. Plot the
graph of this function.
312. Prove that the absolute value of a continuous function
is a continuous function.
313. A function is defined by the formulas
f (x) ==
"
t
x2-4
--2
x-
for X=F 2,
for x=2.
f (x) =
I-x sin-!.x
is meaningless for x=O. How should one choose the value {(O)
so that f (x) is continuous for x == O?
315. The function
1
Introduction to Analysis
40
50
(Ch. 1
= (1 +x)n-l
x
(n
is a positive integer);
b) f(x)= I-XC1osx ;
c)
d)
f (x) =
eX _e- X
x
e)
317.
Y=XX 2 .
318.
Y= 1 +x
319.
Y=
320.
y= iXl
1 +x'
324. y=lnltanil.
V~;3
x
327. y = e X+l
322.
321. a) y= sin -; ;
b) y=
x1
-i2
328. Y= e
x sin ~.
x
329.
Y=
- - - J-
J +e 1 -
x .
Y= -:-.stn x
X2.
2x+l
for x ~ 3,
for x>3.
331. Prove that the Dirichlet function X(x), which is zero for
irrational x and unity for rational x, is discontinuous for every
value of x.
Investigate the following functions for continuity and construct
their graphs:
(x ~ 0).
S~c.
5]
Continuity of Functions
41
Chapter II
DI FFERENTIATION OF FUNCTIONS
Ax=xl-x
is called the increment of the argument
/1Y=YI-Y
or
+ Ax) -f (x)
\)
Fig. 11
Is called the increment of the function y in the same interval (x, xJ) (Fig. 1t,
where l\x=l.1A and Ay=AN). The ratio
:~=tana
js the slope of the secant MN of the graph of the function Y= f (x) (Fig. 11)
and is called the mean rate of change -of the function y over the interval
(x, x+ Ax).
Example 1. For the function
y=x l -5x+6
Sec. 1]
43
Ax= 1.1-1=0.1,
= (1.1 2 -5.1.1 + 6)-(1 2 -5.1 + 6) = - 0.29;
b} Ax=2-3 = - 1,
t,.y = (2:1-5 2 + 6) - (31 -5.3 + 6) :::::0.
a}
Ay
1
Example 2. In the case of the hyperbola y= - . find the slope of the
x
"3,
1)
Solution.
Here,
fiy
1
k= lix=- 30
fix
= 10-3=7
t ) .
and N (10, 10
and
fiY=10-a=-M.
Hence,
JC
~~ when
Ax approaches zero;
that is.
tan~ent
MT fo the
Finding the derivative y' is usually called diOerentiallon of the functlon. The
deriv at ive y' = f' (x) is the rate of change of the functton at the point x.
Example 3. Find the derivative of the function
y=x l
and
fiy
~x = 2x+ fix.
Hence,
y'= 11m liy= lim (2x+Ax)=2..,.
~x -+ 0 Ax 6.x -+ 0
ae
t'- (x) =
lim
6.%-+-0
fix
and
I'
+
(x) = 11m
AX ~+Q
44
Differentiation of Function"s
[Ch. 2
f (x)
=,
x I.
L\x -+ -0
f~
4
(0) =
Il:!xl= 1.
lim
L\x -+ +0
I:!x
ClO,
~x
AX-+- 0
then we say that the continuous function f (x) has an infinite derivative at x.
In this case, the tangent to the graph of the function y = f (x) is perpendicular to the x-axis.
Example 5. Pi nd I' (0) of the funct ion
y=
Solution. We have
Vi:
Vf:j.x
uX
L\x -+ 0
1
V-=oo.
L\x
2
Vx if:
a) x=O, ~x~O.OOl;
b) x=8, L\x==-9;
c) x=a, Ilx=h.
343. Why can
increment 6.y if
Ax = 5, while for
344. Find the
tions:
a)
Y=(X t _2)2
b) y==
Vi
c) y = log x
forx=l
forx=O
for x= 100,000
and~x=0.4;
and ~x==O.OOOI;
and t!.x = - 90,000.
Sec, 1]
45
345. Find Ay and ~~ which correspond to a change in argument from x to x-~ ~x for the functions:
a)y=ax+b;
b) y === x' ;
1
c) Y == ~2
d)y=Vx;
e) y = 2x ;
f) y = In x.
b) xl==l, x 2 =0.9;
Xl ~ 1, x t = I + h.
c)
To what limit does the slope of the secant tend in the latter case
if h ~O?
347. What is the mean rate of change of the function y = Xl
in the interval 1 ~ x ~ 4?
348. I'he law of motion of a point is s = 2t 2 + 3t + 5, where
the distance s is given in centimetres and the time t is in seconds.
What is the average velocity of the point over the interval of
time fron] t=1 to t=5?
349. Find the mean rise of the curve y = 2x in the interval
1~x~5.
350. Find the mean rise of the curve y = f (x) in the interval
lx, x-t-l\x].
[Ch.2
DitJerentiation of Functions
46
a) y = Xl;
1
b) Y= z;
x
c)
y=Vx;
d) y = cot x.
V-
V-
at x=O;
at x = I;
2k+l
at x=--rn, k=O, I, 2, ..
2) (x)' = 1;
(!!..)'
V
VU' -v'U
Vi
(v ,t: 0);
3) (u
v)'=u' v';
4) (cu)' =cu';
7) (
~ )' =
~~'
(v
~ 0).
Sec. 2]
Tabular DltJerentiation
47
II. (yX)' =
,I
(x
2 fr x
III. (sin x)' = cos x.
IV. (cos x)' = - sin x.
V. (tan x)' = _11_
>
0).
cos x
-1
y I-xl
1
(I x 1< 1).
y -1
(I x I <
I-Xl
IX. (cue
lijl
x)
I).
= 1+x
-I
(x
> 0).
> 0,
> 0).
cos 2 x
XVIII.
-1
(cothx)'=~hl .
sIn
XIX. (Mcsinhx)'=
~.
1 +x
x2 -1
( I x, > 1).
dx- du dx
This rule extends to a series of any finite number of differentiable functions.
D'Uerentiation of Functions
48
[Ch.2
Y= (xl
2x+ 3)5.
have
y=u';
u=sinv;
v=4x,
we find
y' = 3u 2 cos tJ4 = 12 sin:! 4x cos 4x.
A. Algebraic Functions
368. y=x' -4x'
369. y=i--
+ 2x-3.
~ x+r-O.5x.
+ bx+c.
370. y=ax 2
-5x
371. y =a- .
377.
+ bt
.ax'+b
373. Y=
Va
-t-X-'.
Vx
a
b
y= V-x - V-
x
376*. Y =
372 Y = at m
Xl
a+bx
378. Y=c+dx.
IR
n
+
+1J2'
374. y=~~ln2.
x
2x+3
380. y=2x-l-x.
_I + Vi
381 Y.r1- f Z
388 Y =
389. y= (I +x
sin x--cos x
arc sin x.
2
)
Sec. 2]
49
Tabular DiOerentlation
c.
391. y=(x-l)e".
397. Y=-l
nx
x2
eX
Xl
392. Y=i.
x
Xl
1nx
399. y=.!.+21nx_
.
x
x
400. y=lnxlogx-lna log a x.
393. Y=-x.
e
401. y=x51nhx.
Xl
402. y=-h-.
cos x
407
404
408
=3cothx
lnx
_ arc cosh x
y Y
= arc coth x
I-x!'
E. Composite Functions
In problems 409 to 466, use the rule for differentiating a C0111posite function with one intennediate argument.
Find the derivatives of the following [unctions:
+ 3x-5x! =
y~=30ul8;
u~=3-10x;
410. Y=
(UX/b)'.
411. f(y)=(2a+3by)l.
24(2~-l)'
414. y= Vf=XI.
415. y= Va+bx' .
416. y=(a2/1_x3/1)'/a.
40 (2x -1)1
50
[Ch. 2
DifJerenttation of Functions
417. y=(3-2sinx)'.
Solution.
y' = 5 (3-2 sin x)' (3-2 sin x)' = 5 (3-2 sin x)' (- 2 cos x) ==
- 10 cos x (3-2 sin x).
418.
419. Y= Vcotx-
Vcota.
423. Y= - I-a - _1 .
420. Y= 2x + 5 cos' x.
421 *.
424. Y=
= cosec t + sec t.
3 cos x cos X
, 13 sin x-2 cos x
1
_,
cos x
422. !(x)=-6(1-3Cosx)l.
y arc tan x
Y= V xe" +x.
Y= V2e"-2" + I + In l x.
y=sin3x+cos ~ +tanVx.
Solution. y'=cos3x(3x)'-sin
~(i)' +cos.lyx(YX)'=3COS3X-
1 . x +
1
...... -5 sIn -5 - ..----r---'1-r-
2 ,. X cost ,. X
x
433. {(Xl = cos (ax + P).
434. f (t) = sin t sin (t + q.
435. y =
436.
437.
~ ~~~: ~ .
f (x) = a cot!-.
a
1
1
Y = - 20 cos (5xl ) - 4 cos Xl.
439.
YI _(2X)1
y= arc sin ~
.
x
440.
(2x)' =
2
.
Vl-4x 2
+x
-x
Tabular DitJerentiation
Sec. 2]
51
443. Y= 5e- xa
444.
445.
446.
452.
453.
454.
evx+
F. Miscellaneous Functions
5x cos " '3.
x
4u115** Y = sin
11
4
456. y=-2{x-2)I-x-2.
15
10
3 (X-3)1
1
2{x-3)1-
458. y = 8 (1 -Xl).
- 2x l -2x+ 1
459 yx
460. Y=
al
x
y-_.
a -1- x
2
Xl
461. Y=
462. Y=
463.
Y (1 -}-
A 2)1
~ VXi+~xVX+~ x V?+l~X- Vi
Y=~ V (l
4
+ XS)I- ~ V (l +X)I.
VX-l
464. Y=3
x+2
4
465. Y = x (a - 2X S)1
a +bXn)",
466. y= ( a-bx n
9
3
467. Y = 5 {x+2)S- (x + 2)
469.
= (a + x) Vli=X.
y = V(x+ a) (x-t- b) (x+ c).
470.
z=Vy+Vy.
468. y
471. f(t)=(2t+l)(3t+2)V3t+2.
62
D"Oerentiation of Functions
[Chi 2
472. x= ..yr~'
2ay- y l
473. y = In (VI +ex-I)-ln (VI +ex
474. y = 1~ cos' x (3 cos' x-5).
_ (tan! x-l)(tan 4 x + 10 tan 2 x +])
475 Y 3 tan' x
+ I).
x2 -1
cos x
481. y = - .3
a +-3 cotx.
SlIl X
x.
x.
491. y=arcsin(1-x)+V2x-r.
484. y=}(arcsinx)'arccosx.
492. y=
v x+ 21V
x-x'.
(,x- 21) arcsin 1/--
x
5tan 2 +4
497. y=3b'arctan
Yb
Ve
tanx
V2- x .
ax
499. y=
500. y = es1n2 x,
Tabular DiOerentiation
Sec. 2]
504. Y = 110 r
53
xi
505. y=xna-
506. y = V cos xaYC"Oi'X.
+.
508. y=In(ax!+bx-J-c).
509. y === In (x -1- Val + Xl).
510. y=x-2Vx+2In(1-l-VX)
511. y=In(a-t-x-1-V2ax+x l ).
1
512. Y=~l
nI x
514* y=In(x-2)S
515 y --I n
x-I
5 13. Y = I n cos -x- .
517.
y= ~ Vxl-a l _
516
a
;
Y- -
In(x+ Vxl-a l ),
518. Y= In In (3-2x').
519. Y = 51n s (ax + b).
520. y=ln
y~+x.
y x -i-a! -x
2
52 I. Y = ~ In (x 2 - at) -l- ~ In ~ .
2a
522.
x+a
y=x.sin(lnx-~).
x
1 cos x
524. f (x)
527. Y =
3cOS b~ +
~ ~~:.~ .
tan ~+ 2- Y3
528. y===~ln __2 _ - - -
Va
tan~+
2
2-1-
Y3
530. y= In arc
Y2
x-I
(x 1)'
(X-I)3(X-2)
-~----..;.
x-3
2 sin! x
I t
+ n anx.
54
DiOerentiation of Functions
533. Y= In
[Ch.2
1+ V'
VSinx
V-.+2 are tan sm x.
1-
sin x
Xl
+I
x-I
536.
f (x) =
(~
al'
x+ 2 x.
+ ~ ) arc sinh x- ~ x V I + Xl
Xl
if:
a) Y= Ix I;
b) y=xlxl.
..
(:~
t=,
c) f(x) =_x,
1
\-
1 +e ~
d)
2 ;
f (x) = Xl sin..!.x ,
e) f (x) = x sin
x=t=O; 1(0)=0;
x:
x~O;
%
=F 0;
f (0) = 0;
f (0) = 0
Tabular DifJerentiation
Sec. 2]
55
+
+
.
l' (0)
find cp' (0)
1- sin ~x ,
cp' (I)
find f'
(1)
562. Show that the funct ion y = xe-;: sat isfies the equat ion
xy' == (I-xl) y.
1
563. Show that the function y = 1+x+ln x satisfies the equation xy' = y (y In x-I).
G. Logarithmic Derivative
A logarithmic derifJatit1e of a function Y=f (x) is the derivative of the
logarithm of this function; that is,
(In y)' ==!L = f' (x)
y f(x)
Finding the derivative is sometimes simplified by first taking logs of the function.
Example. Find the deri vative of the exponential function
y=u'D,
-y'=v'lnu+v -u',
y
u
whence
y'=y
(V'lnu+: u').
[Ch.2
DiOerentiation of Functions
56
or
y'=Uf1(V'lnu+~ u')
564. Find y', if
y=
- I-x
V x2 1 + x2 sin' x cost x.
2
Solution. In y =31n x + In (l-x)-ln (1 +x2 ) + 3 In sin x +2 In cos x;
y y
'=~-.!-
3 x
whence
(-1) __~
+ I-x
Y'=Y(3:-1
3_1_ cosx_2s1nx .
l+x 2 + sinx
cosx
1 X-l~XI+3cotx-2tanx).
Solution. In y = x In sin x;
.In the following problems find y' after first taking logs of the
funet ion y = f (x):
566. Y= (x+ 1) (2x+ 1) (3x+ 1).
567. Y=
574. Y=
(X+2)2
Vx.
575. y=x
(x+l)8(x+3)4.
v-
%.
568. Y = ' / x (x - I)
x-2
VX2+
3
569. Y = x
570. Y =
x2
577. y=xs1nx
(X-2)9
Y(x-I)S (X-3)1I
vr
Yx-l
579. Y=
571. Y=
x +2)1 V(x+3)'
572. y=x".
573. y=xx3
(1 +~
r.
XII
=-,
Yx
Sec. 3]
51
or
dx
1
dy= dye
dx
then
Example 2. Find
:~.
dy
dy di
dx= dx .
dt
if
x == a cos
y=a sin
Solution. We find
:~ = -a sin t
t!J!.= _
dx
t, }
t
and
~ = a cos t.
Whence
a cos t =-cot t.
a sin t
(1)
then to find the derivative y~ == y' in the simplest cases it is sufficient: 1) tocalculate the derivative, with respect to x, of the left side of equation (I),
taking y as a function of x; 2) to equate this derivative to zero, that is, to put
d
dx F (x, y) =0,
(2)
x+y-3axy=0.
(3)
Solution. Forming the derivative of the left side of (3) and equating it.
to zero, we get
3x 3yy' - 3a (y XI/') = 0,
DiOerentiation of Functions
58
[Ch. 2
whence
b)
y=x-~ sinx;
x
c) y=O.lx+ea .
89 f x=a cos i,
5 . '\
.
x=2t-l,
y=t.
5 8{2 . ,
X
583.
585.
(_t_)'
1+ t
= 1+ tS ,
~=
Vi ,
VI.
592.
Y=
{ x = e- ,
t
693.
594.
, 1
+t
y=elt
x=a(cost+tsint),
when t =
~ if
Yeos 2t '
sinS t
V cos 2t
Y = arc sin .. r - .
2
588. {
Y= a (sin t-t cos t).
:~
1
\
Yt:l+l
595. Calculate
( X = arc cos .r 1
,
,. 1 + t Z
{X =" ~T'
y
3at 2
+ t'
t.
cos't
X
591. if
3at
Y=
Sin
590. \ y= b sin' t.
a (1-12)
y=b
J x = a cos' t
'
= I ~Itl ,
586. \ Y =
587.
t+ 1
y
X
584.
= t~I
y' = :~ of the
a sin t
sin t
a (l-cos t) = I-cos t
Sec. 3]
59
and
( dx
1t
sin "2
d Y)
n: =
t=-;:-
l-cos-
x=tlnt,
1.
= 1 if {
In t
Y=-t'
t
w hen t __ .::.. I' f { X = et co. 5 t,
4
Y =e sIn t.
(dY)'
(dy)1
dx
+2 dx
x' = 2x.
Does it follow from this that
(Xl)'
= (2x)'
when x == 2?
600. Let y= Val-xl. Is it possible to perform term-by-term
different iat ion of
Xl + yl == al?
In the examples that follow it is required to find the derivative y' =:~ of the implicit functions y.
601. 2x-5y+lO=O.
609. acosl(x+y)=b.
602. ::+~:= 1.
610. tany=xy.
x
603. x+y=a'.
611. xy=arctan-.
I
l
O
Y
64
o. x -}-xy+y =
612. arctan
(x+y)=x.
605.
Vx-t-VY=Vli.
606.
Vx -f-V y 2=Va
l
x-y
607. y'=-.
x+y
613. e>'=x+y.
11
l
615. lny+~=c.
Y
~ = ~ In (x' + y').
60
DiUerentiation of Functions
617.
Vx 1+y2=carctan lLx .
lCJ1. 2
618. x'=yx.
a) (x + y)' = 27 (x-y)
b) ye' = eX+ J
c) yl ==
+ In JLx
\vhere y~ is the value of the derivative y' at the point M (x o, Yo)' The straight
line passing through the point of tangency perpendicularly to the tang~nt is
called the normal to the curve. For the
normal we have the equation
8
x-xo+Y: (y-Yo)=O.
2. The angle between curves. The
angle between the curves
Y=/l (x)
and
Y=f2 (x)
3. Segments associated with the tangent and the normal in a rectangu lar
coordinate system. The tangent and the normal determine the following four
Sec 4]
61
If Sn N
St
Fig. 13
Since KM = , Yo
t = TM=
I~o~ V + (Y~)! I;
St=TK=/
I VI + (Y~)! I;
n = N M = Yo
~:I; Sn=IYoy~l
4. Segments associated with the tangent and the normal in a polar system of coordinates. If a curve is given In polar coordinates by the equation r=f(cp), then the angle J1
fornled by the tangent MT and the
radius vector , = OM (Fig. 14), is
defined by the following fonnula:
dq>
tanll.=r
-=-.
r
dr
r'
The tangent MT and the normal MN
at the point M together with the radius vector of the point of ta ngency
a nd with the perpendicular to the
radius vector drawn through the pole
o determine the following four segments (see Fig. 14):
x
T
Fig. 14
[Ch. 2
Differentiation of FunctIons
62
2
t=MT=-,
,r , Yr +(r')I;
n=MN=Yrl+(r')I;
rl
St=OT=-1r-'I;
Sn=ON=lr'l
621. What angles cp are formed with the x-axis by the tangents
to the curve y =
X-Xl
y=x l -7x+3
parallel to the straight line 5x+ y-3 = O?
627. Find the equation of the parabola y = Xl + bx+c that is
tangent to the straight line x=y at the point (1,1).
628. Deter4mine the slope of the tangent to the curve Xl + yl - xy-7=O at the point (1,2).
629. A t what point of the curve yl = 2x' is the tangent perpendicular to the straight line 4x-3y+2=O?
630. Write the equation of the tangent and the nornlal to the
parabola
Y=
x
at the point with abscissa x = 4.
v-
~_;
whence
the
slope
of
the tangent
is
Sec. 4J
63
631. Write the equations of the tangent and the normal to the
curve y=x'-l-2x l -4x-3 at the point (-2,5).
632. Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the
curve
Y= x-I
at the point (1,0).
633. Form the equations of the tangent and the normal to the
curves at the indicated points:
a) y = tan 2x at the origin;
b) y=arc sin x 2 I at the point of intersection with the
x-axis;
c) y=arccos3x at the point of intersection with the y-axis;
d) y = In x at the point of intersection with the x-axis;
e) y=e1 - x2 at the points of intersection with the straight
line y = 1.
634. Write the equations of the tangent and the normal at the
point (2,2) to the curve
V-
1 +t
x=-ta ,
3
Y=2t 2 + 2t.
x = t cos t,
Y = t sin t
DIOerentiatlon of Functions
[Ch. ~
64
--.
- - - - ,-_---=:.._----=-----------=-------
x 2 _y= bl
= a (t - sin t),
y = a (1 - cos t)
X
{
r=ae kCP
654. Find the angle between the tangent and the radius vector of the point of tangency in the case of the lemniscate
r l = a l cos 2q>.
Sec. 4]
65
r=acp
at a point with polar angle <p=2n.
656. Find the lengths of the segments of the polar subtangent,
subnormal, tangent, and normal, and also the angle between the tan
gent and the radius vector in the hyperbolic spiral r = ..!:.. at an
cp
x=3t-t'.
Find the velocity of the point at to=O, t 1 =1, and /2=2 (x IS
in centimetres and t is in seconds).
658. Moving along the x-axis are two points that have the
following laws of motion: x= 100+5t and x= 1/2/ 1 , where t~O.
With what speed are these points receding from each other at
the time of encounter (x is in centinletres and t is in seconds)?
659. The end-points of a segment AB =-~ 5 nl are sl iding along
the coordinate axes OX and OY (Fig. 16). A is moving at 2ol/sec.
y
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
[Ch.2
Difjerentlation of Functions
66
disregarded):
X= V o t
coso,
y" = (y')'.
II,
If
X=
f (I)
or
d,x2'
or
f" (x).
:;~
is the accel-
Sec. 5]
67
y (n),
dny
or
dx n
f (n) (x).
or
'
2)
v"
+ ... + uv(n).
3. Higher-order derivatives
x=<p(t),
{ Y='i'(t),
y;= :~ ,
by the formulas
y xx -- y x
(Y:x)~
II'
x,
Xt
Yxx=
, "
x t Ytt - XttY,
( x~)a
cos t,
Y =- b sin
t.
Solution. We have
y'=
(b sln
t) ~
,=
(a cost),
b . cos t
b
= - - cot t.
-a SUI t
Q
and
'l'
-~ colt ):
(a cos t);
b
-1
--a.
Sfi1i7
-a sin t
=- -
at sin' t
68
[Ch.
Differentiation of Functions
VI +x
674. y=acosh~ .
x = 100 + 5t-0.00lt 3
1.40 X
= 10.
'ec. 8J
69
1/-
b) y= v x.
and
8) 1/=-1-x;
a)lJ=sinx;
e)Y=I+x;
b) y = cos 2x;
f) y =
c) y = e-' ;
d) g=ln(l+x);
g) y = sin l x;
Jt
+: ;
h) y=ln(ax+b).
a) y=x.e";
d) y=
b) y=x l e- 2X ;
c) y == x 3 In x.
Yx;
y=(l-xl)cosx;
c)
f (x) = In I
Ix
:~ .
x=acos t,
693. a) {
y = a sin t;
X=
a cos' t,
b) { y=asin't;
x=cos2t,
694. a) { y = sinl t;
b) {
.
d1x
If
y=l-t l
{x=a(t-sint),
.
y = a (1 - cos t),
{ x = a (sin t - t cos t),
d)
y=a(cost+t sint).
{ x=arctant,
695. a)
y = ~ tl ;
c)
x=e-at,
at
y=e
{x=arcsint
c)
{ x=lnt,
b)
Y=l-t'
{X =
e' cos t,
t . t
Y ==e sin
Differentiation of Functions
70
d2y
. {x=ln(l+t
[Ch.2
2
),
d2 y
(l-x)dx l
dy
x dx=2y.
:1;1 .
l'
---r=-
706. Q2
y2
+ b2 =
1.
707. y=x-tarctan y.
x-xy+y4= 1.
711. a) The function y is defined implicitly by the equation
Xl
2xy + yl-4x-t- 2y-2 = O.
dly
Find dx"
if x 2t y2 = al.
Sec. 6]
11
o
Fig. 19
function is equal to the product of its derivatIve by the differential of the
independent variable
dy== y'dx,
whence
1/
1
:::::.dy .
dx
=~x==dx,
3 (x+
~X)I_(X+~x) -3x 2
or
~y =
(6x - I) ~x
+x
+ 3 (~X)I.
Hence,
dy= (6x-l) Ax= (6x-l) dx.
Second method:
and
~x=O.Ol.
Solution.
and
~y= (6x-I). ~x
72
DiOerentiation of Functions
[Ch.2
6) d ( ~ )
V
= v du -
v2
u do
(0
#= 0).
that is,
whence
~y=:::;dy,
(x) fix,
f (x + fix)
(x) dx.
f (x) + l'
y=yx.
It is gi ven that x = 9 and ~x = o. 1.
The increment fiy in the side of the square may be calculated approximatply as follows:
Ay===dy=y' Ax=
~r- O.1=O.016m.
2 f 9
dny
= y(n) (dx)n.
and so forth. (Here the primes denote derivatives with respect to u).
712. Find the increment ~y and the differential dy of the function U=5x-t Xl for x=2 and L\x=O.OOl.
Sec. 6]
73
Y==
Yx
728.
x
725. Y = arc tan -a .
x
'Y==T-x
I I-x
y=nl-f-x
+ cosec <p.
t
726. Y = e- x2
731 Find dy if x 2 -}-2xy- y l = a l
Solution. Taking advantage of the invariancy of the fOrln of a differential,
we obtain 2xdx-{-2(ydx+xdy)-2ydy=O
Whence
X+Yd x.
dy=--x-y
74
733. Y = e-Ii .
734. In V Xl
737. Replacing the increment of the function by the differential, calculate approximately:
a) cos 61;
d) In 0.9;
b) tan 44;
e) arc tan 1.05.
c) eO. 2 ;
vx + ~x ~ VX +
~x
- V-x + V=
ax
Vx+~x~
3
Xl
and find approximate values for VI0, V70, V200.
741. Approximate the functions:
8) y=x'-4x l +5x+3 for x=I.03;
b) f(x)=Vl +x
for x=O.2;
f (x) =
for X= 0 1 ;
d)y =e f or x= 105
..
742. Approximate tan 453'20".
743. Find the approximate value of arc sin 0.54.
744. Approximate VI7.
c)
xl
1
l+xx
Mean-Value Theorems
Sec. 7)
15
=~,
8/=-
I
R~R.
11
xo&
Z = (-)- ,
... -x
find d
01
z.
a ~ x ~ b, has a derivative
f (a) -= f (b),
then the argunlent x has at least one value
I'
~,
where a <
,<
b, such that
(~) =0.
(6),
f (b) -f (a)
F (b)-F (a)
f'
(~)
= F' (~)'
where a <
<
b.
DiUerenttation of Functions
76
[Ch.2
Solution. The function f (x) is continuous and differentiable for all values
of x, and f (-1) =f (0) = f (1) =0. Hence, the Rolle theorem is applicable on
the intervals -1 ~ x <: 0 and 0 ~ x < 1. To find we fornl the equation
~1 = -
-V ~ ;~2= -V ~.
where
-1
<
~1 < 0
f (x) =
x (x .,- 1) (x
t- 2) (x + 3).
f' (x) =0
eX = 1 t- x
obviously has a root x=O. Show that this equation cannot have
any other real root.
761. Test whether the Lagrange theorem holds for the function
{(x)
= x-x
s.
~=-l,
762. Test the validity of the Lagrange theorem and find the
clppropriate intermediate point ~ for the function f (x) = X"/. on
the interval [-1,1].
763. Given a segment of the parabola y = x! lying between
two points A (1,1) and B (3,9), find a point the tangent to which
is parallel to the chord AB.
764. Using the Lagrange theorem, prove the formula
sin (x
where
x<;<x+h.
+h) -
sin x = h cos S,
Taylor's Formula
Sec. 8]
77
765. a) For the functions f (x) = r -t- 2 and F (x) = x' -1 test
whether the Cauchy theorem holds on the interval [1,2] and
find ~;
b) do the same with respect to f(x)=sinx and F(x)=cosx
on the interval [0, :].
where
~=Ox,
+fu f"
(0)
+ ... + (~n-:)I
fIn_I) (0)
+ :~ fin) m.
0<8<1.
[~xpand
the polynomial f(x)=x ' -2x l +3x+5 in positive integral powers of the binonlial x-2.
Sol ution. f' (x) == 3x 2 - 4x + 3; til (x) == 6x - 4~ f'" (x) = 6; fen) (x) = 0
766.
for n ~ 4. Whence
= 6.
rherefor~,
x - 2x 2 + 3x+ 5 = II
(x - 2)2 8 (x - 2)1 6
+ (.r - 2). 7 +---.
+--.
2!
31
or
x l -2x 2 +3x+5= II
+ 7 (x -
2)
f (x) = eX in powers of
ten) (-1) =..!... Hence,
21
x -r-l to the
31
41
e~
'
78
[Ch. 2
f (x) = sin x in powers of x up to the term conand to the term containing Xl.
770. Expand f (x) = eX in powers of x up to the term contain769. Expand
taining
Xl
ing x n - 1
771. Show that sin (a +h) differs from
a)
Ixl
<
1,
I x I< 1
2
,
e ~ 2+
1
2!
1, 1
+ 3! T
4i
y=a+ 2a
approximate equality
x
ea ~
(~
r,
we
have
the
y-.
a+x
a-x
%and :
functions f (x) and cp (x) be differentiable for 0</ x-a I <h; the derivative
of one of them does not vanish.
If f (x) and cp (x) are both infinitesimals or both inflnites as x ~ a; that
is, if the quotient
~, then
co
~(~:)'
lim
x~a <p
or
Sec. 9]
79
~,(~1)
x=a, of one of the two above-mentioned types and I' (x) and cp' (x) satisfy
all the requirements that have been stated for' (x) and p (x). we can then
pass to the ratio of second derivatives, etc.
However, it should be borne in mind that the limit of the ratio f (x)
may exist, whereas the ratios of the derivatives do not tend to any
Ir~~~
'1
~a
'I
-wJ
(x)
12 (x)
',IX;
x
lim
if
%~a
1_'t.
'I
(x)
(x)
form 00).
00
00,
[I-~: ~:n
',1 (x = 1, then
'1
and
we re-
1 X
(x)
cot x
x~o
(cot x)'
~;
== _ Urn
x-+o
sin
lim
~-+o
sin x I sin x
--=
1m -sln x= 1-0=0.
x
%-+0 X
x~o
80
of Funct ions
[Ch. 2
Example 2. COlTIf'ute
lim
x ~o
(_l__
..!-) (form 00-00).
sin x x
2
(1
I) =
----
ltm
sin 2 x
x-+o
x2
2
x (form -)
0
ltm x -sin!
x 2 sin! x
0
0
x~o
Before applying the L'Hospital rule, we replace the denominator of the latter fraction by an equivalent infinitesinlal (eh. I, Seco 4) x 2 sin! x_x4 We
obtain
x 2 - sin 2 x
11m - . - - -2 = Iun
4
(form -0).
. (1
1)
S111 2 X
x-+o
X-+O
x-.+o
lim
x-+o
(_I__
.-'!')=liIn l-cos2x=lim 2sin2x=~.
sin x x
6x
6x
3
2
x-+o
x-+o
Example 3. Compute
a
X-i-O
x2
X -+0
2x
Iimx'-2xl-x+2_Ilm3x2-4x-I_1
_
__
So IU t Ion.
X-'l
x'-7x+ 6
X-+J
3x 2 -7
2
777.
x -+Q
778. lim
.r--+J
ot
I-x
1- sin ~
2
780.
tan x--sin x
lim x-sinx
.t~o
L' Hospital-Bernoulli
Sec. 9]
781. hmn
sec 2 x-2tanx
I -1- cos 4x
x?4
x-+cotj(x
tan x
782 1Im
nt- an Sx
2
. In (sin nlx)
1
786. 1m 1
x---+o
n sin x
X-i--
eX
783. hm --;.
t'---+oo X
.
784. 11m
81
x -+0
In x
Vi -
X-~'7J
x-?o
c:: lilll
X
-?>O
sin
x -+0
Sill X
SlIl .\.
= 0
cos \"
nx
X-x'
793. hnllnxln(x-I).
x~o
1)
\- - (794. I lIn
X+l
t"~0
.\-1
Inx
. Itnl
.
Solutaon.
X~1
= Htll
1) =Itm. xlnx-x+1
==
In \
(X
----In x
.\-}
I
..\.--+Inx-I
x
I
=linl
x-~11I1.\-I-x(\-1)
1
Ill'
x-+1}nx-
X---+l
79~
= ltnl-1- -I-=2
~71~+X2
5)
[ I JI
2 (1 -
x -+-l
( -:--3- . 2 _ -6 .
795. I lIn
x -+3 X
X.\
796. I lIn
(x-I)
X-i-l
'x)
1t)
. (X
hIll
---n cotx
2cosx
1]
V
d.
3 (1 -
x)
t~-
We
Solution.
have
xX=y;
Iny=-xlnx:
x
!
Inx
==lim-=lim--==O, whence limy=l, that
%-+0
-.!X
x-+o _
x2
linllny=limxlnx=x-+o
%-+0
IS, ltnl.\..\.=
%-+0
l.
.r-+o
82
of
x-+>+ tI)
800.
[Ch.2
Funcf ions
C-+J
a
limx4 + 1n
tan~
805. lim(tan
%.
%-+0
%-+J
7) ".
1
%-+0
%-+0
rEx
802.
lim (l_x)cos a ,
807.
Iim( .!-.)tan
%-+0
~-+1
803. lim (I
%-+0
+ x fi .
%.
%-+0
stnJ.
a) 1Im_.-=o;
x~o
sin x
b) lim x-s~n x = 1
%-+ClDx+slnx
Fig. 20
Chapter 11/
o
(b)
(a)
o
Fig. 22
Fig. 21
111 the sinlplest cases, the don13ln of definition of f (x) may be subdivided Into t.l finite nUlllber of intervals of incrense and decrease of the function (intervals of 11l0notontcity). These Intervals are bounded by Cl itic
poi nts x [where I' (x) =~ 0 or f' (x) does not exist].
Example 1. Test .the following function for increase and decrease:
r
'
y=x 2 -2x+5.
Solution. We find the derivative
y'=2x-2=2(x-l).
Whence y'=O for x= 1. On a nUlnber scale we get two intervals of monotonicity: (-00, I) and (I,
co). Frolll (1) we have: I) if -oo<x<l, then
y'<O, and, hence, the functioll t (x) decreases in the interval (-00. I); 2)
if 1<x< -1- 00. then y'>O. and. hence. t he function f (x) increases in the interval (1,
00) (Fig. 22).
84
[Ch.3
= -~22<0
(x+ )
- oo<x<-2 and -2<x< + 00.
1
y == 5
Solution
xS-a1 Xl.
Here,
(2)
Sol ving the equation X4 _X 2 =:.0, we find the points Xl = -1, x 2 =0, xs == 1
at which the derivative y' vanishes. Since y' can change sign onl y when
passing through points at which it vanishes or becomes discontinuous (in the
given case, y' has no discontinuities), the derivative in each of the intervals
(-00, -1), (-1,0), (0,1) and (1, +00) retains its sign; for this reason, the
function under investigation is monotonic in each of these intervals. To
determine in wh ich of the indicated intervals the function increases and In
which it decreases, one has to determine the sign of the derivative In each
of the intervals, To determine what the sign of y' is in the interval (- 00,
-1), it is sufficient to determine the sign of y' at sorne point of the interval; for example, taking X= -2, we get from (2) y' = 12>0, hence, y'>O 111
the interval (-00, -1) and the function in this interval increases Sirnilarly, we find that y'<O in the interval (-1, 0) (as a check, we can take
X= -
~).
y'<O
in the
interval
(0,1)
Sec. 1]
of
One Argument
85
f (x).
Finally, if there is SOlne positive number () such that f' (x) retains its
sign unchanged for 0<1 x-xo /<6, then Xo is not an extremal point of the
functIon f (x).
2. Iff' (x o) =.
and t" (xo)<O,
then Xo is the Inaximum point;
iff' (x 0) == 0 and
(x 0) > 0, th en Xo is the 1T1 i n imum po in t; but if f' (xo) = 0,
1" (xo) -= 0, and f'" (xo):#:O, then the point Xo is not an extremal point.
~I\ore generally: let the first of the derivatives (not equal to zero at the
point x o) of the function f (x) be of the order k. Then, if k is even, the
point Xo IS an extrenlal point, nalnely, the l11axinlUl11 point, if t<k) (xo)<O;
Clnd it is the 111ininlum point, if t<k) (xoO But if k IS odd, then X o is not
(n ext re111 a I poi nt .
Example 4. Find the extrenla of the function
y:;= 2x
i +3 V
x
Equating the
2
V-x+I).
-=V-(
Vx
derivativ~ y'
(3)
to zero, we get:
V x+ 1 ==0.
\VhenCL', we find the critical point Xl =-= -1. From fonnula (3) \ve have: if
x==- - : - h, where h IS a sufficiently sl11all positive nUl1lUer, then y'>O; but
if x=---= -1 h, then y' <0*). lienee, Xl::::: - I IS the maXlmU111 point of the
fu nctton !I, and ymax ::-:-- 1.
Eqllatln~
V-
x~
o,
whence \\e find the second critical point of the functIon xt=O, \\There there
IS no derIvatIve !I' For x== -h, \ve obviously have y'<O; for x== Iz \ve have
U'>O. Con"cquently, xt=-=O is the Il1inl111UI11 point of the functIon y, and
!/rnin==O (FIg. 24). It is also possible to test the behaviour of the function
at the point x= -1 by means of the second derivative
!I=-, ;/ '
3x V x
Here, y" <0 for Xl = - I and, hence, Xl = - I is the 111aXlInUm point of the
function.
3. Greatest and least val ues. The least (greatest) val ue of a cont inuous
function f (x) on a given interval [a, b] is attained either at the critical
points of the function or at the end-points of the interval {a, b].
*) If It is difficult to deternline the sign of the derivative y', one can
calculate arithmetically by taking for Iz a sufl1cillntly snlall positive number.
86
[CIl.8
y'=3xl -3,
Xl
= -I
and
XI =
I.
x
Fig.
Fig. 24
~\J
Comparing the values of the function at these points and the values of the
function at the end-points of the given interval
Y(-I)=5;f(I)=I;Y( - I
~)=4 ~;
Y(2 ~)=ll ~.
we conclude (Fig. 25) that the function attains its least value, m = I, at
the point x= I (at the minimum point), and the greatest value M = II
at the point x=2 1 /. (at the right-hand end-point of the interval).
i-
Y= 1-4x-xl
Y=(X-2)1.
Y = (x -t- 4)1,
y = Xl (x- 3).
815. Y=--!-2.
x-
816.
Y=(x_I)2.
817. Y = xZ 818.
x- Hi
)
y=(x-3)Vx.
Sec. 1]
The Extrema
ot
V-x.
x
819. Y==3-
+sinx.
820. y=x
87
821. Y= X In x.
822. y = arc sin (1
+ x).
824. Y = 2X::-a.
eX
825. y= x'
827. y=2+x-x l
828. y=x'-3x' +3x+2.
829. y=2x'+3xz -12x+5.
-i +3 cosi-.
841. y=x-ln(l+x).
833. y=
x -2x+2
x-I
834. Y = (X-2~~8-X)
16
843. Y =
In x,
844. y=coshx.
yXi"+8
x + '
l
x
Y=V xl - 4 '
838. Y= V(.r-I),
845 . y=xe x .
846. Y=XIe-~.
847. y=~ ,
88
[Ch. 8
~f
;xi'
849. Y= I
850. y = V-x(-10---x-).
851. Y= sin" x + cos" x.
12x + 1
a) on the interval r-1,5];
b) on the interval [-10,12].
x+-~2.
x
856. Determine the coefficients p and q of the quadratic trl'nomial y=xl+px+q so that this trinomial should have a minimum y=3 when X= 1. Explain the result in ~eometrlcal terms.
857. Prove the inequal ity
,It> 1+x
when x + o.
In the usual
Hence,
wa~
single minimum
f (0) =0.
and so eX
8S
when x>O.
when x+O.
860. x-"2<ln(l+x)<x
when x>O.
861. Separate a given positive number a into two summands
such that their product is the greatest possible.
862. Bend a piece of wire of length 1 into a rectangle 80 that
the area of the latter is greatest.
863. What right triangle of given perimeter 2p has the greatest area?
864. It is required to build a rectangular playground so that
it should have a wire net on three sides and a long stone wall
on the fourth. What is the optimum (in the sense of area) shape
.of the playground if I metres of wire netting are available?
Sec. 1]
89
IJ
~,
'f
A~8
a
Fig. 26
875. Out of a circular sheet cut a sector such that when madeinto a funnel it will have the greatest possible capacity.
876. An open vessel consists of a cylinder with a hemisphere
at the bottom; the walls are of constant thickness. What will the
dimensions of the vessel be if a mininlUlTI of rnaterial is used for
a given capacity?
877. Determine the least height h=OB of the door of aver
tical tower ABeD so that this door can pass a rigid rod MN of
length i, the end of which, M, slides along a horizontal straight
line AB. The width of the tower is d < 1 (Fig. 27).
[Ch.3
878. A point Mo (x o' Yo) lies in the first quadrant of a coordinate plane. Draw a straight line through this point so tha t the
triangle which it forms with the positive semi-axes is of least area.
879. Inscribe in a given ellipse a rectangle of largest area with
sides parallel to the axes of the ell ipse.
880. Inscribe a rectangle of maximum area in a segment of
the parabola y" = 2px cut off by the straight line x = 2a.
881. On the curve y = 1,~XI find a point at which the tangent
forms with the x-axis the greatest (in absolute value) angle.
882. A messenger leaving A on one side of a river has to get
to B on the other side. Knowing that the velocity along the bank
is k times that on the water, determine the angle at which the
messenger has to cross the river so as to reach B in the shortest
possible time. The width of the river is h and the distance between A and B along the bank is d.
883. On a straight line AB=a connecting two sources of light A
(of intensity p) and B (of intensity q), find the point M that
receives least light (the intensity of illumination is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source).
884. A lamp is suspended above the centre of a round table
of radius r. At what distance should the lamp be above the table
~o that an object on the edge of the table will get the greatest
!1lunlination? (The intensity of illumination is directly proportional to the cosine of the angle of incidence of the light rays and
is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
\ig ht source.)
885. It is required to cut a beam of rectangular cross-section
01lt of a round log of diameter d. What should the width x and
the height y be of th is cross-sect io n
so that the beam will offer maximum
resistance a) to compression and b) to
p bending?
,~~--:t
:A---~----.vB
Fig. ~
Note. The resistance of a beam to compression is proportional to the area of its crosssection, to bending-to the product of the
width of the cross-section by the square of
its height.
Sec. 2]
91
(}=
~ (x-xi)Z
i=l
'92
Xo
[Ch. 3
y = {(x) there is no second derivat ive {" (x o) -= 0 or t" (x o). Points at wh ich
I" (x) == 0 or f" (x) does not exist are called critical points of the second kind.
The critical point of the second kind Xo is the abscissa of the point of inflection if {" (x) retains constant signs in the intervals x o-6 < x < X o and
X o < x < xo +6, where 6 is some posi-
y=e- x2
Solution. We have
y' = -2xe- x
and
y" = (4x 2 - 2) e- xz .
Equating the second derivative y" to zero, we find the critical points of tHe
second kind
1
X 1 = - Y2
and x t = Y2
These points divide the number scale - 00 < x < + 00 into three intervals:
1 (-00, Xl)' II (Xl' XI)' and III (x z' +(0). The signs of y" will be, re~pec-
I f
I}'
x
Fig. 31
Fig. 30
1ively, +, -, + (this is obvious if, for example, we take one ~oint in each
of the intervals and substitute the corresponding values of x into y) Therefore:
II the curve is concave up when curve
IS
00< x < -
;2 ;2
and
The poInts
2) the
( Y2'
\ Ye
1) are
Asymptotes
Sec. 3]
93
V -x+2.
s
if =
-2
2 (x --t- 2) - .
"9
(1 )
893.
Y=X~3'
898. y=x1lnx.
Xl
894. Y =
X2+12.
895. y =
V 4x'-12x.
900. y = (1
+x
2
) eX.
Sec. 3. Asymptotes
to. Definition. If a point (x,Y) is in continuolIs Inotion along a curve
{I::-=
f (x) in such a \\'uy that at least one of its coordinates approaches infinity
(aud at the salllC tinlc the distance of the point fronl sonle straight line tends
f ( t) =-= 00 ,
x~a
X~+CX)
and
rf (x)-ktx] = bt ,
lim
X-++
00
E_x_t_'e_rn_a_Q_n_d_t_h_e_G_e_o_m_et_'_ic_A..;..p..;...p_li_ca_t_to_n_s_o-=-'_a
__D_e_'_lv_a_t_tv _e__ [ell. ,1
9_4
and
Hrn [f (x) -krl = b2 ,
x-+-oo
1ote"
and x=1.
x=-l
IX)
- = lim
x
x-+-+ 00
-+ 00
we obtain
x
_ _ --1,
1
Y x2 -
. x -x
V-I)Yx -1 ==0,
t'~+oo
x"-l
2
b,=--=lJm(y-x)==ltm
X~+-:r..
-1
Fig. 32
h~nce,
1..= -1;
x-+- CJ) x
ba=
lim (y+x)=O.
x-+-CJ)
Thus, the left asymptote is y= -x (Fig. 32). Testing a curve for asymptotes is simplified if we take into consideration the symmetry of the curve.
Example 2. Find the asymptotes of the curve
y=x+lnx.
95
Asymptute~
Sec. 3]
Solution. Since
lim y=
-00,
-++o
the straight line x=Q is a vertical asymptote (lower). Let us now test the
curve onl y for the inclined right asymptote (since x> 0).
We have:
k=
Urn
X-++(J)
b= lim (y-x)=
X--"'+
1L=1,
x
Urn In X=
X -++
00
00.
00
I-+t o
cP
t -+ t n
==,
Xl
908. y=x-2+V~'
-\1+
(X-2)2
903. Y = x 2 -4
910. Y=-l
-ex
x'
904. Y=Xi+9
905. y =
V xl--l.
906. Y=
Y xl-t
x
907. y=
3
x2 + 1
xl-l
911. y=e x
_sinx
912
y- x
96
[Ch. 3)
Solution.
The function
0(0, 0). This
b) The
lim y=
X~-l
to
00;
~-H+O
graph.
c) We seck inclined asymptotes, and find
kl =
lint
X---++
bl
!I =0,
00
lim y=
00,
x-.+oo
thus, there is no right asymptote. From the symmetry of the curve it follows
that there is no left-hand asymptote either.
d) We find the critical pOints of the first and second kinds, tha tis,
pOints at wh1ch the first (or, respectively, the second) derivative of the giveu
function vanishes or does not exist.
We have: .
x 2 -3
y'
(I)
3
(x 2 -1)'"
2x (9-x 2 )
y"
(2)
9V(x 2 -1)7
The derivatives y' and y" are nonexistent only at x= 1, that is, only at
pOints where the function y itself does not exist; and so the critical points
are only those at which y' and y" vanish.
From (1) and (2) it follows that
y'=o
y"=O
when x= V3;
when x=O and x= 3.
Thus, y' retains a constant sign in each of the intervals ( - 00, - V3)t
-1), (-1,1), (1, 3) and (V~ +00), and y"-in each of the
intervals (-00, -3), (-3, -1), (-1,0), (0, 1), (1,3) and (3, +00).
To determine the signs of y' (or, respectively, y") tn each of the indicated
intervals, it is sufficient to determine the sign of y' (or y") at some one point
of each of these intervals.
(-3:
Sec 4]
91
II"
(0, 1)
IJ
SlOlh
1(1,
oo
--
IeXIst
non-
\lIon
l~X I~t
----Conelu-
Point
of
mllcctlon
Function
I t::a-;c~,
grdph h
del
lOl1l.1ve
do\\n
V3
----=~1.37
-1-
I
I
V'2
Fund Ion
Ol,-"on- dcer ea~c'5,
ttnui t I graph IS
conCAve
up
1(3. +00)
1.5
-t-
I I
Min.
point
FunctlOn
Inrrca-,e'l;
graph
IS lOlll3ve
up
+
0
Point Function
il1r:-rcn"cc;;
of
graph
illf1ec15
con.::ave
han
down
e) Using the results of the investIgation, \ve construct the graph of the
function (FIg 33).
,
----.-r---r----1~~r--~-~--~I---__
Fig. 33
4-1900
98
of a Derivative
x-+-o
~Ience,
b=
lim lL-o
X -
X--++(SJ
y=O.
lim
X~+(SJ
I-Inx
Y =-x-2- '
,/' = 2 In x-3 .
x3
'
'I' and yIP exist at all points of the domain of definition of the f unction and
y'=O when Inx=l, that is, when x=e;
if =0
when In x =
Fig. 34
the curve with the coordinate axes. Putting y=O, we find x= 1 (the point
of intersection of the curve with the axis of abscissas); the curve does not
;ntersect the axis of ordinates
e) Util izing the results of investigation, we construct the graph of the
.unction (Fig. 34).
Table II
I
u
i
I
I
I
I
(1, e)
I;
I
-cc
y'
noneXlSt.
I
I
nonexist
I
1
I
-;-
I
I
(3-.+00)
4.49
I
3
JI--~O
33
3
concave.:
gTdph
do\'"n
I
I
I
I
Funct
II
I
,
IIICrCtl"cl::.
-r
-+-
ctlOO
Vert1C.al
asymptote
(e. e+) I e-
I
Boundary
pOint of
domain or
dt..f. 0' :un-
e:::::: 2.72
-::::::0.37
e
I
Conclu
Slons
I
I
i
:
I
II
y"
(0. 1)
II
F ,In' t
11" 1
RI .lr It
I"
~
conca\ c
do\\. n
Funct
1"1(r
IS.
J:!f,lph
lone-ave
do\\n
I
I
I
J\\ax
pOInt
Of
funl1.
Funct
decr .
graph
l~ c.oncave
dov.n
POlnt or
inflec t lon
Function
decreases;
graph
l~ concave
up
100
[Ch.
V- -
919.
y=(X-2):(X+4).
(x 2 _ 5)a
125 .
920. Y=
2
921
= x -2x+2
Y
x-I'
x4-3
922. Y=-x-'
923. Y=
945. Y=V~'
946. Y = xe- x .
y=(a+x;)eci-.
947.
948. y=e8X-x2-14.
949. y = (2+ x 2 ) e-x~.
950. Y =
926. Y = xZ--4
- .
953. Y = fiiX .
954. Y= (x -t 1) In:! (X-i- 1).
16
930. Y == x 2 (x-':4j
931 Y
3x
x
929. Y=~4'
x-
951. Y= V-x'
x2
x
952. Y=2"ln(j.
4x-12
21 x 1- x
In x
4~
928. Y = (x 2)2
V_x_.
x 2 -1
x
+~x .
927. Y= 4+x 2
943. Y= x Y~2_4'
944. Y=
+3
x
924. Y = x 2
4-x 2
8
955. Y = In (x
+1
x:J'
V-x 4- V4- x.
Y~ VS -i-x- V~8-x.
956 Y= In
2
-
1)
+- :t2~ I .
VX2 +)-1
x
932. Y =
957. y=ln(1
933.
958. y = In ( e + ~ ) .
959. y = sin x + cos x.
934. y=-xVx+ 3.
935. Y=
Vx
).
+sin 2x
.
960 Y= sin
x -2-.
961. y=cosx-cos l x.
962. Y = sin a x + cos' x.
-~.
936. Y= Vl-i2.
937. Y= VI-x',
938. y == 2x -1- 2-3
+e-
'1/' (x +1)1.
S_e_c_._fi~l
D--::ifJ:.-e_'e_n_tt_Oa_1_0:-'_a_n_A_'_c_,_C_u_,v_a_tu_'_e
964. Y=
sin x
sin (
965.
966.
967.
968.
x+ :)
969. Y=
dIe
~lTl
+ ~ ).
977. Y == e,lnx.
y=x+ sinx.
l01
V x::).
98~.
y._-'
I-x!
y = In sin x.
981. y = In tan (
T-i)
970. y = 2x-tan x.
971. y=xarctanxo
+ (dy)2;
b) x={.(y).
vl+(tf
then ds=
dx ;
vl+(~friy;
V-(-~-)-2-+-(-~-)-2dt;
V F'2 + F'l
d) F(x, y)=O, then ds=
I~~I
It
II F'l + F'l
dx=
I~~I
"dy.
102
[Ch. 8
dy
Sill
u== ds.
In polar coordinates,
ds=
rt-l-
(~)). dIp
Denot1n~ by ~ the angle between the radius vector of the point of the
curve and the tangent to the curve at this point, \ve have
dr
cos A.==_
ds'
t-'
sin
~ =-= r~;
K = Ii rn ~\~ = da
~I\ ~
()
/\')
ds '
\\hC're
dt
the
o
FIg.
35
R=iKl
The circle
(K =~.
Sec 5]
103
We have the fo))owing formulas for computing the curvature in rectangular coordinates (accurate to within the sign):
1) if the curve is given by an equation explicitly, Y=f (x), then
K-
y"
y)
=-=0, then
F;x F: u F~
F~x F~y F~
F~ F11 0
K= (F't + F'2)3/
x
. y
y = (t), then
K=
x'
x"
I
(x't
y' \
.Il'
+ y'2)J/
,
2
\vhere
,
dx
rtt '
(~),
\vr have
\vhcre
,
dr
r =-
dcp
an d
X=x-
y' ( 1
104
(Ch. 3'
6x
Solution. X = - 4x', Y = I +2 '. Eliminating the parameter x, we find
1 3 (XT
Y=2+
)2/.
Fig. 36
Solution.
Since
Y'=sinh!-andy,,=J..cosh~,
a
a
a
x
u cosh 2 !..
a
it follows that K=
dR
the derivative dd
2~=O,
a
whence we
~2X~
Equating
wegetdd2~1
o=~cosh2!..-1
o=!>o.
x x=
a
a x==
a
Therefore,
x=O is the minimuln point of the radius of curvature (or of thfl nlaximum
Find the differential of the arc, and also the cosine and sine
Sec. 5]
996.
997. y =
105
a 2 / S (astroid).
a cosh.!(catenary).
a
y2{a
find the differential of the arc, and also the cosine or sine
of the angle formed by the radius vector and the tangent to each
of the following curves:
1000. r = acp (spiral of Archimedes).
1001. r=!!.. (hyperbolic spiral).
q>
2
;
(parabola).
r = acos 2 ; (cardioid).
1004. r=aCP (Iogarithlllic spiral).
1005. r'l.=a 2 cos2q> (lemniscate).
COIllpute the curvature of the given curves at the indicated
points:
1006. y=x4.-4x ' -18x z at the coordinate origin.
1007. Xl + x!I + y2 = 3 at the poi 11 t (I, 1).
x2
,l1008. al +;;2 = 1 at the vertices A (a, 0) and 8(0, b).
1009. x=f\ 1I=t 3 at the point (1, I).
1010. r 2 = 2a 2 cos 2ep at the vertices {p = 0 and <p == 1t.
lOll. At \vhat point of the parabola 1/2=8x is the curvature
equal to O.12H?
1012. Find the vertex of the curve y=-e"'.
Find the radii of curvature (at any point) of the given hnes:
1013. y=x s (cubic parabola).
x2 ~~
1014. a 2 + b 2 = I (ellIpse).
1003.
1015. x=-=
~~_In:/ .
circle).
1018. , = aekq> (Iogarithlllic spi ral).
1019. r=-a(l +COSfp) (cardioid).
1020. Find the least value of the radius of curvature of the
]06
(Ch.3
x=a(t-sint),
y=a(l-cost)
is a displaced cycloid.
1029. Prove that the evolute of the logarithmic spiral
r = aekcp
is also a logarithmic spiral with the same pole.
1030. Show that the curve (the involute of a circle)
x = a (~os t + t sin t), Y =- a (sin t - tens t)
is the Involute of the circle x = a co~
t~ y =
a sin t.
Chapter IV
INDEFiNITE INTEGRALS
=- -;
f (.\), t h P 11
~f
where C is
~onstant.
nrbttrary
all
~x) t- C
(x) d x -= F
~ [f1{X)::l:f,{"')ld\-'~fl(X)dx~ f 2 (x)dx.
4) 1f
~ f
In particular,
Sf
(Ll.\
nd
b) d \:
II --:
-!r F (a.\.
-f- (;.
j b)
{(/. ~ 0) .
1- C
1.
t
\ "d \" - - -- -
IZ-:
II.
JCd~x ~-= In I x I -;
I I l.
5---=:--
IV
dx
x 2 -t-a 2
11
! - (;
I
=1= -
C.
tlrc tan -
f-C==- -
(l
Jr X~:-_:.!\nlx-al-t_C
2a
x -1- a
Z
_(12
"t
Ia-x
dx .2=-==2 In a+ ",]
a"-- x
I.
+c
arc cot -
\:
+C
(a
=F 0).
(a#O).
(a
0).
to.
VII.
y a 2 -x 2
5aXdx~:
aX
In a
+C
(a
>
0);
eXdx =e X
+ c.
(a> 0).
Indefinite Integrals
108
(Ch.4
VIII. ~ slnxdx=-cosx+C.
lX. ~ cosxdx=sinx+C.
5 d~
cos x
=tan x-l-C.
5.d~ x cot + C.
Xli 5s~:x=ln Itan ~ I+C=ln Iczosl'C x-cotxl+C.
X II I. 5c~:x = In Itan ( i + : ) 1+ C = In I tan .. + sec x 1+ C.
X1.
= -
Sll1 Z
XIV.
S sinhxdx=coshx+C.
XV.
Jr cosdXh2 x =tanhx-{-C.
XVI.
5 .dh
XVII.
sin
X2
=-cothx+C.
EX81npie 1.
5 =-
dx
x -f- b -i
x~ -1- ex -t- C.
a "3
3
Applying the basic rules 1, 2, 3 and the formulas of integration, find the following integrals:
1031. ~ 5d 2 x 6dx.
2
1040.
1041
1033.
S (6x +Rx+3)dx.
S x (x -+ a)(x -t b) ix.
1034.
1042.
1035.
1043.
1036.
SV2pxdx.
S;~.
1037.
5(nx)-n- dx.
1032.
l-n
1038.5
1039.
(aT -xTrdx.
('J(Vx-l-l)(x-VX-J--l)dx.
-
1044.
1045.
r (X2+.:j~-2L dx.
.J
,\'~
S(x:-=-\Il~ I
JI"l lX.
jl (V-a- V-;)4
- V a~-- dx.
5X2~
5X2~
JV +-
1046..
7'
10'
dx
4 x2
~ V:~X2'
__
JY2-t-x V2-x
1047. --Y4_;4-- dx .
2
Direct Integration
Sec 1]
109
1049. a) )cot'lxdx;
b) ) cothl X dx.
1050. ) 3 x ex dx,
Y5x-2
S~~
~S
(5x-2) -+ d (5x-2) =
5
1
= -5
S -- du==-
1 u
2 (5x-2)
-+C=1
1
2
1
2
'
2"
where we put u == 5x-2. \Ve took advantage of Rule 4 and tabular integral l.
~
x dx
1 ,.
d (x 2 )
1
-Example 3.
V---=-2
I
2 =-2 In (xl + Yl+x~)+C.
1 +.r
.J
1 + (x )2
y-
We iJllplied u =x2 , and use \vas made of Rule 4 and tabular Integral V.
Example 4.
x1e X" dx,~ ~
eX I d (x") = ~ ex1 + C by virtue of Rille 4 and
tabular intt.\grat VII.
III exatllples 2, 3, and 4 \\'(1 r(\duced the given integral to the following
fornl before ITlaklng u,;e of a tabular integral:
) f (q> (x)
q" (x)
dx =
) f (u) dll,
a1 d (ax -I
b)
(a
the basic rules and forIuulas of integration, find the following in-
tegrals:
1051**.5 ~dx .
a-x
1052** S2X-I-~d
1053.
1054.
2.\ -1-1
5~~t ix.
5aX::x'
1055.
ax+b
5x ++
a.x
2
x.
1056.
Sx-I
(1 dx.
dx.
IO Qr.:7sx2-t-fiX+7d
x +:~
)C.
1058.
SX4~':~ I dx.
110
Indefinite Integrals
S(a-l x b aYdX.
1060*. S(x ~ l)2 dx.
1059.
1061.
bdy
..r-.
y I-y
1062. ~ Va-bxdx.
1063*.
1064.
r .r
x2 + 1
1078.
S2:'~3'
1079.
1080.
ax -1- b
a2x2
-t- b2 dx.
r ;~.
a -x4
4
1081.
SI ;2xe dx.
1082.
..r-====
Y x 6 -1
1083.
dx
X2
\
t.
dx.
SYxt In x dx.
lCh.4
r . . / arci-x
sin x dx.
J JI
tan !-.
4 +X22 dx.
llfC
S3X~~-5'
1066. S7X~~-8'
1067. S(a-t b)-~:-b) x'
1065.
(O<b<a).
1084.
1085
rx-
Yafltan2x d
1086.
1 +4x 2
fV(l+x~)ln(x+ V-I
dx
1068.
SX'~:2dx.
1069.
Sa~2dx.
-x
1070 S~X-t-6d
2
x -f-4
1071.
Jr Y~'
7 +8~2
1072.
r\ Y __
dx
.
",'
7 -5x 2
2x-5
1073.
S3x2 __ 2dx.
4
107.
3-2x
5x2 -t- 7 dx.
1075.
x.
S 3x-t-1
dx.
-t-l
J Y 5x__
f'
x+3
1076.
- dx.
S yx -4
1077.
Sx~.
xdx
-0
x.
1090.
u>"b X
2X
x2
J5
yx
dJl
Yx'
eX
1097.
eX - l dx.
+x 2 )
Sec. 1]
III
1098. ~ eX
1119.
1099.
Va- be x dx.
S(e-~ + l)~ e~dx.
1100
1101
1122.
5 +adx
I
aX
2X
e-bx
1102.
1121.
S~
2x +3
1123.
l __ e-:.b."dx.
1103.
e'dt
..I -==-==:t
Sr
Stan xdx.
5cota~bd"x.
r~.
J tans
Stan Vx
;-x.
+ 1) dx.
1125.
1126.
5cos -
l-e'
11 07.
1108.
5sin (lg x) df
1106. ~ (cos ax
1127. ~sin6xcos6xdx.
cos ax d
1128.
sin
1130.
j" ..rsin.\
x
- -C0S
-- d ,X.
y cos X-S1I1 x
2
1131. ~
t 132
5t an
1112. ~coeaxdx.
1133.
J cos
1134.
1113.)'~.
. x
Sttl-
1115
1116.
dx
ytanx I
2
x lX.
cot
x f
x
.
- -2 l X
Stn
si t1 3x
2
(cos ax
dx
ax)2
dx.
sin ax
xdx
-2-2.
1137.
Sb-a
cosec 3x d
cot 3x x.
1138.
1118.
X
2 X d
"3 sec "3 x.
51cos4- 3x tx.
1136. 5
t- sin
1135.
sIn (ax+b)
5cos
J 3 cos ( 51:- :
cos 3x
1109*. ~Sitl!xdx.
1114.
sin - dx.
SCinx\'2- 1
dX
Jndefinite Jntegrals
112
1140.
1141.
dx
5 dx
-=--h.
X
Sill
5-h-.xdx
1144. ) cothxdx.
cos
5sInh
1142..
x cosh x
5X.~';:-~
1165.
dX
StanVx-l .J'r x-I
3- Y2t3x2
2-1- 3x 2
dx.
t 166.
5!
1167.
5:' /dx.
1156.
11 59.
...\
V tan
x-2
,
v
X'
-1- I
V2Y dx.
dx.
5X,x'
1171.
y'-2
2 dx.
(1 -1- ~f
X(I+x 2 )dx.
dx.
1174.
xdx
~r--=.
y I-x"
sin
1170.
.\ 3
t..
SV
+ COS X
1169.
sin x
X
na x
c;;ec2 x
(I-SilJ
I -1"'\ 2
SUI
1157. ) a1nxcosxdx.
1158.
I-sin x
5
t 154. 5
x
dx
Slll X Z
1168. 5SinX-C('SXdx.
5x + cos x dx.
1153.
1155.
dx.
xl
'" dx
1151.JYex
1152.
dX '
x
cos-
SV Ix+ In x dx.
1148. ~ xe-
t 150.
1164.
5 dx.
1149.
1163.
1 dx.
5X8~
1147.
(GIL 4
1175.
dx.
5-3x
V4-3x
SeX~I'
dx
J (l -i- b) + (a -
5sin' ; dx.
1176.
S.r:....e x _2 dx.
1162.
SY4-tan
s~_x
x
I t 77.
Jr.Sill axdxcos ax
b) Xl
(0< b <a).
2X
dx.
Integration by Substitution
Sec. 2]
1178.
1179.
1180.
4-x 2
dx.
1184.
S
f
SI11 2
'-
dx
x CCJs 2
1185.
1186.
S4+C05
cos 2x d
2x x.
1187.
S1 +cos
dx
x
2
1190.
X+x dx.
l-x 2
afC SIll
Vx + I)
1188. ) Vln (x+1+,\2
dx.
" Y2-su1" x
1183.
113
atanllA
--Jx
'" cr.sh 2 x
wIH'r~
(1)
ThE' attelnpt is made to choose the function ({1 ill such a way that the right
side of (I) beCOlnl'~ 1110rc convcl1i~nt for int~gratlon.
EX31npie 1. Find
) x Y-t-I d.t.
Solution. It is natural to put t ==
Hence,
dx = 2t dt.
are llsed.
Suppose we succeeded in transforming the integrand
f (x) dx
to the foraD
(Ch. 4
Indefinite Integrals
llt
SV 5x-2
dx = 5' duo
du = Sdx;
J.. _du- = ~ ~ + C = ~
5
V "it
5 ~
Y-Sx---2 + C.
du
Example 3. u =x 2 ; du = 2x dx; x dX="2 .
=-21SVdU
1+ x
1+
S.;tdt
4
Exalnple 4. u = x 3 ;
Sx eXJ
2
dx
=-21tn(u+V1+U2J+c=-21tn(x2+Vl+x4)+C.
du
=~
SeU
du
= ~ en +c = -} eX' + C.
2. Trigonometric su bstitutions.
1) If an integral contains the radical
x= a sin t; whence
2) If
Va -x
2
whence
3)
IS
to put
Vx 2 -a 2 , we put X~ll
"-CC
t.
If an integral contains the radical V.\2+ a2, we put x=a tan t; whence
V x2 + a2 =
a sec t.
JY?+1d
X
x.
115
Integration by Substitution
Sec. 2)
5yX2+T S f
dx==-
x2
dt t
cos 2
- YTtTafiit
+C=lnl x+ Y x + 11_ yx +1 +C.
tan t
x
2
integrals:
a
) I
d.\
. x V~ 2-~-2
x == 7 ;
'
b)
SeX~I'
c)
~x(5x' --3)'dx,
(1)
x=-In(,
"'
.I V
~.t__
l\) ,
fJ
r __
1==1/x ~ 1;
x -t- f '
cos x dx
(.
t :- - sin x.
"Vl~- ~1I12~~ ,
App) ying
5x 2 ---:3=I;
Stl i ta hIe
1W3.
t
1194.
1195.
1196.
\
I l-ry_.dx.
t -l-
Jx
\
/~_.
2~+ 1
dx
eX-l
y._.
SIn2xdx.
In 4x x
1199.
"' sin' x
..r-dx.
\ Y cos \'
e"
1200*.
dt
J x Vl-t-.\2
.
j .r-
X2
1201.
1202.
dx
1203.
y I-x
Xl
lr
y
dx
2-x2
1204*.
j"'
~F.~
a! dx.
I y_.
x
dx
.. ,\
x 2 -1
116
'"defi/ute /ntet!ral.s
rCll. 4
1206*.
1205.
1207.
dx
j YX(l-x)
by means of the substitution x = sin 2 t.
1209. Find
~ Vl1 +x 2 dx,
by applying the hyperbolic substitution x=asinh t.
Solution. We have: Va 2 + x 2 = Va 2 + a 2 Sl11h 2 t=a cosh t and dx=a cosh t dt.
Whence
a cosh ta cosh t dt =
a2
(sinh t cosh t
+ t) +C.
Since
sinh t =
a '
cosh t =
Ya-+x
a
2
and
x+ Va _+x
2
we finally get
x
a
5V q2+ X2 dx =2 a 2+.\2+ 2 I n(x+
2
--
Ya 2 +x 2 )+Cl'
1210. Find
putting x==acosht.
Sec. 3.
Integr~tion
by Parts
A formula fer integration by parts. If u = <p (x) and v = '" (x) are differentiable functions, then
~ II dv = uv - ~ v duo
IntegratIon by Parts
Sec. 31
111
Example 1. Find
~ x In x dx.
dx
X2
xlnxdx=2 Inx -
x2
v=2 Whence
dx
x~
x2
Sometimes, to reduce a ~iven integral to tabular foro), one has to apply the
furmula of Integration by parts several tirnes. In certain ca~es, integration
by parts yields an equation froIll which the desired integral is determined.
Example 2. Find
~ eX cos xdx.
We have
~ eX cos x dx= ~ eXd (sin x) = eX sin x- ~ e:' sin x dx= eX sin x-l-
~ eXcosxdx=eXslllx+excosx-~eXcosxdx,
whence
eot; cus
x
t
dx =--= e (sin x
2
+ cos x) + c.
1213. ~ arc
1223. ~
sill
xlix.
..I
Xl
In x dx.
1224. ~ In 3 xdx.
1215. ~ xcos3xdx.
1225.
1216.
5eX dx.
1226.
5':.=- dx.
S ~.;dX.
1218**. ~
1228. ~ x arc
Xl
1219*. ~ (x l
1220*.
3X
e dx.
_
2x+5) e- x dx.
5xae-~ dx.
5111
x dx.
1229. ~ In (x + V 1 + x 2 )dx.
1230. j
xdx
SUI1X.
Jndefinite Jntegrals
118
1231.
x cos x d
Ssin! x
[Ch.4
x.
x2
dx.
1246.
r"rt:~x dx.
l--x
1248.
I 239.
Sx In : +; dx.
1240.
S7dx.
r sin;e x dx.
5(X2~
(~n x) dx.
1251 *.
Jr(X -1~xa
1252*. ~Va2-x~dx.
1254*. C x:!~
1241.
In2x
I 242. ~
1245.
Xl
1)2 dx .
2)2'
, ..r
_;(2
r 9 .
5 mx+n+
ax 2 -l- bx
c x.
2ax+b=t.
If m=O, then, reducing the quadratic trinomial to the form (1), we get
the tabular integrals II I or IV {see Table).
Sec 4]
119
Example t.
5
I
1
x- 4
----arc tan --+C=
2
V31
-4--4-
y3T
4x-5
y 31
y 31
mx -1- n dx ==
ax 2 -t- bx -1- c
n1
2.
(mb )
-2a ln / ax +b.\:+c/+ n- 2a
-
5axl+b,+c'
dx
ii(2X--l)-;
,\2-
- dl.:.=- In I x 2 _ x-l/-
x _1
dx
J Y2\-3x-2x2=
Y 2
<~
o.
J V~_ ('t- ~
dx
r y1
=
1 . 4x-3
arc Sill -5- + c.
Example 4.
dX=..!..S
2x+2
dx+2f
dx
j Yx x+3
+2x+2
2
Y x +2x+2
J Y (x+ 1)2+ 1
"
I ndefi,nite Jntegrals
J20
verse substitution
(Ch.4
1
--=t
mx+n
s+
(x
Solution. We put
1)
~ x +1
2
x+l=T'
whence
dx:~
We have:
dx
dt
f2.
--~
f 2
+V(+-lr+
1 =-, Y-I-2t+2t =
rJ y ( d\ r ;:1 nit - ~ + -V t2- t + ~ I+
(x+l) Vx 2+1
= - ; 2-
1'1
dt
1 =-
t- 2
+4
+c=- ;Cjlnll-X+x?t2+1)I+c.
4. Integral~ of the form ~ Y ax2 + bx + c dr. By taking the perfect square
out of the quadratic trinOlninl, the given integral is reduced to one of the
following two basic integrals (sec examples 1252 and 1253):
1)
2)
2 -2
a2
-=-ax -1- C;
Sin
(a > 0);
In I x+
Vx 2+A l+c.
Example 6.
=-2-
SX2+~:+5
1256.
Sx ~2X
2
. l+x
y 1-2x-x2 +arcslO
Y2 +C.
Sec. 5)
1259.
1269.
1260.
1270.
S'" x
121
dx
yxz--t-x-I .
dA-
V.\2 -2
"\ (x-I)
d-<
(l
J(x+l) Yx
1261.
t 271.
1262.
1272. ~ x +2x+5dx.
1263.
1273. ~ Yx=?dx
1-2,'
1275.
1265.
1276.
1266.
xdx
Sx -4x cos+3x
4
f}
Sl11 2
1277.
X-6s1I1X+12
eXdx
" \+fx
1267.
1278.
1279.
..
~2Xd.\
Vc~ X + 4-~~~s~~- 1
t'
1268.
1_
SlIl \
dx
In x d\
Jx YI-lInx-li1
t'
Q (x)'
(1)
where P (x) and Q (x) are Integral polynollllals, and the degree of the numerator P (x) is lower than that of the denolninator Q (x).
If
Q (x) == (x-a)'1 . . . (x-l),\
a
+ (--)'X
x-a +
- L1
Lz
L).
+x-l+(x-l)2++(x l)1\.
(2)
Indefinite Integrals
122
[Ch. 4
Example 1. Find
xdx
(x-I) (x+ 1)2=1.
Solution. We have:
Whence
x==A (x-t-I)~-+-81 (x-I) (x+ l)+8 2 (x-I).
(3)
J=A.A,
Putting x= -1, we get:
-1=-8 2 -2,
\ve
Le.,
8 2 ==1/ 2
will have:
O==A--B.-8 2 ,
Example 2. Find
Solution. We have:
1
x3 -2x 2+x
1
A
8
x (x-I)2=X-+ x-I
+ (x-I)2
-and
I=A(x-I)2+Bx(x-l)-f-Cx.
(4)
Hence,
O=A+8,
11=-1,
Le.,
8.=.-1,
8=-1.
and
C=l.
Sec. 5]
123'
Consequently,
1=
dx 5dx
5 dx
I
x-l+ (X_l)2=lnlxl-ln/x-11-x_lTC.
5-XI
+.
of mu It1phcity k, then
Akx -t-R k
(x2+PX-~_(/)k
(5)
+( q_~2)
+ px + q in the forIII ( x + f
-r
x+%=z.
Example 3. Find
Solution. Sillce
theil,
2-
1 === J {2 2 t-
02 az:=:;
~ dz
(1:;- t 1) -
II (1 -t- z:!) -
z'1.
J (Z2 +112
dz-==
ell
1
C dl
I
~- --~ lz~t") .--- J i~-n l- J Id . -2 (z:!+ I) --- -2 (2 2 + 1)z
1
z -1- 1
--drr tall z- - -- --- -1- - -life tan z= - - - - - ~ (2' 2
2. The
-1-
1)
~ aI ( t a 11 z --t- C :::.:: 2
Ostrograd~ky
2 (Z2 . ~- 1)
\ -t- :3
2 (x 2 -t- 4 \'
+ 5) -
\P(X)d\,:-=-:.~~t-1_rY(X) dx,
Q (.\)
(J 1 (.\) J Q2 (x)
(6)
tJ
COlll1110n
Q! (x)
and Its
== Q (x): Ql (x);
x (x)
J (x 3 -1)2
Indefinite Integrals
124
Solution.
~=AX2+Bx+C +5Dx2+Ex+F dx
3
Xl - I
,
x3 - 1
5 (x - I )2
'Or
{x -1)2
'
(x 3 _1)2
+ Dx 2+ Ex+F
x3 -1
B=
and, consequently,
dx
S(x --1)2=-'3 x - I - a
3
F=-3"
Sx dx-1
(7)
x-
lhat is,
1=L{x 2 +x+I)+Mx{x-I)+N{x-I).
(8)
L=}.
Putting x= I, we get
L-N=I,
-or
I
M--_o
3'
N=--a.
Therefore,
dx
Xl -
I=
Sx -dx I -
Sx +x+2+ I d x =
2
=3 1n I x-ll-filn (x
and
+x+ I) - Y3 arc
+ +
dx
(x'-1)2
SX
tan
2x 4- I
V3
+C
+I
Y-3 +C.
x
J
x2 X 1
2
2x
3(x3 _1)+gln (x-I)! +3 Y3"arctan
1281
-5t+9
.\,2-5x+6 dx
5ex +
1283. 5
1282.
dx
I) ex
2X2
+ 2) (x + ~)
-f- 41 x - 91
(x-I) {x+3)lx-4)dx
See. 6]
5X'+2
x3_5A2+4xdx.
1293.
1294.
5
1285. 5 (Xd~_
1284.
1)2'
r-I
1286.
1295.
1287.
1296.
-x dx.
x4-6x3+ 12~2+6
4-3X
x3 -6-\2-t-12x-8 dx.
5r2 -t- 6x+ 9
(X_t-1)2 dx
5 x2-8x+7
1289. 5
3x_IO)2 dt .
2x-3
1290. 5(x -3x+2)3 dx.
-t-x+ I
1291. 5 (x2 + I) dx.
1292. 5JI./ 1 dx.
1288.
125
1297.
(X-3)2
1298.
(-\2_
1299.
X3
1300.
1302.
{x
1303.
dx
dx
(t 4 _1)2'
~)
1304.
xl - 2 \ 2 ~- 2
J(.l2_2x+2 2dx .
n
5(.1. + 1)'"~X3 13
8)
dx.
X2_ \ -t- 14
(x-tl):' (x-2) dx.
5
1308. 5
1309. 5
1307.
-t- 1)2
5(x2-1-2~+-2){X2+2x+5).
1313.
Int~grating
1314.
5lt~I\'.
5~
Xl
AG
Integra Is of the f .. rm
PI
R [.x. ( aX+b)Q;
cx+d
5
where
1312.
1)2'
dx
dx
x3 - 4x 2 -t- 5 ( - 2
5xlS~
d'(
.t4 {x3
Sec. 6.
1311.
\'3
R is
P2
ax+b\q~
ex +d) , ... dx,
(1)
Jnde{iniie Jniegra[s
12J
(Ch.4
ax -l- b
n
--=2
cx+d
where n is the least cornmon lTIulti pie of the lllllnbcrs q., q2'
Example 1. Fi nd
J\----~--V 2x - 1- V 2x - 1
~ubstitution
Solution. The
C2z dz
3
d.\
J V2x-I- V2t-1 J
2.\ -1
= 2
Z2_ Z
=2S(Z+I+z
= zo1 leads to
z dz =
II)dZ=(Z+ll2+21nlz--ll+C=
r ./3
_dx.
r x-I
"
-V
j
t.\
1117.
dx
t 320. ('
_d_t_
~r-1----\
" J/.t--=-r
- - - ([
132:3.
1)3'
dx
V-=-l
'-1- V-
X
.\
1324. C
'Ir
"Y t- --1
laJ9. , ~-- -..==- dx.
t.
I ("2-- .\)
1322.
lb.
1.\ --
'1
13~5.
V\,+l
dx.
x+2
t.
JV~+l ~XV(~
,..
1318. \)
I'VX"
1321.
1316.
J 2-1
==
1315.
\+ 1
'V\r
i'
.\..
~__1=1 dx.
\-
1
x -1- 3
-.r-'==-- dx.
x 2 r 2x ~- J
J(x-l-l)2- YX-1-1
Pn (x)
SV~a).,-2~+-b-x-+-c dx
where Pn (x) is a polynol1llal of degree
Put
Pn(x)
lrax2
~\ f
(2)
tt
lr
r axl+bx+c+",
S.r----.:.='
dx
r
a.\2
-t- bx -t- c
(3)
where Qn_l(X) is a polynolnial of degree (n-l) with undeternlined coefflcients and A is a num b~r.
The coefficients of the polynomial Qn-l (x) and the nUlllber A are found
by differentiating identity (3).
Sec. 6}
127
Whence
Yx +4
2
Yx
Y +4
.l2
1
A =4 '
8==0,
1
C=-;
2
D=-=O;
A=-2
Hence,
(x-a)n
;:X
+bX+C'
..\-a
1:J27.
1328.
r2dt
1329.
"If - - '- - - .
J'
,\2_ ~-1-1
r~
1r ~-==-"l dx.
1330.
J' )-"\"
X6
1/--=====
,\ r 1-1- x 2
1331.
dx.
x ln (a
+ bt")P dx,
(5)
3) if
111-1-
n
ax-n+b=zs.
Indefinite Integrals
128
(Ch. 4
-------------~---=------------=----
Example 3. Find
1
1
Solution. Here, nt= -2 ; n=T;
--!"+l
2
m+
1
1
n
P=3" ;
=2. Hence,
4
we have here Case 2 integrability.
The substitution
1 +x 4
=2 3
where
x-
Z=
I-I-
= 12
-x.
1332. ~
1333.
1334.
Xl
(l
+ 2x") -2 dx.
1335.
dx
, i / - 5.
it'
1336. "
SV~,
1 +~ .
~ x"
dx
(2
133 7. \
-3
J Y.t
1 +- x
dx
"
'y 1+ x .
~4
"
, x
~.
+ x")-;-
V + Vx--
dx
sinmxcosnxdx=I m n'
We do the sanle if
Exall1ple 1.
~ s1n1o x cos'x dx = ~
51.1
10
x (I-sin" x) d (sin x) =
sin x sin 13 x
;:::::-11--13+ C.
11
(1 )
Sec. 7]
129
1
cos! x="2 (I
tran~
+ cos 2x).
sin2 6x 1- cos 6x
1
-42
dX=8
="815(I-COS12x.
2
stn 2 6x cos 6x ) dx=
3) If m =
parity, then
1 m," =
5
5(
24
~t
1 -t- t - 2 -
identical
1)
of
S1I11'- ::os' x
18
=5 +
V-2
(1
an x
+ tan
x)
(1
d (tan x)
~+v
--1
tan 2 x)
t lJ.
an' x
d (tan x).
5 X=21'-~Jj~ -i)
54 = 5
5co~'~ x=s
((+ ~\
dx (
x and
d
sintJ. - cosP- sin" x + 2 2 2
SI::
Example 3.
cos x
sec 2 xd (tan x) =
5+
(I
tan 2 x) d (tan x) =
1
=lan x +"3 tan 3 x+ C.
Example 4.
5-; =ds ~
d:
Sill
1~(1+tan2 ;)2
=8
+tan
5-1900
tan
sX
dx
sina
2)[
sec 2 .!-dx=-
~] d( tan i )= ~
=i 5
tan -3
seeS
1- dx-=
tan-a
2x
!-.+-+
2
tan
[-
2tan 22"
;]
-I- C.
Indefinite Integrals
130
[Ch.4
4) Integrals of the form ~ tan m x dx (or ~ cot m x dx). where m is an integral positive number, are evaluated by the formula
tan 2 x=secx-l
(or, respectively, cot l x = cosec 2 x-i).
Example 5.
t an' x dx =
tan' x dx =
tanS x
tanS x
-=-3-- (sec2x-l)dx=-3--tanx+x+C.
5) In the general case, integrals Jm n of the form (1) are evaluated by
means of reduction formulas that are usually derived by integration by parts.
2
2
E
16
dx
SSln x+cos x d
xamp e .
cos' x =
cos' x
x=
==
sin x
S--=slnx
dx.
cos' x
cos x
5sinsinx--dx+
x
1
2 cos 2 X
1
2
e ----
5cos
cos x
5-cosdx-x=
--dx+
2
C : :2-
2 cos x
+-2Inltanx+secxl+C.
~ cos' xdx.
1341.
1342.
dx
sin - cos a -
~ sins xdx.
1340.
1352. )
1353.
) sin (x+ ~ )
.
sin x cos x
1354.
Ssin'
cos x d
x x.
1355.
~ sec s 4x dx.
1343.
~ ~in' xdx.
1356.
~ tan' 5x dx.
1344.
~ sin~xcos'xdx.
1357.
~ cot' xdx.
1345.
1358.
~ cote xdx.
1346.
~ cos' 3xdx.
1359.
1347.
1348.
1349.
Ssindx x
Scos'dx x
Ssin'
cos' x d
x x.
4
1361.
1362.
~ sinS x Vcosxdx.
1360.
dx
1363.
1351.
Ssin' dxcos' x
1364.
dx
sinS x
J350.
sin l x cos 4 x
dx.
cos' x d
sin. x
S dxx
SYtan
dx
x
YSin
cos' x
Sec. 7]
131
~ cos mx cos nx dx. (n these cases the following formulas are usedl
I)
slnmxcosnx=~
1
2) sin mx sin nX="2 [cos (m-n) x-cos (m + n) xl;
I
Example 7.
xl.
1366.
x d
1367
1368
x.
(2)
1) By means of substitution
x
tan'j=t,
whence
.
I - t2
2t
slnx=l+t l
'
COSt=l+tl'
2dt
X=I+t l
'
new
Example 8. Find
5+
1
dx
sin x + cos x
1=
1+t 2
2t
I-t!
1+ l+ta+l+t l
[Chi 4
Indefinite Integrals
132
and
x = arc tan
t,
dx = I
+dtt
Example 9. Find
51+ sin x
dx
we will have
(3)
t2
sln x = 1 + tl
dt
= Y12
=/.
dt
dx=
'
1+ t2
51+2t
dt
1 S d (t y'2)
t)
=Y2
1+(tY-2)2
( 1+ l+t
J= ~
(l+t
2
)
lr-
arc tan (t ,. 2) + C =
We note that the integral (3) is evaluated faster if the nurnerator and
denominator of the fraction are first divided by cos x.
In individual cases, it is useful to apply artificial procedures (see, for
example, 1379).
53+::0SX
1373.
1382*
5
1375. 5
1374.
58-4sinx+7cosx'
1386.
1378.
1387.
dx
1379**. 53s~nx+2cosx d
51+
1381 *
+ 3 cos x x.
tanx dx
I-tan x
I
S(I-cos
sin x
5
X)I
dx
I
sin 2x
1+ sin2 x dXI
cos 2x
Scos4 x + sin4 x
d
XI
1388.
1389*.
5 .
1390*,
Sl+s1nx-cosx
I-s~nx+cosx d
X
S1+:x
. cos x
dx
1385.
1377.
1380.
dx
3 sin 2 x + 5 cos 2 X
SI-sin
sin x d
x XI
2 sin x
1383*
dx
sin x+ cos x '
cos x d
1+ cos x XI
1376.
cos x
d
sin 2 x-6sillx+5 X.
dx
(2-s1n x) (3-sin x)
Sec. 8]
133
3) cosh 2 x =
"2 (cosh
(cosh 2x-I);
4) sinh x cosh x =
2x + 1);
sinh 2x.
Example t. Find
Solution. We have
Scosh
x dx=
Example 2. Find
~ cosh' x dx.
Solution. We have
sinha x
x+- +c.
3
S sinh' x dx.
1397.
S tanh' xdx.
1392.
S cosh
1398.
Scoth& x dx.
1393.
&
x dx.
5smh xd;OSh x
1396. 5sinh" :~OShl x
1395.
1399.
1400.
52 sinh x + 3 cosh x
1401*.
1402.
dx
sinh! x + cosh!
dx
5tan::-I
Ssinh x dx
Vcosh 2x
(1)
Indefinite Integrals
134
[Ch.4
+ +
I) ~ R (z,
V ml -Zl) dz;
2)
~ R (z.
V ml+zl ) dz;
3)
~ R (z,
Y Zl
ml) dz.
Example 1. Find
Solution. We have
x!+2x+2=(x+ I)!+ 1.
Putting x+ l=tanz, we then have dx=sec 2 zdz and
sec! z dz =
tan! z sec z
J-
Scos
z dz =
sin' z
V x2 + 2x + 2 +
X+I
= __
.1_ + C =
SUI Z
C.
Example 2. Find
Solution. We have
x! + X + I =
(x + 2"1)2 + 4"3
Putting
Y3.
x+'~=-2- slnht
we get
J=
I) Y3
S( -Y3.
and
Y3
Y3
}ras .
=-8-
cosh! t dt =
3 Y3 cosh' t
3 (I
.
=
- -3- - -sinh t
8
8 2
Since
sinh t = .,} 3
(x +
~).
cosh t =
V Xl +
and
t=ln (x+
;+YXI+x+I)+ln
1 t)
cosh t-l--
+C
;3'
+ 1
Sec. 111
we finally have
1 ( X + -1 )
J = -31 (X 2 + X + 1) -I -, 4
2
135
Y Xl + X + 1-~ In (x+ ~ + Yx l +x + 1) +
1409.
SV x
1404. ~ V2
1410.
-6x-7 dx.
I
1405.
-+- Xl dx.
J V 9+x dx.
"
Xl
1406. ~ V x l -2x
+2 dx.
S(x-I)Vxdx-3x+2
1412. r
1411.
dx
1413.
SVx +x dx.
1414.
"
J (xI-2x+5)1
1407. ~ V Xl -4 dx.
1408.
S(I +
dx
VI-x'
Xl)
(l-x 2 )
dx
Yl+x
5 :;x
1415. ~
(Xl
1421.
1416. ~
Xl
cosl 3x dx.
1422.
1423.
5 In ~ +; dx.
1424.
1425.
1426.
elX
-2
dx
Ye2~ +e~ + 1
Xl
2) dx.
1428. In =
C.
Indefinite Integrals
136
1429.
In=S cosd~ x ;
[Ch.4
find 110"
S + x xdxV
1449. S
Yl- 2x
1448.
(1
I-
XC
xdx
2 - X4
r x+
1450.
1 ..!. dx.
J (x + 1)
2
1451 *.
dx
(x 2 +4x) Y4-x 2
1452. )
lR=9 dx.
1453. ~
V x- 4x
1454.
dx.
S Yx dx+x + 1
2
Sx
1457. \
v x
1458.
1459.
/x
xZ-1
Y dx1 -x' .
'"' dx
j VI+X"
Sy
5x
dx.
1+xt
dx.
cos x sInS x
5 + yCOtX
dx
x
1463. S
x dx.
Vcos
1462.
Sln 2
sinS
ax
X.
Sec. 12]
1466.
1484.
+ ~ ) dx.
1485.
1467. Stan' ( ;
1468.
1469.
S2sinx+3cosx-5
dx
S2 + 3dxcos!
1486.
1475.
Scos!
xdx
3x
Yl-x dx.
Yl-x
S sinh x cosh x d
sinh x+ cosh x x.
sinh
1488.
1489.
1490.
S
S
1491.
1495.
2X
1481.
S'IX
3x
sIn 2 cos 2dx.
1482.
1483.
+ 13 dx.
lX
e
..!.. dx.
+ 1)
S1_4xdx.
2
1480.
eX
1494.
1479. ~ Xl In Vl-xdx.
dx
e!X _ 6e x
(eX
~ xe dx.
e2X -2e x
1493. ~
1478.
1487. \ y d x .
~ sIn
x
1474.
137
l/
eX
t 1 dx.
Sarc::" x dx.
Sx arc sin ~ dx.
Chapter V
DEFINITE INTEGRALS
Sn = ~
f (~i) AXi'
(I)
[=0
where
Xi~6ie=;;;;;Xi+l; &xi=xi+l-xi;
is called the integral sum of the function !(x) on [a, b]. Geometrical1y, S"
is the algebraic area of a step-like figure (see Fig. 37).
o1
Fig. 37
to
Fig. 38
2. The definite integral. The limit of the sum Sn' provided that the
number of subdivisions n tends to infinity, and the largest of them, dX',
to zero, is called the definite integral of the function f (x) within the limits
from x=a to x=b; that is,
n-l
11m
max Ax, -. 0 I =0
(2)
Sec. 1]
of a Sum
139
If the function f (x) Is continuous on la, b), it is integrable on [a, b); Le.,
the limit of (2) exists and is independent of the mode of partition of the
interval of integration [a, b) into subintervals and is independent of the
choice of points ~i in these subintervals. Geometrically, the definite integral
(2) is the algebraic sum of the areas of the figures that make up the curvilinear trapezoid aABb, in which the areas of the parts located above the x-axis
are plus, those below the x-axis, minus (Fig. 37).
The definitions of integral sum and definite integral are naturally generalized to the case of an interval [a, b), where a> b.
Example 1. Form the integral sum Sn for the function
f (x) = 1 +x
on the interval [1,10] by dividing the interval into n equal parts and choo!ing points
that coincide with the left end-points of the subintervals
[xi, xi+tl. What is the lim Sn equal to?
ai
-+
CJ)
So I
'
H ere, I:! xr=-n-=--;
10-1
9 an d tfoi=xI=xo+t'A xi= 1
utlon.
(~i)=l+l
9i
9i
9i
+n.
WIlence
n-l
n-l
'\.~ (
9i) 9 18 81
=~
2+--; n=n n + n 2 (0+ 1 + ... +n-l)=
1=0
1=0
=18+8In(n-l)=18+81
nZ
(1_-!.)=58-.!.._81
n
2n '
2'
n-+CJ)
Example 2. Find the area bounded by an arc of the parabola y =x2 the
x-axis, and the ordinates x = 0, and x = a (a > 0).
Solution. Partition the base a into n equal y
parts dX=~. Choosing the value of the funcn
tion at the beginning of each subinterval, we will
have
Yl = 0; Y. =
(:
y, = [ 2 ( :
YJ .,. ,
Yn=[<n-l):r
The areas of the rectangles are obtained by multiplying each Yk by the base Ax= ~ (Fig. 39).
n
Summing, we get the area of the step-like figure
n (n
+ 1) (2n + 1)
6
Fig. 39
[Ch.5
Definite Integrals
140
we find
aSn (n-l) (2n-l)
6n l
and. passing to the limit. we obtain
S:'C lim Sn
n -+
n -+
(J)
a;)
1501. ~ dx.
1502.
1503.
~ x'dx.
-!
10
1504. ~ 2 x dx.
V.
the hyperbola
by two ordinates: x = a and x = b (0 < a < b), and the x-axis.
1507*. Find
x
F(x) =
~ f (t) dt
a
f (x) for
a ~ x <; b.
t (t)
Is
Sec. 2]
141
Sf (x) dx = F (x) + C.
Example 1. Find the integral
s
S y;4 dx.
-I
1508. Let
b
I=
Find
5I::
(b
> a>
1).
dJ
1) da;
dJ
2) db
1509. F (x) = ~ 1n t dt
(x> 0).
1511. F (x)
vX'
= Sr /2 dt.
1512. I =
S cos (r) dt
(x
Y=
sin
t dtIII th e region
.
x> 0 .
S-to
Sl+x
1514.
dx
1516.
-x
0
-
1515.
S dx
X'
S et dl.
-I
n-'a;)
1519**. lim
'l-+a;)
1520.
21 + ... +n 11).
(';+n
n
n
( +1 1+ +1 2+ ... +_+1 ).
n
n
n
fl
P
lim IP+2 +;;.+n (p>O).
p
n-+CIO
nil
> 0).
Definite Integrals
142
[Ch.6
1521.
1534.
1522. ~
(V 2x + Vi") dx.
1523.
51+yrii dye
1
y2dy
1535.
SYx-2dx.
-8
4.
1536.
dx
e2
1538.
S
5
1
1539.
xdx
I
4.
~ ~':~.
X!+d:x +5'
lMl.
5X!-~:+2
5Z8~
1542.
5 :elX dx.
I
I dz.
1543.
Scosh xdx.
o
n
4.
1544.
trco::!x'
In
VI'
11
P-
1533.
1531.
S tanxdx.
.
:t
-1
1530.
~n x) dx.
:t
1540.
1529.
sin
x!+3x+2'
1528.
dx
x In x
e
e
1dX
X
I
-2
1527.
Scos! ada.
:t
y 25+ 3x.
1526.
1525.
5Y +4
n
1524.
dx
J Y 5+4x-xl
dx
I VI-x
154.1).
S sinh! x dx.
o
Improper Integrals
Sec. 3]
14~
c-e
c+e
(1)
If the limits" on the right side of (1) exist and are finite, the improper integral is catted convergent, otherwise it is divergent. When c = a or c == b, th..:
definition is correspondingly simplified.
If there is a continuous function F (x) on [a, b] such that F' (x) = f (x)
when x rI: c (generalized antiderivative), then
b
(2)
a
b
If f (x)
~0
r(x)
and 11m
x~c
SF (x) dx
I c-x 1m ~-" A t=
00,
f (x)- I
A '1= 0, i. e.,
c-x
liIJ
when x -+ c, then 1) for m < 1 the integral (1) conver~es, 2) for In ~ 1 the
integral (1) diverges.
2. Integrals with infinite limits. If the function f (x) is continuous when
a ~ x < 00, then we assunle
b
t:rJ
r f (x) dx =
J
lim
b-+~
rJ f (x) dx
(3)
lim
(x) dx=
a-+-rD
-QO
r f (x) dx
ri~ht
of (3),
and
OIl
b-+-+rD a
-QO
rD
If
If
f (x) ~ 0 and
SF (x) dx
%-+rD
a
00,
A #:
o.
i. e.,
f (x)-Ii when
x
x -+ co. then 1) for m > 1 the integral (3) converges, 2) for m ~ 1 the integral (3) diverges.
Definite Integrals
144
(Ch.5
Example t.
5ax-=
1
x2
lim
2 -+ 0
-52 2+
dx
lim
2 -+ 0
-1
5' dx
. (1
)=00
2= 11m
--1 ) + l'1m (1
--1
e
2 -+ 0
e~0
GO
51+x
dx
= lim
b-+GO
5I +x = lim
dx
b-+(I)
Solution. We put
1
The first of the two integrals on the right is not an improper integral, while
the second one converges, since e- ~ ~ e- x when x ~ 1 and
(I)
b-+~
b-+GO
(5)
Solution. When' x-+-+ 00, we have
1
1
VxI+1 yxa(l+;a)
Since the integral
dx
S
VI-x
o
(6)
I mproper Integrals
Sec. 3)
145
where x <
!.. . - . '
2x:
(I-x)"
Xl
5
5
(X)
1554.
-e
dx
I +x l
(X)
d
:
5
1548. 5dx
1547.
1555.
-1
dx
x!+4x+9
-00
(X)
xP
1549. 5
1557. 5 dx
In
2
dx
(x -1)2
0
1
1550.
5
5
dx
VI-xl
1558.
GO
1551.
1552.
d:.
Sx In
dx
x
QI)
1559.
S x dxInx
GO
dx
1560. Sx Inlx
SdxXl
GO
n
GO
1553.
S7.
dx
1
(a> I).
(a> 1).
[Cia. ,
Definite Integrals
J46
CIO
CIO
1562. ~ e1563.
kx
(k
dx
> 0).
dx
5x'+ 1
1565.
CIO
Sa~t~nt dx.
dx
S-'-----5xa
o
1566.
X -
o
CIO
1564.
5(XI~
1)1
integrals~
dx
1567. )
Vx+2 V x+x'
dx
V=::e.
S
l-x4
o
1571.
5l:XX
1573. 5~ d x.
1572.
ex>
Xl
n
I
co
1570.
S
o
xdx
Yx + 1
5
1574*. Proye that the Euler integral of the fil st kind (betafunction)
1
B (p, q) = ~ xp - t (l-x)q-t dx
o
r (P) = ~ xP-1e-
dx
o.
Sec. 4)
Change
then
147
fJ
Example 1. Find
(a> 0).
Solution. We put
x=asint;
dx=a cos t dt.
Then t=arcsin~
a
P=
and,
consequently,
we can
take a=arcsinO=O,
Sx
2
2
x2 dx=
Va 2
=a&
Ssln
t cos t dt =
~&
n
I
a4
n
(
=8 t -4 sln4t
2
1
nat
=16
~ Vl-x1dx?
o
1577.
t 580.
1578.
dx
S YI-x '
X=
sin t.
Sf (x) dx (b > a)
's"
1579.
SYxdx+l
-.
x= sinh t.
t
Defil1ite Integrals
148
[Ch. 5
x=at + p,
as a result of which the limits of integration would be 0 and 1t
respectively.
Applying the indicated substitutions, evaluate the following
integrals:
4
1582.
dx
S1+ V-'
x
18
1583.
2/
(x-2) ,
2/
3
(x-2) I
dx,
x-2=z'.
1nl
1584.
SVex-l dx,
o
t 585
dt
S3 + 2 cos t
n
I
dx
1586.
1 +a sin1x
S
o
l
tan x = t.
1587.
VI
15S8.
Ins
S ~I dx.
5y~
S
o
1589.
lr--
eX reX-l
eX
dx.
+3
1590.
dx.
S
o
2x+
dx
Y3x+ 1
1591.
1592.
Sx Y x dx+5x+l
l
In
S(l ~XX.)I
1594.
S,,5 ~Xcos
-I
-a
Sec. 5]
But if
Integration by Parts
f (x)
149
~ f (x)dx =
o.
-0
-~
-dx- - Ssin
-x xx
d
arc cos x -
S
o
2!.
~ f(sinx)dx= ~ f(cosx)dx.
o
1- ~
(I)
1599.
S x cos xdx.
1603.
~ xe-xdx.
1600.
1601.
~lnxdx.
1604.
~ e- ax cos bxdx
co
Sx'elXdx.
0
11.
1602.
co
~ eX sin xdx.
0
(a> 0).
(a> 0).
Definite Integrals
150
[Ch.5
r (p + 1) = pr (p)
(p
> 0).
I n= ~sinnxdx= ~ cosnxdx
o
n-l
l n-I
n=-n-
holds true.
Find In' if n is a natural number. Using the formula obtained,
evaluate I, and 110
1608. Applying repeated integration by parts, evaluate the
integral (see Example 1574)
1
B(p, q)=~xP-J(l-x)q-Jdx,
o
~ f (x) dx ,e;;;; ~
a
F (x) dx.
~
a
b
Ip (x)
dx,e;;;;
(I)
then
Ip
(x) dx.
(2)
where m is the smallest and M is the largest value of the function f (x) on
the in terval [a, lll.
Mean-Value Theorem
Sec. 6)
151
(3)
The inequalities (2) and (3) may be replaced, respectively, by their equiva
lent equalities:
b
<p (x) dx
a
b
/= ~
1+
sin' x dx.
that is,
1.57 < I
<
1.91.
.... = b 1 a
Sf (x) dx
a
a) ~ x' dx;
-1
b) ~ x cos x dx;
o
In
C) SSi~X dx.
o
Definite Integrals
152
[Ch. b
a)
SVI +x
or
dx
0
J
b)
Xl
sin I x dx
~ x sin l xdx;
or
c)
dx;
Se%'dx
Se"dx.
or
o~x~
1.
-n~x~3t.
O~x~rc.
O~x~rc.
5V
o
dx
2+x-~
bt
1 ~
lies
e ween -32 ~ 0.67 and .. r-
y2
1617.
SV 4 t
Xl
dx.
SxVtanx.
1620*.
n
+1
1618.
58~XI.
5sin x dx.
I
1621.
)(,
-I
&
In
1619.
5lO+~cosx
o
5~d <_I_
200n
0<
lOon
lOOn'
Sec. 7]
153
1(
Fig. 40
Fig. 41
ae=;;;;;x~b
(Fig. 40).
Sf (x) dx.
(1)
a
2
x
Example 1. Compute the area bounded by the parabola y = -2 ' the
straight I ines x = 1 and x -= 3, and the x-axis (Fig. 41).
x)
I
I
I
g::f, (z)
-2
Fig. 42
Fig. 43
154
Definite Integrals
[Ch. 5
s=
S(2-y_ y2)dy=4 ~,
-I
r
y
Fig. 44
Fig. 45
S=
(2)
(3)
(Fig. 44).
Solution. Solving the set of equations (3) simultaneously, we find the
Jinlits of integration: x.=-1 and x 2 = 1. By virtue of formula (2), we obtain
1
s=
-1
If the curve Is defined by equations in parametric form x = q> (t), Y = "I' (t)
then the area of the curvilinear trapezoid bounded by this curve, by tw ~
The Areas
Sec. 7]
of Plane Figures
= ~ b sin a (-
sin t) dt = ab
Ssin! t dt = ~b
0
o~-...
....._---X
Fig. 47
Fig. 46
which correspond to the val ues <PI = a and <PI =~, is expressed by the
integral
f}
1
S = 2"
Jr [f (cp)]2 dq>.
a
Example 5.
,2
= a Z cos 2q>
Find
(Fig. 47).
the
area
contained inside
Bernoulli's
lemniscate
Definite Integrals
156
[Ch. 5
Y=
03
Xl
Xl
II-a;s-~
Sec. 7)
x2
al
157
Y= a cosh!.,
a
:e
(O<b:s;;;;;a)
Definite Integrals
158
{Ch. 6
1654*. Find the area of the loop of the foli urn of Descartes
3at 2
3ut
x=l+t S ;
Y=l+t"
(Fig. 48).
1657. Find the area of one of the
leaves of the curve r = a cos 2fp.
1658. Find the entire area bounded by the curve = a l sin 4(p.
1659*. Find the area bounded by
the curve , = a sin 3(p.
1660. Find the area bounded by
Pascal's limac;on
,2
Fig. 48
= 2 + cos cp.
=:
and cp
=;.
1662. Find the area of the ellipse f = 1+ ePcos q> (8< 1).
1663. Find the area bounded by the curve , = 2a cos 3(p and
s= ~
VI +U'2dx.
Example 1. Find the length of the astroid x 2/1 y2 /1 :=a 2/a (Fig. 49).
Solution. Differentiating the equation of the astroid, we get
II,
y,=_L,.
x/
Sec. 8]
159
For this reason, we have for th~ arc length of a quarter of the astroi d:
{s=
SVI+ ~:;:
o
dx=
5:::: dX=~ ~
Whence s = 6a.
2. The arc length of a curve represented parametrically. If a curve Is
represented by equations in parametric form, x = cp (t) and y = "I> (t), then the
arc length s of the curve is
tJ
S
~ YX'I+y'l
dt,
tI
where t l and t 2 are values of the parameter that correspond to the extremities
of the arc.
x
---1~--------_----I"-'-."-'-'-
27Ca
Fig 49
Fig. 50
Example 2. Find the length of one arc of the cycloid (Fig. 50)
X = a (t - sin t),
{ y=a (I-cos t).
dx
dy
= S Val (I-cos
2n
t)l+ a l
sln l t dt =
2a
Ssin ~ dt =8a.
0
where a and ~ are the values of the polar angle at the extreme points of
the arc.
Definite Integrals
160
(Ch. 6
Example 3. Find the length of the entire curve , =a sln l ~ (Fig. 51).
Fig. 51
Solution. We have
,'= a sin t
Ihe curve is
an
S
= S'Vi
a~
a2 sin' ..!.
3
+a
Vx
Sec,
Volumes of Solids
9)
161
X= Va -
yZ+aln
la+ Y~I
1674. Find the length of the closed part of the curve 9ay l =
= x (x-3a)l.
to x==b (O<a<b).
(r
[Ch.6
Definite Integrals
162
~ yldx;
I) Vx=n
2) V y =2n
~ xydx*).
a
a) VX=-n
Ssin
n2
xdx=T;
:t
b) Vy=2n
~ xsinxdx=2n(-xcosx+sinx)~=2nl.
o
Vy=n ~ xldy,
c
Vx=n
~ (y:-y:) dx
a
and
b
Vy=2n
~ x (YI-YI) dx.
a
Vy=2n
~ xydx.
CI
Volumes of Solids
Sec. 9]
Solution. We have
Yl ==b- Val-xl and Y2=b+
Therefore,
Va -x2.
2
~ Val-xl dx =
= 4nb
211,1
alb
-a
-Q
Fig 52
Fig. 53
The volunle of a solid obtained by the rotation, about the polar axis, of a
sector formed by an arc of the curve r == F (rp) and by two radius vectors
~ =-~ a, cp == ~ may be computed froln the formula
p
Vp = ; n
5,1
Thls same formula is conveniently used when see{<ing the volume obtained
by the rotation, about the polar axis, of some closed curve defined in polar
coordinates.
Example 3. Determine the volume formed by the rotation of the curve
, == a sin 2cp about the polar axis.
Solution.
n
Vp= 2.~ n
5
I
,1
sin Ip dip =
na'5
siu l
5
I
= ~ na S
3
== ~ .na'.
105
21p
sin Ip dip
Definite lntegrals
164
[Ch. 5
V=
~ S (x)dx,
Xl
where
V=2
Sec. 9]
Volumes of Solids
165
D_e...:..fi_n_ite_In_t-:;eg~ra_l_s
_16_6
[Ch. 5
22
x
2+
b! +2"= 1.
c
y2
(I)
,y
2a
x
Fig. 54
-....&.---__
--L
no
21Ca
___
Fig. 55
Sec. 10]
167
yx.
Jr31
a
S = 2n
..r- x+ 1
(3 -x) r x 2 Yx dx = 33t.
Example 2. Find the area of a surface formed by the rotation of one arc
of the cycloid x==a (t-sln t); y==a (I-cos t) about its axis of symmetry
(Fig. 55).
Solution. The desired surface is formed by rotation of the arc OA about
the straight line AB, the equation of which is x=na. Taking y as the independent variable and notIng that the axis of rotation
AB is displaced relative to the y-axIs a distance na, we
y
will have
2a
= 2n
ds
(Tea-x) dy dYe
5
o
S =2n
y (~~r + (~~r
dt
=-
5
5(n
= 2n
(no-at
+ 0 sin t) 2a sin ~
dt
= 4no
sin
~-
t sin
~ + sin t sin ~)
B
FIg.
dt =
4.
56
t
t
t
=4na 2 [ -2ncos2+2tcos2-4sin2+3s1n'2
=: '
+00.
168
lCh.6
%2/8 _~ y2/3 ==
x=a(2cost-cos2t), }
y = a (2 sin t- sin 2/).
1725. Determine the area of the surface formed by the rotation
of the lemniscate r 2 == a l cos 2cp about the polar axis.
1726. Determine the area of the surface formed by the rotation
of the cardioid, = 2a (1 + co~ cp) about the polar axis.
M,=md.
M l = ~midi'
(1)
I=J
where the distanct's of points lying on one side of the l-axis have the plus
sign, thost' on th~ other side have the minus sign. In a similar manner we
define the statIc moment of a system of potnts rt'lative to a rlane.
If the massps continuously fill the line or figure of the xy-plane, then the
Rtatic moments Mx and My about 1he x- and y-axes are exoressed ,respectively) a~ integrals and not as the sums (1). For the cases of geometric figures,
the density is considered equal to unity.
Sec. 11]
wh~re
the parameter s
Mx=~y(s)dS; My=~X(S)dS
o
Y (dx) 2 + (dy)2
(ds =
169
(2)
!---~
T---~
v
b
t--- b
Fig. 58
Fig. 57
MX =
5Y I y I dx;
th~
My =
Example 1.
I
--I
Sx r y I dx.
(3)
monl~nts
about the
x- and
y-axe3 of a triangle
and
My=b
{.,
X )
J xli-a-
dx=
a2 b
ti-
2. Moment of inertia. The nl0mellt of Inertia, about an l-a'Ci5, or a rn1fcrial point of rna~s m at a dIstance d fronl th~ l-aXl'i, I') the llulnber II-=- fnd 2
Th~ moment of cnertia, about an I-axis, o[ a systel1l of n nlalenal pOints
with masses mJ , m:. __ , mil IS the surn
Il
J,=-=-~ nllj~,
i ... l
Definite Integrals
170
[Ch.5
where d1 , d l , dn are the distances of the points from the I-axis. In the
case of a continuous mass, we get an appropriate integral in place of a sum.
Example 2. Find the moment of inertia of a triangle with base band
altitude h about its base.
Solution. For the base of the triangle we take the x-axis, for its altitude,
the y-axis (Fig 58).
Divide the triangle into intlnitely narrow horizontal strips of width dy,
which play the role of elementary masses dm. Utilizing the similarity of
triangles, we obtain
h-y
dm=b --dy
h
and
b
Whence
h
r
1
I X--"= Ii J y2 (h-y) dy = 12 biz'.
b
My
Mx
x=M' y=,
~
-
static moments of the mass. In the case of geolnetnumerically equal to the corresponding arc or area.
the centre of g;ravity (~ Y) of an arc of the plane
connecting the points A la, f (a)l and B [b, f (b)],
b
X
d!>
x= -.-5- =
B
X
Y 1 + (y')Zdx
yds
y=--s
~b------
~ Vl+(y')2dx
a
y 1 + (y')2 dx
II
V I + (y')' dx
Sxy dx
-
x=-S- ,
Sy2 dx
a
y = --S-
where S =
There are similar formulas for the coordinates of the centre of gravity of
a volume.
Example 3. Find the centre of gravity of an arc of the semicircle
x 2+ y2 = a 2; (y ~ 0) (Fig. 59).
Sec J11
171
Solution. We have
Y -==
Y-a-_-x-
y' == _-_x_
2;
Ya z
x!
and
ds
~r
y
--=.
_adx .
Yal-x!
+ (y')! dx.:.=
Whence
a
' f ax
J ds =-= Ya -x d
M y::-:=
t ---=
0,
OJ
-a
a
-a
(l
Ya -x
'-a
'"
-a
_udx -
Va -x
Z
_: 2a 2 ,
M-
adx
J -V-a--x-'
na.
-a
l-1ence,
x~-O;
Y=-=
Fa.
4. Guldin's theorems.
Theorem t. The area of a surface obtaIned by the rotation of an arc of
a plane curve about SOIne axis lying in the same plane as the curve and not
intersecting it is equal to the product of the length of the curve by the
circunlference of the circle described by the centre of gravity of the arc of
the curve.
Theorem 2. The volulne of a solid obtained by rotation of a plane figure
about sonle axis lying in the plane of the figure and not intersecting it is
equal to the product of the area of this fi~ure by the circumference of the
circle described by the centre of gravity of the figure.
-a
Fig. 59
Definite Ifltegrals
172
(Ch. I
x'-ty'=a',
lying in the first quadrant.
1731. Find the static moment of the circle
r = 2asin q>
about the polar axis.
1732. Find the coordinates of the centre of gravity of an arc
of the catenary
x
y=acosh -a
from x= -a to x=a.
1733. Find the centre of gravity of an arc of a circle of radius tJ
subtending an angle 2a.
1734. Find the coord inates of the centre of gravity of the arc
of on~ arch of the cyeloid
X= a (t- sin t); y = a (I-cos t).
1735. Find the coordinates of the centre of gravity of an area
x2
LI I
bounded by the ell ipse Q2 -1- b2 = 1 and the coord i na te axes (x ~ 0,
y~O).
r-
y=x, Y=~ x.
1737. Find the coordinates of the centre of gravity of an area
bounded by the first arch of the cycloid
x=a(t-sinl), y=a(l-cost)
Sec. 121
173
[Ch.S
Definite Integrals
174
Solution. We have:
s=
10
t4110
O.lt'dt=O.lT 0 =250 metres
5
o
and
V mean
S
= y=
25
mjsec.
A= Sf (x) dx.
Xl
A=
0.06
=0.18 kgm
100xdx=50x21
K=
L m~Vi.
(I)
I. =1
To compute the kinetic energy of a solid, the latter is appropriately partitioned into elementary parttcles (which play the part of material points); then
by summing the kinetic energies of these particles we get, in the limit, an
integral in place of the sum (I).
Example 3. Find the kinetic energy of a homogeneous circular cylinder
of density tJ with base radius R and altitude h rotating about its axis with
angular velocity roo
Solution. For the elementary mass dm we take the mass of a hollow
cylinder of altitude h with inner radi us r and wall thickness dr (Fig. 60).
We have:
dm = 211:' .h6 dr.
Since the linear velocity of the mass dm Is equal to
ki net Ic energy is
v 2dm
= fro,
the elemenfary
Sec. 12]
175
Whence
R
K = 3tCl)2hfJ
r d, ~
S
o
3
noo2fJR4h
4
.
Fig. 60
FIt! 61
V,2 -
h2 dlz.
V ,2-h" dh,
17i
Ie.":. 6
Definite Integrals
formula
v= vo-gt,
where t is the time that elapses and g is the acceleration of gravity. At what distance from the initial position will the body
be in t seconds from the time it is thrown?
1752. l"he velocity of a body thrown vertically upwards with
initial velocity Vo (air resistance allowed for) is given by the
fornlula
v=c.tan( - ~
t+arctan
~O),
Sec. 121
171
,P
178
Definite 1ntegrals
[Ch. 5
Miscellaneous Problems
1772. Find the mass of a rod of length 1 = 100 cm if the linear
density of the rod at a distance x cm from one of its ends is
6=2+0.001
Xl
gjcm.
of Physical Problems
179
1=loSin(~t-q
during a cycle T in a conductor with resistance R.
Ch'lpter VI
A variable quantity
2=f(x, y).
Vx 2-
y2. Hence,
f (X,y) = -,-,-
Fig. 63
~xy
Il2,
+ (_3)2
-J)= :l.2.(-3)
13
-12
~) if
Sec.
Basic Notions
I}
Y)
f ( I, x =
thaI is, f ( 1.
1Lx)\ = f (x,
!L.,
x
181
we will have
y
)1
1+ ( X
x 2 y2
( 1I)' = '2xy ,
21 x
y).
z= Y4_.\2 __ 2 .
y
Solution. The run~tion haC\ real values if 4_X 2 _
The I at ter I nrq ua I it Y is sat i ~fi('rl hy thr coord inates of
circle of radil1\ 2 with centre ~t the coordinate orll!ln.
nition 01 the [unction is the InterIor of the circle (FIg
y2 > 0 or x 2 + y2 < 4.
poi nts I yi ng inside a
The domain of defi64).
FIg 65
FIg. 64
+ V--).y
when {
~~
IS
g. or
when {
~:z
In
xy~O,
of
i ~ 1 or
F_u_n_c_ti_on_s_o~f_S_e_ve_r_al_Va_r_ia_b_le_s
1_8_2
,[Ch. 6
30 Level lines and level surfaces of a function. The level line of a function z = f (x, y) is a line f (x, y) -== C (in an xy-plane) at the points of wh ich
the function takes on one and the same value z=C (usually labelled in
drawings).
The level surface of a function of three arguments u = f (x, y, z) is a surlace f (x, y, z) = C, at the points of which the function takes on a constant
value u=C.
Example 5. Construct the level Ii nes of
the function z=x2 y.
Solution. The equation of the level lines
c
has the form x 2 y == C or y =.: I .
x
Fig. 66
1785
Find
X2 _
f (Y,x), f (-x,
-y),
f(
f, ~ )
1
I
f (x,
y) ,
if
/(x, Y)=-2-.
xy
1786. Find the values assumed by the function
f (x,
+ x-y
y) = 1
Z==--~2
l-x
_yl
f(~)= ~(y>O).
1789*. Find
f (x,
y) if
f(x+y, x--y)=xy+yl.
Sec. 1]
Basic Notions
183
f and
1791". Let
Yi +yl when x= i.
1792. Find and sketch the domains of definition of the following functions:
Z==
a) z=Yi-X 2 _ y2;
b) z = i-t_(X_y)2;
i) z=Yysinx;
j) z = In (x 2 + y);
c) z=ln(x+y);
k)
I)
1
Z=-_
x +!J
d) z=x-f-arccosy;
e) z=Yi-x 2 -!- Yi_ y 2;
f) z=arcsin lL
;
x
g)
z == y7=4 + Y4=iI;
h) z==Y(xl+y2-a2)(2a2_x2_yl)
(a> 0);
x-y
2 ,
m)
I
Z=V y-y
.;
x
n)
Z=x=r+y ;
d) z=Yxy;
g) z= ~ ;
x
11)
c)
Z=X
2
_
y 2;
f) z=
I-lxI-luI;
z=
i) z=
h;
2X
x
+ y I.
z=f(JL).
1796. Find the level surfaces of the functions of three independent variables:
a) u=x+y-t-z;
b) u = Xl yl + Zl;
c) u=xl-t
gl_ZI.
184
(Ch.6
Sec. 2. Continuity
1. The limit of a function. A number A is called the limit of a function
2=1 (x, y) as the point P' (x. y) approaches the point P (a, h). if for any
B > 0 there is a tJ > 0 such that when 0 < Q < tJ, wherE:' Q -== Ylx-a)1
(y-b)'
I!(x, y)-AI<e.
Jn th is case we write
lim
f (x,
y) = A.
x-+a
y-+b
= f (x,
y) is called
is called
z=A 2 _y
Solution. Tile function will be m~aningless if the denomin3tor becomes
zero. But )(2_ y -==O or y=x 2 i~ the equation of a parabola. Hence, the given
function has [or its discontinuity the parabola y==.x 2
x-+o
"-~2
IJ -+ J
, x+y.
b) ILn
--z-+2 t
X ...
oo.x
l/
00
1/-+0
d) Ii.n (1
_X_ ;
x-~ox+y
X-+O
+ 1!.. ) x;
X ~o..\.
IJ ..... 0
XJ
X-+OO
X 2 _!J2
f) lIn ~+2-
y-.k
+ y2 ~ It
when x"l. +y"l. > 1.
+ yl,.
c) Z --
d)
= l,x,-y
- - )2
l - x2 _y2
z =cos -.!-
>..u
Sec.
31
Partial DeritJatives
185
is continuous with respect to each of the variables x and y separately, but is not continuous at the point (0, 0) with respect to
these variables together.
uX
1m
f (x + A",
~t'~O
y) A
uX
which is called the part ial derivat ive of the function z with respect to thevarIable x. I n similar fac;;hion we define and denote the partial derivative of
the function z w!th respect to the variable y It is obvious that to find partial
derivativ~~, one can use the ordinary formulas of differentiation.
Example 1. Find the partial derivatives of the function
z=lntan~.
y
ax = t---X
an - cos
-2X
Ii = ---:2X.
YSlng
1
tan y
1 (
x)
2x
-2 =. 2x.
cos! Y
yl sin y
u
(11 = - - x - _ - x
ax
iJu =.3. X I y 2 z +2 ,
iJu
iJy=2x 'y z-3,
au
-=x y2+1.
iJz
'
f lkx,
186
(Ch. 6
A rational integral function will be homogeneous if all its terms are of one
and the same degree.
The following relationship holds for a homogeneous differentiable function
.of degree n (Euler's theorem):
xf~ (x, y) + Yf~ (x, y) = nf (x, y).
1802. Z=x+y
1803
1809. z=e
= 1LX
Z=
.!L
%
1 8 1 0 . .. /
Z=
1804. z =: VX 2 _ y l.
1805.
sin
1811.
Yx 2x+y2
arc SI n JI
z = In sin x+a
yy
X _
x2
2
y2
1812. u=(xy)z.
1813. u=zxy.
1806. z==ln{x+Vr+y').
1807. 2=arctan.[.
x
"
';J (1,
f:
x
Vr---xY+ y .
2, 0),
(1, 2, 0) if
f(x, y, z)=ln(xy+z).
x!+y
1817.
Z=
x2+ y 2.
1820. Find
~(~~,
1819. f(x,y)=lnJ!..
x
where r=VxZ+yZ+zl.
'x g;ax
/ar +
1821. Calculate ::
acp
az
1822. S how t h at x
ax
dz
Y ay=2, If z= In (xl+xy+yl).
OZ
OZ
h
1824. Sh ow tat
If
JL
z=xy+xe%
au
au au 0, If u=(x-y)(y-z)(z-x).
ox+ay+az:Z:
uZ
y-z
Sec. 4]
187
x 2 y2
~=-x
02
uX
common point M.
1829. The area of a trapezoid with bases a and b and altitude h is equal to S=I/ 2 (a-l-b)h. Find
:~, :~, :~
and, using
has partial derivatives f~ (x, y) and f~ (x, y) at the point (0, 0).
although it is discontinuous at this point. Construct the geometric image of this function near the point (0,0).
Sec. 4. Total Differential of a Function
to. Total increment of a function. The total incretnent of a function
z = f (x, y) is the difference
~z-= ~f (x, Y)-=f (x-t- Ax, y+ ~y)-f (x, y).
2. The total dift'erential of a function. The total (or exact) differential of
a function z==f (x, y) is the principal part of the total increlnent ~z, \vhich
is linear with respect to the increments in the argulnents f1x and Ay.
The difference between the total increnlent and the total differential of
the function is an infinitesimal of higher order compared with Q= VAx 2 + li y 2.
A function definitely has a total differential if its partial derivatives are
continuous. If a function has a total differential, then it is called differentiable. The differentials of independent variables coincide with their incrernents, that is, dx= ~x and dy= Ay. The total differential of the function
z = f (x, y) is computed by the fonnula
oz
dz
dz = 0)(
- dx -t- oy"
- d'l.
Similarly, the total differential of a function of three arguluents u =/ t x, y, z)
is computed fronl the formula
du=
ou dx au
ou
ax + ay dy+ iJz dz.
f (x,
y)=x l t-xy_ y 2
(Ch. ,
J88
Sol ution.
~f {x, y)
f (J( + f!x,
=.: {( ~
z=
az
dz
az
ax .r l x +
Solution.
Yx
;
y2
+y2.
a-=
. 1--'::'
Y r.\.2 + yl
xdr+ydy
.. r - -
r l! -t- yl
..r - - dx+
r AI + y!
11"-'-dy
2
r
.\
+ y2
Az ~
az Ay.
axaz Ax+ay
Example 3. The altitude of a' cone is H = 30 em, the radius of thE' base
R = 10 cm. How will the volume of the cone change. if we increase H by
3 mm and ditninish R by 1 mm?
Solutlol\. The volume of the cone is V =
nR 2H. The change in volume
we replace approximately by the differential
~x=l, ~y=-=2;
b)
~x=O.I,
~y=O.2.
+ u) = du + dv;
c) d ( ~ )
b) d (uu) = u dv
= v dU;u dv
+ v du;
Sec. 4]
189
x 2 _l/!
1835. Z= 1+"1
.\
df (1, 1), if
x
f(x.y)=z.
1843. u = xyz .
_
1844. U = Vx 2 -t- y2 + zj.
1839.
f(x,y)=ln(l+i).
1840.
1=
arc tan yx
+aretan~.
Y
-t..
1845.
u=(xy+i-r
1846.
u =
arc tan x~
+y
the other b = 24 cm.
r
AI
1852. Show that the relative error of a product is approximately equal to the sum of the relative errors of the factors.
1853. Measurements of a triangle ABC yielded the following
da1a:
side a = lOOm2m.
side
b = 200m3 m,
angle
C :== 60 10. To what degree of accuracy can we conlpute the
side c?
T= 2nyr _
I
g ,
190
[Ch. 6
= ~ dx + az dy
ax dt ay d t
C0I11-
(I)
dx- ax
ay dx
(2)
Example 2. Find the partial derivative iJiJZ and the total derivative dz Ii
x
dx'
z=e"Y, where g=cp(x).
Solution. ~=yeXY.
From formula (2) we obtain
dz
dx = yexy
(3)
Sec. 5]
191
and
az
az ax
az ay
au = ax au + au au .
(4)
z = t (x,
:~. if
u
x=uv, y=--V.
where
y),
au
and
oz
_ ' (x,
av -fx
F'
az
+yZ)
az
yax -x ay=O.
Solution. The function cp depends on x and y via the intennediate argutHent x2 + y2 = t, therefore,
az dz at
ax=dl
ax=CP , (x I + y 2) 2x
and
ax
1856. Find :: if
z=~,
where
y
1857. Find
x=ef , y=lnt.
:~ if
u = In sin
..(y, where x = 3t
l
,
Y=
vt'+l.
1858. Find ~: if
Functions
192
(Ch.6
:~ if
1859. Find
U=
of Several Variables
X 2+yl
1860. Find :
Z = ltv,
z=arc tan!.
and y=x".
x
1862. Find :; and
~ if
z = arc tan...!.,
y where
1865. Find :: and
Z
X=
u sin 0, Y= u cos v.
~ if
= f (u), where
u = xy
+ yx
then
au
and 0lJ'=0.
1867. Find ~ if
U = f (x, y, z),
1868. Show that if
where
z=f (x+ay),
where f is a differentiable function, then
oz
iJy =a
az
ax
Sec. 61
193
aw _ aW+ b ow
-a ox
oy
iJt
z = y cp (X 2_ y 2)
fles th e equa tIon x1 a;+-y
oz I iJy=!j2
az z
sa t IS
1871. Show that the function
z = xy + xcp (
f
th e equa tIon x-a
az -I-Y~=xy
az
sa t ISles
x
uy
1872. Show that the function
z = eY cr
satisfies the equation
1873. The side of
of 5 mjsec, the other
is the rate of change
(X 1_ y 2)
~)
+ z.
(ye::' )
~+xy~=xyz.
angle?
1874. The equations of Illotion of a material point are
x = t, y
~= t
z:= t l
az =
iJl
7_ 1900
lhn
P1P ~ 0
PIP
194
[eh. 6
where f (P) and f (PI) are values of the function at the points P and PI
If the function z is differentiable, then the following formula holds:
iJz iJz
iJz .
m=axcosa +aySlna,
(1)
where a is the angle formed by the vector I with the x-axis (Fig. 67).
x
Fig. 67
all
at = ax cos u
du
+au
au cos ~ + au
az cos y,
(2)
where a, ~, yare the angles between the direction I and the corresponding
coordinate axes. The directional derivative characterises the rate of change
of the function in the given direction.
Example 1. Find the derivative of the function z=2x 2 -3 y 2 at the point
P (1, 0) in a direction that makes a 1200 angle with the x-axis.
Solution. Find the partial derivatives of the given function and their
values at th~ point P:
oz
= -6y.' a(~)
iJy
y p
=0.
Here,
1
cosu=cos 1200 = - 2
sin a = sin 1200 = -2-3
Applying formula (1), we get
1)
OZ
( - - +0. lIr3"
-=4
f
2
a1
2
-2-= -
The minus sign indicates that the function diminishes at the given point and
in the given direction.
2. The gradient of a function. The gradient of a function z == f (x, y) IS
.a vector whose projections on the coordinate axes are the corresponding par-
Sec. 6]
195
02
grad z == ox I + oyJ
(3)
02 = pro)., gra d z.
at
That is, the derivative in a given direction is equal to the projection of the
gradient of the function on the direction of differentiation.
The gradient of a function at each point is directed along the normal to
the corresponding level line of the function. The direction of the gradient of
the function at a given point is the direction of the maximum rate of increase
of the function at this point, tlUtt is, when l=grad z the derivative
on its greatest value, equal to
~~
takes
u -= f (x, y, z):
au
iJu
iJu
(4)
y
2
1
-~
- - --~
PI
I
3 X
Fig. 68
Solution. Compute the partial derivatives and their values at the point P.
~=2xY; (~)p=2;
(~)p=l.
Hence, grad
7*
z=21+J
(Fig. 68).
196
[Ch. 6
quadrantal angle.
1879. Find the derivative of the function u=x!-3yz+5 at
the point i'A (1, 2, -1) in the direction that iorms identical
angles with all the coordinate axes.
880. Find the derivative of the function u = xy + yz ,- zx at
the point M (2, 1, 3) in the direction from this point to the
point N (5, 5, 15).
t881. Find the derivative of the function u = In (eX + eY -t-~ e1)
at the origin in the direction which forms with the coordinate
axes x, y, z the angles a, ~, V, respectively.
1882. The point at which the derivative of a function in any
direction is zero is called the stationary point of this function.
Find the stationary points of the following functions:
a) z==x!+xy+y2-4x-2y;
b) z === Xl yl -3xy;
c) u == 2y 2 -t- z!-xy-yz 2x.
z = Xl + yl- 3xy.
1885. Find grad z at the point (5, 3) if
Z==
Vx
_y!.
Sec. 7]
197
:x (a:)
t:
::~ =
x (x, y);
y) and ~o forth.
Derivatives of order higher than second are similarly defined and denoted.
If the partial derivatives to be evaluated are continuous, then the result
of repeated dtUerentlailon is independent of the order in which the differentzatlon IS perfornled.
Example 1. FInd the second partIal derIvatives of the functIon
Z ==-
Flr~t
Solution.
l-t-y'l
az
ay=~
+ y2
x )
!/t = -
x2+y".
ax
az
ay2 =
ax
(_y_
)__
+ y! -
0 (
ay -
2xy
(x 2
x!
x2
X)
+ y2
cJ2 Z
0 ( Y )
ox ay = oy x! + y2 =
+ y2)1
2xy
+ y2)1
l
1.(x + y2)_2y.y
= (xt
(xl
+ y2)1
xl_gl
+ y2)2
(x 2
ax -
198
2.
=/ (x,
[ell. 6
dnz = d (dn-1z).
If z = t (x, y), where x and yare independent variables, then the second
differential of the function z is computed from the fonnula
d
a~
a~
z= ax2 dx 2+ 2 ax ay
dx dy
a~
+ ay 2 dyl.
(1)
. y
02
+ 2 oxoydXd
az
02 Z 2 az 2
2
+ay 2 d y +axdx+ayd Y
(2)
If x and yare independent variables, then d 2 x=O, d 2 y=O, and formula (2)
becomes identical with formula (1).
Example 2. Find the total differentials of the first and second orders or
the function
z = 2x 2 -
3xy _ y2.
Therefore,
dz
iJz
oz= ax dx+ ay dy= (4x-3y) dx-(3x+2y) dYe
a2 z
dZ==ox2dx
a z dx dY+a02
+ 2 axoy
y
Z
2
dY =4dx -6dxdy-2dy.
Seco 7]
1893. Find
O~2~y if
1894. Find
iJ~2;y if
z=arctan
1895. Find
t+y
l-xy
~~ if
V x 2+y2 +zlo
r =
u = xy + yz -+ zxo
97 F In
18.
o
OIU
ox dy
2
1898.
a
r-'1 n d iJxayZ
o
az
JOf
If
z = sin (xy)
1899. Find
f:
f:
(0, 0),
r/
02 Z
iJxiJy
z if
= iJLjiJx
iJ2
z=arc sin
1901. Show that
2
2
iJxay
02
ayox
Y-
x- y
x
if
z=xY
1902*. Show that for the function
f (x,
y)
x 2 _y.
= xy x--a-+y
199
200
[Ch. 6
+ 1.
if
OIZ
02
ox
axo!zoy , oy
2 ,
z = f (u, v),
where u =
Xl
+ y., v = xy.
ax.'
a2u
-+--0
ax! ay
2 -
u=ln, ,
where r=V(x-a)2+-(y-b)2, satisfies the Laplace equation
02 U
au
2
0 !U
ax2
1
y_
e
(2a 1T t)3
(where x o' Yo, zo' a are constants) satisfies the equation of heat
conduction
Sec. 7]
~Ol
+ 'i' (x + at),
u = cp (x-at)
\vhere cp and ' are arbitrary twice differentiable functions, satisfies the eq uation of asci llations of a string
2
a2 u
2 au .
at 2 =a ox l
1911. Sho\v that the function
z = xcp ( ~
)f- '!' ( ~ )
a2z + 2x
iJ2 z
Y iJxay
ax 2
+ Yay!
iJlz = 0
.
2
u = cp (xy) + l/ xy ( ~ )
1914. Fi 11 d u
--=:;
II
(x. y)
ay ax
if
a
a-a
x y =0.
211
u = xyz.
1918. Find d1z if
z=cp(t), where t=X 2_'t-yl.
= uf)
where u = -y , v = xy.
202
[Ch.6
1920. Find d 2 z if
z=f(u, v), where
U=QX,
v=by.
= f (u,
+ Q(x,
iJQ
ox
iJP
====
oy .
= I,
and, hence,
(2x+ y) dx
~=:: =
au
+ (x+ 2y) dy = du = ou
ax dx+ iJy dy,
ou
and
Finally we have
iJu
+ y2 + c.
Sec. 8J
203
and, hence,
au
uX
au
du
dX+ - dY+- dz,
ay
az
au
a(j)
~=3x+a-=z +3x,
uy
y
au aq>
-=2yz--1-1,
az iJz
- =
\vhence dq> =Z2 and aacp =2yz+ 1. The problem reduces fo finding fhe function
y
z
of hvo variables cp (y, z) whose partial derivatives are known and the condition for total differential is fulfilled.
We Hnd CI':
q> (Y. z) = ~ zldy = yz2 + Ijl (z).
204
(x+2y)dx+ydy
(x -1- y)2
x+2y
2x-y
dx -,----11929. Z--+
x
y2
x - y I dy.
1
x
1930. -II dx-dye
y2
II
1931.
x x-t- y
2
dx+
X Y+ y
2
dy.
(ax 2
-r
1934. (3x
2y 2 3z) dx (4xy 2y -z) dy + (3x - y - 2) dz.
1935. (2xyz-3yz 8xy 2 2) dx +
(x 2 z- 6xyz 8x2 Y -t- 1) dy -1- (xly- 3xy 2 -l- 3) liz.
2
1936.
(~'-;2)dx f-(~-:2)dY+(~-:')dz.
1937. x dx + y dy + z dz .
+y2+ Z2
y=~
(x+ y)2 ,
f (x,
y) (dx
+ dy)
to be a total differential?
1940. Find the function u if
du
Sec. 9]
205
f~ (x, y)
f~ (x, y)
(1)
(I)
2
dy
d y.
Example 1. Flnd d- and -d2 If
x
x
(x 2
th~
+ y~)' -
3 (x 2
+ y2) + 1 == O.
Solution. Denoting the left-hand side of this equation by f (x, y), we find
partial denvatlves
I~ (x, y)
1;/ (x,
+ !/)2_1]
x
+ y2)2_1] = -y-
To find the second derivative, differentiate \vith respect to x the first derivatIve WhICh \ve have found, taking into consideration the fact that y is a functlun of x'
dy
l.y_x
y_x{_'yt)
d:!11
d (
x )
dx
\
= _Y~ + x2
dx2=dx
--y
= -
y2
y2
y3
oz
at =
F~ (x, !It z)
F ~ (x, y, z)'
az
F;/ (x,
oy =
F ~ (x, y, z)
y, z)
(2)
Here is another way of finding the derivatives of the function z: differentiating the equation F (x, y, z) =0, \ve find
aF
of
of
-dx+-dy+-dz=O.
ox
cJy
iJz
Whence it is possible to detennine dz, and, therefore,
iJz
ax
QZ
and ay
206
Example 2. Find
:~
and
:~
[Ch. 6
if
x 2 _2 y 2
+ 3z -yz + y== o.
2
(x, y, z),
F~ (x, y, z)
2x
F z, ( x, y, z) = - 6z-y;
dz
ay =
F~ (x, !I, z)
p'z (x, y, z)
1-4y-z
6z-y
dl=:;dX+~dY.
we see that
az
2x
az 1-4y-z
ax = y-6z ' ay = y-6z
aF of
D (F, 0)
D (u, v)
au av :1= 0
ao ao
'
au iJu
then the differentials of these functions (and hence their partial derivatives
as well) may be found from the following set of equations
dF
aF
iJF
aF
ax
dx + ay dy + au du + av dv = 0,
ao
ao
ao
{ iJO dx +-a
du-+- v dv =0.
x
y dy +-au
-a
a-
define u and
t1
.
iJu au do
av
as functtons of x and y; find -iJ 'iJ--' ~ and x
y ux
ay .
(3)
Sec. 91
207
\\'hence
Sim ilarl y
\ve
find
au
v+y
av
v+x
dy=-x-y' ay=x-y
Second nlethod. By differentiation we find two equations that connect the
differentials of all four variables:
du+dv==dx+dy,
+ v dy~.
x du +u dx+y dv
Solvin~
du= _ (u
+ y) dx-t- (v -t- y) dy ,
dv ~ (u
x-y
+ x) dx + (v +x) dy
x-y
Whence
4. Parametric representation of a function. If a function z of the variables x and y is represented paralnetricatly by the equations
x=x(u, v), y=-=-y(u, v), z=z(u, v)
and
D (x, y)
D (u, v)
then the differential of this function nlay be found froln the following system
of equations
ax
ax
dX-a-dll-f--a dv,
II
ay
ay
dy = au da + av dv,
(4)
az
az
dz -== a-u du -1- iJ-v dv.
az
az
d~
+q dy,
208
[Ch.6
dv==.dy-2udx.
2 (v-u)
Substituting into the third equation the val ues of du and dv just found, we
bave:
<lz = 3u 2 2v dx-dy + 3v 2 dy- 2u dx =
2 (v-u)
2 (v-u)
= 6uv (u-v) dx+3 (V 2_U 2 ) dy:=.: -3uv dx -t-~ (u + v) dYe
2(v-u)
2
Whence
oz
az
3
-3uv, ay="2 (u+V).
ax=
aZ=3u 2 au +3v2aV .
ay
ay
ay
(5)
Differentiate the first two equations first with respect to x and then \vith
res pee t to y:
l=au + av
ax ax'
au
av
{ O=2Ll+2v ox
ax'
2 (v-u) .
3 (
2 u-i-v).
209
Sec. 9]
FInd
dy d 2y
dx' dx2
day
and dxS
1942. Y is a function defined by the equation
x!-t- y 2+2axy==O (a>l).
dy
(ddx2y ) if
x 2-2xy -l- y2 + x + y- 2 === O.
(lfJ!)
dx
1945. Find
and
t=l
X=l
dy
Find dX and
d 2y
dx 2
d dy
d y If
an d -1947 F 111
dx
dx 2
FInd
ax
az
ay if
Find
iJz
ax
and
az
au for the systenl of values x = - 1,
y = 0, z = 1.
210
[Ch. 6
ax ayaz
equation
2x 2 + 2y2 -+- Z2 -- 8xz - z -t- 8 .= 0
az + (az-cx) dY
az == bx-ay.
(cy- bz) ax
F(x-az, y-bz)=O,
az
az
ay= 1.
az az
Show that x-ax+Yay=z.
a ax + b
X zy )
1959. F ( z'
==0.
1960. Show that the function z defined by the equation
y = xcp (z) + 'P (z) satisfies the equation
a2z(aZ)I_2~az
JX2 ay
a z +a Z(aZ)I_ O
2
axayaxay
ay2 ax
Change of Variables
Sec. 10]
211
+ y + z == b.
u=x+y,
Calculate
uv=y.
au
for x==O, y= 1.
1964. The functions u and v of the independent variables x
and yare defined implicitly by the system of equations
u-f-v=x,
u-yv=O.
rln
au au au av
a-'
x -aY ' a-'
x aY
1966. a) Find
b) Find
:~
and
~,if X=llCOSV,
y=usinv,
~z
and adz,
if x=u+v, y=u-v,
vX
y
z=cv.
Z=llV.
az d az
Find ax an ay
1968. Regarding z as a function of x and y, find
~ and ~, if
212
[Ch.6
x=+.
putting
Solu tion. Express the derivatives of y with respect to x in tenTIS of the
denvatives of y with respect to t. We have
dy
dy
en
dy = dt =
dx
d y
dt 2
=!!.(t!J!.)
dx ,dx
dx
dt
d(dY)
en dxdX =
= -t 2 dy
dt '
-72
2
2y
_ (2t dy + t 2 d 2 ) (_t 2 ) = 2t a dy + (-I d y
dt
dt
dt
dt 2
dt
+.
Substituting the expressions of the derivatives iust found into the given
eiua tion and replacing x by
we get
2y
Y td ) 2 1 (
Y
1 t s (2ddt+
12
dt 2 + "T _ tf).. ddt ) +a 2ft~y~ 0
or
d y (d Y )' dy
x dx 2 + .dx =0,
ax
dy
2
dy d (
2
dx = dx
1)
1) dy
d (
= dy :;
dx =
d 2x
dy 2
- (:;
r:;1
d 2x
dy 2
= - (:;
dy
dy
Sec. 10]
Change of Variables
213
or, fina 11 y,
X
(dX)2 == o.
d:!x
d y 2 - 1 + dy
x+- y
dx= x-y'
X==
(1)
\vhence
dy
ax
.
dr
.
sin (P - -I r cos ep
sin <p dr r cos ep dq>
d(p
= cos q> dr - r sin cp d(p =
dr ._-.cos q> dq> - r sin cp
Putting into the ~iven equatIon the expressIOns lor x, y, and ~. we will have
. q> iiq>
d, + r cos q>
sIn
cos <p
or, after
dr
dcp -
.
r sin <p
51 nlpliHca Hons,
dr
dq> =-: r.
~=x-t-at.
~,
where a=x-at,
au all aa
all
at = act at + a~
\Vl~
get
a~
at'
au
au aa all
a~
ax = oa ax + a~ ax'
214
lCh.6
a2 u
aaa~ =0.
Example 5. Transfonn the equation x 2 aaZ
== ~_-.!.-
t'
==
for the new independent variables, and w=l._J.. for the ne\v
x
Z
x
funetton.
Gz.In t eftllS 0 f th e
1 denva
. tIves az
So Iution. Lc t us express tl Ie par t la
ax an d ay
fI
partial deri,vatives
~~
and
:~.
dII = d x,
On the other hand,
dv = dx2 _ dy , dw -_ ~2 _ dz .
x
y~
x
Z2
ow
Ow
dw=-du+-dv.
au
Therefore,
av
ow
iJw
dx
dz
-du+-dv=--au
av
x2
Zl
or
Whence
2( -1 -dw
I i)W)
z aw
--- dx+- -dy
2
dz=z
and, consequently,
Xl
au
av
y2
cJz
1 ow
1 OW)
ax = z Xi - au - Xi iJv
I (
au
Change of Variables
Sec. 10]
and
21a
oz Zl ow
ay= y2 OV
X2Z2
+Z2
Xl
or
aw=o
OU
oW =
au
Zl
x 2 d y2
dx
putti ng x === et
1970. Transform the equation
2
d2 y
dy
(l-x )d>..2
- - x dx
-=0 '
putti ng x == cos t.
x
Fl~
69
1971
gUlllent:
2
d y -t- 2y
a) -dx
2
(dY)1
=0
dx
'
)! = O.
dx
y-X-
tan
~==--
1 lL y'
+x
216
[Ch.6
K=
[1
+ (y')2]S/2
if u=x, v=x!+y~.
1975. Transform the following equation to new independent
variables u and v:
az az
x-+y--z=O
ax
ay
,
Or
t
y
tl=x, v=xo
1976. Transform the Laplace equation
a u 02 a
ox -to ay =
2
cos cp,
y = r sin cp.
az
az
Y ax -Xay = (y-x) z,
=~x +J..
y
az
2
OX 2 -
az
2
2ox ay
az
2
+ iJy
= 0,
Sec. 11]
217
ax 2
+ 2 ax02ay
Z _L
02Z
oy 2
2 0 =-=-
(1)
X-x o
Y -Yo
== - , - - - =
Z-zo
--I'
(2)
where 4Y, Y, Z are the current coordinates of the point of the nornlal.
Example t. Write the equations of the tangent plane and the nortnal to
x
2"
2
Z=
Solution. Let us lind the partial derivatives of the gIven function and
their values at the point M
oz
ax=x,
OZ) At --2 ,
( ax
dz
(ayi!!)
-=-'>'/
cy
-~ ,
AI
=2
2. Equations of the tangent plane and the normal for the case of implicit representation of a surface. When the equation of a surface is represented
iIn pI icit Iy,
F (x, y, z)=o.
and F (x o, Yo, zo) =0, the corresponding equations will have the fOrIn
20 )
Functions
218
of Several Variables
[Ch.6
(4)
20)
(F~)M= -3al ,
F;=3xz,
(F~)M=O,
(F~)M= -3aI
F~=3xy-3zl,
1981. Write the equation of the tangent plane and the equations of the normal to the following surfaces at the indicated
points:
a) to the paraboloid of revolution Z=X 2+y2 at the point
(1. -2,5);
x2
y2
Z2
x2
u2
Z2
QI+/jZ+Ci=1
does the normal to it form equal angles with the coordinate axes?
1983. Planes perpendicular to the x- and y-axes are drawn
through the point M (3, 4, 12) of the sphere r +!I + Zl = 169.
Write the equation of the plane passing through the tan~ents to
the obtained sections at their common point M.
1984. Show that the equation of the tangent plane to the
central surface (of order two)
Sec. 11]
219
-t- ( z -
b2
- c-
r:r, o)?
220
[Ch.6
"
2"
" 2
+2!1 lfxx(a,
b) (x-a) +2fx l/(a, b) (x-a) (y-b)+fY/J(a, b) (y-b) ]-t- ...
+ niI
where
R n (x, y)= (n
[ (x - a)
[(x-a) :x +
~ I)!
axa+ (y -
aJn f (a, b) + R
b) iJ y
(y- b) ~r+J
(a
+ e (x-a),
(0
1,
Y)+TI
<
(x, !/),
(l )
b+ 0 (y-b)]
<
I).
2 "
,. (x, y) + k2tyy
" (x, y)] + ... + ti1t [a
0JIl f (x, Y) -1+ 2hktXY
h ax + k ay
a +k!ln+l f(x-I-ell;
+_1__), [h
1
a.x
(n +.
or
M(x, y)= :, df(x,
Y-1-0k).
(2)
(:~)
uy
f~ (x, y) = 3x 2 + 3y,
1:(1,2)=3.1+3.2=9,
f;/{I,2)=-6.4-!-3.!=-21,
f:
t:
x (x, y) =- 6x,
y (x,
fuy (x
t:.\ (1, 2) = 6 1 == 6,
y) c= 3,
f:y(l, 2) = 3,
y) = -12y,
f~y(l, 2)=-12.2=-24,
I;;~ (x, y) = 6,
f:~x( 1, 2) = 6,
f~~y (x, y) == 0,
f~:~{l, 2) = 0,
f~;J~( 1, 2) = 0,
f~~y(l, 2) = -12.
f~~~ (x, y) = 0,
f~~1J (x, y) = - 12,
Sec. 12]
221
=9h-21k -~ 31z 2
+ 3hk-12k
+h l -'2k l
po\ve rs
f (x, y)
the function f(x, y)=-x 2+2xy+3y 2_6x- 2y-4 by Taylor's fornlula in the neighbourhood of the point
(--- 2, 1).
1998. Fi nd the increnlent received by the function f (x, y) =
=-x 2 y \vhen passing frorTI the values x=l, y=l to
1997. Expand
t 999. Expand the function f (x, y, z) == Xl --t- yl + z! + 2xy-yz--4x-3y-z-j-4 by Taylor's formula in the neighbourhood of
the point (1,1,1).
2000. Expand f(x i h, y~ Il, z-l I) in a series of positive integral po\\'ers of h, k. and I, if
f(X,!I,Z)~--=X2
!/2-t-z 2 -2xy-2xz-2yz.
f (x,
y) ~ e"t; sin y.
f (x,
!I)
== cos x cos y.
f (x,
y)
= y.'(.
222
(Ch. 6
a ) arc t anl_~'
if
lal and
I~I
approximate
a) vr03; VO.98; b) (0.95)2.01.
2007. Z is an implicit function of x and y defined by the
equation z'-2xz+y=O, which takes on the value z= 1 for X= 1
and Y== I. Write several terms of the expansion of the function
z in increasing powers of the differences x--l and y-l.
Sec. 13. The Extremum of a Function of Several Variables
to. Deftnition of an extremum of a function. We say that a function
has a maximum (minImum) f (a, b) a t the point P (a, b), !f for a 11
points P' (x, y) different from P in a suffici{'ntly sITlall neighbourhood of P
the inequality f (a, b) > f (x, y) [or, accordingl y, f (a, b) < f (x, y is fulfilled.
The generic term for maximum and minilnum of a function is ext retnu f11.
In similar fashion we define the extremum of a function of three or t110re
vanables.
2. Necessary conditions for an extremum. The points at which a differentiable function f (x, y) may attain an extremum (so-called stat,onary points)
are found by solving the following system of equations:
t (x, y)
t~ (x, y) -==0,
1;/ (x,
y) -- 0
(1)
t:
Sec. 13]
223
are similar to conditions (I), while the sufficient conditions are analogous to
the conditions a), b), and c) 3.
oz =6xy-12 =0
dY
or
x!+y2-5=O,
{ xy-2=O.
Sol ving the systenl we get four sta tionary points:
P J (I,2); P2 (2, I); P.(-I,-2); Pt(-2,-I).
Let us find
t~le
second derivatives
az
az
02 Z =6x
a-a
x
x y =6y, ay
a-2=6x,
2
A=(Oa2~)
\
p.
=6,
Z
B=(oO!a
=12, C=(002~) =
)
x Y PI
Y PI
=6, L\.=AC-B 2 =36-144 < O. Thus, there is no extremUI11 at the pOint PJ.
2) For the point P 2 : A -= 12, B ==6, C= 12; ~ -= 144-36> 0, A > O. At PI
thp function has a mininlUnl. ThIs tniniJTIUnl IS equal to the valu' of the
fune t ion for .\ - - 2, y =-= l'
zmin -~8+G-30-12=-28.
3) For the point P,: A=--=-6, 8==-12, C=-::-6; A=36-144 <0. There
extrelllUl1l.
4) For the point P4: A--=- -12, B = -6, C = -12; A = 144-36 > 0, A < n.
At the point P t the function has a nlaxhnuln equal to zmdx = -8-6 -t- 30-t
-t- 12 - ~ 28
5<t. Conditional extrenlum. In the shnplest case, the conditional extrenllJ/ll
of a function f (.\, y) IS 8 111axinlUl11 or nlininlunl of this function which IS
attained on the condition that its 3r~unlents are related by the equatioll
(P (x, =() (coupling equation). To find the conditlonaJ extrE:'murn of a function (x, y), given the relationship cr (x, y) = 0 \\'C fonn the so-called Lagrarlge
1"6
110
y)
fUllction
F (x,
y)
aF
_~ of
aF
of
ax -- ax
+ iv ocp
_0
ox - ,
otp
iv -a=O'
d y ===a-+
y
y
(2)
224
[Ch.6
~ dx+ :: dy=O
Namely, the funchon f (x, y) has a conditional maxitnum, if d' F < 0, and a
conditional minimum, if d!P > o. As a particular case, if the discriminant A
of the function F (x, y) at a stationary point is positive, then at this point
there is a conditional maximurn of the function f (x, y), if A < 0 (or C < 0),
and a conditiona I minimunl, if A > 0 (or C > 0)
In similar fashion we find the conditional extrelnum of a function of
three or Inore variables provided there is one or several coupling equations
(the number of which, however, nlust be less than the number of the variables)
Here, we have to introduce into the Lagrange function as many undetenll1ned
multipliers factors as there are coupling equations.
Example 2. Find the extrelnum of the function
z==6-4x-3y
It follows
tha~
Sec. 13]
5
If A-==2'
x"=5
225
zmax=6+ 5
Zmin =6-
+ 59 =11,
16
5- 5
= 1.
6". Greatest and smallest values of a function. A function thaf is differentiablc in a limited closed region attains
its greatest (smallest) value either at a stationary point or at a point of the boundary
of the region.
Example 3. Determ inc the grea test and
sll1allest values of the function
z-=x 2+ y2_ xy +x+ y
in the region
x~o, y~O, x-t-y~-3
I
'\\
z't == 2x-y
l'y
-to 1 =0,
Fig. 70
~ 2lJ-x+
1.=.0;
.
\\'hence x-=-l, 11--==-1; and \\'e get thc point M (-I, -1)
1\t "1 the valuc of the function zl'1=-1 It is not absolutely necessary
to test for an extrenlunl
2) Let us investt~ate the function on the boundaries of the region.
When x-o \ve have Z=y2+ y , and the problenl reduces to seeking the
greatest and sll1allec;t valucs of thiS function of one argulIlent on thE' interval
-3 ~ y ~ O. Investigatin~, \\'e find that (Zgr)x=o= 6 at the point (0, -3);
(Zsm)",=o=--{- at the POl\1t (0.
_1/ 2)
Z==X2~-X.
\VC
nlctres coincides with (Zgr)x=o and (lgr)..v.=oo On the straight line x+ y=- 3
we could test the function for a conait ional extremUlll without reducing to
a function of one argunlcnt.
3) Correlating all the values obtained of the function z, we conclude
that zJlr= 6 at the points (0, -3) and (-3, 0); z5m = -1 at the stationary
point M.
8-1900
226
[Ch. 6
x2
y2
1 -7-1)2
2
2014. Z= 1_(X +y2)2/ a
2
2015. z=(x 2+y2)e-ex +y2 ).
2013. z=xy
2016. Z =
I +x-y
y 1 +X 2+y2
y2
02 2
u=x+y>O, z>O).
y
z
4x +-+-(x>O,
2021. z=xy
2022. z.=x+2y
2023. Z = x
+y
f or "2
x
l/
-I- "3
= I.
y-x = ~ .
for Xl + y2 + Z2 = 9.
for
+ 22
x2
Z2
x -t- y2 -J- Z2
for -a2 +-b2 + -c2 = I (a >b > c > 0).
2027. U= xy 2 z 3
for x+y+z=12(x>O,y>0,z>O).
2028. u = xyz
provided x -f-y+z=5, xy+yz+zx=8.
2029. Prove the inequality
2026.
U=
x+y+z
3
if
y2
V-xyz,
Sec. 141
227
2031. Determine the greatest and smallest values of the functions a) z=x1y and b) Z=X I _ y 2 in the region x'+y2~1.
2032. Determine the greatest and smallest values of the function z=sinx-l-siny-t-sin(x+y) in the region O~x~ ~.
31
O~Y~2
2033. Determine the greatest and smallest values of the function z=x'+y'-3xy in the region O~x~2, -1~y~2.
Sec. 14. Finding the Greatest and Smallest Values of Functions
Example 1. It is required to break up a positive nunlber a into three
nonnegative nUIIlbers so that their product should be the greatest possible.
Solution. Let the desired ntllnbers be x, y, a-x-y. We seek the maximunl of the function f (x, y) ==-:xy (a-x-y).
According to the problell1, the function f (x, y) is considered inside a
closed triangle x~o, y~O, x+y~a (Fig. 71).
x
Fig. 71
Solving the systenl of equations
f~(x. y)=ay(a-2x-y)=O,
{
fy
(x, y)==x(a-x-2y)=O,
,i)
8*
228
Consequent\ y,
[Ch. 6
"(a a)
2
A= 'xx 3' "'3 =-3"
a,
B=f xy
" (a3'
2 a and
3a ) =-3
L\=AC-B 2 > 0, A < o.
C=fuu
(~. ~)
And so at
Sec. 141
229
i2+V=l
does the tangent line to it form with the coordinate axes a triangle of sIl1allest area?
2046*. Find the axes of the ellipse
5xl + 8xy + 5y 2 = 9.
2047. Inscribe in a given sphere a cylinder having the
greatest total surface.
2048. The beds of two rivers (in a certain region) approxinlately represent a parabola y=x 2 and a straight line x-y-2=O.
I t is required to connect these ri vers by a straight canal of least
length. Through \vhat points will it pass?
2049. Find the shortest distance fronl the point 1\;1 (1, 2, 3)
to the straight line
x
T= -3=2
2050*. The poi nts A and B are situated in different optical
111e(lla separated by a straight line (Fig. Z2). The Yclocity of
13
I
Fig. i3
light ill the first 111CdiuI11 is vI' in the second, v 2 Applying the
Ferlllat principle, according to which a light ray is propagated
along a line A,\1B \vhich requires the least tillle to cover, derive
the la\v of refraction of light rays.
2051. Using the Ferlnat principle, derive the la\v of reflection
of a light ray frolll a plane in a homogeneous medium (Fig. 73).
2052*. If a current J Hows in an electric circuit containing a
resistance R, then the quantity of heat released in unit tinle is
proportional to J2 R. Deterilline how to divide the current I into
236
[Chi 6
f (x,
at once:
f (xo,
Yo) = 0,
f~ (x o, Yo) =
o.
f~ (xo' Yo) = O.
2. Basic types of singular points. A t a singular point M (xo, Yo), let the
second derivatives
A ==
B=
':x
f:
(xo' Yo)'
(xo' Yo)'
Fig. 74
Fig. 75
==
231
0):
x
Fig. 78
Fig. 77
Fig. 76
Let us find the second deriva tives and their val ues at the pOint 0:
,:% (x,
':y(X,
f;,/(X,
y)
= 2a + 6x,
y)=O,
y)=-2,
= 2a,
8=0,
C=-2,
~=AC-B2=-4a.
y
v
o
Fig. 79
Fig. 80
Fig. 81
Hence,
if a > 0, then A < 0 and the point 0 is a node (Fig. 79);
if a < 0, then 1\ > 0 and 0 is an isolated point (Fig. 80);
if a::--::O, then ~-=O. The equation of the curve in this cas~ will be
y2=X' or Y= YX'; y=exists only when x~O; the curve is symmetric
about the x-ax is, which is a tangent. Hence, the point M is a cusp of the
first kind (Fig. 81).
232
[Ch.6
2055. a 4 y!
= a 2 x' -
Xl.
y 2 _x 2 _ y" = o.
3
2057. x +yl-3axy=O (folium of Descartes).
2056. X
f (x,
y, CL):::::O
dependent on a single variable parameter a has an envelope, then till' Ilarametric equations of the latter are found fronl the system of equations
{
',(X. y. a) =~'
fa (x, y, a)-D.
(1 )
drawings.
Sec. 16]
233
Envelope
Q.
Form
+ yt =
a; .
Y --kx+.P..
2k
(k is a variable parameter).
2065. Find the envelope of a family of circles of the same
radius R whose centres lie on the x-axis.
2066. Find a curve which forms an envelope of a section
of length 1 when its end-points slide along the coordinate axes.
2067. Find the envelope of a family of straight lines that
form with the coordinate axes a triangle of constant area S.
2068. Find the envelope of ellipses of constant area S whose
axes of synlnletry coi Heide.
234
[Ch. 6
Fig. 83
If
x=x(t),
y=y(t),
z=z(t)
are parametric equations of the space curve, then the arc length of a section
of it from t=t l to t=t 2 is
S=
dx )
Jtr,VI" ( lIt
+
2
t1
dy ) 2
df
+ (dZ)
Cit
dt.
S~c.
235
18]
from
3
Xl
t=O to t=2.
z=et
from t=Otoarbitraryt.
a-x
tUtlct ion a == a (t) may be defined by specifying three scalar functions ax (t),
ay (t) and az (t), \\'hich are its projections on the coordinate axes:
<t) k.
The derivative of the vector function a::::: a (t) with respect to the scalar
argument t is a new vector function defined by the equality
~ _ lim a (I -1- Llt) -a (t)
dt - At ~ 0
llt
da x (t)
i -1- day
dt
(t)
J + dar (t) k
dt
dt
x
I 1= .V. l(da )2 + (da,v) +
~
dt
dt
dt
dadtz)1
The end-point of the variable of the radius vector r=r(t) describes in space
the curve
Itit I=dt,
dr
ds
where s is the arc length of the hodograph reckoned from some Initial point.
For example,
I~~ 1= 1.
236
parametl~r t
If the
~ =(/
=tv
[Ch.6
2)
da
db
de
dt (a+b-c)=dT+(jf-df ;
(ma)=m
dq>
~~
3) (if (cpa)=(jf
4) (j[
da
a+ cp dt'
da
db
(ab)=Fb+adt;
da
db
5) (if (aXb)=dtXb+aXdt;
6)
7)
da
~~
dq>.
F'
=0, if lal=const.
(I)
dr
([[=- 8ij+6tk
I~~ 1= Y(-
81)2+ (61)2= 10 I t I
Sec. 18]
237
._~---------~----..::::....--------
t,
'-0
-T
and t = ~
r = 21 cos t
Dctcrll1ine the trajectory of nlotion, the velocity and the acceleration. \Vhat are the nlagnitudes of velocity and acceleration
and \vhat directions have they for time t = 0 and t = ~ ?
2085. The equation of nl0tion is
r = I cos a cos rot -f- j sin a cos rot + k sin rot,
where a and (t) are constants and t is the tilne. Determine the
trajectory of motion and the lTIagnitudes and directions of the
velocity and the acceleration.
238
(Ch.6
y=asin6,
z=h6,
containin~
the vectors
c:;;
and
~:~;
and
1) T=
~~
d 2r
.
2) B=dfX dt2 (the vector of the blllormal);
3) N = Bx T (the vector of the principal normal);
dr
-r=iTi;
~=iBi;
\'=iNi
Sec. 19]
239
tiS
dr
~=dS ;
v=
I:: I;
1J=~Xv.
X-x
TJI:
Z-z
Y-y
(1)
=r;=r-;-'
Rectlfying
plane
dr
T=at
Fig.
~4
(2)
If in C'quations (1) and (2), \\re replace T x ' Ty , T z by B.'(, B", Bz and N".
Ny, N z , we get the equations of the binornlal and the princij'al normal and,
respectively, the osculating plane and the rectifying plane.
Example 1. Find the basic unit vectors T, \' and Ii of th(l curve
:~ =1+2tj+3t 1k.
d1r
dtl == 2J
+6tll.
240
[Ch.6
T=d[ =1+2J+3k;
B= dd~
d
Xdt~=
I'
1 j2 k3 =6i-6j+2ki
N=BXT=I~ JO ~1~_221-16j+18k.
123
Conseq uentl y,
l'
p __ 31-3j+k
1+2j+3k
Vl4
--
V19
v=
-111-81+911
V266
11-1 2-1
-8 =--9-
d 2r
dr
then In place of the vectors (j[ and dt 2 we can take the vectors dr {dx, dy, dz}
and d2r {d 2x, d2y, d2z}; and one of the variables x, y, 2 nlay be considered
independent and we can put its second differential equal to zero.
Example 2. Write the equation of the osculatin~ plane of the circle
X2+y2+ Z2=::6, X+Y+2~-=0
(3)
at Its pOInt M (1, 1, -2).
Solution. Differentiating the systenl (3) and considering x an independent
variable, we will have
xdx+ydy+zdz=O,
dx+dy+dz=O
and
dx + dy + Y d 2y + dz 2 + Z d 2z -= 0,
d 2 y+d 2 z=O.
Putting x= 1, y== I, 2==-2, we get
dy==-dx;
2
d y == -
3' dx
dz=O;
d2z =
"3 dx 2
Sec. 19]
241
and {D. -
{dx. -dx, o}
~ dx, idX.}
or
{I, -I, O}
{a,
and
-1, I}.
B=I~a -{
~I=-I-j-k
-1 I
and, therefore, its equation is
- I (x-l)-{y-I)-(2+2)==O,
that is,
x+y+z=o,
as it should be, since our curve is located in this plane.
T,
v,
x==:l-cost, y=sint,
of the curve
z=t
at the point t = ~ .
2091. Find the unit vectors of the tangent and the princi pal
+j
sin t i- k)
== 2.
y=x 2 ,
z= 2x
x = a cos t,
Y == a sin t,
= bi
242
[Ch.6
X=4' Y=3'
Z=2
princit cos t,
of the
origin.
Sec. 20)
243
~=I~~I
For the case of a general parametric representation of the curve we have
dr
Icn
d2rl
([t2
(1)
I~~r
R=
2. Torsion. By
mean the number
of a curve at a point M we
1
1.
0
T=-= 1m ~S-t>O
~s '
~= I ~1=dS(fS2(fSi
1
Q
ds
(ddsr)2'
2
'Y
dr d 2r dar
Q=
di (fl2 lfii
(dr
d2
r)2.
(2)
dt X dt2
r= I a cos t + j a sin t + k
bt
(a
>
0).
Solution. We have
dr
dt 2 = - I a
dar
cos t - j a sin I,
= - I a sin t - j a cos t.
dt a
Whenc~
2
dr d r
dt X dt 2 =
I -a
I
sin t
-a cos t
244
and
I-a
[Ch.6
acos I
a cos t 0
d d 2 dB
sin t
t b
2
; dt~ dt~= -a c~s t -a sin t 0 = a b.
a sIn t -
yaz-tbi
(a2+b2)3/2 = a 2 +b2
and
a2b
Q=
a2
(a 2
+b = a
2)
b
2
-t- b2
dT _"
([S-7['
dP
v
ds=-Q"
t.
==
et ;
b)
= 2ay,
X =
Xl
= 6a
z;
UJT = dtt',
'W y
v2
= R \',
Sec. 20]
245
tion w.
r= tl-t- t j+ tSk.
2
DetermiRe, at times t~O and t=l: 1) the curvature of thetrajectory and 2) the tangential and normal components of the.
acceleration.
Chapter VII
~inuous
~ f (x, y) dx
(S)
dy=
lim
max dXI ~
max dYl' -?
(I)
D
I
X,
Fig. 85
c
x
Fig. 86
1) The region of integration S (Fig. 85) is bounded on the left and right
by the straight lines x=x. and x=x (XI> x.), from below and from abovE
by the continuous curves Y= (J). (x) (AB) and y = (J)I (x) (CD) [<PI (x) ~ q>1 (x),
each of wh ich intersects the vertical x = X (x .-; X < XI) at only one point (seE
Fig. 85). In the region S, the variable x varies from Xl to XI' while the va
riable y (for X constant) varies from Yl = q>l (x) to Ya = q>1 (x). The integral (1) ma~
Sec. 1]
247
X2
(5)
Xl
CPI
(x)
~ dx ~
f(x, y)dxdy=
f(x, y)dy,
CPI
(X)
q>2 (x)
~ f (x,
y) dy.
CPI (x)
Hf
(x, y) dx dy =
(5)
'1'3
y.,
1J'2
(Y)
'It
1J'1
(II)
~ dy ~
f (x, y) dx,
(Y)
~ f (x,
y) dx we consider y constant.
'1'1 (y)
If the region of integration doe~ not belong to any of the above-discussed
types, then an attempt is luade to break it up into parts, each of which does
belong to one of these two types.
Example 1. Evaluate the integral
1
1=
~ dx ~
o
(x+y)dy.
-2
Fig. 87
Solution.
f(x, y)dxdy
(S)
'248
[Ch.7
y=1+x2
y-==-Yl+x2
and
YI+X 2
f (x. y)dxdy=
(S)
~
- 2
dx
_
f(x, y)dy.
YI+X 2
2113. ~ dy ~ (Xl
o
-I
55
dx
(x
dy
n
--
x2dy
55
1
a cos q>
2119.
11' I-X:'
7.
dx
~ r dr.
a sin q>
2116.
2118. ~ dcp
+ Y/&
1 51 x dy
2115. 5dx 1 + y2
!
y2-4
In
4,
2114
+ 2y) dx.
2120. ) dx
Vi-Xl_yl dy.
2-y
!!~_ I
4
1
X+8
2125. ~ dx
x2
I
4
V 2S-X"
~ {(x, y)dy.
IO-Y
2X
X+2
-I
X2
H{(x, y) dxdy
(S)
Sec. I]
2127.
C(O, 1).
2128.
2129.
C(O, 1).
2130.
C(2, 7),
2131.
o (0, 0),
249'
B(-I,f)
A(~f)
Fig 89
~ ~ f (x, y) dx dy
(S)
x 2 -t- !l 2 ~ x;
y~l;
0 ~ y ~ a.
J2,X
3x2
2136. ~ dx ~
f (x,
y) dy.
2X
250
a
2138. ~
Y a2 -x2
dx S f(x, y)dy.
a -x
Y 2ax-x2
2141.
~ dy
2142. ~dy
f (x, y) dy.
f (x, y) dx.
Y a _y2
~ f(x, y)dx.
y2
:&
Ym
2a
2140.
l-y
-Yl-y2
2a
2139. ~ dx
[Ch. '1
~dx
~ f(x, y)dy.
Y 2ax-X 4
~ d.x Sf
2143.
YR2_X 2
(x,
y) dy+
dx
R V2
f (x, y) dy.
sin x
H
(5)
y
(0,2)
B(O'1)a...............~A(f,l)
e(G, 1)
A(2,O)X
Fig. 90
2146.
x
Fig. 91
by the straight line passing through the points A (2, 0), B (0, 2)
and by the arc of a circle with centre at the point C (0, 1), and
Sec. 1]
2147.
SSV :xd~
I'
a -x-y
251
(5)
2148.
HV
Xl -
yl
(5)
o (0,
(5)
2150.
HeYdxdy,
(5)
ed by the
+cos x
a) ~ dx
11:
S if sin xdy;
b)
Xl
sin l ydx.
"
S dx S y
o
S dy S
11
11
2
a cos y
C)
dy;
cosx
~ Sxy dxdy,
(S)
~ ~ xydxdy,
(S)
252
[ChI 7
SS Y2a-x'
(S)
where S is the area of a circle of radius a, which circle is tangent to the coordinate axes and lies in the first quadrant.
2156*. Evaluate the double integral
Hydxdy,
(S)
~ ~ xydxdy,
(S)
-in which the region of integration S is bounded by the coordinate axes and an arc of the astroid
region
S{O~x~
1,
O~y~
f (x,
y)
== xyl in the
I}.
7 = ~ SSf (x,
rC~IOl1
S is the nUIuber
y) dx dy.
(~)
Hf
~)
(x, y) dx dy=
~~
~)
(r
(I)
Sec. 2]
253
==Q
and
rJ
(CM
'1 (q
(S)
'2 (cp)
~ F(cp. rlrdr
'\ (cP)
~ ~ f (x.
y) dx dy
(~)
it is required to pass froln the variables x, y to the variables ll, (I, which
are connected with x, y by the contInuous and differentiable relationshlOs
x:...=. {f' (a, tI),
Y-=(ll, u)
ax
I-==D(x, y)== JU
D (ct, v)
iJx
ay
au
ay
avav
~ ~ f (x.
y) d.t dy;=
(~)
~ ~ f [rr (u,
d Il d v
(~')
holds true
The lilnits of the new integral are detef111incd fronl general rules on the
basis of the typc of region S'
Exarnple 1. In pas~ll1g to polar coordinates, evaluate
) ~ Vl-x
-1J 2 dx dy,
(S)
l'1" l-x 2 - y 2 -=
VI -
Vi -
(I
254
[eh. 7
Since the coordinate r in the region S varies from 0 to 1 for any cp, and cp
varies from 0 to 231, it follows that
21t
55 Yl-xZ-yZdxdy= 5 Sr Yl-rZdr=i n.
dq>
(5)
2162.
2161. ~ dx ~ f eVxz+yZ)dy.
o
Hf (x,
y) dx dy,
(5)
2163.
Sdx Sf ( ~) dy.
x2
-I
2164.
+ y2)2 = a2 (Xl _
{x 2
the lemniscatE
y2).
y
y
x
Fig. 92
Fig. 93
~ ~ ydxdy,
(5)
i-
Sec. 2]
255
gral
~ dx
VXI+y1dy.
~ ~ Val-xl_yldxdy,
(S)
f f Vl-~-~dXdY,
'CS)
Xl
y2
ax =
y.
r cos CPt b = r sin qJ.
2172**. Transform
c
f3x
~ dx ~ f (x, y) dy
(O<a<p
uv=y.
ax
256
[Ch. 7
~ dx ~ f (x, y) dy.
~ ~ dxdy,
(S)
_ y2
Y2)2 _
2
-
+b
h2
k2
x == ar cos CPt
S=~~dXdY.
(S)
"I' (x),
'\I> (x)
~ dx ~
S=
~y~
dy.
q> (x)
=~~
r dcp dr =
(S)
F (cp)
dcp
f
r dr.
(q
tegrals
a)
~ dx ~ dy;
-]
Va 2 _y2
X+2
b) ~ dy
x2
~ dx.
a-lJ
arc tan
a)
dcp
sec cp
, dr;
b)
~ drp
n
a (J+coc;
cp)
r dr.
257
Sec 8]
-~r =
1.
= -6x + 9.
2182. Find the area bounded by the stra ight 1ine r cos rp = 1
a nd the circle r == 2. (The area is 110t to conta ina pole.)
2183. r:ind the area bounded by the curves
r = a (1
-~
2 _
x2
----a
y2
-- 4
<a<b,
O<a<~).
XY=U,
9 -1900
tI,
y2=VX.
and put
258
[Ch. 7
~ ~
t(x, y) dx dy.
tS)
2188. Use a double integral to express the volume of a pyramid wilhvertices 0(0,0 0), A(I,O,O), 8(1, 1,0) and C(O,O, 1)
(Fig. 95). Set up the limits ot integration.
B (~I,O)
x
Fig. 94
Fig. 95
I-X
2189. ~dX~(l-x-Y)dY,
o
0
2-X
2190.
~ dx ~
o
V 1- x- 2
2191.~dX
~ (l-x)dy.
0
2
(4 - x - y) dy.
2192.
~ dx ~
0
(4 - x - y) dy.
2-X
tegral ~ dx
o
l/(l'2.:Ki
Va! -r-y
z=xl_Jt
Sec. 5)
of
S'1.f faces
259
2201. 2a
2202. x 2
+ c2
Z2
= 1, y = -a x, y = 0, z =0.
+- y2 = 2ax, Z = ax, Z = px (a > Pl.
-t- y 2 _ z2 = a2 z=o.
2206. Deterlnine the volume of the ellipsoid
x2
y'.!.
Z2
,,\ 2
!l 2
x2
y2
x
the paraboloid z=-2-1-2' and the cyltnder 2+-b2=2-.
a
b
a
a
2211. In what ratio does the hyperboloid x 2 +y2_ z2=al
divide the volUIlle of the sphere x 2 -+ yl + Z2 ~ 3a2 ?
2212*. Find the volunle of a sol id bounded by the surfaces
z=x+y, xy= 1, xy=2, y=x, y=2x, z=O{x>O, y>O).
2az
on the xy-plane is
9*
260
[Ch. 7
+ f+ f
of the
and is
of the
sphere
of the
Sec. 6]
Applications
261
double integrals
M=
~ ~
Q(x, y)dxdy, M X =
~ ~ YQ(x,
y)dxdy,
(~)
(S)
My= ~ ~ xQ
(x, y) dx dy.
(1)
(5)
<x: Y>
is the
Mx
x=M' Y=M'
where M is the tnass of the lamina and At x' My are its static moments relative to the coordinate axes (see to). If the lamina is hornogeneous, then in
fonnulas (1) we can put Q = 1.
3. The moments of inertia of a lamina. The ITIOments of inertia of a
laluina relative to the x- and y-axes arc, respectively, equal to
1x=
~~
y2 Q(x, y) dx dy,
(5)
/ y=
~ ~
x Q (x, y) dx dy.
(2)
(5)
~ ~
(X 2 +y2)Q(X, y)dxdY=/x+1y.
(3)
(.."
Putting Q (x, !/) -== 1 in fornlulas (2) and (3), \ve get the geolnetric moments of
lncrtJa of a plane figure.
[Ch. 7
262
2232. Find the monlent of inertia of an annulus with diameters d and D (d <D): a) relative to its centre, and b) relative to
its diameter.
2233. Cumpute the moment of inertia of a square with side a
relative to the axis. passing through its vertex perpendicularly to
the plCine of the square.
2234i:. C )mpute the moment of inertia of a segment cut ofT
the parabola y2 ==ax by the straight line x=a relative to the
straight line y=-a.
x
Fig. 96
Fig. 97
~ ~ ~ ,(x, ~',
V
z)dxdy dz=lim
m;JX
'Xi -+
max h")
max ~zk
0
-+ 0
-+ 0
~~~f(Xtl YJI
i
z")AXtAYJAz,,.
!jec. 7]
Triple
'nte.~,als
1=
XII
Jt.
XII
..
xI'
=JdX.
o
X'II"
Xl 1/' xI
2- dY =J 25
\1. x 10
1
dX-=tj lod~=lll)'
Example 2. Evaluate
~~~
x d x dy dz,
(V)
t~xtel1drd
x2
11
Z2
b
2 +- C2 =
1.
Solution.
a
~ ~ ~x
dx dy dz -=
a
2
x dx
-a
H')
~~
(5
SSSx
-V l-~.C -V l-~=nbc
Syz=nb
~el
2
x2 S yz dx,
-a
1/
x
lJ2
+ (2Z~ -= 1- Q2
'x=
2
dy dz =
u.>
l-~).
dxdydz=,nbc
Sx l-~) dx=~na3bC,
2
-a
(V)
~ ) ) f (x, y.
z) d.t d y d z
( /)
264
[ell. 7
ax
au
/=
D (x, y,!l.=
D (u, v, w)
iJx
ax
iJu ath
ay ay
iJy
au au
dw
au av iJw
az az az
retains a constnnt sign in the regIon V, then \\'e can lnake use of the formula
~ ~ ~ f (x, y,
z) dx dy dz =
(V)
~ ~ ~ f Irr (u,
III du dv dw.
(\I')
o~
__-+
h
_
x
Fig. 98
fIg. 99
I n part Icular,
1) for cylindrical coordinates r, cp, Iz (FIg. 98), where
x == r cos (P, y
sin (P, z ::::- II ,
we get I -= r;
2) for spherical coordinates cp, ,~, r (cp is the longitude,
r the radius vector) (FIg. 99), \vhere
=,
'p
the latitude,
= r sin ~"
~ ~ ~ yX 2 +y2+ Z2dxdydz,
(V)
SPC
7J
Triple Integrals
265
We therefore have
n
2";
~~ ~
y x2-+!l -I- 22 dx dy dz =
H')
~ drp ~ d1Jl ~
n
V=~~~dXdYdZ.
(\/)
The
1!laSS
Mc-~ ~ ~ ~
y(\'. Y. z) dxdydz.
(V)
where y (x, !/, z) is the density of the body at the pOint (x,!I, z).
The static l1Z011zenls of the body relative to the coordinate planes are
M.w ~=
~ ~ ~ ,. (x. Y. z) z dx dy dz;
Ml'z=
~~ ~
(V)
,,(x. Y. z):.dxdydz;
0')
Mz.\"=
~ ~ ~ y(x. y.
z) ydxdydz.
(V)
x="M-'
A-1 XI'
!I:::-:::~, z=~.
If the solid is homogeneous, then \ve can put y (x, y, z) == 1 in the fornlulas for the coor(ltnates of the centre of grav1ty.
The l1Z011Zettts of inertia relative to the coordinate axes are
I x=
z) dx dy dz;
(V)
ly=
lz=
(\')
(\')
Putting 'V (x. y, z)= 1 in these fornlulas. \\'e get the geoilletric Jnomen{s
of inertia of the body.
~ ~ ~ f (x.
(V)
y. z) dx dy d z
266
(Ch. 7
x+y+z= 1,
z=O.
2241. V is a cylinder bounded by the surfaces
x 2 +y" =R 2 , z=O, z=H.
2242*. V is a cone bounded by the surfaces
x=O,
,,2
x2
-2
y=O,
Z2
+ b = 2"'
2
= c.
2244.
r dx rdy r
dz
J0 0
J 0JVx+y+z+l
.. f
4X-I/2
V-22245. ~ dx ~ dy
xdz.
~
2
"V x
VQi":X2
2246.
Sdx
.\
V-U2-_-X'l-_~y3
o
I
2247.
I-X
dz
j'
dy
0
I-X-II
~ dx ~ dy ~
xyzdz.
2248. Evaluate
555
d"ldydz
(x
-t- II + Z + 1)3 t
(\I)
~ ~ ~ (x + Y + Z)I dx dy dz,
(V)
Triple Integrals
Sec. 7]
267
2251. Evaluate
~H zdxdydz,
n')
rs (i2 +
SJ
Z2 )
-f- C2
dx dy dz,
y2
{j2
(V)
x: + b11: + 2:c =
1.
2253. Evaluate
~ ~ ~ z dx dy dz,
n')
~~~ dxdydz,
(\ ')
\vhcrc V is a region bounded by the surfaces x:! -\- y2 ix 2 -I y2 -=-= Z2 and contaIning the point (0,0, R).
2~55. Evaluate
1":! \. - x'
~ tlx
~ dy ~ z V x 2 + y2 tiz,
OliO
2r
dx
A .I
4f~J_y~
dy
-V~
dz,
~ dx
-R
V R2 -
V R.I- x 2
dy
x.l -
y2
-VR.I-x2
Z2
= 2Rz.
268
[Ch. ~
~ ~ ~ V Xl +y2 + Zl dx dy dz,
(V)
x.
z~
Z~
C
x
Fig. 100
Sec. 8]
269
distance of the point from the centre. Find the centre of gravit~'
of the soli d.
2268. Find the centre of gravity of a solid bounded by the
paraboloid y2 +2z 2 == 4x and the plane x= 2.
2269*. Find the nlonlent of inertia of a circular cylinder,
\vhosc altitude is h and the radius of the base is a, relative to
the axis which serves as the diameter of the base of the cylinder..
2270*. Find the mOI1lcnt of inertia of a circular con~
(altitude, Iz, radius of basc, a, and density Q) relative to
the diaIllcter of the base.
2271**. rind the forcc of attraction exerted by a homogeneous
cone of altitude It and vertex angle t (in axial cross-section) on
a l11aterlal point containing unit Inas~ and located at its vertex.
2272**. Sho\v that the force of attraction exerted by a honl0geneous sphere on an external nlaterial point does not change if
the entire I1laSS of the sphere is concentrated at its centre.
Sec. 8. Improper Integrals Dependent on a Parameter.
Improper Multiple Integrals
1. Difl'erentiation with respect to a parameter. In the case of certain
f('stnctlons iJllpOscd on thp functIons f (x. a), f~ (x, a) and on the correspondIn~ illlpro!Jcr Integrals \\TC have the Lelb111Z rule
00
r:r:
d
da
JCf (x,
et) dx ==
II
Jr fa' (X,
a) dx.
'I
e-l}x2 _e-;,o'\:l
- - - - - dx
(a
> 0,
> 0).
Solution. Let
00
~ - - - - dx==F(a,
e-l'Jo~1 _e-~xl
~).
Then
00
aF (a,
aa
Whence F(a,
t\) = _
lJx1
! :::z
_J.-.
2a
equation. We have 0= -
In
~ + C (~).
F {a, ~):.=
~
a.
270
[Ch. 7
f (x,
Hf
(S)
(J
y) is continuous in an unbounded
Hf
(x, y) dx dy,
(1)
-'s(O)
Hf
(S)
Hf
0 (5
(x, y) dx dy,
(2)
)
E
with ccntrp at P.
1(0)=
55
(~
21t
(1
5 ~d;l)p
=5
(l
21t
then
-to S
lim I (0) = ~l
Q-+fD
p-
2 P
1
2 (1+r )I- IO
I-p
0
1(0)= 00
dcp=~ [(1+Q2)I-P_I].
I-p
~ e:t:
and
the
integral
converges.
For
p = 1 we have
Sec. 8]
lim 1(0)=0),
+r
O~CI)
diverges.
Thus, the integral (3) converges for p
2273. Find
>
that
is,
271
the
integrat
1.
I' (x), if
Ql)
f (x) = ~ e- xy' dg
(x
> 0).
LJ
C xf (z)
= J x 2 + (y-zr' dz
-00
iJ!ll
+ d!J2 = o.
f (t)
c)CI
Find
d)
F (p),
if:
f (I) =
a)
1:
b)
t (t) = eat;
5xn-'dx
~ (n > 0),
~ xn -'1nxdx.
I)
5eo
pt
dt
(P > 0),
c)
f (t) =
sin ~t;
272
rCh. 7
2278.
Se-'
;e-;i dx (u
> O.
> 0).
o
eX)
2279.
>
0).
o
eX)
2280.
C arc tan ax d
+x
x (1
x.
2)
o
1
2281. Sln(I~)dX
2
x YI-x 2
(/u/< 1).
o
00
cr.,
2283. ~ dx ~
o
y2
2284.
dy.
~ dy ~ eu dx.
2285.
e-(HIJ)
Jrrj 4dxdy
_j- y2 , \vhere S is a region defined by the inequali(5)
x~
ties
Y~X2.
1,
00
00
Cdx S {x 2 +y2_I_a
dr 2 )2 (a>O).
2286*. J
2287. The
00
J= ~
e- x'
00
00
273
Line Integrals
SefJ. 9]
2290.
55 (X~~d:2)'1.'
(5)
quality x 2 -1 y2
dx dll
2291*.
(S)
0')
Z2 ~
1 ("exterior" of a sphere).
Sec. 9. Li ne Integrals
1. Line integrals of the first type. Let f (x, y) be a continuous function
CJnd y = cp (x) [a ~ \ ~ b) be the equation of some snlooth curve C.
Let us construct a system of points 1\1 , (xi, y,) (i == 0, 1, 2, ... , n) that
break up the curve C into elenlentary arcs A1 ,':-;M i == ~si and let us fornl the
Il
integral
SUln
00
and
l-I
lliax
f1s i ~ 0,
IS c~lled
lim
(ds
IS
~ f (x,
y) ds
1l"\X;i=1
~ f (x,
y) ds =
{(x,
~ f (x,
C
Ii
y) ds =
Also considered are line integrals of the first type of functions of three
variables f (x, y, z) taken along a space curve. These integrals are evaluated
in li'<e fashion A line integral of the first type does not depend on the direction of the path of il1terzratton; if the integrand f is interpreted as a linear
density of the curve of integration C, then this integral represents the mass
of the curve C.
274
(Ch. 1
~ (x+ y) ds,
where C is the contour of the triangle ABO wi th vertices A (1, 0), B (0, 1),
and 0 (0, 0) (Fig 101).
Solution. Here, the equation AB is y= I-x, the equation DB is x=O,
and the equation OA IS Y = O. We therefore have
(x+y)ds=
oA
80
I
2. Line Integrals of the second type. If P (x, y) and Q (x y) are continuous functions and y = (f) (,\) 1S a sInoa th curve C that runs from a to b as
t
y
B
Fig. 101
x varies. then the corresponding ltne tntegral of the second type is expressed
as follows:
) P (x, If) dx
C
+ Q (x,
Similar formulas hold for a line integral of the second type taken over a
space curve.
A line Integral of the second type clzanaes stgn when the dtreclton of the
path of tl1teg ratton lS reversed. This integral may he interpreted nlE.'chanically
8S the work of an appropriate variable force {P {x, y), Q (.x, y)} along the
curve of integrdtton C
Example 2. Evaluate the line integral
~ y 2 dx+x 2 dy,
C
275
Sec. 9)
y=b
sin t traversed
y2 dx
+ x 2dy =
{b 2 sin 2 t ( - a sin t)
+a
cos 2 t b cos t] dt =
= -abo
sill' t dt
+ a'b Scos' t dt = ~
ab".
n
n
3. The case of a total dift'erentfal. If the inte~rand of a line integral
of the second type is a total differential of some sIngle-valued function
U ~ U (x, y). that is, P (x, y) dx+ Q (x. y) dy-=dU (x. y). then this line integral
IS not dependent on the path of integration and we have the Newton-Leibn iz
formula
(xz. Y2)
+ Q (x,
P (x, y) dx
(1)
(XI' YI)
\vhere (XI' YI) IS the initial and (x 2 y~) is the terminal point of the path
In particular, if the contour of inte~ratioll C IS closed, then
~p
=0
(2)
(see
jnte~ration
of total difrl"rentials)
If conditions one and hvo are not ruldocs not guarantee the existence of a
sll1l!le-vall1(,o 'unction U, and fOrlnulas ~ 1) and (2) may prove wrong (s('e
Problenl 2.t 2) v.,'e give a 111ethod of Bnding a function U (x, 1/) lronl its
total diflcrcn1ial based on the lise of line integrals (\vhich is yet ~1t-:other
method of inte~ratil1g a total differential). For the contour of Integration C
let us take a brok('11 11l1e P(,P I A1 (FIt! }(2). where p(\ (X(I' Yo) is a fixed f oint
and M (x, y) IS a variable pOI nt. Then a long PoP I \ve have y =. Yo and dy -= 0,
and along P 1"'1 \ve have dx:.::;: 0 We get:
JiUed, the." prcscllcc of conditton (3)
(x. y)
p (x, y) dx + Q (x, y) dy =
(X Ut Yo)
~ p (x.
Yo) dx+
Yo
Xo
~ Q (x.
%0
y) dg.
276
[CIl.7
V (x, y) =
or
M(x,y)
llo
Xo
Fig. 102
4. Green's formula for a plane. If C is the boundary of a region Sand
the functions P (x, y) and Q (x, y) are continuous together with their firstorder partial derivatives in the closed region S-t-C, then Green's fOrf1lula holds:
(5)
here tl'e circulation about the contour C is chosen so that the region S should
remain to the left.
5. Applications of line integrals. J ) An area bounded by the closed contour C is
S=
- ydx= xdy
c
S=
~ (xdy-ydx)= ~
C
(~).
z= Z (x,
Sec. 91
277
Line Integrals
X dx
+Y dy +Z dz.
If the force has a potential, i.e., if there exists a function U ==U (x,
(a potential functIon or a force function) such that
iJU
-=)(,
ax
ij, z)
au
iJU
-=-=Y, -=--=z,
iJy
dz
A=
(X,:. th.
Z,:)
Xdx-j-Ydy-!-Zdz=
zd
(\"1. Vi'
~
(t 1 , 111'
Zl)
z.d
is
th~
(a
> 0).
cr
i- y
t-
,t
y = a (1 - C()~ f).
2297. ~ V-X2-~-'_-y-2 lis, \vhere C is an arc of the involute of the
c
~78
2301.
X
[eh. 7
~c xI +d~
+ zI ' where C is the first turn of the screw-line
y
= a cos t, Y = a s j nt,
bt .
2302. ~ -V 2g -1- Zl ds, where C is the circle Xl + gl +Zl = a"
Z=
x=y.
2303*. Find the area of the lateral surface of the para bolic
cylinder g=iX- bounded by the planes z=O, x=O, z=x, y=6.
2304. Find the arc length of the conic screw-line C x=ae t cost,
y = ae l sin t, z = ae t from the point 0 (0, 0, 0) to the point A (a, 0, a).
2305. Deterlnine the Blass of the contour of the ellipse
~~ = I, if the linear density 01 it at each point M (~, y) is
:: +
equal to
'y ,.
2306. find the mass of the first turn of the screw-line x = a cos I,
[O~t~jtl.
Lin~
Sec. 9]
I nte~ralf;
2i9
:Y
counterclocl{wise.
y2
.....
y2
==al
B(2,O)
Fig. 103
2316.
AH
bi~ector
#X!l(llt~~~:
IS
2.
dIll,
(3, oi)
(2, 3)
a)
xdy+ ydx,
b)
)
(0, I)
( - l~ 2)
(I. I)
xdx+ydy, c) ) (x+y)(dx+dy),
(0, 0)
(2, 1)
d)
J,-
(I, 2)
x-ax is),
y dx- x dy
y2
~80
[CIL.7
(x, y)
e)
(~.+)
straight line
x-~y=O),
(x 2 Y2)
f)
(x", Yl)
a)
(x t
(-2, -1)
(I, 0)
b)
(0, - I )
c)
(I, I)
d)
(0, 0)
2320.
Co~pute
Xl
y2
taken clockwise along the quarter of the ellipse 02+ fi!= 1 that
1ies in the first quadrant.
2321. Show that if f (u) is a continuous function and C is a
'Closed piecewise-smooth contour, then
d) du= ~
!!JL.
x+y+x+y
Line Integrals
Sec 9)
281
= a C?S i,
f xy=a
slnt,
l z bt,
=
p
c
x = J? cos a cos t ,
J Y = R cos a sin i,
l z = R sin a. (a.
= const),
circle
x 2 -1- y2 --1-
Z2 =
2Rx,
= x,
a)
xdx-'r-ydy-zdz.
(1,0, -3)
(cr, b. c)
b)
yzdx+zxdy-i-xydz,
(1, 1, 1)
(:s, -I, s)
c)
x cl~ I_-_~~ ,
Y .\2 _1_ y2 -1- Z2
(0, 0, 0)
( x.
d)
1/,
2..)
Xli
xyz
(1. 1,1)
C. Green's Fornlula
2327. Using Green's forlnula, transfOrlTI the line integral
l=p1lx2 -1 y 2dx+y[xy+ln(x-+ VX 2+y2)] dy,
C
282
[Ch.7
J=
\vhere C is the contour of a triangle (traced in the positive direction) with vert ices at the points A (1, 1), B (2, 2) and C (1, 3).
Verify the re~ult ob1ained by conlputin~ the inteeral directly.
2329. Applying Green's forlTIula, evaluate the inLcgral
ff
AmBnA
fornlula.
2331. Find
l ).
n)ds=O,
n)] ds,
::f x+y ,
c
28~
Line integrals
Sec. 9]
(a> 0).
y = _Jl~.
,
tt:_,
Z=- ,
where J1 = canst and
, =-= V Xl + y" + z" (Newton attractive force) and the material point
moves from position A (a, b, c) to infinity;
~-~--=.-
~84
[Ch.7
x2
+ + Z2 =
y2
r 2 (R
> r).
SS
f (x, Y, z) dS = lim .~ f (Xi,
S
n-+oot=J
where ~Si is the area of the Ith element of the surface S, the point (xi, YP
Zi) belongs to this elelnent, and the mctximum diameter of elements of partition tends to zero.
The value of this inte~ral is not dependent on the choice of side of the
surface S over which the integration is performed.
If a projection a of the surface S on the xy-plane i~ single-valued, that
is, every strdight line parallel to the z-axis intersects the surface S at only
one point, then the appropriate surface integral of the first type Inay be
calcula ted froln the formula
SSf (x,
S
y, z) dS
=- SSf [x,
(0)
H
s
(x+y+z)dS,
J 1
11
SS (x+ y) dxdy=
00
00
00
(x+y+ 1) dx dy+
(2x+2y+ 1) dxdy=3.
The desired surface integral is obviously three tilnes greater and equal to
~~
s
(x
+ y + z) dS = 9,
2. Surface integral of the second type. If P = P (x, !I, z), Q = Q (x, lj, z),
z) are continuous functions and S+ is a side of the snJooth surface S characterized by the direchon of the normal n {cos Cl, cos ~, cos y}. (hen
1he correspondinf..! surface tntegral of the second type is expressed a~ follows:
R = R (x, y,
(P cosa
285
Surface Integrals
Sec. 10]
When we pass to the other side, S-, of the surface, this integral reverses sign.
If the surface S is represented implicitl y, F {X, y, z) = 0, then the direction cosines of the nonnal of th is surface are determ ~ned fron] the form ulas
1
1 iJF
1
cos a = 15 ax ' cos ~ = D ay , cos y = D oz '
of
iJF
where
D=
Y(~~r+(~:r+(~~y.
and the choice of sign before the radical should be brought into agreemenf
the si de of the surf ace S.
3. Stokes' formula. If the functions P = P (x, y, z), Q = Q (x, y, z),
R == R (x, y, z) are continuously differentiable and C is a closed contour bounding a hvo-sided surface S, \ve then have the Stokes' fornzula
\v ith
1
c
P dx
+ Q dy + I? dz =
=55s [(iJR - iJ
iJy
Q ) cosa
iJz
Q
+ (ap
cos ~ + (a - iJP) cos v1 dS
az _ aR)
0'"
ax
iJy
,
\vhere cos a, cos~, cos V are the direction cosines of the norrnal to the surface S, and the dircctton of the nonna) is defined so that on the side of the
nornlal the contour S IS traced counterclockwise (In a right-handed coordinate
~)steln).
2349.
(4
')
H
yzdydz+xzdzdx-l-x!Jdxd!J,
s
y = 0,
Xl
yl
Z2
Qi-I- b2+ CZ = 1.
2351.
H
s
Xl
dy dz
-+ yl dz dx + Zl dx dy,
286
[Ch.7
+ (Zl -
xy) dz;
:ft
:I
2357.
-1- yZ = 1,
x -1- z = 1.
surrac~
y) dS=
55S(::
~~ + ~:) dxdydz,
(V)
p.
Applying the Ostrogradsky-Gauss formula, transform the following surface Integrals over the closed surfaces S bounding the
\
;ec. 11]
287
H
xy dx dy -I- yz dy dz -+ zx dz dx.
s
2362. ))
Xl
dy dz
+ yl dz dx -I- Zl dxdy.
2363.
2364.
rIll xc('sa+~~
~~c()S Y dS.
V + y2 +
J.S
x2
Z2
2~63. ~ ~
is any fixed
H
cos (n, I) dS = 0,
s
V = -}
s
where (~oSC, cosp, cosy are the direction cosines of the outer
normal to the surface S.
28R
[Ch, 7
A scalar or vector field that does not depend on the time t is called
stationary; if it depends on the time, it is called nOttstationary.
2. Gradient. The vector
au
au. au
ay J + az k.=== \jU,
dz
vy
called the gradient of the field U = f (P) at the given point P (cf. ChI VI, Sec. 6).
The gradient is in the direction of the normal tl to the level surface at the
roint P and in the direction of Increasing function U, and has length equal
to
an
ax
ay
\dz
If thr directIon is given by the unit vector I {cos a, cos ~, cos V}, then
au
au
au cos~+dz
au cosV
ar=gradU.I=gradtU=ax cosa+
dy
rot a=
== \!Xa.
~~
s
an dS =
~~
s
an dS =
289
Sec. 12,]
H~
(V)
(I)
and represents the work done by the field a along the curve C (as is the
projection of the vector a on the tangent to C).
If C is closed, then the line integral (I) is called the clrculuilon of the
vector field a around the contour C.
If the closed curve C bounds a twosided surface S, then Stokes' IOrtrlula
holds, which in vector form has the form
1c a dr= ~s~
n rot adS,
where n is the vector of the normal to the surface S; the direction of the
vfctor should be chosen so that for an observer looking in the direction of n
thf circulation of the contour C should be counterclock\vise in a right-handed
coordinate systelll.
6. Potential and solenoidal fields. The vector tiel d a (r) is called potentlal if
a=grad U.
where U =1 (r) is a scalar function (the potellttu/ of the field).
For the potentiality of a field a, given in a sirnpl yconnected domain,
it is necessary and sufficient that it be non rotational, that is. rot a=O. In
that case there exists a potential U defined by the equation
dU = ax dx + a v dy + a z dz.
= V (B)-V (A);
AB
1c
a dr=O.
A vector field a (r) is called solenoidal if at each point of the field div
a =0; in this case the flux of the vector through any closed surface is zero.
If the field is at the same tinle potential and solenoidal, then div (grad U) ==-0
and the potential function U is harnlonic; that is, it satisfies the Laplace
8 2 U a2 u a2 u
a2 a2 a2
equation O~I + ay 2 + az" =0, or tlU =0, where tl = V2 = ch,a+ ay2+ az 2 is the
Laplacian opera"tor
where
10-1900
r Vx +
Vx. +
290
(Ch. 7
.. r z
U = arc sin
y x2 + y2
2373. Show that straight lines parallel to a vector c are the
vector lines of a vector field a (P) = C, where C is a constant
vector.
2374. Find the vector lines of the field a = - royl-~ roxj, where C1l
is a constant.
2375. Derive the formulas:
a) grad(C I U+C 2 V)=C 1 gradU+C a gradV, where C1 and C1
are constants;
b) grad (UV) = U grad V -t- V grad U;
c) grad (V 2 ) = 2U grad U;
grad V .
d) gra d ( V - V grad U -U
V2
,
e) grad cp (V) = (P' (U) grad U.
2376. Find the magnitude and the direction of the gradient
of the field U = Xl + y3 --1- Z3 - 3xyz at the poi nt A (2, 1, I). Determine at what points the gradient of the field is perpendicular to
the z-axis and at \vhat poi nts it is equal to zero.
2377. Evaluate grad U, if U is equal, respectively, to: a) r,
b) r', c) J.,
d) f (r) (r = V x 2 -t- y2 + Z2).
r
2378. Find the gradient of the scalar field U = cr, where c is
8 constant vector. What will the level surfaces be of this field,
and what will their position be relative to the vector c?
2379. Find the derivative of the function U = a + Yb-; +:;.
at a
c
given point P (x, y, z) in the direction of the radius vector r of
this point. lIn what case will this derivative be equal to the
magnitude of the gradient?
2380. Find the derivative of the function U = ~ in the dir
rection of I {cos a, cos~, cos V}. In what case will this derivative
be equal to zero?
2381. Derive the formulas:
a) div (C1a l + C2 a 2 ) = C l div a l + C2 div a 2 , where Cl and Cz are
constants;
b) div (Uc) = grad U c, where c is a constant vector;
c) div(Ua)=grad Ua+ Udiva.
2382. Evaluate div (
l:!-) _
x:
f) .
2383. Find diva for the central vector field a (P) = f (r)!...
where r = VXl + y2 + Z2.
r
Sec. 12]
291
Ill:
10*
292
[eh. 7
2398. Find out whether the given ,vector field has a potential U.
and find U if the potential exists:
a) a= (5xy-4xy) I + (3x l -2y)j;
b) a=yzi+zxj+xyk;
c) a = (y+ z) 1+ (x+ z)j+ (x + y) k.
2399. Prove that the central space field a = f (r) r will be solenoidal only when f (r) = r~ t where k is constant.
2400. Will the vector field a = r (c x r) be solenoidal (where c
15 a constant vector)?
Chapter VIII
SERIES
al +a2 + +an + = ~ an
(1)
n=1
Sn=al+ a2+
has a finite limit as
n --+ 00.
.. +an
The quantity S
n -+
Sllln
00
+...
is called the remaInder of the series. If the limit lim Sn does not exist (or is
n~ lX)
bl +b 2
+ +bn + = n=1
~ bn
(2)
converges, then the series (1) also converges. If the series (J) diverges, then
(2) diverges as well.
It is convenient, for purposes of cOlnparing series, to take a geometric
progression:
{a 0).
294
Series
(Ch.8
which converges for I q I < 1 and diverges for I q I ;=:: 1, and the harrnontc sert es
00
1
L. n'
+ 11 2n +
converges, since he re
1
atZ == n2 n
< 2'i'
In2+~+
2
3
... +~+
11
d iv~rges, sInce
t
I s genera I t ertn In n.IS grea t er th an th e correspon d ing ternl
.!.11
b) Comparison test II. If there exists a finite and nonzero linlit Hln an
H ~ 'X btl
(in particular, if an "- bn), then the series (I) and (2) converge or diverge at
the sanle time.
Example 3. The series
1
o Iverges,
SI nce
+ 73 + "5 + . + 2n-1 ~- ..
1) =-:1=0
12 '
11m (1
--:2n -1 n
n -+
aJ
.-!.n
diverges.
1
1
1
2-1 +2 2 -2 +2 3 -3
converges, since
lim
n -+
QO
(_1_
..-!.-) =1
2" - n 2
n
+ ... +2 n -n + ...
I e
,. .
cOllverges.
Sec. J1
295
Number Series
a limit
>0
lim an+t=q.
n -+
an
(X)
Then the series (1) converges if q < 1, and diverges if q > 1. If q = 1, then
2n-1
2" + 22 + 23 + + ~ + ..
Solution. Here,
2n+ 1
2n-l
a,,=--pr-'
0n+l= 2n + 1
and
1
lint an + t =
t1 -.
atl
lim
t1 -. 00
(2n -t- 1) 2
2n ~- I (2n - 1)
I + 2n
a =q.
n/
rz-.::sJ V
be a Ii mif
tz
Then (1) converges if q < 1, and diverJ.!:es if q > 1. When q= 1, the question
of the convergence of the seri~s relnains open.
c) Cauchy's integral test. If atl = f (n), where the function f (x) is posi ti ve,
rnollot0111Cally decreasin~ and continuous for x:;:::a~l, the series (I) and the
integral
(X)
~ f (x) dx
a
convcn~es
r:2 +3 4 + 5 6 + .. + (-2'-1--1)-2-n +
Solution. We have
an :.:: -(2-n---1)-2-/~
4n 2 - - 1 - 4n 2
1-2n
'
Series
296
(Ch.8
Since the Dirichlet series conver~es for p=2, it follows that on the basis of
comparison test I I we can say that the given series likewise converges.
3. Tests for convergence of alternating series. If a series
lilll t1 n + 1
n -+ (X) an
I<
1 or
;/1 a I <
lim
n -+
ri
1.
(Xl
In the general case, the divergence of (1) does not follow from the diver
an , > It then not only does
gence of (4). But if Jim an +1 I > 1 or lim
n -+
(X)
an
n -+
VI
(X)
+ ba-b~+...
(5)
(btl ~O)
lim b'J = 0,
-+
holds.
Example 7. Test for convergence the series
1-
n )n
"5 + (4)4
7" + ... +(-1) ~ (211,-1
+ ...
(32)2 - (3)3
2
th~
terms of
, (3"2)2 + (3)'
(4)4
(n)n
"5 + -::;- + .. + 2n -- 1 +
1+
Since
lim
n -+ (Xl
V(_n_)n
=
211, - 1
n -+
1+"2'-3++/1+
Sec
Number Series
I)
297
11
1
I)
+ 3 ++ k1, Sk=- (15+S;++5
II
Sk=1+ 2
and tiln S~ =
k -.
00
'
7J
Of
Xl
S2k = 00.
00
On the other hand, the Leibniz test is not necessary for the convergence
of an alternating series: an alternating series may converge if the absolute
value of its general ternl tends to zero in nonmonotonic fashion
Thus, the senes
1
1
1
I - 22 + 3i - 4i + ...
+ (2n -
1)3
converges (and it converges absolutely), although the Leibniz test is not fulfilled: though the absolute value of the general term of the series tends to
zero, it does not do so monotonically.
4. Series with complex terms A series with the general term cn =an
00
-1- Ib n (i2 == - I) converges if, and only if, the series with real terms ~ an
n=l
:')
00
C"
n=l
r:IJ
= ~ an + i ~ bn .
"=J
(6)
n=1
The series (6) defini tely converges a nd is called absolutely convergent, if the
series
~ I en I = ~ V a~ + b~l'
I1=J
n=J
whose trrlllS are the moduli of the terms of the series (6), converges.
50. Operations on series.
a) A convergent series may be multiplied terlnwise by any number k;
that lc), if
then
ka.
298
Series
(Ch.8
+..
(7)
(8)
a J +a 2 + +a n
=8 1 ,
bl +b 2 + +b,J + ... =8 2
we mean a series
+ +
S2
+ c + ... + cn + ,
(9)
Write the simplest formula of the nth term of the series using
the indicated terms:
1
+ 7I + ...
2401.1-+-3"-1- 5
2402.
2+4+6+ 8+
234
13
135
1.357
2408. 1+r:4+1.4.7+1.4.7.10i -
2409. 1- 1 1- 1 - 1 -t 1 - 1 -~-
2410. 1+ .~ +3+++5+~ +-
.
...
2411. an =n 2 +1
2412. (-l)nn
-2n -
2415. alJ=
2-t-(-I)n
2413 an =
n2
.
2+8111
n!
Test the following series for convergence by applying the cOlnparison tests (or the necessary condition):
2416. 1-1 + 1-1 + ... +(_I)n-J + ...
n
S c. I]
- - - - - - - - -Numb:!r
- - -Series
- - - - - - - - - - -299
2
n+l
2419.
+ .. + 2n t- 1 -t-
(_1)" r
1
1
1
VTo- VlO + Vllj- -j- VTO + ..
2420.
1
1
1
2+4+6+
2421.
h+~ +~I +
'1+
1
-l-2n
-+- ...
1
+.10/1 +1 +
+ V~+.)34 + ., -I-.
I +
23
. r (Il + 1)
2
2
2
2 -J- 2 -~- 3 -1- -r- n +
1-+- ';_+'; + ... + .;-_+ ...
2
3
2422. ) -
12
2423.
2424.
...
f 11
1l
1 ,1
2425. 22 -r 52
f tt
+ 82 -1- . + (:3n _
V2
~3
1 t- 3
2427. y"2
- 2
. +- - . ; r -1(Il 1- 1) r 11
-~
VIl
V3
I'
1
2426. 'T -J- ---V -J- ~ -~...
1)2
follo\vin;~
+-2 Y-25
+
,2r1 - 1
.. -r (V2)n
~crles
,
j
2 I 25 + 2 5. 8 1
I 2 5 8 r31l - 1) I
2 4_') 8. -.-- 15
r:S:-9 -- .. -- 159 (411-3) - - ..
l'est for convergence, llsing Ca uchy 's test:
2
( ;3 ) 2
( 4 ) 3
( 11 -1- 1 ) It
2429. T+ :3
5" -f- ...
2n -1
t-.
I
2430.
+
3 )'
21 -}- ( 52 )3 + (-8-1-
fl
)2/1-1 + ..
... -1- ( 311-1
2431. 1 + 2'.
1
2432.
2433.
II
1 I"
1~4+4\+/1O+ '"+(311-2)\311+1)+'''
1
4
9
11
3 + 9 -t- 19 + + 2n + 1 -t-
3 +
'21 + 52 + 10
-r nn+1-r ...
2
2434.
r:
243 n.
2436. 22.33
2n,- 1
for conver-
300
(Ch.8
SerifS
2437 :
2438.
2439.
2440.
2441_
2442.
1
13
13-5
1-3-5. _. (2n-l)
44
23"4+4.8+4.8.12+-+
4-8-12 .. _4n
(21)2
(U)2
2444.
(31)2
2446.
+ ...
(n!)!
2-58
2-5-8
T+ 1.5-9+
1
-. -
+ 1.5-9
(an-Il) (8n-7)
+. _.
1.5
- I!
24 49.
3!
5'
--(2n -1 ) r
-
1-4
14.9
149
n2
1 +1-3-5+ 1.3-5-7-9+ +1-3-5-1-9 (4n-3)
2450_
L arc sin
+...
'IJ
n=l
(X)
.;._.
,
2455.
~.
2456_ ~
L In ( 1 +{ ) .
2457_ ~
2451. L sin
n=J
(X)
~n-lnn-lnlnn
n=J
n=a
(X)
co
2
,;;
2458.
n=1
~rnn
n=2
n:;:;2
00
2454_ ~ 1
~nln2n
n=2
2453. Lin n
co
00
2452.
L n lin n I.
n ~2
n'
2459_
L. I +
n=l Y n
(n
1)
Sec. 1)
Number Series
301
CJ)
2460.
L
n=1 Yn(n+l)(n+2)
2461.
I:
1
n=2nlnn+Ylnln
00
n1
I:
nn
n=1
1: 2"nl
nn
2465.
CJ)
CJ)
2466.
n=1
CJ)
2462.
eX)
L n V n 1eX)
2463.
n =1 (2n -
2467.
YiI-
n=J
L. 3nil"nl
'1=1
Vii
V-
1) (5 ~ n -1)
~e"nl
2468*.
n=1
fIn
eX)
2464.
I: (1-
~)
cos
n=1
CJ)
n=2
(_1)"-1
2471.
+ ...
(_1)1l-1
+ 91 -
2473.1- 7
+ 13 -
2474
2472. 1- 4
+ (-1)"-1
n"l.
+ ...
(-I)n-I n
+ 6n-5 + ...
...
[:2-2.3
+...
+ 3.4-
7
L(
~r
l)n-1 2n+1
n(n+1)
11 2
1234
2475. - "2 - 4
-to 1f + 16 -
+11
-z-n,
(-1 )
2" -r
234
2 yf-I
3 3-I
4 Y4- 1
2476.
+ Y
+ ... +
+(_l)n
3
2477. - 4"
+ ( ""15 )
(7 ) a
10
2478. ~_3.5+3.5.7_
2
2 5
1 4
2 5 . ~
1 4. 7
+ ... +(-1 ) n
n+l
(n+l) Vn+l-l
( 211 -t 1) n
311
-t- 1
+ ...
+(_I)n-l~~~':+I)+
2 5 8.. (In - 1)
n_
I 4 7
l.U.1I
(~in -
2)
(2n+5)
+ ...
[Ch. 8
Series
302
00
~(_I)nlnnn.
2481. ~
2482 ~
,~( - l)n - It an ..1r-.
n=1
n=1
J' It
2483. Convince yourself that the d' Alembert test for convergence does not decide the question of the convergence of the
(X)
(k=l, 2, ... ),
a)
Y2~1-Y2+1+Y3-1-Y3+1+Y4(
1
b) 1- 3
Yk+l-l'
2k-l-
_
2k--
(
1
2k-l -
c) J -3 +~-32 -t-
(a
1
zk -
_1_
2k -
1 '
1
1
5-33
1
a _ _
2k -
1).
1).
32k -
'
+ ..
2k~1'
l-Y4+1+
Yk+l+l '
1
1
I
1
+ 2-33
+ 2 -35" + ...
2k = -
~k) ;
d) 3-1--1-7-5+TI-g+ ...
L n (2+i~~
2
f7J
2485.
n=J
00
2488.
L n (2/-1)n
2486:
n=1
3'Z
f7J
2489.
L n (3~i)n.
n;;:l
Ly~n + I
I1=J
2487.
L~'
n=J
00
f7J
2490.
L (n+i)1 Yn
n=l
Number Series
Sec. 1]
303
4 1 ~
1
29. ~[n+(2n-l)i]2.
2492
n=1
~ [ n (2 - i) + 1 ]
n{3-2i)-3i
n=1
II
curve y==-?
x
2495. Form the sum of the series
rSJ
r:n
n=1
n=J
L 1t nand L <-11:- n
~
~ 21l-1
n=l
(L
and
L 2~
II=J
2497.
by subtracting the
series
00
n=l
~ converge?
ft=-J
L
Il=J
ile
a;
r:r:
\\yh
.~-- and
11 Y 11
L LJ .
2
n=1
LJ
)2.
the error committed when replacing the sum of this series with
the sum of the first four ternls, the sum of the first five terms.
What can you say about the signs of these errors?
2502*. Estimate the error due to replacing the sum of the
series
Series
304
[Ch. 8
5eries
1
1 + 2! + 3! + ... + ;Ii +
by the sum of its first n terms. In particular, estimate the accuracy of such an approximation for n= 10.
2504**. Estimate the error due to replacing the sum of the
series
1
+ 2i + 3 + .. -I- n2 +
2
by the sum of its first n terms. In particular, estimate the accuracy of such an approximation for /1, = 1,000.
2505**. Estimate the error due to replacing the sunl of the
5eries
1+2 ( ~ + 3 (
+ ... +n ({
+ ...
r i- r
yn-I
(_l)n-l
n=l
~:~
(2n
+n I) sn does one
n=l
+n(n+l)ot ..
(1)
where Sn (x) = f I (x) + f 2 (x) + ... + fn (x), and x belon~s to the region of convergence, is call(lld the surn of the series; Rn (x) = S (x) -Sn (x) is the remainder
of the series.
305
Functional Series
Sec. 21
Converges
Diverges
Diverges
i,(1f(~9
-J
-1
Fl~.
1~4
+ + (x + 1)2 + (x + 1)1 +
x I
1 2
2 . 22
3 2'
...
+ (xn+. 21n)n + ..
t~rm
(2)
n
lim Itln+11_lim Ix+ll + 2 n _lx+ll
n-+ etJ I un' - n-+ etJ 2n+ J (n + 1) I x In 2
J
Using d' Alembert's test, we can assert that the series converges (and converges
I 11< 1, that is, if -3 < x < I; the series diverges, if
X!
absolutely), if
IX!Il> I,
i ii - i-
-1- C1 (.\ -
a)
+C
(x-a)2 + ...
+ Cn (x-a)n + ...
(3)
(C n and a are real nunlbers) there exists an interval (the interval of convergence) I x-a I < R with centre at thr point x= u, with in which the series (3)
converges absolutely; for I x-a I> R the series diverges. In special cases, the
radius of convergence R may also be equal to 0 and 00. At the end-points of
the interval of convergence x=a :1: R, the power series may either converge
or diverge. The interval of convergence is ordinarily determined with the
help of the d'Alembert or Cauchy tests, by applying them to a series, the
terms of which are the absolute values of the terms of the given series (3).
Applying to the series of absolute values
R= lim
jYlc" I
and
R=liml~1
n
n-+oCD
+1
n~(f)
However, one must be very careful in using them because the limits on the
right frequently do not exist. For exanlple, if an inflniture of coefficients clI
Series
306
(Ch.8
vanishes [as a particular instance, this occurs if the series contains terms
with only even or only odd powers of (x-a)], one cannot use these formulas.
It is then advisable, when determining the interval of convergence, to apply
the d' Alembert or Cauchy tests directly, as was done when \ve investigated
the series (2), without resorting to general formulas for the radius of con
vergence.
If z=x+ ty is a complex variable, then for the po\ver series
(4)
+(Z+ l)n+
n2 rl
'
The power series (3) converges absolutely and uniformly on any interval
lying within its interval of convergence. The power series (3) may be ternlwise differentiated and integrated within its interval of convergence (for
, x-a I < R); that is, if
Co
+c (x-a) +
1
C2
(x-a)!
(5)
then for any x of the interval of convergence of the series (3), we have
c1+ 2c 2 (x-a)
x
Xo
(6)
Xo
Ko
00
= ~ en
n=:o
(x_a)n+t (x o-a)n+l
+1
x
S
= f (x) dx
Xo
(7)
Functional Series
Sec. 2]
307
(the nunlber X o also belongs to the interval of convergence of. the series (3).
I-Iere, the series (6) and (7) have the same interval of convergence as the
series (3).
00
2510.
t~x,
n=1
2518.
"f)
2511. L(-l)"+I~.
X
n
11=1
L (2tl~
2519.
. . VOn
YJ
_1_
Inx
n
(_1)"+1
11=1
L. sin(~-l~
(211-1)2
2520.
L (x--2),i'
.L. (11 2a+
1
-t- 1)5
IZ .= 1
'Y)
"f)
2521.
11=1
X 2"
II='J
L.
YJ
.L. 2 sln:)ijx .
n '
2522.
11=1
'r.
L c:;,.\~ .
OCJ
~.,~
2523 .
......
"rz
11=1 X
11=0
Cfj
00
2516. L.(-l)l1tJe-Il~ln.~.
2524*.
1l::0
L (XII +2'!X II )
11=1
Cfj
2517.
(_1)"-1
1l:3 1l (x-5)"
n=o
2515**.
I) X"
11=1
YJ
~~
2512. ......
2514.
n! x n
'1=1
00
2513.
00
L~
x"
2525.
11=-1
11=1
2526.
2531 .
-n
2532.
00
x~n-I
2533.
211-1
L. 2
00
2529.
00
1 W
x - 1
(4n-3)2
-
2534.
L(_I):-I
L n!x
n==1
00
00
n=l
x"
11=1
n=1
2530.
11=0
'J:)
11=1
+ 1)5 X2n
2n -t- 1
00
L n2"
~"
11=1
2528.
(tl
11 =0
'1=0
2527.
L
Y.)
~.., "
.... X.
XI i .
2535.
L'~
nn
n=l
Xr&.
308
Series
(Ch.8
co
2536. ~ 2nl
)2n-.
II=J
2537.
L 3/1 x
2
n1
2553.
ao
nn
co
lI
L n!
2557.
n=l
~558.
2559*.
3/
ng"
~561.
(_1)/1-1 (x_2)zn
2n
2562.
co
n=1
(x - 1)".
i: (-
1)"
V~2 X
n
n=o
+1
co
2549. ~~ (x+3)n
t:1 ( + ~ )"I
X (x-2)n.
CD
2550.
nn
2560.
n=l
n=J
(x+2)n'
(X
n S
GO
CD
00
2548.
(n-r I) In (n+ 1)
fl.=J
~ (X_I)211
n=l
(_l)n+1
CIJ
L. (_1)"-1 (x-S)"
n3
(x-2)n
L x::.
co
(x-3)Z"
n=l
2547
L (n+l)ln(n+I)
n=J
crJ
'1 ==J
(x+ I)n
(n+ I) In 2 (11+ I)
n=l
x nl
L 2n~n:n"
n=J
CX)
2556.
crJ
2546.
L
n=1
x U1
n=1
2545.
co
n=l
2544*.
nn
n=1
2555.
2543*.
(2n_I)2n (x_I)n
(3n-2)2fJ
11=2
2542**.
L (_I)n+1 X
X
x ~ n3 n lnn
2541. ~
n=l
n=J
2540. ~
~n4n
(x- 2)11
~ (2n-I)2 n
2539. ~ nlx
X+5)211-1
2552. ~
~ n~l (~
~
2551.
CX)
co
co
n=l
/1=0
2538.
L(
co
~~
~ (3n-2) (X-3)1I
~ (n+l)!2/J + 1
ClO
nn (x + 3)n.
2563. L(-I)"
n=0
t2n
(x-3~
+1) Y
II
-t
1.
Functional Series
Sec. 2]
309
2564.
L inzra.
n=o
ao
,..,
2569.
ao
2570.
n=l
ao
(z-2i)"
n3 n
~ Z211
+ ni) zn.
2567. ~ 2n
n=o
n=o
(1 +2i) + (1 + 2i) (3 + 2i) z + ... +
+ (1 + 2i) (3 +2i) . .. (2n + 1 + 2i) zn -I- .
Z
Z2
1 + l - i + (I-i) (1-2i) -t-
2565. ~ (1
2568.
ao
2566. ,...,
+ (I -
z"
i) (1 - 2i) (I - ni)
L Cn~2~ir z",
n=o
To prove the uniform convergence of the given series over the subinterval
(-l+a, I-a], it (TIust be shown that for any >0 it is possible to choose
an N dependent only on e such that for any II > N we ",'ill have the ine
quality I R n (x) 1< e for all x of the subinterval under consideration.
(I_a)n+l
Taking any e>O, let us require that
< e; whence (l-a)1J+ I<ea,
a
(n
Series
310
[Ch.8
points x will be found for which Rn (x) is grea ter than any arbi trarily large
number Hence, it is impossible to choose an N such that for n > N we
would have the inequality I R" (x) 1< 8 at all points of the interval (-1, 1),
and this means that the convergence of the series in the interval (-1, 1)
is not uniform.
x2
xn
.. -1- 11T+ ..
X4
,,\6
T-2"+3- -tconverges
uniformly
throughout
(_l)"-J x ::n
the
+ ...
interval of convergence
(-1, 1);
c) the series
1
1 ++3x+
.. -t;;X+ ...
converges not only within the interval (-1, I), but at the extremities of this interval, however the convergence of the series in
(- 1, 1) is nonuniform.
Prove the uniform convergence of the functional serIes in the
indicated intervals:
CD
2573.
l: ::
n=l
00
2574. ~~
sin nx
~ 2n
1l=1
00
2575. ~ (_l)n-J
lO,
11.
x2
x2
2577. x- 2
2578.
x3
xn
x+ 2 +3"+ +n T
x3
...
n
+ 3- .. + (-l)n-l nx + ...
Xl
XS
x:. n -
Taylor's Series
Sec. 8]
x 2n -
x5
Xl
311
J
+ ..
+
+ ...
2583. -+
2-13+
x
x
X
x9
XS
-1- 9
2584. x+ 5
11
.. + xn+
..
X 4n _ 3
+ + 4n-3 +
(_l)n-J
2586. 2+22
+ ...
2n-l
+2"3+ .. +2'-z+ ..
._,
r (a)
,(nl (a).
+...
(1)
\Vhen a=-O the Taylor scri~s is also called a Maclaurin's series. Equation (1)
holds If \vhen I x-a I < R the rellzainder ternz (or sin1ply remainder) of the
Taylor series
f (a)
L 1 kl(a) (x-a)k1
tl
(k)
-+
k=J
as n --+ 00.
To rva I uate the r C111 ain der,
Rn (x) =
(x
a)"+J
(~t-l )1
0 ne
+ J) [a
can n1 a k e
USC 0 f
+ 0 (x-a),
\vhere 0
<0<1
(2)
(Lagran!e's lo"n).
Exanlple t. Expand the function 1(x) = cosh x in a series of powers of x.
Solution. We find the derivatives of the given function 1(x) = cosh x.
I' (x) =-= SInh x, f" (x)Ul=:: ccsh x, {'" (x) = sinh x, ... ; generally. f(n) (x) = cosh X,
if n is even, etnd , ) (x) == sinh x, if n IS odd. Putting a= 0, we get 1(0) = 1,
1'(0)=-=0,1"(0)=-1,1"'(0):.=0, ... ; generally, [<")(0)=1, if n is even, and
I(n) (0) =- 0 if n is odd. Whence, from (1), we have:
coshx=1
x2
x4
x2n
(3)
. I
11111
2n
x +2
n ~ 00 (2n
,\ 2n
+2)1 : (211
)t
= ltm
n -+ etJ (2n
Serie~
312
[Ch. 8
< x<
00. The
xn + 1
Rn (x) =
(n
+ 1)!
Since 0>
I sinh e x 1=
le~x_e-~xl
<; el x I,
Ixl n + 1
~,.
and therefore I R n (x) J.,;;;; (n + 1)1 e' x I. A series with the gen~r81 term nl
converges for any x (this is made immediately evident with the help of
d' AleInbcrt's test); therefore, in accord with the necessary condition for
convergence,
. I xl n + 1
11m - - - = 0
lZ -+> 00
(n
+1)!
'
and consequently lim Rn (x) = 0 for any x. This signifies tha t the sum of the
n-+oo
sert~s {3) for any x is indeed equal to cosh x.
2~. Techniques employed for expanding in
power series.
e =1
xn
x2
+fi+2f+'" + iiT+'"
(-00
.
x ~ I x5
n
II. slnx=n-31+5f- ... +(-I)
x
x"
< x<
(2n+l)I+'"
x
2n
11 I. cos X == 1 -
IV. (1+>mt-l
x -
+ mTI x + m(m-l)
21
x + .
(-00
<X<
00),
... +m(m-I).~.!{I1l-n+l)xn+...
V
00),
x2n + I
~2
Xl
xn
(-I <x<I)*).
(-I<x~I),
-and also the formula for the sunl of a geometric progregsion, it is possible,
in many cases, simply to obtain the expansion of a given function in a power series, without having to investigate the remainder term. It is sOllletim('s
advisable to make use of termwise differentiation or integration when expanding a function in a series. When expanding rational functions in power
'S~ries it is advisable to decompose these functions into partial fractions.
*) On the boundaries of the interva1 of convergence (i. e., when x = - 1
and x = 1) the expansion 1\9 behaves as follows: for m;:;: 0 it converges abso
lutely on both boundaries; for 0 > m > -1 it diverges when x == - 1 and
~onditlonally converges when x = 1; for m E;;-1 it diverges on both boundaries.
Tuy/or's Series
Sec. 8]
313
t(X)=(I_x) (1 +2x)'
Solution. Decomposing the function into partial fractions. we will have
1
2
!(X)=I-x+l+2x'
Since
r:IJ
==,~ xn
(4)
n=o
and
tT-
n n
(-l) 2 x n ,
(5)
+ (_1)n 2 n + 1 ] x n .
(6)
n=o
Il=O
n=o
The geometric progressions (4) and (5) converge, respectively, when I x I < 1
1
1
and I x I < "2 ; hence, formula (6) holds for I x I < 2' i. e., when
1
-"2<x<"2'
30 Taylor's series for a function of two variables. Expanding a function
of two variables f (x, y) into a Taylor's sertes in the neighbourhood of a
point (a. b) has the fornl
f (x, y) =f (a,
+(y-b)
b)
f (a,
b)
a
[ (x-a) ax + (y -
a]
b) ify
I (a, b)
IS
at (x, y)
ax
(x-a)
+ at (;~
x=a
iJJ
(x~a)ax+(y-b)ay
a
f(a,b)=
1(x,
ax"
Her~
(7)
the
(y-lJ);
x=a
y=b
2
tx+
y=b
y)
(x-ar~ -I-
x=a
IJ=b
(x-a)(y-b)
x=a
y=b
+ a2f(x, y)
ay!
x=a
IJ=b
~14
Series
[Ch.8
k=1
8S
n --+
00.
a] n+1 f(x,Y)
x=a+~ (x-a)
y=b+'J (y-b)
2593. x2-4x + 3
2594. xe- 2X
2600.
X2
2595. e
2596. sinh x.
2601.
x
9+x 2
4-;\2
2602. In 11 +x .
-x
2597. cos2x.
2603.ln(l+x-2x 2 ).
Applying differentiation, expand the following functions in
po\\'ers of x, and indicate the intervals in which these expansions
occur:
2604. (l+x)ln(l+x).
2606. arcsinx.
2605. arctanx
2607.ln(x+VI+x 2 ).
Applying various techniques, expand the given functions in
po\vers of x and indicate the intervals in which these expansions
occur:
2
2608. sin2 xcos 2 x.
2612 x - 3x + 1
2
x
x
-5x+6
2609. (I + x) e-
2613.
cosh'
x.
2610. (I + eX)I.
1
2614. 4
-4
2611.
x.
-x
Vs +
Taylor's Series
Sec 3]
+ 3x + 2).
SSi:X dx .
2618.
2616.
r
x
2615. In (Xl
315
n (I ~X) dx
2619.
2617. ~e-x2dx.
SVI-x".
dx
o
~ 2na ( I - ~)
Expand
X2+~X+2 in a
X2+~X+7 in a
+4.
x +2.
series of powers of x
series of powers of
x-i.
2638. Expand cos x in a series of po\vers of x- T.
2639*. Expand lnx in a series of powers of :+;.
Expand cosx in a series of powers of
2
Series
316
[ell. 8
1
1
1
+ 2f+3f+41?
2642. To what degree of accuracy will we calculate the number ~, if we make use of the series
arc tanx=x-
Xl
XS
+5-.'
cosx= 1- 21 + ... ,
in order to calculate cos 18 to three decimal places?
2645. How many terms do we have to take of the series
Xl
slnx=x-3f+ ... ,
to calculate sin 15 to four decimal places?
2646. How many terms of the series
x
x
=1+ 11x '-21+
...
vr
V
Sec. 3]
317
Taglor's Series
cosx~l-
Sinx
2653. Evaluate
S-x-dot to
I s.
four decllna
r
1
.
I s.
2656. Evaluate .J sin
yXx dx to three declma
o
1/4
2657. Evaluate ~
VI +x
dx to four decimals.
o
lID
2665.
f (x,
y)
-xy
Y -f k) in po-
\vers of hand k.
2666. f (x, y) = x' -2y' -1- 3xy. Find the increment Qf this
function when passing from the values x= 1, y=2 to the values
x == 1 + h, !I = 2 + k.
2667. Expand the function eX +Y in powers of x-2 and y + 2.
2668. Expand the function sin (x y) in powers of x and
1(;
Y-2
[Ch.8
Series
318
is constant;
2) has no more than a finite number of points of discontinuity and
all of them are of the first kind
[Le., at each discontinuity ;
the function f (x) has a finite limit on the left f (~-O) = linl f (~-e) and a
8~O
~o
f (x)
= ~ +a
--1- bn si n nx -1- . , ( 1)
where the Fourier coefficlents an and bn are calculated frorn the formulas
I
an=n-
-~
-n
S
I
. (n=l, 2, ... ).
f(x)cosnxdx(n=O,
1,2,S
.. ); bn=n
f(x)slnnxdx
=S
+ f (x + 0)).
x = - xt and x = xt,
+ 0) + f (1t-O)].
bn=O (n= 1, 2, . )
Clnd
n
an =
~ St (x) cos nx dx
o
(n =
0, I, 2, .. ).
Fourier Series
Sec. 4)
319
5f
(x) sin nx dx (n
= I,
2, .. ).
A function specified in an interval (0, xt) may, at our discretion, be continued in the interval (- n, 0) either as an even or an odd function; hence,
it may be expanded in the interval (0, xt) In an incomplete Fourier series
of sines or of cosines of nlliltir-le arcs.
3. Fourier series of a period 21. If a function {(x) satisfies the Dirichlet
conditions in SOlTIe Interval (-I, 1) of length 21, then at the discontinui ties
of the function belonging to this interval the following expansion holds:
a0
xtx
2nx
xtx
. 2nx
nxtx
. nrtx
.. +ancos-l-+bnsln - l
+... ,
where
l
1
an = T
5{
(x)
nnx dx (n = 0, I, 2, . ),
cos 1-
-I
(2)
1
bn=y
5f
-I
. nxtx
1 2 , ... ).
(x) SUl- dx (n=,
l
X=
similar to that which \ve ha've in the expansion in th~ interval (-xt, n).
In the case of an expansion of the functton f (x) in a Fourier series in
an arbitrary Interval (a, a+2l) of length 2l, the limits of integration in
fornlulas (2) should be replaced respectively by a and a-1-2l
320
Series
(Ch. 8
=:
a) 1- 3
c) 1-5
+ 51 -
+ ... ;
b) 1+5-7-n+13+17- ... ;
1
1
1
+"7-n+
13- ...
1 -t- 32 + 52 +
2682. f (x) = Xl. Find the sums of the follo\ving number series
by means of the expansion obtained:
1
+ 3 + ;
1) 1 + 22
2683.
f (x) = eax .
2684.
f (~) = f
2Z'- 32 -
2) 1-
1
42
-r .
l 0 when i o=;;;;;x<n.
x when 0<x~2'
2685. f (x) = J
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) =
functions, in the
x (n-x).
sin
Expand the following functions, in the interval (0, n), in cosines of multiple arcs:
2689. f (x) = { 1 when 0 < x ~ h,
o \vhen h < x< 31.
Fourier Series
Sec. 41
2690.
f (x) = {
2691.
f (x) = x
2692.
f (x) =
~21
when 2h<x<n.
sin x.
COS
x when 0 < x ~
n
i- '
1( ;- + x ) = -I ( ~ - x ).
x)
x when O<X~ 1,
2-x when I <x< 2.
2703. Expand the following function in cosines of multiple
arcs 10 the interval (~. 3):
2702. f(x)= {
f (x) = I
11-1900
Chapter IX
D1FFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
(I)
of the differential equation (1), which contains n independrnt arbitrary constants Ct , , Cn and is equivalent (in the given region) to equation (I), IS
called the general tntegral of this equation (in the respective region). By ass\~n
ing definite values to the constants Cit ... , CIl in (2), we get fJarLlcullr
tntegrals.
d<D
dx=O,
dn<D
... , dxn=O,
we, generally speaking, get a differpntial equation of type (I) whose general
integral in the corresponding region is the relation (2).
Example 2. Find the differential equation of the family of parabolas
y:=. Ct (X-C Z)2.
(3)
Solution. Differentiating equation (3) twice, we get:
y'=2C.(x-C z) and y"=2C t
(4)
Eliminating the parameters Ct and C2 from equations (3) and (4), we obtain
the desired differential equation
2yy" =y,l.
t'ertfyinR Solultons
Sec 1)
323
It IS easy to verify that th~ function (3) converts this equation into an
identi ty.
2. Initial conditions. If for the desired particular solution y ==Y (x) of a
differential eq uatto n
y(n) = f (x, y, y', . , y(n-J))
(5)
the inltlal conditions
y (x o) -= Yo,
y' (x o) = y~,
Yo -= cp (x o, CI , , Cn),
y~ == cp~ (x o, Cit ... , Cn),
Y= C.e x + C2e- 2X ,
for which y (0) = 1, y' (0)
=:: -
Solution. We have:
Putting x=O in
(6)
2.
y' = Cle x -2C 2e- 2X
fOflnula~ (6)
1=C1 +C 2 ,
(7)
-2~CI-2C2'
\\'hence
and, hence,
Xi
2706. (x l- y) dx -t- x dy -= 0, Y = 2x
2707. y"+y=O, y=3sinx-4cosx.
2708. :;: + Ct)2 X = 0, X = C. cos rot + C2 sin cot.
2709. y"-2y'+y=O; a) y=xe", b) lJ=x 2 e".
27 to. y" - (AI +- A2 ) y' + A1 A2 Y = 0,
!I = CleA,x -~ C 2e 'A x.
Show that for the given differential equations the indicated
relations are integra Is:
27\11. (x-2y)y'=2x-y, xl-xy ~ y2=::C".
J
11*
DtUerential Equations
324
lCh. 9
Y= In (xy).
Form differential equations of the given families of curves
(C, C I , C a , C, are arbitrary constants):
2714. y=Cx.
2721. In":'= 1 +ay
2715. y = ex!.
(a !!IS a parame ter).
2
2C
2716. Y = x.
272 (
)2 2
2. y-yo = px
2717. xl+y'=C 1
x
(Yo' P are parameters).
27 18. y= Ce.
2723. -C 2X-t-C e-x
...a
C 2 2)
Y - Ie
2
x
2726. Form the~ differential equation of all straight lines in the
I
xy-plane.
Sec. 21
325
rough sketch of the field of int~gral curves, regardin~ the latter as curves
which at each point have the given direction of the field.
Exalnple 1. USing the method of isoclines, construct the field of integral
curves of the equation
y' :=2X.
Solution. By constructing the isoclines x = k (straight lines) and the direction field. we obtain approximately the field of integral curves (Fig. 105).
The family of parabolas
Xl
y=-+C
2
2733.
2734.
2735.
2736.
y' = - x.
y' = - ~
.
y
y' = 1 f- yl.
y' =x+y .
x-y
2737. y'=xl+y
326
Dlfferenttal
Equations
f (x,
y)
[Ch. 9
U {a < x < A, b < y < B} and in this region has a bounded derivative
/~ (x, y), then through each point (xo, Yo) that belongs to U there passes one
and only one integral curve y=ep (x) of the equation (1) (ep (xo)=Yo]'
Yi+l=Yi+L\Yi'
= 0.1).
xi
I
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0
I
2
3
5
.6
9
10
Yi
0.5
1
1
1.005
1 015
1.030
1.051
0.6
1.077
0.7
0.3
0.9
1.0
1.109
1.148
1.194
1.248
o4
L\
xiYi
lJ;= 20
o 005
0.010
o 015
o 021
o 026
o 032
0.039
o 046
0.054
Thus, y (1) = 1.248. For the sake of comparison, the exact value is
1
Sec. 3)
with
Variables
321
Separable.
~eparable
y' =
t (x) g (y)
( 1)
or
(I')
5gdy
(y)
=Sf(X)dX+C
(2)
Similarly, divining both sides of (\quclhon (I') by XI (x) Y (y) and integrating,
we get the general integral of (1') in thp form
(r) dx + SY (Y) dy = C
Y (y)
S,X.X (x)
I
(2')
If for some value y=Yo \ve have R (Yo) =0, then the function Y=~/o is
also (as is directly evident) a solution of equation (I) Similarly, the straight
lincs x -=ll and y -== b will be the intet!ral curves of equation (1'), if a and b
3re, respectively, the roots of the equations XI (x) =0 and Y (y) =0, by the
lcft Sldc'i of whlch we had to divide the inItial equation.
Example 1. Solve the equation
,
Y == -
11
~ .
(3)
dx=-x
Whence, separating variables, we have
dy =_ dx
y
x
and, consequently,
lnIYI=-lnlxl+lnC"
where the arbitrary constant In C. is taken in logarithmic form. After taking
antilogaritluns we get the general solution
(4)
where C = CII
When dlvldlng by y we could )Olie the solution y=O, but the latter is
contalned in the formula (4) for C=O.
[Ch. 9
DifJerential Equations
328
~,) =0
ellips~s
dlder~ntJal
(5)
equa-
Fig. 106
we get
the differential
equation ef the
orthogonal traJeclones
x_ 2y =O or u,=2y.
1/
.,
x
Integrating, we have y = ex! (lalnlly 01 parabolas) (Fig. 106).
Sec. 31
329
d\+~=o
x
and, conscquentl y,
lnx+lny -=lnCorxy==C.
Utilizing the initial condition, \ve determlne C =32 ==6. Hence, the desired
curve is the hyperbola >.y =.:. 6.
x=;.
y'=(x +y)2.
[I = (8x -~- 2y + 1)2
(2x + 3y- I) dx -t (4x + 6y- 5) dy = O.
(2x-y) dx+ (4x-2y -1- 3) ely = O.
Dzt!erential Equations
330
[Ch.9
~-x
y
2756. (X 2+y2)dx-xydy=O.
2757*. Find a curve whose segment of the tangent is equal
to the distance of the point of tangency from the origin.
2758. Find the curve whose segment of the normal at any
point of a curve lying between the coordinate axes is divided in
two at this point.
2759. Find a curve whose subtangent is of constant length a.
2760. Find a curve which has a subtangent twice the abscissa
of the point of tangency.
2761 *. Find a curve whose abscissa of the centre of gravity
of an area bounded by the coordinate axes, by this curve and
the ordinate of any of its points is equal to 3/4 the abscissa of
this point.
2762. Find the equation of a curve that pa5ses through the
point (3,1), for which the segment of the tangent between the
point of tangency and the x-axis is divided in half at the point
of intersection with the y-axis.
2763. Find the equation of a curve which passes through the
point (2,0), if the segment of the tangent to the curve between
the point of tangency and the y-axis is of constant length 2.
Find the orthogonal trajectories of the given families of curves (a is a parameter), construct the families and their orthogonal trajectories.
2766. xy=a.
2764. x 2 + y2 = a 2
2765. y2 = ax.
2767. (x-a)! r- y2 = a2
(1)
y'=f
(~):
Sec. 4)
331
dx
e -ud u=-.
x
y=-xlnln-.
x
2. Equations that reduce to homogeneous equations.
If
(2)
and
6=1::~:Io,
y=v+~. where
are found from the following system of equations,
ala+bl~+cl=O, a2a+b2~+c2~O,
2769. y':= _
x+x y
2771. For the equation (Xl +y2) dx-2xydy=0 find the family
of integral curves, and also indicate the curves that pass through
the points (4,0) and (1,1), respectively.
2772. y dx i- (2 Vxy-x) dy = O.
2773. xdy-ydx=Vx 2 -f-y 2 dx.
2774. (4x 2 + 3xy + y2) dx + (4 y l + 3xy + x 2) dy = O.
2775. Find the particular solution of the equation (x 2 -3!1)dx+
-t- 2xyriy = 0, provided that y = 1 when x = 2.
Solve the equations:
2776. (2x-y -+ 4)dy+(x-2y+ 5)dx=O.
,
1-3x-3y
2778'
x+2y+ 1
2777. Y == l+x+y
Y =2x+4y+3
2779. Find the equation of a curve that passe~ through the
point (1,0) and has the property that the segment ~ut off b) the
tangent line on the y-axis is equal to the radius vector of the
point of tangency.
2780**. What shape should the reflector of a search light
have so that the rays from a point ~ource of light are rel1ected
as a parallel beam?
DitJerential Equations
332
(Ch. 9
of
( I)
de~ree
(2)
-J
P(x) dx
y=Ce.
(3)
-f P
(x) dx
y=C (x).e
(4)
5J
Sec.
333
Bernoulli's Equation'
=_1_ de
cos x dx
sin x
+ cos 2 X
.c
y= (
hon
In solving the linear fquation (1) \ve can also make use of the substitu ..
y==uv,
(3)
where u and v are functions of x. Then equation (I) will have the form
lu' -t- P
(x) u 1v -f-
v' u -= Q (x).
(6)
-1- P (x) u == 0,
(7)
then fronl (7) we find ll, and fronl (6) we find v; hence, from (5) we find y.
2). Bernoulli's equation. A first-order equation of the form
y' + P (.()!J -= Q (x) y7.,
where a ~ 0 and a '# 1, is called Berflolllll'~ equation It is reduced to a linear equatioll by nleans of tlll substitution z == yJ-'1. I t is also lossib1e to
apply dire('tly the substitution y-::=.uv, or the Iuethod
of variation of paranleters.
Example 2. Solve the equation
l
y'==-y+x
x
lIrf .tl.
~et
U'I1+I1'U=~
UI1 +x IW
or
v (U'-
u,_i u=Q
x
V'.,,4=xYvX".
(8)
334
DiOerential Equations
whence we find v:
11=( ; lnx+c y.
lCh.9
~ lnx+C
y=x4 (
r.
2786. ~dY
+ 2yx =
x' .
+.JLx =
xy2.
2792.
dc!J!.
2793.
2xY~-!I +x=O.
+ (x- ;
2794. y dx
x1y) dy=O.
2795. 3xdy=-=y(1 +xsinx-3y 3 sinx)dx.
2796. Given three particular solutions y, Yl' Y2 of a linear
Sec, 6]
335
2801. Find the equation of the curve for which the segment
of the tangent is equal to the distance of the point of intersection of this tangent with the x-axis from the point M (O,a).
(1)
form dU (x, y) = 0 and is then called an exact dtUerential equation. The general integral of equation (1) is U (x, y) = C. The function U (x. y) is determined by the technique given in Ch. VI, Sec. 8, or froln the formula
x
U=
II
~p
(x, y) dx
+ ~ Q (xo y) dy
Yo
Xo
~sce
a (6(2 y -t- 4y S)
ox
:=
Here,
whence
au
- =
ax
u= ~
(3.\1
3x!
+ 6xy
au
- = 6x"y + 4y'
ay'
and
+ 3X1y 2+ cp (y).
(by
Y
hypothesis); from this we get q>'(U)=4tj' and q>(f)=Y"+C. We finally get
U (r, y) =XS + 3X 2y 2 + y4+ CClt consequently, X' + 3x y2 + y4=C is the sought-for
ay (JLP)=ax (flQ)
(OP
1 (OP
OQ)
2) -p ay - ox = F
(2)
336
Dif1erential Equations
(CIl. 9
(2XY+X2y+~)dx+tx l +y2)dll=O.
Q oy - ox
.
Stnce
o(J..tP) iJ(~Q)
ay=--ax-
or
oP
iJQ
J..t oy = J..t ax
+Qd,....
dx
it follows that
dJL=.!
(ap _aQ)dX=dX
,....
Q iJy
ax
JL=r.
2xy + x 2y + ~
3
2805. xdx-ydy=
x dy-y dx
. \ 2+ Y2
2806. 2xdx+ y2 -3x dy-=O.
y'
y4
~ec.
7)
Fir~t-Orde,
337
(1)
,\ hich for example is of degree two in y', the.l by solving (1) for II' we get
two equations:
y'=f,(x,y), y'= f2(X, y).
(2)
Thus, generally spt'aking, through each pOint M" (xo, Yo) of some region
of a plane there pass two integral curves. The general integral of equation
(1) then, generally speaking, h'1s the fOrln
(3)
\vhere (D. and cI>2 are the general inte~rals of equations (2).
Besides, there may be a slnRular lllte{!ral for equilt10n ~1). Geometrically,
a singular integral is the cnvelope of a fal1lily of curves (3) and Inay be obtained by elinlinating C frolll the s~'steln of equations
<D~(X,y,C)=O
<D(x,y,C)=O,
(4)
F~ (.r, !J,
p)
= o.
(5)
We note thflt the curves defined by the 1quations (4) or (5) are not
alwavs solutions of equation (I); thert'fore, in each casc, a check is necessary.
Exalnple 1. FJ nd the general and sln~ular integrals of the equation
XII'2- r 2xll'-Y~0.
=-
+ 1/ 1+ ~.
y' = -
1-
1t
>0.
or
(2x+y-C)-2
yx
(2x+ y-C) +2
+xy=0,
Yt
+xy=O.
(2x+ y-C)2-4
(x 2 +xy):::0
or
(y-C)2=4Cx
(a family of parabolas).
DifTerentiatin~ th~ general integral \\'ith respecf to C and eliminating C,
\ve find the singul ar in tegral
y+x=O.
(It ll1ay be verified that y
+x = 0 is
338
Differential Equations
(Ch.9
y=y'2_ xy'
+x2'
y=p2- xp
+x2
obtain the singular solution: g=X (It may be verified that g=T is the
4
solut ion of the given equation.)
If we equate to zero the factor 2p -x. which was cancelled out, we get
p= ~ and, putting p into the given equation, we get g=~. which is the
same singu lar sol ution.
Sec 8]
339
- 2y'
Sec. 8. The Lagrange and Clairaut Equaticns
to. Lagrange's equation. An equation of the forrn
y = xfP (p) -1- 'I' (p),
(1)
+ g (p),
where p is a parameter and f (p) .. g (p) are certain known functions. Besides,
there [nay be a Singular solution that is found in the l1~ual \vay.
2. Clairaut's equation. If In equation (1) p =-.: ql (p), then we get Cla;raut's equ.atlon
Solution.
Puttin~
--2y'x+,.
y
or
+ 2x dp- ~
dx
2
1
dp=-px+ pl
~quation,
we will have
I
p
*;
x= 2 (In p+C).
(3)
DiOerential Equations
340
(Ch. 9
f ;2
X=
(In p+C).
y=2px+
x= 2p z'
and,
Y=p
con~equently,
y=
2 V2x.
Putting y into (3) we are convinced that the function obtained Is not
a solution and, therefore, equation (3) does not have a singular integral.
P,)
.
Y
1/-1-'2-
""
2825 Y
+ y') x + y".
=-
I,
,
2 Y (2x-}- y).
y-y + J'
y.
Find the general and singular integrals of the Clairaut equations and construct the field of integral curves:
,2
'
2826 . y=xy +y .
2827. y=xy' +y'.
2828. Y = xy' + l/rl 1---(y-')-2.
2823
2829. Y = xy'
~- J,
.
y
2830. Firld the curve for which the area of a triangle formed
by a tangent at any point and by the coordinate axe\) is constant.
2831. Find the curve it the distance of a given point to any
tangent to this curve is constant.
2832. Find the curve for which the segment of any of its
tangents lying between the coordinate axes has constant length l~
Sec. 9]
Miscellaneous Exercises on
Fir.~tOrder
DiOerential Equations
341
i) y' = (x +_ y)2;
j) X cos y' + y sin y' =-= 1;
k) (x 2-xy) y' = y4;
(x-ycosf)dx+xcos~dy-=O;
b) x In ~
dy-ydx == O.
y
2834. a)
2835. xdx =
.+
(2 xy 2 - y) dx x dy =- O.
xy' .~. Y =-= xy2 In x.
y = xy' -l- y' In y'.
Y == xy' -1- V -ay'.
x 2 (y + I) dx+ (xS_I) (y-l) dy== O.
2841. (1 -t- y2) (e 2.-.; dx-e Y dy) -(I -1- y) dy =-= O.
2
2842. y'_y2x 2 1 =1.
2845. (l-x )y'+xy=a.
2836.
2837.
2838.
2839.
2840.
7=';
V11-x dx = O.
V!I
VI
== 1.
2859. x y'2_l-3xYY'-l-
-r
X 2+y2
2860. x dx+ y d~
+2y 2=O.
xdy--ydx
11
=.
X
- ye dx = O.
(y + 2
)2
2865. y =2 \x+y-I
2866. xy(xyl-t-l)dy-dx=
=0.
342
lCh.9
DiOerential Equations
+ (x + 3xy l/ Xl 3
1) dx = O.
dy
x dx -y = a.
+x
dx= O.
2873. y = xy' y~
2874. (3x 2 2xy_ y 2) dx+ (x 2-2xy- 3y 2) dy =-- o.
2875. 2yp :: = 3p.,. 4y B.
+ .
Sec. 91
343
x = ( 100
+ t)
I .
The constant C is found fronl the fact that \\ hpn t = 0, \ -= 10. tha tis,
C= 100.000. At thr expiration of one hour, the tank will contain
X=
lOf~~~ ~ 3.9
kilograms or salt.
344
DiOerential Equations
(Ch. 9
v=c2gh,
where c ~ 0.6 and g is the acceleration of gravity.
During what period of time will the water filling a hemispherical boiler of diameter 2 metres Aow out of it through a circular opening of radIus 0.1 m in the bottom.
2907*. The quantity of light absorbed in passing through
a thin layer of water is proportional to the quantity of incident
light ann to the thickness of the layer. If one half of the original
quantity of light is absorbed in passing through a three-metrethick layer of water, what part of this quantity will reach a depth
of 30 metres?
Sec. 101
345
= f (.\),
then
'----..--" 1 'me's
2. Cac;es of reduction of order. 1) If a dJ1Yerential equation does not
contaJn y cxpl1cltly, for instanc~,
F(x,
i/,
y")=O,
then, assuming y' = p, \\'e get an equation ot an order one unit lower:
F (x, p, p'):=O.
DtUerenltal Equations
346
[Ch 9
From the fact that y'=p=O when x=O, we have O=C.-O, Le., C1=O.
Hence,
x
p=-2
or
dy
x
dx=-2'
w~
obtain
x:!
y=-4"t- Ct
Putting y=-O when x= 0, we find C 2 -= O. Hence. the desired
solu lion is
1
X2
Y = _-4
.
2)
particular
then, putting y' =p, y" =p dd P , \ve get an equation of all order one unit
y
lower:
F(y, p, p~~)=O.
Example 2. Find the particulnr solution of the pquation
yy"_y'2=y4
IJP : : -p"=
~/.
VCI +y2.
From the fact that y' =p=O when y= 1, we have C1 = -1. lienee,
p=
y V y2-1
or
:~= y Vy"-1.
Integrating, we have
1
arc cos -
t}
x = C2_
I
Putting y=l and x=O, \ve obtain C2 =O, whence -=cosx or
y
y=s~cx.
Sec. 10]
347
!-.
x
+ y,l.
y"= -2~S'
+ y') =
2911. y" =
2912.
2913. y"
2922. y" =
= 1 _ y,2.
==
2923. (x
O.
O.
x, .
+ 1) y" -
(x -t- 2)y' + x+
+ 2 = O.
yy"=y,2.
2924. xy"=y' In y'.
x
yy,,+y,z=O.
1
,,2
"
'
(ll-x 2 )y"+-y,2+ I ==O. 2925 y +-.r y =xy.
y' (1 + y'2) = ay".
2926. xy'" + y" = 1 + x.
x1y" -t-xy' = 1.
2927. y",Z + y"Z = 1.
Find the particular solutions for the indicated initial conditions:
2928. (1 +x 2)y"-2xy'=O; y=O, y'=3 for x=O.
2929. 1 + y,Z = 2yy"; !I = 1, y' = 1 for x = 1.
2930. yy" + y,J = y,:i; y =:= 1, y' = 1 for x = O.
2931. xy"=y'; y=O, y'=O for x=O.
Find the general integrals of the following equations:
2932. yy' = V y2 + y,Z y" _ y' y".
2915.
2916.
2917.
2918.
2919.
V +
o.
= I, y' = 1
for x =
-} .
VI
~ ( 1 + 1n ~'); y =
348
DiOerelltial Equations
[Ch.9
= Y - y; Y = - 4"' y
2 or x = .
xO-=-;e'
2957. yy'y":=: y,3 -t- y"l. Choose the integral curve passing through
the poi nt (0, 0) and tangent, at it, to the straight line y + x = O.
2958. Find the curves of constant radius of curvature.
2959. Find a curve whose radius of curvature is proportional
to the cube of the norma 1.
2960. Find a curve whose radius of CUIvature is equal to the
normal.
2961. Find a curve whose radius of curvature is double the
normal.
2962. Pind the curves whose projection of the radius of curvature on the y-axis is a constant.
2963. Find the equation of the cable of a suspension bridge
on the assumption that the load is distributed uniformly along
the projection of the cable on a horizontal straight line. The
weight of the cable is neglected.
2964*. Find the position of equilibrium of a flexible nontensite thread, the ends of which are attached at two points and
which has a constant load q (including the weight of the thread)
per unit length.
2965*. A heavy body with no initial velocity is sliding along
an inclined plane. Find the law of motion if the angle of inclination is a, and the coefficient of friction is Jo'.
(Hint. The frictional force is J1N, where N is the force of reaction of the
plane.)
Sec. 111
349
IS
(I)
of the fornl
where Y., YI' .. , lin are linearl y independent sol utions of equa tion (I)
(fundamental system of SO/Ii/tons).
2. Inhomogeneous equations. The general solution of an inholnogeneolLs
ltnear different ial eq ua tion
y(n)
PI (.v) y(II-I)+ + Pn (x) Y =f (x)
(2)
Y=Yo+Y,
where Yo is the general solution of the corresponding homogeneous ~qua lion (I)
and Y is a particular solution of th~ given inhomogeneous equation (2).
If the fundam~ntal system of soluHons 'il, y", ... , Yn of the homogeneous
equation (I) is kno\vn, then the general solution of the corresponding inhornogeneous equation (2) Inay be found from the formula
y= C. (x) Y. +C 1 (x)
where the functions C;(x) (i=l, 2, .. ,11) are determined from the follo\vjog system of equations:
Y; + C~ (x) y~
c~ (x) y~t1-2)
+
+
+ C;l (x) Y. =
0,
1
~
+C~ (\)y~==O,
(3)
xy"+y'=xl
(4)
DiOerential Equations
350
[Ch.9
(5)
Whence
X'
x'
x'
CJ(x)=a+A and C2(x)=-31nx+g+B
and, consequentl y,
x'
Y=g+A
Inx+B,
2969. Form a linear homogeneous differential equation, knowing its fundalnental system of equations:
a) Y1 = sin x, Y2 = cos x;
b) Y1= eX, Yt = xe x ;
2
c) YI=X, Yt=x ,
x
d) Yl=e , Yt=exsinx, Ya=e"co5x.
2970. Knowing the fundamental system of solutions of a linear
homogeneous differential equation
Y1=x, Yt=x!, y.=x' ,
find its particular solution y that satisfies the initial conditions
YI.~=l=O)
y'I.~=l=-I)
Y"IX:l=2.
Sec. 12]
351
+y =
0,
.
. I ar so It
si n x .
k nowlng
I.ts par t leu
u Ion U, = -x2972. Solve the equation
x! (In x-I) y" -xy' -t- Y = 0,
S~cond
Order
~quation
(2)
lllhoI110~e
(3)
Y=Yo+ Y,
352
(Ch.9
DifJerential Equation.s
where SN (X) and T f:I (x) are pol ynomials of degree N-max {n, m}.
But if q> (a btl = 0, then
y = xr eax [S N (x) cos bx + TN (x) sin bx],
r= 1).
is
In the general case, the method of variation of parameters (see Sec. 11)
to solve equation (3).
Exall1ple t. Find the ~eneral solution of the equation 2y"-y'-y=4xe2".
Solution. The characteristic equation 2k 2 - k - l =0 has roots III =- I and
us~d
k.= - ; .
+ 4A)-e
2X
(2Ax+ 28
+ A)_e
2X
(Ax-j- B)
= 4xe~x.
2X
IS
Y= CIe X
i.
+~
x'e".
Example 3. Find the Jl:en~ral solution of thE:' equa tion y" + I/=X sin x.
Solution. The characteristic equation k 2 + l=-O has roots III = i and
k 2 = - I . The general solution ot the corresponding honlogeneous equation
will Isee 3, where a=O and p = 1J be
Sec. /2]
353
where a =0, b = 1, P n (x) =0, QIn (x) =x. To this side there corresponds the
particular solution Y,
Y =x [(Ax+ B) cos x+ (Cx+ D) sin xl
(here, N= I, a=O, b== 1, r= I).
Differentiating twice and substituting into the equation, we equate the
cOE'fficlcnts of bolh sides in cos X, x cos x, sin x, and x S1n x. We then get four
equations2A+2D==O,4C=O, -2B+2C=O, -4A=1, [rom which we deterx2
x
.
1
1
mine A = -4' 8=0, C=O, D=4 Therefore, Y= --:rcosx+-:rsinx.
The general solution is
Xl
x
y= C. cos x+C 2 sin x-"4 ros x+T sin x.
30 The princi pie of superposition of sol utions. If the righf si de of equation (3) is the sum of several funct:ons
is t he so1uti 0 n
0f
a) y"_4y=x 2 e2X ;
b) y"+9y=cos2x;
12-1900
354
DiUerential Equations
[Ch.9
2) P =
0>.
3008.
3009.
3010.
3011.
3012.
3013.
3014.
3015.
3016.
3017.
y"-7y'+12y=-e4 ".
y"-2y' =x 2 -1.
y"-2y'+y=2e x .
y"-2y'=e 2X +5.
y"-2y' -8y= eX -8 cos 2x.
y" ~t y' = 5x + 2e x
y"-y'===2x-1-3e x .
y" 2y' y= eX +e- x .
y"-2y' IOy= sin 3x +e x
+
+
y" -4y' + 4y =
+
2e IX
+ ~.
Sec. 12)
Coefficient~
355
3037. yn + y = _1_.
+y= ex.
x
3038. a) y"-y=tanhx.
e-"
+ 2y' + y ="7.
mg
d~
where, obviously, k=a- and, consequently, dt 2
tion is
x=CtCOS
V:
t+Ctsln
V~ ~
t.
=-ag x.
The
~enerat
~olu-
d\':
V:
t.
356
[Ch. 9
(1)
1I.=e'l.xcospx. y.=e'l.Xslnpx,
Sec. 141
Find
3045.
3046.
3047.
3048.
357
Euler's Equations
3049. y"'-3y"+3y'-y=O.
3050. ylV -f-4y==O.
3051. ylV t- 8y"+ 16y=O.
3052. yIV+y'=O.
3060.
3058. y'V -2y" + y = O.
3061.
-6054. ylV _ally = O.
3062.
3055. ylV -6lJ" + 9." = O.
3063.
':1
3064.
3056. ylV + aly" = O.
3065.
3057. ylv+2y"'+t/'=O.
3066.
Y
+~1 y' +y=O.
)2
...
yIV_2y"'+y"=e x
ylV -2y'" + yIP = Xl.
y'" -y = xl-I.
ylV -t- y'" = cos 4x.
y'" +- yIP = x" + I + 3xe-.
y'" + y" y' + y = xex'
y"'+y'=tanxsecx.
3067. Find the particular solution of the equation
y'" +2y" +2y' +y=x
+ An
-1
(ax
+ b) Y + AnY -= f (x),
(1)
Y'
(ddIe! d!/)
dt'
dt'
:s -:st (d "
~ d 11
dl l
-ae
dl:J- dt l -l- 2 dt
2
II' _
an d so for th
dy= _tdl/
dx edt'
dx"
\ dt"
dt ) .
dt,,+y=l,
whence
or
+ C. sin (In x) + 1.
DiOerential Equations
358
[Ch. 9
(2)
(3)
Putting into (2) y, y', ... , y(n) found from (3), we get a characteristic equation from which we can find the exponent k.
If k is a real root of the characteristic equation of multiplicity m, then to it
correspond m linearly independent solutions
Yl =xk. Y1 = /l.ln x, Ys =xk (In X)I, Ym =xk (In x)m-l.
If a ~i is a pair of complex roots of nlultipllcity m, then to it there
correspond 2m linearly independent solutions
Yl =x~ cos (~ In x), YI = xt% sin (~ In x), Ys =xt% In x cos (~ In x),
Ya= x fJ ln xsln (~ In x), ... , Y2m-l = x fJ (1n x)m-l cos (~ In x).
Y2m = x fJ (In x)m-l sin (~ In x).
Example 2. Solve the equation
rt
x 2y -3xy' +4y=O.
Solution. We put
y'=kX k -
y=xk.
y"=k(k-l)xk -
Substituting into the given equation, after cancelling out xk we get the
characteristic equa tion
Solving it we find
d2 y
X dx l
+ 3x dy
dX + y =
O.
x y"-xy'-3y=O.
x 2 y" -f- xy' +. 4y = O.
xSy'" -3x' y" 6xy' -6y = O.
(3x --1- 2) y" 7y' = O.
Y' Y
3074. y"+-+"!=O.
x
x
3075. xy"-4xy' +6y=x.
3076. (1 +X)I y"-3(1 +x)y' +4y=(1 +x).
Sec. lt51
359
of
af
dX 2 =ax+ayf+
af
az g.
(2)
Determining z from the first equation of the system (1) and substituting the
value found,
z=q> ( x, y,
:~)
(3)
into equation (2), we get a second-order equation with one unknown function 1/. Solving it, we find
Y = '" (x, CI' C2 ),
(4)
where C I and C2 are arbitrary constants. Substituting function (4) into formula (3), we determine the function z without new integrations. The set of
fornlulas (3) and (4), where y is replaced by 'i'. yields the general solution
01 the system (1).
Example. Solve the system
3 2
dx+ y - z ="2 X
frOln th esecond we
and
:~
dz 3 2
1
3
1 dy
havedx=2x+x+4-2Y-4dt(.
WIll
and then
.
Putting
dy
dx'
+ dx
dy -6y=- 6x
-4x+3.
DifJerential Equations
360
(Ch.9
Solving it we find:
and then
1 ( 1 +4x---2y
dY
) = -C e2X +-!e
C _ 3X _ _
1 X2
z=1
4
dx
3079.
3080.
~=z.
{
:~ +3y+4z
3085. { dz
:~=Y+5z,
dx-Y-z=x,
dz
{ dx
-J- Y + 3z = o.
~=-3Y-z.
dz
{ dx
=
dl/
3087.
Z,
dt =Y
dy
y2
:=T'
dx=2 Y .
x-y
+z,
c) ~
y-z
dt=x+z,
dz
dx=x+y+z.
~ + 2y + z =
x+y
z'
dy
=.Ex-y'
z-x
isolate the integral curve passing through the point (I, 1, -2).
:~=y+z,
sin x,
{ dx -4y- 2z = cos x.
dz
d~ +2x--y +2e'=O,
b) ~= dy =dz.
t dt=x+y.
3084.
*
dx
dy
dz.
30 88 a) X 1+-3
2z '
xy 2=21y = -y2
dz
3083.
dy
l :;=x.
dx
3086.
y-- z.
( ~7=Y'
3081. t dt =
3082.
=2x,
dz
dx=-Y.
d!J+ = 1
d" Z
,
3089. { dz
2
dx + x2 Y = In x.
d2
3090.
d~ +2y+4z = eX,
2
{ d z
dx 2 -
y - 3z = -x.
Sec. 16]
361
y = ~ Cn (x-xo)n.
(1)
n=o
y(xo)=--=Yo
(2)
y(x) =
L. y(n~~xo) (x-xo)n,
(3)
n=o
where y (x o) = Yo, y' (x o) = f (x o' Yo) and the subsequent dprivatives y(nl (x o)
(n =- 2. 3, ... ) are successively found by difT(r~ntiating e'luation (2) and by
putting Xo in place of x
Example 1. Find the solution of the equation
y"-xy=O,
y" = 2.lc.
Substituting y and y" into the given equation, we arrive at the identity
Collecting together, on the left of this equation, the terms with identical
powers of x and equating to zero ihe coefiiclents of these powers, we Will
362
[Ch.9
have
Co
32c.-co=O, c'=3.2;
cJ=O;
C,
= ;'14
CJ
5 .4c,-c.=O.
Generally,
~
cak
Consequently f
X'
xci
xk
y=co ( 1+ 2.3 + 2.3.5.6 +... + 2.3.56 ..... (3k-l) 3k +...
x7
X4
+C
1 (
x,kq. 1
+
)
(4)
Y;.
where Co = Yo and C1 =
Applying d'Alembert's test, it is readily seen that series (4) converges
for - 00 < x < + 00.
Example 2. Find the solution of the equation
y' = x y; Yo = Y (0) = 1.
Solution. We put
"
",
,
-Yo 2 Yo a
Y=Yo+Y ox+2f x + 31 x + ...
y= 1 +x+2f x
2 a
+31
x + ...
For the examp'le at hand, this solution may be written in final form as
y=1+x+2(eX -l-x) or y=2eX-l-x.
The procedure is sim ilar for differential equations of higher orders. Testing the resulting series for convergence is, generally speaking, COIDplicated
and is not obligatory when solving the problems of this section.
With the help of power series, find the solutions of the equations for the indicated initial conditions.
In Examples 3097, 3098, 3099, 3101, test the solutions
obtained for convergence.
3093. y'==y+x2 ; y=-2 for x=O.
3094. y'=2y+x-l; y=yo for x=l.
3095. y'
=+
yl
I
Xl;
=;
(or
=O.
Sec. 17)
363
3101 *. y"
3102.
The coefficients
condit ions.
en
au
2
att. =a
:2
au
ax
2
(2)
'
where at.
u
O~--_-..._---~--.-
r'--'
Fig. 107
fixed and af the initial instant, t = 0, the string had the form of a parabola
U
= ~: x
364
and the initial conditions
4h
u (x, 0) = j2 x (I-x),
Ut
(Ch.9
(x, 0) =0.
(4)
~n ,
~ (
kant
. kant) . knx
U= ~
Ak cos -1-+Bk s1n -1- Sill -,-
k=J
whose sum obviously satisfies equ3 tion (2) and the boundary conditions (3).
We choose the constants Ali ann Bk so that the sum of the series should
satisfy the initial conditions (4). Since
CJ)
au
~ kart (
at = ~
-/- -
Ak
. kant
Sill - , -
k~nt)
knx
+ Bk cos -1sin -l-
k=J
~
. k:rrx
4h
(x, O) = ~ A k sin -1- == j2 x (I-x)
k=J
and
au (x,
iJt
CJ)
0)
~ kan
. krrx
~ -l- B k sin -lk==J
c:::iO.
Sec. 17]
365
f unc t Ion
au (x,
at
0)
;2'; x
(I-x)
and
the
==.
r4h
knx
32h
, dX=n1k
A~=T J lI x (l-x)sinI
'
SOSin-,-dx=O, B,,=O.
I
kart
2
-L- Bk=T
knx
00
_32h~
u-
n3
-t- I) ant
cos----l
. (2n+ l)nx
(2n -1- 1)1
sin
I
n=o
dt2 =
au
ax
2
DiDerential Equations
366
[Ch. 9
au
at =a
au
2
ax! ,
(x t 0) = 0.01 x (IOO-x).
Chapter X
APPROXIMATE CALCULATIONS
(1)
is called the limIting absolute error. The exact nUlnber A is located within
the litnits a-&~A~a+& or, more briefly, A=a 6.
2. Relative error. By the relative error of an approximate nUlnber a
replacing an exact number A (A > 0) we understand the ratio of the absolute
error of the number a to the exact nurnber A. The number ~, which satisfies
the ineq uality
I A-at ~
(2)
A
1Iilrl::a,
is called the limiting relative error of the approximate number a. Since in
actual practice A =::::a, we often take the number 6=~ for the lilniting
a
relative error.
3. Number of correct decimals. We say that a positive approximate
number a written in the fornl of a decimal expansion has n correct decimal
places in a narrow sense if the absolute error of this number does not exceed
one half unit of the nth decinlal place. In this case, when n > I we can
take, for the limIting relative error, the number
6=2~(I~r-1
where k is the first significant digit of the number a. And conversely, if it
1
( 1 ' n-l
is known that 6E;;; 2 (k + I) 10 )
. then the number a has n correct deci mal
places in the narrow meaning of the word. In particular, the number a
(/0)
368
Approximate Calculations
[Ch. 10
Hencetorth, we shall assume that all digits in the initial data are
correct (if not otherwise stated) in the narrow sense. The results of intermediate calculations may contain one or two reserve digits.
We note that the exanlples of this sectiCJn are, as a rule, the results of
final calculataons, and for this reason the answers to them are given as
approximate numbers with only correct drcimals.
4. Addition and subtraction of approximate numbers. The limiting absolute error ot an algebraic sum of sevE'ral numbers is equal to the sum of
the limiting absolute errors of these numbers. Therefore, in order to have,
in the sum of a ~mal1 number of approximate numbers (all decimal places
of which are correct), only correct digits (at least in the broad sense), all
summands should be put into the form of that summand which has the
smallest number of decimal places, and in each summand a reserve digit
should be retained. Then add the resulting numbers as exact numbers, and
round off the sum by one decimal place
If we have to add approximate numbers that have not been rounded off,
they should be rounrled off and one or two reserve digits ~houl d be retained.
Then be guided by the foregoing rule of addition while retaining the appropriate extra digits in the sunl up to the end of the calculations.
Example 1. 215.21 +14.182+21.4==215.2l1)+14.1(8)+21 4=250.8.
The relative error of a sunl of poc:;itive terms bes between the least and
greatest relative errors of these terms.
The relative error of a d,n'erence is not amenable to simple counting.
Particularly unfavourable in this sense is the ditference of two close nunlbers.
Example 2. In subtracting the a~proximate numbers 6 135 and 6.131 to
four correct decimal places, we get the dIfference 004. The limiting relative
~ 0.00\ ~ 0/'01 I
error is B
0.004
=4=0.25. Hence, not one of the decimals
of the difference is correct. Therefore, it is always advisable to avoid
subtracting close approximate numbers and to trttnsform the given expression,
if need be, so that this undesir~!-Ie operation is omitted.
5. Multiplication and division of approximate numbers. The limiting
relative error of a product and a quotient of approximate numhers is equal
10 the sum of the linliting relative errors of these numbers Proceeding froln
this and applying the rule for the number of correct decilTaals (3), we retain
In the answer only a definite nunlber of decimals
Example 3. The product of the approximate numbers 25.34.12 = 104.236.
Assuming that all dEcimals of the factors are correct, we find that the
limiting relative error of the product is
6=2.20.01
I
01 ~0.003.
+ 4.2.
Whence the number of correct decimals of the product is three and the
result, if it is final, should be written as follows: 25.34 12 = 104, or more
correctly, ~5 34.12= 104 2 (J.3.
6. Powers and roots of approximate numbers. The limitIng relative error
of the mth power of an approxi mate number a is equal to the m-fold linliting
relative error of this number
The limiting relative error of the mth root of an approximate number a
is the
..!.th
m
mate numbers. If lill., ... flail are the limiting absolute errors of the appro-
Sec. I)
xirnate numbers
all _
369
6S =
= dln'l
da
L\a l
l
+ . + Idln'l
dan tian
~S= a+ ~
We
have
b(~a +~ ;bb)'
~ 2 8~) = ~;
~} ~= ;0;
1
( 1
1
1)
1
(
I)
13
L\S=IO.3+2.1 20+2--20.2.1 =12.4.20 l+U =2604=::::0.005.
Thus, hvo decimal places will be correct.
Now let liS do the calculations with one reserve decinlal:
log (10.3 + y44) ~ log 12 4 -== 1.093, In (10 3+ yU)~ 1.0932.303 = 2.517.
And we ~('t the answer: 2 52
8. Establishing admissible errors of approximate numbers for a given
error in the result of operations on them. Arplying the formulas of 7 for
the quantities L\S or f,S given us and conSIdering all particular differentials
Ia~ I~ak
I I
V=
; R'
Approximate Calculations
370
[Ch. 10
R:::::: 60 cm and the angle of inclination a so that the volume of the cylindrical
segment is found to an accuracy up to 1%?
Solution. If l\V, l\R and L\a are the limiting absol ute errors of the
quantities V, R and a, then the limiting relative error of the volume V that
we are calculating is
3L\R
2L\a
1
6=R+sin2a~100
We assume
3L\R
1
2L\a
1
~ 200 and sin 2a. ~ 200 Whence
R
60 cm
l\R E;;; 600 ~ 600 = 1 mIn;
A
sin 2a
1
d
9'
ua ~ 400 <400 ra lan~
Sec. 1]
371
T=21t
V-
[Ch, 10
Approximate Calculations
872
liP
=4 d3bs'
where I is the rod length, band d are the basis and altitude of
the cross-section of the rod, s is the sag, and P the load. To
wha t degree of accuracy do we have to measure the length land
the sag s so that the error E should not exceed 5.50A) , provided
that the load P is known to 0.1 ~u, and the quantities d and b
are known to an accuracy of 1%, I ~ 50 em, S ~ 2.5 cm?
x-X
where q = -h-o and ~Yo = YI- Yo, L\2yo = L\y.- !lyo,
(1)
~n+IYi=-O
R ()n
X -
"n....
Y- k..
~'Yo_
;=0
(2)
whE're ~ is some intermediate value between xi (I =0, 1, ... , n) and x. For
practlcal use, the {ollowing approximate formula is more convenient:
Interpolation 0/ Functions
Sec. 2)
373
o1
26
261fi'-26
AI/,
0 42837
0 45399
0 46947
27(1
28
I I
Y,
A'II.
I 1562
I --14
1548
Here, 11=60', q=
60'
4 .
Appl ying formula (1) and uSing the first horizontal line of the table, we
have
sin 2615' =0.43837+
.!- ('!--l
~,
0.01562+ 4
' . (-0.00014)=0.44229.
Let us evaluate the error R2 USing formula (2) and taking into account
that if y = Sill x, then I y,nl I ~ 1, we will have:
IR21~
_I
180
31
and
(I) ( ( I )
1) A2
q(l+l)==q(O)_L:L-=-. -lh._
21
I!J.Yo
(I
= 0, 1. 2. . .. ).
Here, for q we take the common value (to the given accuracyl) of two successive approximations qC1n) '='lcm+l). Whence x=xo+q.h.
Exanlple 2. USln!! the table
I
2 2
2 4
2 6
II=-
,lnl1
4.457
5.466
1.009
1 229
6.695
0.220
'874
Approximate Calculations
(Ch 10
(I) _
q -q
~Yo'
qIZ)=0.538+ 0.565;0.435.
1.009
~:~:=0.538+0.027=0.565.
degree n, which for x=xi takes on given values Yi (i =0, I, ... , n), is given
by the Lagrange interpolation formula
JJ
+ ...
Yn
I
I
2
3
10
15
12
Set up a
log 1 = 0.000,
log 2 = 0.301,
log 3 = 0.477,
log 4 = 0.602,
log 5 = 0.699.
Use 1inear interpolation to compute the numbers: log 1.7, log 2.5,
Sec. 2]
375
Interpolation of Functions
sin 10=0.1736,
sin 11=0.1908,
sin 12 = 0.2079,
sin 15 = 0.2588.
40
85
2
3
I I
10
I 11 I 27
50
83
-2
25
-8
I I
2
1-151 -23
I I 10
P I 49 I 105
x
15
20
25
30
35
40
172
253
352
473
619
793
Approximate Calculations
376
[Ch. 10
131415
-3 I 25 1 129
381
f (a)
C1 = Q -
(2)
c2 ,
Sec. 3]
377
min
a~.t<.b
f I' (x)
J..t'
3. Newton's method (method of tangents). If f' (x) :1= 0 and f" (x) :A 0 for
a ~x ~ b, where I (a) f (b) < 0, f (a) (a) > 0, then the successive approximations X n (n = 0, 1, 2, ... ) to the root ~ of an equation f (x) =0 are computed
froln the formulas
f (x( n - t) ) ( rz.=,
1 2, ....
)
(3)
xo=a, xn=x - -!'
r'
Xn -
X n (n
= 1,
2, ... ) is nl0no-
n-+e:tJ
I f'
a~x~b
(x)
I.
t ~a)'
If f (b) /" (b) > 0, then in fornlula'; (3) and (3') we should put xo=b.
4. Iterative Inethod. Let the given equation be reduced to the form
x==q>(x),
(4)
where' <P' (x) I ~ , < 1 (r is constant) for a ~ x ~ b. Proceeding from the initial value xo' which belongs .to the interval [a, bJ, we butld a sequence of
numbers Xl' X 2 , according to the following law:
X1=q> (x o)' x 2 =q> (Xl)' . , xu=q> (X"_l)'
(5)
IX)
is the only root of equation (4) on the interval [a, b); that is, xn are succes-
Approximate Calculations
.378
[Ch. 10
,II-A ( 2
_..!-) I _
or
I
x=2+2"lnx.
Example 2. Compute, to two decimal places, the roof; of the preceeding
equation that lies bet\veen 2 and 3.
Computing the root by thJ; iterative method. We make use of the result
of Example 1, putting Xo = 2.5. We carry out the calculations using formulas
(5) with one reserve decimal.
xt
=2+2" In 2.5::::::2.458,
I
x2 =2 +"2 In 2.458:::::: 2.450,
I
x4 =2 +2 In 2.448 ~ 2.448.
And so ~ ~ 2 45 (we can stop here since the third decimal place has
'become fixed)
Let us nQw \evaluate the error. Here,
1
lp(X)=2+{lnx and lp'(X)=2 x.
Considering that all approximations to xn lie in the interval [2.4, 2.5], we
get
f=max I lp' (x)
'=2.~.4=0.21.
~= 1~~~1
Thus, the exact root
0.0012::::: 0.001.
we can take '~2.45, and all the decimals of this apprOXimate number will
be correct in the narrow sense.
Sec. 8)
379'
f' (X)=2-~,
f(x)=2x-lnx-4,
We take
Q=
1
( 2- 3
3 for
Xo =3
r (xl> 0;
are fulfilled.
)-1 =0.6.
We carry out the calculations using formulas (3') with two reserve decimals:
x 1 =3-0.6(2.3-ln3-4)=24592;
XI =2.4592-0.6 (22 4592-ln 2 4592 -4) = 2 4481;
x, = 2. 4481-0.6 (2 2. 4481-ln 2.4481-4) = 2. 4477;
x 4 =2.4477 -0.6 (2 2 4477 - In 2.4477 -4) =2 4475.
At this stage we stop the calculations, since _the third decimal place
does not chan~e any more. The answer is: the root. ;=2.45. We olnit the
evaluation of the error.
5. The case of a system of two equations. Let it be required to calculate the real roots of a system of two equations in two unknowns (to a glven
degree of accuracy):
f (x, y) =0,
(6)
{ q> (x, y) =0,
and let there be an initial approxinlation to one of the solutions (~, l)) of
this system x = X o' Y = Yo'
This initial approximation may be obtained, for example, graphically.
by plotting (in the sallle Cartesian Loordinate systenl) the curves f (x, y) =0
and q> (XI Y) ::::::0 and by determining the coordinates of the points of intersection of these curves.
a) Newton's method. Let us suppose that the functional determinant
1= a(I, q
a (x, y)
does not vanish near the initial approximation x=xo' y=Yo' Then by Newton's method the first approxitnate solution to the system (6) has the form
XI = X o + uo' Yl = Yo
~o' where ao' ~o are the solu tion of the syst~ln of two.
linear equa lions
I (x o' Yo)
aof~ (xo Yo) ~of~ (x o, Yo) = O.
+
+
q> (x o, Yo) +o.oq>: (x o, Yo) + ~oq>~ (x o, Yo) = O.
where a p
~I
+U
l ,
Y2=Yl
+ Pl'
f (Xl'
{
UI
cp~
(x I' Y I)
+ P.f~ (Xl'
+ ~ Icp;, (Xl'
YI) =0,
YI) = O.
380
(Ch
10
(7)
Y)f+I<D:J(x.
y)l~r< 1
(8)
-+
o7J
\XJ
vt (x,
y)
+ 6q> (x,
y)
= 0,
I~: ~
:;l:
o.
x= X
+ at: (xo'
at~
(x o'
vf~
(x o'
+- ~cp~ (xo,
Yo) + ~q>~1 (x o,
Yo) + ~q>~ (.to'
Yo)
Yo)
= 0,
Yo) = 0,
= 0,
110) = O.
lJo)
Sec. 3]
I (x, y) = X2 + y!-l, q> (x, y) =xl q>~ (xo' Yo) = 1.92, q>~ (x o' Yo) = - 1.
Solution. Here,
"" (x o, Yo) = 1.1;
381
y;
I~ (x o, Yo) = 1.6,
.
Write down the system (that is equivalent to the initial one)
{
a (x
+ y2_1) -t- ~ (x
_y)
=0,
(I a, ~ 1#= 0)
y, l>
V(x2+y2-1)+~(xl_y)=O
in the form
x=x+a(xl+yl-l)+~
y = y +V (x 2 + y2_1)
~,
(xl_y),
+ ~ (x
y).
1+1.6a+l.92~=0,
1.1a-~=0,
1.6y -t- 1. 92~ = 0,
l+l.ly-~==O;
l. e., we put a
which is equivalent to the initial system, has the fornl (7); and in a sufficiently sInall neIghbourhood of the pOInt (x o, Yo) condition (8) will be fulfilled.
Isolate the real roots of the equations by trial and error, and
by means of the rule of proportional parts compute thenl to two
decinlal places.
3138. x 3 - x -I 1===0.
3139. x4-~-05x-I.55=0.
3140. x l -4x --I == O.
3144.logx=-.
x
382
[Ch. 10
Approximate Calculations
3154. XX +2x-6 = O.
3155. eX + e- 1x -4 = O.
3156.
3157. { x +y-4=O,
y-Iogx-l =0.
{xxl_y=O.
+ -1=O,
l
y2
) f (x) dx
a
[a, b] into n equal parts and choose the interval of calculations h = b-a .
11
Let xi=xo+ih (xo=a, xn=b, i=O, 1, 2, ... , n) be the abscissas of the parti tion points, and let Yi = f (xi) be the corresponding values of the integrand
Y = f (x). Then the trapezoidal formula yields
b
Sf(x)dx=::h (Yo~Yn+YI+Y.+"'+Yn_l)
(1)
h2
Rn ~ 12 (b-a).M 1 ,
2
2
t )
That is, h must be of the order of Ye. The value of h obtained is rounded
off to the smaller value so that
b-a
-h-=n
+2(Y2+Y,+ . +Yn_2)
(3)
Sec. 4)
Numerical Integration
01
Functions
383
h4
Rn ~ 180 (b-a) M"
(4)
hC
(5)
h is rounded off
where 11 and ~ are the result~ of calculations from formula (3) with interval
h and II = 2h, respectivel y.
0.0
1 2 .0
1 2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
6.75
10.00
3161. Approximate
putting n = 10. Evaluate this integral exactly and find the absolute and relative errors of the result. Establish the upper limit L\
of absolute error in calculating [or n = 10, utilizing the error
formula given in the text.
384
Approximate Calculations
[Ch. 10
1
5:~Xl
to fOUf
decimal places, taking n = 10. Establish the upper limit d of absolute error, using the error formula given in the text.
Calculate the following definite integrals to two decimals:
1
3163.
5l+x
dx
3168.
3164.
51+x
dx
3169.
5co;x dx.
2
51+x,
dx
3170.
3166. ~ xlogxdx.
1
5l+xx dx.
2
3171.
cos
3167.
5SI: x dx.
0
3165.
5SI~X dx.
5IO~x dy.
3172. ~ e- X2 dx.
by applying
Simps~~'s
5 l~XI<{. 10-
51 ~\2'
where b
(})
Sec. 5]
385
The solution y (x) of (1), which satisfies the given initial condition, can,
generally speaking, be represented in the form
y (x) = lim Yi (x)
1-+
(2)
r:D
where the suCCeStHVe approximations Yi (x) are determined from the fonn ulas
Yo (x) = Yo,
x
YI (x)
=Yo+
~f
Xo
(i =
f (x,
0, 1, 2, ... ).
R{lx-xoJ~a, IY-Yo'~b}
and sa t isfies, in this neighbourhood, the Lipschitz cond itlon
where h =
m~n ( a, ~)
Rn-,y(x)-Yn(x)I~/v'L
I X-X o In+l
(n+I)1
'
If
I x-xo ' ~ h.
The method of successive approximation (Picard's method) is also applicable, with slight nl0difications, to normal systems of differential equations.
Differential equations of higher orders rnay be written in the fonn of systems
of differential equations.
2. The Runge-Kutta method. Let it be required, on a given Interval
X o ~ x ~ X, to find the solution Y (x) of (1) to a specified degree of accuracy 8.
To do this, we choose the interval of calculations h=X-xo by dividing
the interval [x o, Xl into n equal parts so that h4
xi are determined from the formula
xl=Xo+ih
(t
< 8.
By the Runge-Kutta method, the corresponding values Yi=Y (x;) of the desired
function are successively computed fron] the formulas
Yi+1 =Yi+ ~Yi.
~Y'-.!.
+2k(i)+2k(t)+k(i
'-6 (k(i)
1
I
..,
13-1900
38.::.6
.-,.;A:..:.!:..p!:....pr:....:o:.....x--.im_at_e_C_a_lc_u_la_t_io_n_s
[ C_"'h_._10
where
(3)
e_
-
k(i)-k(t)
2
a
k~t)-k~t)
The fracti'Jn
should amount to a few hundredths, otherwise h has to be
reduced.
The Runge-Kutta method is accurate to the order of hI. A rough estiIn ate
of the error of the Runge-Kutta method on the given interval [x o, Xl Illay
be obtained by proceeding from the Runge principle:
R = I Y2rn--Ym
15
'
Ym
Yi
Yi
&::
Yi=Yi-2+
(5)
1-
=:7
ei=29 YI-Yi
(6)
Sec ..5]
387
If 8i does not exceed the unit of the last decimal 10- m retained in the
answer for Y (x). then for Yi we take
and calculate the next value Yi+t,
repeating the pr8cess. But If 8i > 10-tn, then one has to start from the beg1nning and reduce the interval of calculations. The Illagnitude of the initial
interval is detennined approXinlately fronl the inequality hoi < lo-m.
For the case of a solution of the system (4), the Milne formulas are
written separately for the functions y (x) and z (x). The order of calculations
remains the same.
Example 1. Given a differential equation y' =y-x \vith the initial condition y (0)= 1.5. Calculate to two decinlal places the value of the solution
of this equation when the ar~ument is x -= 1.5. Carry out the calculations
by a combined Runge-Klltta and Milne method.
Solution. We choose the initial Interval It frOll) the condl tion hoi < 0.01.
To avoid involved writing, let us take h-=0.25. Then the entire interval of
integration frool x=O to x= 1.5 is divided into six equal parts of length
0.25 by means of points xi (i == 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6); we denote by Yi and
the corresponding values of the solution y and the derivative y'.
We calculate the first three values of y (not counting the initial one) by
the Runge-Kutta ruethod [frotH fonnulas (3)]; the remaining three values
- Y4' Ys, Y6 - we calculate by the Milne I11ethod [from formulas (5)]
The value of Ye will obviously be the answer to the problem.
We carry out the calculations with two reserve decilnals according to a
definite schenle consisting of h\'o sequential Tables I and 2. At the end of
Table 2 we obtain the answer.
Calculating the valueYl' Here, f(x, y)=-X+IJ, xo==-O, Uo=1.5
!Ii
y;
h = 0.25. !J.Yo =
k~O)
== f (x o,
Yo) h ==
k~O)=f ( xo+~.
h
+2 '
k~O)=f ( x o
k~O) == f (xo-t-/z,
(0.3750+20.3906+20.3926+0.4106) =0.3920;
Yo++
h=(-O 125+1.5000+0.1953)0.25=0.3926;
0.4106;
8=
k~O) _k~O)
10.3906-0.3926 1
20
388
[Ch. 10
ApproxImate Calculations
Table 1. Calculating
f(x, y)=-x+y;
I
t (Xi+: '
Value of i
1
2
Value of i
== f (xi,
1.5000
1.8920
2.3243
2.8084
0
0.25
0.50
o 75
Yi~
YI
xl
t( Xi+i '
k(i)
k~i) )
k(i)
kIll)
Yi)
1.5000
1 .6420
1 .8243
2.0584
f (xi h,
Yt-j- k~i
k(i)
Y'+T
0.3750
0.4105
0.4561
0.5146
1.5625
1.7223
1.9273
2.1907
0.3906
0.4306
0.4818
0.5477
k(i)
4
~Yi
Yl+1
0.4106
0.4562
0.5148
0.5900
0.3920
0.4323
0.4841
0.5506
Yi+T
0
1 .5703
1.7323
1 .9402
2.2073
2
3
1.6426
1.8251
2.0593
2.3602
0.3926
0.4331
0.4850
0.5518
1 .89-20
2.3243
2.8084
3.3590
y~ = 1.5000,
Y; = 1.6420,
y~ = 1.8243,
y; = 2.0584.
"
+ 4h
3 (2Y -Ya + 2y.) =
1
if, = f (x it) = 4,
==
h -/
"
Y'=Y2 +"3 (Y4 +4y.
s,
+2.2.0584) = 3.3588;
+ 3.3588 = 2.3588;
+ Y = 2.3243+ 0.25
3 (2.3588+4.2.0584 + 1.8243)=3.3590;
I )
I~Y: 1_,3.3588-3.3590
, _ 0.0002
7 10-' < 1 0 001.
29
29
- 29:::::'
1"'.'
Sec. 5]
389
y (1.5) = 4.74.
4. Adams' method. To solve (1) by the Adams method on the basis of
the initial data y (x o) = Yo we in some way find the following three values
of the desired function y (x):
qt
= hy; = hf (XI'
YI)'
qa = hy::= hI (x a Yale
li.y=
x
Xo
XI
~!lo
IY\ I
~YI
x2 1 Y2!
XI
x4
~Y2
II/I I
~Ya
Y41
~Y4
XII Y.
y)
q=y'h
aq=Qn+l-q",
li. 2 q=
=li.qU+I-li.q,l
li.1q=-
110
1/ =f (x,
;; l/n+ I -lIn
"
XII Y.I
~y,
I qo
f (XI'
I q,
f
I q"
f a,
I qa
t (X Y4) I q4
f (XI' UI) I q.
f (X Ot Yo)
~qo
t:tlqo
~3ql)
YI)
~ql
/).2
QI
,\'q.
(x 2 Y2)
~q2
~2q2
~3q2
Ya)
~qa
&2qa
(X
4t
tiq4
[Ch. 10)
390
The Adam5 method consists in continuing the diagonal table of differences with the aid of the Adanzs formula
A_I
u y ,,--qn+2 uqn_l
+ 125
A2
3
qn-2+"8
AI
qn-I'
(7)
Thus, utilizing the numbers qa, 6,q2' t1 2qh &a qo situated diagonally in
Ihe difference table, we calculate, by means of formula (7) and putting n::.:.- 3
in It, L\YI=ql+-}
L\ql+~ L\lql + ~
Y4= Ya + t1Ya And when we know X4 and U,a, we calculate q4= hf (x 4 , Y4)'
introduce Y4' &Ya and q4 into the difference table and then fill into it the
finite differences 6,qa' 6,"q2' !J.3 q1J which are situated (together with q4) along
a new diagonal parallel to the fIrst one.
Then, utilizing the nunlbers of the new diagonal, we use formula (8)
(putting n=4 in it) to calculate ~Y4' Y5 and q, and obtain the next diagonal:
qa, t1q., ~Iqa, 6,aq2' Using this diagonal we calculate the value of y, of the
desired solution y (x), and so forth.
The Adams formula (7) for calculating fiy proceeds from the assumption
that the third finite differences 6,3 q are constant. Accordingly, the quanti tv h
of the initial interval of calculations is determined frol11 the inequality
h 4 < lo-m [if we wish to obtain the value of y (x) to an accuracy of
lO-m].
f (x,
:
Value
ot I
X,
IJI.
U: =/
(Xi'
Y.>
500
/1. 1 1.5000
Y,
I,--
U.=!
(x,.
y,)
=y,
Yi
1.
Y: =/
(X,.
Reconsider interval
of calcula t 10 ns,
following Indications
of formula (6).
Y,)
1111111111l1li1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111/11111111111111//111111111111 I/JIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
/.512.32431
/111111111111111111111111/111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 11/11111111111111/11111111111111111
25
1.8243
111/11111111111[1111111111/11111111
~ 10- 5
13.9950 I 2. 7450
I Do not reconsi,der
j~ll
I Do not reconsider
y (1.5) =4.74
f (x,
=-
y)
....
+ y;
0
Q.I
6.Yl
Yi
t,
=f
Yi=
(xl,
qi=
Y;h
/i:lq,
li,2q,
6.q,
gil
>-
01
"Il
I t .5000
I
I
I
I
I 0.0101 I 0 0028
I 0.0129 I 0 0037
I 0.0166 10.0047
I 0.0213
Value of
q,
!.2
6.q t-1
.!.
6. 3q.&- 9
S
12
dY,
0.5146
0.0293
0.0054
0.0011
0.5504
o 5897
0.0376
0.0069
0.0014
0.6356
0.6861
0.0482
0.0089
0.0018
0.7450
ISec. 6]
393
{y'
{y'
3189.
:It;
YO Yl Y2 Ya Y4 Ys Y,
Yn YIO Y, Ya Y7
Sums (~)
Uo Us U 2
Uo U1
Differences (l\)
u2
Ua U. Us U,
VI V 2 Va V. Us
ua
Us Us U.
Sums
Dillerences
Sums
Differences
Approximate Calculations
394
[Ch
10
6b l = 0.50'1 + 0.8660 2
6b 2 = 0.866 ('t
't
6b a =0'1- 0 a.
1+ 2).
+ Ga.
(1)
ya
1
1
where 0.866 = -2- =:::: 1- 10 - 30
We have
a
/(x)
~ a;
+L
n=J
Other schemes are also used. Calculations are simplified by the use of
patterns.
Example. Find the Fourier polynomial for the function y= f (x) (0~x~2n)
represented by the table
Yo
UI
38
38
Y.
12
14
y 138 38 12
32
4
14
48 - 24 - 27 - 23
u 138 70 20 -
20 - 13 - 19 28
41
27
38
70
20 - 20
20
56
51
89
7 - 20
33
u _ 18 _ 19 _ 13
I
b
v
0
't
18
18
I 276 414 28
I-21-37
33 45 28
= 3.8;
Co n sequen t I y
f (x) ~ 4.8+ (24.9 cos x + 13.9 sin x) + (10.3 cos2x-8.4 sin 2x) +
+ (3.8 cos 3x
Sec. 6]
395
tables of their values that correspond to the equid istant val ues
of the argument.
, 3190. Yo =-7200 Ya==4300
Y6=7400 yg=7600
y, = 300
Yol == 0
Y" = - 2250 Y10 = 4500
Y2 = 700
Ys = - 5200 Ys = 3850
Yl l = 250
3191. Yo=O
Ya=9.72
Ys=7.42
Ye =5.60
YI -== 6.68
Yti = 8.97
Y7 == 6.81
y,o = 4.88
Y2 == 9.68
Ys == 8.18
Ya= 6.22
YII = 3.67
3192. Yo-=::2.714
Ya=I.273
Ys=O.370
Ye =-0.357
YI = 3.042
Y4 = 0.788 Y7 = 0.540
YIO = - 0.437
Y2=2.134
Ys =0.495
Y8=O.191
YII-==0.767
3193. Using the 12-ordinate scheme, evaluate the first several
f (x) = 2n1
b)
f (x) =
n 2 (x-n)2
(0 ~ x ~ 2n),
(0 ~ x ~ 2n).
ANSWERS
Chapter I
1. Solution. Since a=(a-b)+b, then lal<;la-bl+lbl. Whence ,a-bl~
la I-I bl and I a-b 1=1 b-a I~ I b I-I a I. Hence, I a-b I ~ I a I-I b I
Besides, la-bl=la+(-b)I<;lal+l-bl=lal+lbl. 3. a) -2<x<4;
b) x < - 3, x > 1; c) -1 < x < 0; d) x > O. 4. -24; -6; 0; 0; 0; 6. 5. I;
I .. r - 4 ; , I+x!;
7
..r - -
.. ~
11
"2;
5
I
0.7. f(x)=-3"x+"3.
2(x+fxl). 11. a)
-I<:x<+oo;
b)-oo <x<+oo. 12. (-00,-2), (-2, 2), (2, +00).13. a) -00 <x~- 2 ,
V2~x<+00; b) x=O, Ixl~ V2. 14. -1<:x~2. Solution. It should
be 2+X-X2~0, or x 2-x-2<;0; that is, (x+l)(x-2)~0. Whence either
x+l~O, x-2~0, i. e., -1~x~2 or x+l~O, x-2~0,i.e.,x~-1,
x~2,
but this is impossible. Thus, -1~x~2. 15. -2<x~0.
16.-oo<x~-I, O~x~l. 17. -2<x<2. 18. -1<x<l, 2<x<+oo.
1
n
19. -3~x~1. 20. l<;x~IOO. 21. k11~x~krc+2(k=0, I, 2, ... ).
22. <p (x) = 2x4-5x 2 -10,
'1' (x) =
- 3x'
c) even, d) odd,
y=~x,
c
if O<;x<:c; y=b if
periodic
c<x~a; S=2~X2
C
11
-2";
0;
11
(-co<y<+oo);
b)
x=l"Y+l
and
Answers
e)
x=
=i
V -I-ys
tan y (
(-oo<y<+oo);
-~ <y<~).
O<y<+oo.
41. a)
y=u
10
40.
,
d)
397
x=2IOY (-oo<y<+oo); e) x=
if
Ixl> I.
<x<
1;
c) y=-i-when -co<x<O and y=x when OQ<+co. 46. Hint. See Appen
dix VI, Fig. 1. 51. Hint. Completing the square in the quadratic trinomial
we will have y=yo+a(x-x o)2 where xo=-b,'2a and Yo={4ac-b 2)/4a.
Whence the desired graph is a parabola y=ax' displaced along the x-axis by
Xo
and
along
the
y-axis
by
yo.
53. Hint. See . Appendix VI,
Fig.
2. 58.
Hint.
See
Appendix
VI,
Fig.
3. 61.
Hint.
-00
the y-axis by
(x+ ;) (Cf. 61).65. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 4. 67.Hlnt. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 5. 71. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 6. 72. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 7. 73. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 8. 75. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 19 78. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 23. 80. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 9. 81. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 9. 82. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 10 83. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 10. 84. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig 11. 85. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 11. 87. Hint. The period of the function
is T = 2njn. 89. Hint. The desired graph is the sine curve Y = 5 sin 2x with amplitude 5 and period n displaced rightwards along the x-axis by the quantity
1 { .90. Hint. Putting a=A cos q> and b=-A sin q>, we will have y=A sin (x-q
where A= al+b l and q>=aretan( - : ) - In our case, A=lO, q>=O.927. 92.
Hint. cos l x =} (l +cos 2x). 93. Hint. The desired graph is the sum of the graphs
Yl = x and Y2 = sin x. 94. Hint. The desired graph is the product of the graphs
Yl = x and y" = sin x. 99. Hint. The function is even For x>O we determine
the points at which 1) y=O; 2) y=l; and 3) y=-1. When x~ -1-00,
y --+ 1. 101. Hi n t. See Appendix VI, Fig. 14. 102. Hi nt. See Append 1X VI,
Fig. 15. 103. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 17. 104. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 17. 105. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 18. 107. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 18. 118. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 12. 119. Hint. See Appendix VI,
Fig. 12. 120. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 13. 121. Hint. See Appendix
VI, Fig. 13. 132. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 30. 133.Hint. See Appendix VI.
Fig. 32. 134. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 31. 138. Hint. See Appendix VI.
Fig. 33. 139. Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 28. 140. Hint. See Appendix VI.
Fig. 25. 141. Hint.
398
Answers
27
.. I
.. I
I -1
-2
-8
-1
-3
1I
27
Constructing the points (x, y) obtained, we get the desired curve (see Appendix VI, Fig. 7). (Here, the parameter t cannot be laid off geometrically!)
142. See Appendix VI, Fig. 19. 143. See Appendix VI, Fig. 27. 144. See
Appendix VI, Fig. 29. 145. See Appendix VI, Fig. 22 150. See AppendIx VI,
Fig. 28. 151. Hint. Solving the equation for y, we get y= Y25 - x!. It is
now easy to construct the desired curve froln the points. 153. See Appendix VI, Fig. 21. 156. See Appendix VI, Fig. 27. I t is sufficient to construct
i, a. 157.
Hint.
Solving the equation for x, we have x=..:. 10 log y-y <*). Whence we get the
points (x, y) of the sought-for curve, assigning to the ordinate!, arbl trary
values (y> 0) and calculating the abscissa x froln the formula <*) Bear in
nlind that log y ~ - 00 as y ~ O. 159. Hint. Passing to polar coordinates
r=Vx 2+y2 and tan rp=1!. , we will have r=e'~ (see Appendix VI, Fig 32)
x
160. Hint. Passing to polar coordinates x=r cos <p, and y=r sin cp, we wIll
have r =
3~in ~c~s
all'
SlIl <p
cos q>
F = 32
161.
+ I,
Be
ab .
ab
slnx ; Ymax=2
Y=2
y=O.6x(10-x);
x,:::::2.9,
Y2=-
~2.
-1 =N.
a)
:8'
166. n>
a)
171.
2".
:rt
e) x'=T'
b) n> 10; c)
N= 9; b) N=99; c) N=999.
x> X (N);
n~4;
YI~-3.1;
c) \ f (x) ,
>
172. 1. 173.
when
-2'
< -N when
I x \ > X (N).
168.
0
x2~-2.7,
Y-2
Y'=T;
n~32.
e
~=5
<x<
(8
Y2:::=29;
5rc
x2
= 4"'
167. n
>~
<
a) 0 02;
1).
(N); b) 2x
>
N when
7
170. a) 0; b) 1; c) 2; d)
3
4".
178.
3.
30 .
Hint.
+...
00.
00.
195.
2"1
196.
a-I
3a l
Answers
200. 3. 201.
208. 2
1
3
203. - 56' 204. 12. 205. 2'
"9'
202.
399
t I l
Vx 209. 3 V x
~
215. O. 216. a)
;2'
2
n'
235.
243.
229.
2'
236.
2
n'
1
Y3'
230. O. 231. -
n'
244.
-"4'
237.
238.
O.
245.
232.
1t.
e- 1
246.
e2
::=
x-+o
~i:
. 220. n. 221.
~.
=-2lim
x--+o
1 ]_2~in2f
.\
---x2sin2 _
2
2"
.!(see
a ),
X-.O
= _ 2 lim
x->o
';'e'
4x
4x
Solution.
11m ( - 251:'
= ex-+o
2~fn:!.!..)
I
It
f)
As
x
Iitn-=O, it follows
x -+0
in
the
preceding
(_ 2 2i)
Si11
. S'Ince l'1m
x~o
2
253. In 2. 254. 10 log e. 255. 1. 256. 1. 257.
x-+o
-~.
2.')8.
Hint. Put
262. I. 263. a) 1; b)
l..n =
1
"2 .
Hint.
I.
261.
]
1
that lim (cos x) x = eO == 1. b) .. r- '
x~o
r e
case
e-&.
249.
=e
2
4'.
lim
2sin
l.
234.
e- 1
248.
x-+o
b) I.
a) 0;
227.
x-.o
0(
"2'
247.
250. eX.
214.
2
1
(n _m 2 ). 233.2"
4"'
239.
-2'
213.
1.
207.
2"'
211. O. 212.
222. cos a. 223. - sin a. 224. 11. 225. cos x. 226. 228.
-3.
206.
-"3'
210.
1n
a-b.
Answer~
400
271. Solution. If x kn (k =0.
1, 2... ).
then cos! x
<1
and Y =0;
1
but if x=kn, then cos1x=1 and y=1. 272. y=x when O-c;x< I;
Y=2
when x==l; y=O when x> I 273. Y=lxl 274. Y=-T when x<O; y=O
when x=O;
1< x <
n;
Y=T
+ 00.
when
x> O.
61
276. 450' 277.
275.
XI
O<;x~
y= 1 when
-'-1i;
n.
278.
X.-+ 00.
1; y=x when
279.
2n;R.
e
1
Yen + 1 2 4 l' AC
l
ab
280 e-l' 281. 13".282. n
. 8. n~
n=3'
285. 2 286 . k =1.
e 2 -1
I
x'+ 1
b=O; the straight line y = x is the asyrnptote of the curve y = x2 + 1 .
Q\nl = Qo ( 1
287.
+~
r.
'x-
1\<
\vhen
..!..,
e
0
<e<
~93
N=~;
29S..
3.
a) 1; b) { ; c)
300.
a)
i;
d) 2; e) 3. 295. No
1.03 (I 0296);
yfO=Y9+1=3
VI +{;
2)
3)
1.03 (1.0309);
b)
d)
I x- 1 I < 0.05;
a)
1;
i.
\ x I> 100;
a) \ x \ > 10; b)
a)
292. a) 1; b) 2;
0.0095 (0.00952);
4)
~=0.1;
301.
1) 0.98(09804);
3.875 (3.8730);
~;
Hint.
5)
1.12 (1.125);
d) -}. 307.
Hint.
x>O,
then
when
lL\xl<x we have \Yx+L\x-Yxl=
=1L\XI/(Yx+L\x+yx)~IL\xI/Yx.309. Hint. Take advantage of the
If
inrquality
+ kn.
where Ii is an
317. X= 2 is a discontinuity of the second kind. 318. x=-1 is a removable discontinuity. 319. x=-2 is a discontinuity of the second kind; x=2 is a removable
discontinuity 320. x=o is a discontinuity of the first kind. 321. a) x==O is
a discontinuity of the second kind; b) x=O is a removable discontinuity. 322. x=O
i~ a relnovable discontinuity, x= kn; (k= 1, 2, ... ) are infinite discontinuities
323.
x= 2n;k ~
(k = 0,
1, 2, ... )
are
infinite
discontinuities.
Answers
401
Chapter II
Va+h-Va.
+ (L\x)
x ox)
x+L\xd)
f) In
348.
X~i\X;
Yx;
x L\x+ L\x),
1
_ ;
Yx+L\x+Yx
c)
Xl
(x+ L\X)2'
2x(2~~
2x(2\x_ 1);
-1);
L\x
e)
\x~o
L\x
L\x
352. a) L\q>; b) dq> = lim L\q>, where q> Is the angle of turn at time t.
l\t
dt
\t-+o L\t
~ T, where T is the
~t
temperature
at
time
355.
a)
c)
\t -'0 L\t
~m;
b) litn L\m
L\x
6x-+oL\x
~l =:::: -0.249;
356.
a)
_.-!.-::::::: -
y~=! = - 0.25.
L\x
X Urn
1
~x ....o cos x cos (x
d)
--=..!- .
sin 2 x
= lin1
AX~o
+ ~x)
359.
Solution.
sin ~
= lim sin L\x X
\x -+0 L\x cos x cos (x ~x) \x-+o L\x
_1_ = sec 2 x. 358. a) 3x!; b) _
c) _1_;
cos 2 X
x'
2 t"
Solution.
.!.;
I1x-.o
12
.
V 8-l-~x-V8 == 11m
L\x
time t.
sec' x.
357.
0.16; b)
t.
Ax-+o ~x
8+~x-8
lV (8 + ~X)2+ V
_
(8 + L\x) 8+ VB!]
= lim
1
= .!.. . 360.
f' (0) = - 8, f' (1) ==: 0,
~x-+o V(8+ L\x)I+2 V8+L\x +4 12
I' (2)=0. 361. x,=O, x2 =3. 2Hint. For the given function the equation
I' (x) = f (x) has the form 3x = Xl. 362. 30m/sec. 363. 1, 2. 364. - 1.
-1
365. f' (xo) = - ! . 366. -1, 2, tan q> .= 3. Hint. Use the results of Exa Inp Ie 3
Xo
and Problem 365. 367. Solution. a)
I' (O) ==
linl
~x-+o
V (L\X)2
Ax
1
11111 J
_.:::
~x.-+0V Ax
OO~
402
Answers
b)
V-1+&x-l= lim
/,(1):: 11m
&x
Ax-+o
V (Ax)e
cos(2k+ 1 n+~x)l
.
2
= lim I sin &x
lim
Ax-+-o
Ax-.+-o
Ax~-o
&x
&x
=00;
371 -15x!
- . 372 rna t m -
a
1
375. 2x
385.
389
+ 1 n) =
2
370. 2ax+b.
373 .. 6ax
n
.374
. -2"
rr Q2+b 2
x
3
8 ~
2
8
4b
-fix l -3x-. 376. 3"x l . Hint. y=XIX I =x l 377. 3x1
x1
+ b (m+n ) tTn+n-1 .
-2x 2 -6x+ 25
1-4x
380.
(x 2 -5x+ 5)2
Xl (2x-l)2
1
4-2
y-)I . 382. 5 cos x-3 sin x. 383. - 2- . 384.
z 1l
sin 2x
(sin x-cos X)2
2a
- 3x
----:v-.
V Xi
38t.
+ 1 n)=
(2k
-.!.-+2x-2x l
&x
f'-
i' + (2k
I =_ I;
Ax-+-+
c)
be-ad
(e+dx)!
378.
379.
Y (
tlsin t.
386.
xarc t anx.
387.
y'=O.
390 .
cotx-+.
S111
8 x (7)
xe
x-I- . 391.
388.
arcsinx+
I-xl
5
x 392 ex -xa.
x-2 393 . 5x"-x
xe.
-e-x- .
394. eX (cos x-sin x). 395. xle X. 396. eX (arc sin x+ y_l__) .397. x (2Inx-l) .
1 -x!
In 2 x
2
2
In x 2
21n x l .
398. 3x Inx. 399. -+-2-2. 400. -110--.401. slnhx+xcoshx.
x
x
x
xn
x
2xcoshx-x2 sinhx
- t h2
404 -3(xlnx+sinhxcoshx)
402.
cosh 2 x
403.
an x . .
x In 2 x-sinh! x
.
-2x
405.
407.
411.
x-yX2="farccoshx
2
2 -1
x Yx
12ab
+ 18b y.
V (a +
412.
2
bX I )2
'1r 1arc.
sin I1 x + .. r 1
406.
1-~
bx
415.
416.
rl-~
fl+~
. x.
arc sin
1+2xarctanhx
410. ~(ax+b)2
(l_x2)2
e
c
x 2 -1
-x
2
16x (3 + 2X )3. 413.
- - . 414. V
(2x-l)8
l-x 2
408.
Vr Va2 -1.
x2
418.
l-tan 2 x+tanol x
cos2 x
- ~.
. 420.2-15 cosl x sin x. 42t. -16cos ~ . Hint. x=sin-It +
2 sin 2 x cot x
sin a 2t
+cos-2t. 422.
sin x
423. sin1x
424.
;COsx+2sinx
.
(1-3cosx)a
cos4 x
2 15sin x-l0 cosx
2 cos x + 3 si n x
1
425.
3
S1l1 X
co~ X
426.
2 V I-Xl 'V I + arc sin x
1
3 (arc sin x)!
- 1
427.
Y
428.
2 (1 -t- x 2) arc tan x
y I-x!
(1 + x 2) (arc tan X)2
419.
Answers
429.
eX +xex 1
x +x
2
Vxe
2e V
3
(2e
430.
a
X cos(x'-5x+ 1 ) - - - X2 COS 2
435.
..r
f
_2COS
1
(2x)'
1-(2x)2
2x
5 In4 x .
+ 1)2 + -x- .
-1
sin 2
= ..r 2
f 1 -4x 2
437.
. 439.
- 2
..r
440.
~:'-l
X ,
+x
-ex
..r
f
453.
-2x
l-x 2
21n x
451.
(1 + 1n
1
x In x
469.
475.
441. -- -12 .
1+x
2xl0 2x (1 +x In 10).
cot x log e.
449.
+ S cos x)
1-x 2-4
-_--.J
(eX +5 sin x-4arc sin x) Y l-x 2
1 )
+ 2 (f. r-x + X )
..r--
2x fIn x + I
x2
+x
462.
x-I
V 2t
x2
(1 +
)'
x5
2x -t- 1
V--a-2
(1 +x)
465.
sin 4 x cos 4 x .
x-x 2
x
.459.
(1_x 2 )5
(x- 3)5
Vat
(eX
--:t-r====:::::l:::;::====::::::::.:::=:: .
V(x-l)3 (x --1- 2)5
..r--1
-2x 1- 7
x t4x-6 . 458.
466.
Solution.
438.
464.
445.
448.
454.
457.
452.
+
x) X (1 + x 2 ) arc tan x
456.
1- e2X
----X
+ q.
x2
450.
sin (2t
434.
.:..
(2x-5) X
432.
436.
sin' x
2x In 2
X
433.
403
a-3x
2 Ya-x
468.
(x+ 2)'
1+2
470.
Yy
4
cos 2x
_(U-~) sin 2x
. 483. O.
479. 3 cos x cos 2x. 480. tan x. 481. - - 482. ~.. rr======:::;;:===
2
2
484.
sin'" x
1 arc sin x (2 Jrc cos x-arc sin x)
.. r
485.
2
, I-xi
yf=X2 .
487. xarccosx(1-x 2 ) /2
49t.
-x.
2x - X l
488.
Ya -
bx l
yx.
x + ~ cos
2 f a sin
2
..r
x , 2x 2 -1
486.
493.
.r
,
- -l
1 +x
a -x.
2
Answers
404
494.
1
Y l-ln
497. 4x ' /6 x
~na
491.
498.
1
5+4sillx
500.
sin 2xe,fn x
1-2xcosa+xl
498. I ~nl ~
V
1
499.
Y eax.
-x
cos x
2
501. 2m p (2ma mx + b)p-Iamx In a. 502. efJt (a cos pt-p sin Pt). 503. ea.x sin px.
504. e- x COSI3x. 505. xn-1a- XI (n-2x 2 In a). 506. 507.
3cot -In 3
(
\).
x sin
I
+ YCOs"'X In a).
y810.
I+
x
y tan x (I
Y a 1+
2ax+b
. 509.
ax2 + bx + c
508.
V'
Xl
-2
I
x-I
2x+11
Hint.
- - . 513. - -2 tan - - . 514. 2
x Ina x
x
x
x -x-2
2
3x - 16x + 19
I
y=5In(x-2)-3In(x+n.515. (x-I}(x-2)(x-3)' 516. sln'xcosx'
. r2- -2
-6x
15a In 2 (ax + b)
517.
r x - a
518.
(3 _ 2xl ) 1n (3 _ 2x ) '
519.
ax + b
511.
520.
524.
I
2ax +x2
+a
yf:t:Xi.
X
527.
525. x + 1 . 526.
xl - I
3 cos bx
x (1
+ In 2 x)
53t.
+ ~ sinh ~x)~
539.
t 2)
[ 2arc sin IX In 2
3
1-9x 2
523.
sin' x
I+2' x .
SUt
x!
x +x2 -2
. 532.
(I _
Y2 sin In x.
522.
1
1-1 n 2 x
2
x 2 - 3x
5 3 3 . . .F
534. - cosx r sin x
xoi_1
1R
537 6'
sIn h2 2xcos h 2x. 538. eax (acoslpx+
x{I+ln x)
536. arc sin 3
x /.
1
-1+,.
x
'
mx + n
x 2 -a 2
521.
529.
535
. 512.
/2
--,.-~'~-.
l' a +- Xl
ol
1
-1
2
542... r
543. - - . 544. . 545.
546. x arc tanh x
2
x r 1n x-I
cos2x
sin x
l-x 2
547. x arc sinh x. 548. a) y' = I when x> 0; y' = - I when x < 0; y' (0) does
t exist; b)
, (2 I
49
'
I
550 f'() { - I when
no
y -= x. 5 Y
x =
_e- x whenx ~
x >0. O.
552.
ya
"2+3'
I
=x .
553. 611.554.
,
-2,
+ (0) =
c) f _ (0) = I,
a;
a)
" ,
f- {O)=-I, f+ (0)=1; b) f- (0)
f + (0) =
0; d)
"
=(i ,
and
x-3
f + (0) do not exist. 555. I-x. 556. 2+ -4-' 557. -I. 558.0 561. Solution. We have y'=e- x (I-x). Since
e-x=JL.
x
it follows that
y,=.JL (I-x)
x
+ 3x) + 3 (x + 1) (1 + 2x).
x -4x + 2
Y x(x-I) (x-2)'
2
Answers
3x2 +5
3(x' +I)
569.
571.
574.
3 (x-I)
Vx
577.
V---xr
(x-2)9(x 2 "':"7x+l)
xl+I'
(x
+ 2)
(x-I)(x-2)(x-3)V(x-I)I(X-3)c'
570.
I~XI + X-.~4
2
(x
+ 3)
Y'X-2..
1 ~n x ,575. x
I ( 1+
rio X
578.
(1+~r[ln(I+;)+I~X]'
579.
x[tnaretanx+(l+xltaretanx]'
b)
40&
,
xy
2
'
2-cos x : c) xy
10
= ---:f.
1
t (2 - t I)
585.
1-2tl
'
586. 3
Vi'
580.
581.
3 2
a)
(arctanx)X
x~=3(I~X');
t -1
-2t
582. 2" t. 583. t + 1 . 584. 1_/2.
+ 5e!
t +1
587. t (t l + I)
588.
tan t, 589.
t < 0, 93
590. - -b t an t . 591. - tan 3t. 592. Yx' = ~ -11 when
a
w hen t > 0 . 5
594. tan /. 596. 1. 597.
2x
-2e at
00.
yY
x2
x(3x+2y)
-.
x2+2y .605. x
607
2y 2
_
l_y3
608
10
606.
x 3(x!-y2)+2xy-l+3 xy l+4 y'
10-3~(jsy
y cos! Y
y 1- x2- y2
2
'
609. -1. 610. 1 -x cos2
612. (x+y). 613. y =
y 611. -x I + x2+~
Y
I
I
~
x+y
x
616.
=eY-I=x+y-I'
614.
f+e
615.
XYy
x-y
2
_Vu
ay
617. cy + x V~
cx-YX2 +y2
. 618.
2
arc tan 2 ~ 63 26'. 623. 45. 624. arc tan -
622. 45;
-1 629. ( "8'
1 -16
I)
k=lT
-2- x;
b)
x-2y-l=0; 2x+y-2=0; c) 6x+2y-n=0; 2x-6y+3:rt=-=O;
d) y=-=x-I; y=l-x; e) 2x+y-3=0; x-2y+l=0 for the point (I, I);
2x-y+3=0; x+2y-l=O for the point (-1, 1). 634. 7x-IOy+6=O,
n2
IOx+7y-34=0. 635. y=O; (n+4)x+(n-4)y--4-=0. 636. 5x+6y-
Y"2
(3, 0):
y=2x-6;
3-x
y= -2-.
639.
14x-13y+ 12=0;
Answers
406
Xo
+ 2YYo = 1.
crosses the x-axis at the point A (2x o' 0) and the y-axis at B (0, 2yo)' Finding
the midpoint of AB, we get the point (x o' Yo)' 643. 40 36'. 644. The parabolas are tangent at the point (0, 0) and intersect at an angle
~ ~88' at
arctan
648.
1~2'
point
(1, I).
647.
8 t =8,,=2; t=n=2Y2.
652.
Sn=asint.
the
653.
arctanT'
31
2+2cp.
654.
655.
St==431 2a;
Sn=a;
t=2na
- - - x2
2v:cos 2 a
The
range
is
v :sin 2a
The
1/
V
velocity,
V o sin
a-gt
V (~~r + ('~r ;
trajectory
66l.
~.
and
Diminishes
with
the
velocity
0.4
62.
({, {) .
663. The diagonal Increases at a rate of -- 3.8 cln/sec, the area, at a rate
of 40 cm 2 /sec 664. The surface area increases at a rate of 0 211 In 2 jsec,
the volume, at a rate 01 0.0511: mlJsec. 665. ~ em/sec 666. The mass of the rod
is 360 g, the density at M is 5x gjcrn, the density at A is 0, the density
at B is 60 gJcIn. 667. 56x6 + 210x4 668. ex2 (4xl -1- 2). 669. 2 cos 2x
2
670.
2(1-x )
671.
-x
672.
2 arc tan x+~ .
3 (I +X2)1
Y(a l +x2 )3
I -j-x2
2
2x
arc
slnx
674
1
t x
679
y'"
-_
6.
8
f'"
(3
673. --+
'i/"
- COSal - . ,
6 O.
) ==4 3'20
1 - x 2 ( I - x2 ) 2
a
a
681.
YV=(X~41)5'
is v=5; 4 997; 4.7. The acceleration, a=O; -0.006; -0.6. 686. The law
of motion of the point M 1 is x =a cos wt; the velocity at time t is
-aw sin wt; the acceleration at time t is -aU>2 cos rot. Initial velocity, 0;
initial acceleration: -am2 ; velocity when x=o is -aro; acceleration when
x=o is O. The maximum absolute2 value of velocity
is au>; the InaximUln
absolute value of acceleration is aw . 687. y(n) =nlan. 688. a) n! (l_x)-(tz+l),
1 L
b) (_I)II+1 .: . ~~~3). 689. a) sin (x+ n ~ ; b) 2" cos (2X +n ~ ) ;
2nx
Answers
(_3)n -'x.
c)
(_l)n-l (n-I)!.
d)
(-I)"+I.n !.
(I +X)n-t 1 ,
(1 +x)n'
407
2n!
f)
(l-x)'Z+I'
690
)
x
x
2 n - I51' n ['2x +( n -l)~J.
2 ' h) (-l)n-J(n-l)!a"
(ax b)"
.
a x e
ne .\
1
b) 2"-'e- zx 2 (_I)" x Z 2n (-1)"-'x+ n (n 2- ) (-I )"-Z ] : c) (I-Xl) X
g)
cos
f
or
d)
2n x
691
I. t . t:
a cos sin
X (I
+3t
b)
).,
4
n~
(O):::-(n-I)!
y(h)
b) 3
699
c)
692.
-VI-t
a) 9t'; b) 2t 2 +2; c)
693. a)
t l+t
(l _t)I
696
-2e-
697
-:-~t;
aSln
+t I) X
(d!Y)
1
dx 2 t=o =
2t
700 4e (2sin t - cos t)
701
_ 6 at (I + 3t t 2) 702
"t'"
sint
(sint+cost)s
e . . m
d1x _ -1" (x). d1x 3 [f" (X)]2_f' (x)f"'(x)
p2
b4
dy2 - [I' (X)I ' d yl =
[I' (X)]5
705. - it 706. - a 2 y s
2y! + 2
d 2Y
y
d2x l i i I
1
-----ys-.708. dx2-=(I-y)l; dy 2=Y2 709. 256 710.
16.
2 cot t
703.
707.
3~ b) -
71 t. a)
3a 2 x
1
and L\x=-a.
x=1
No.
718.
719.
1[
a dx
--z-+
x
a
725.
2.
dY=-f2~
-0.0436.
dY=2700~0.00037.
720.
dx
dx
.)2
724. ..r--=
-x
r a 2 -XZ
-x 2
-2dx
I + cos cp
726. - 2xe
dx. 727. In x dx. 728. -1- 2 . 729. . 2
d<p.
-x
sin q>
dY=-45 ~ 0.0698.
721.
-mdx
722. ---;;;+T
x
(I
723.
l'tdt
IOx+8y
-1+e2t. 732.- 7x+5y dx. 733.
730.
-ye Ydx
x
y2- xe
12
735.
4+0.025~O
81.
X (x -
ox +
'"
)(
6 d)1
x .753
.
384
(2 _ (dX)4
x)s 754.
3 2n sin (2x + 5
+ 2nn)
(dx) 11 ..
Answers
408
+na) (dx)n.
(2)
f'
No, since
757.
4).
-1)1 ,w here
+ 2 (x3!;'
t:
~=
+e(X -I),
e <.1
0<
769
Xl
SlOX=X-3f
+ 4f
x sin
.
'='1'
x
x
1vhere ~1=eJx, 0<8.<1; slnx=x-3f+51 -6fsin~2' where ~2=e2X,
x 2 Xl
xn - t
x n :.
()<O,,<1. 770. eX==I-1-x+2f+3f+ ... +(n_I)I+ii1e", where ;=ex,
.
o < e < 1.
0<6 < I.
Xl
5/
+~)
b) -
;
2
CI-X
Xl
+~)
8( ;
3
775.
Solution.
We
have
a-+
x)
-x= ( 1+-
~=~.
X ) I .
1-a
\ve
5
81 (I
X'
(1
-1
- .
Xl
8 a2
1- -X)
a
1 x
3 x
+-8 a
2
::::: 1+-2 a
a-x
2"
779. I
780. 3.
781.
786. \.
2
788. - .
789. 1.
790: O.
11:
n < 1. 793. O.
803.
-i-,
782. 5.
791. a.
795."5. 796.
12
I
I
804. - . 805. - . 806.
Then, expanding e a in
778 00
802
+ 2a
~.
ro\vcr~
o for
00
797. -1.
777.
1
-"3.
784. O. 785.
783. 00.
792.
+ ax + 2ax
n!
2"
>
I; a for n = 1;
799. 1.
for n
807. 1.
808. 1.
810.
Hint.
0 _
Chapter III
811. (-00, -2), increases; (-2, 00), decreases. 812. (-00, 2), decrease~;
(2, 00), increases.
813. (- 00, 00), increases. 814. ( - 00, 0) and (2, 00),
increases; (0, 2), decr~ases 815. (- 00, 2) and (2, 00), decreases. 816. (- 00, I).
increas~s; (1, 00), decreases. 817. (- 00, -2), (-2, 8) and (8, 00), decreases.
818. (0, 1), decreases; (1, (0), increases. 819. (-00, -I) and (1, 00), in
~,
00 ,2),
de-
decreases;
Answers
(2. 00). increases.
409
.
x=~.
when
828. No
extremum. 830. Ymin =0 when ~==O; Ymln=O when x = 12; Ymax = 1296 when x = 6.
83t.Ymin~-O.76 when x~0.23; Ymax=O when X:=I;Ymin~-0.05when
x:::=::: 1.43. No extremum when x = 2. 832. No extremum. 833. Ymax =-2
9
lrr 3 when
when x=O
i) n;
x-= ( k-
,r-
Ymax=~ V3"
x=
when
(k +{ n)
Ymax=5coS~ when
=-5cos';whenx=12(k})n;
Ymln=1
va when x==2V[
r-
839. Ymin=-2
3 \vhen
(k=O, I, 2, .. ).
X=12(k{)n; Ymin=
x=6(2k+l)n
when
(k-=-=O,
1
1
... ).841. Ymin=O when x=O. 842. Ymin =
when x= e .
4
1
when x=l
843. Ymax == e2 when x = '2
844. Ymin == 1 wh~n
e ; Ymin = 0
4
1
x=O 845. Ymin = - - when x=-l. 846. Ymln=O when x-=O; !lm.lx ~e2
e
when x=2 847. Ymin=e when x= 1. 848. No extremunl. 849. Srl1al1esl
1
value is m=- -} for x=-I; greatest value. M =."2 when x == 1. 850. nz = 0
-e
1. 2,
for
krt
x=2 (k=-=-O. 1.
2... ).
851.
m=2"1
when x=(2k
n
+ I) T;
x=-I.
x=12.
f.
altitude
~~;
vi,
where
1<
i-.
Answers
410
{r,
cone
~ R,
where r is the radius of the base of the given cylinder. 873. That
whose altitude is twice the dianleter of the sphere. 874. cp = 1, that is, the crosssection of the channel is a semicircle. 875. The central angle of the sector
is 2n
Vf.
( ~3'
1
.arc cos -k
885.
a)
and
~)-
y~).
arc tan -d .
d
x=y= Vi";
b) X=
883.
.4M
=aV
V3;
y=d
Vii
p
+ Vi
/2
V 3"'
-.
884.
886. X=
r
-
Y2
-. /2aQ
V-q-
Pmin =
2,+n1 v
nZI
n1 2
N,\ve take the closest integer which is a divisor of N). Since the internal resistance
n;,
2
of the battery
is
follows: the internal resistance of the battery must be as close as possi ble to the
2
external resistance. 889. Y="3 h. 891. ( - 00, 2), concave do\vn; (2, 00),
concave up; M (2, 12), point of inflection. 892. ( - 00, 00), concave up.
893. (- 00. -3), concave down, (-3, 00), concave up; no points of inflection.
894. l - 00, -6) and (0, 6), concave up; (-6, 0) and (6, 00), concave down;
(-6, -{), 0 (0, 0), (6, {). 895. (- V3') and (0, v3"), concave up; (- va. 0) and (va, 00), concave down;
floints of inflection M
v3: 0) and 0 (0, 0). 896. (4k + I) i '
(4k+3) i), concave up; (4k +3) i, (4k+5) i) ,concave down (k=O,
points of inflection M1
Ml
I, I
00,
i,
~as
898.
41 ]
Answers
,iown; (
~ea'
00),
:e.)
(~ ii' -
concave up; M
899. ( - 00, 0), concave up; (0, 00), concave down; 0 (0, 0) is a point of
inflection. 900. (-00, -3) and (-I, 00), concave up; (-3, -I), concave
~) and
x == 2, y == l.
902. x == I, x ~ 3, Y == 0 903.
904. Y == x. 905. y == - -",
left, y==x, ri~ht. 906. y==-I, left, y== I, right 907. x= I, y==-x, left,
y==x, right
908. y==-2, left, y-=2x-2, rIght.
909. y=-=2
910. x-::O.
y==l, left, y==O, right.
911. x=O, Y==l.
912. y~O.
913. x-=-l.
914. y=x-n, left; y=x+n, right.
915. y=a.
916. Ymax==O when x==O;
Ymin ==-4 when x==2; point of inflection, M 1 (I, -2).
917. Ymax= 1 \vhen
x=
Y3;
x=O;
when
Ylhin=O
points of
M I , . ( I,
inflection
~)
918. Ymax=4 when x=-I; YmlO=O \\'hen x=l, point of inflection, M 1 (0,2).
919. Ymax=8 when x=-2, Ymin==O \vhen x==2; point of inflection, M (0,4).
920. Ymin=-l \vhen x-:-::O; points of inflection M 1 2( Y5, 0) and
64 )
I,
- 125 . 921. Ymax ==- -2 \vhen x =-= 0; Ymin = 2 \\'hen x -:= 2; asymptotes, x ==-= 1, y =- x-I. 922. Points of inflection M I, 2 ( 1. =f 2); aSylnptote
x==O. 923. YmJx=-=-4 when x-=-l; Ymln~4 \vhcn x==l; as)lnptote. x===O.
924. Ynain = 3 when x= 1; pOint of Inflection, 1\1 (-' 2, 0);
aSyl1lptote,
M a,4 (
V-
>.=0,
points of II1flectlOn,
MI , .
(l' -{-);
asytnptote, y = 0 926. Ymax --- -2 \vhen x-=-- 0; asynlptotes, x --:: 2 and Y::= o.
927. Ymin-=-=-J when x:=.:--l; YmJx= 1 \vhenx= 1; pOlnt~ of inflection, 0(0.0)
and M I ,2
J-r 3 )
( 2Y3,
point of inflection,
of
inflecti~l1,
\\Then x =--=
"3;
0 (0,
(5, f);
928. !lmax=1
\\'hen x--:4;
O.
929. POint
nSYlll ptotes,
931.
27
T6
YmJx = -4 \vhen
x=---l; Ymin==4 \\hen x== I; aSylnptotes, x==o and y=3t 932. A (0, 2)
and R (4, 2) are end-points; Ymax=2Y"2" \vhen x=2
933. A (-8, -4) and
B (8, 4) are end-points. POint of inflection, 0 (0, 0).
934. End-polllt,
A (-3, 0); Ymin-=-2 \vhen x=-2. 935. End-points, A(-V-~ 0), 0(0,0)
and B(V~ 0); Ymax= 2\vhen x=-I; point of inflection, M(3+2Y3,
V V + ~;).
6
Ymax = 1 when
points of lI1f1ection,
M I , 2 ( 1, 0). 937. Points of inflection, M 1 (0, I) and M 2 (1, 0); asyrnptote,
y=-x. 938. Ymax=O when x=-I; Ymin=-I (when x=O)
939. YmJx~2
when x=O; points of inflection, M I 2 (1,
asymptote, y=-=O.
940. Ymin=-4 when x=-4; Ymax-=4 when x=4; point of inflection, 0(0,0);
asymptote, y==O.
941. Ymin=
4 when x=2, Ymln=
4 when x=4;
Ymax==2 when x=3.
942. Ymin=2 when x=O; aSylnptote, x= 2.
936.
x=O,
V2);
V-
V-
944.
Ymin-=
Y3
Vi
when x=Y3;
Answers
412
YmdX=-
Y3
V2
M. (3,
and
~);
asymptotes, X= l
of Inflection, M (12,
x=4;
l~aa)
and
M. ( -a,
of
inflection,
points
V2
~),
0(0,0)
of IIlflection,
MI (-3a,
945. Ymln=
(-3, -
point
); asymptote, Y=?
M I , . ( 82[2 , el ); asymptote,
~).
Y=O.
950. Ymax=l
2
Ymln = - 4e
952.
953. Ymin =
y",O
when
x=
when
x = e;
when
x ...... O.
a...
yi"'
pOInt of Inflection,
954.
Yrnax="T=::::'O.54
(e 2 , e~);
point of inflection, M
4
3a
a
ye;'
-
4e2
asym ptote,
x=
1;
\vhen
x=s--1:::::::-O.86;
(+-1~-0.63; ~~0.37):
958.
points of inflection,
perIod 211:.
n
X=
Mk (
Yrnln = -
3+ 2kn (k=O,
N k (arc cos ( - {- )
43
~ n + 1m,
.rY
when
I, 2, ... );
+ 2kn, ~ YIS).
0).
960.
Y2
(k=O,
2,
... );
function
with
3 1r '4
Y 3
when
Periodic
5
x ="'3 n + 2kn;
points of
Yrnax =
inflection,
Mk(kn,
0)
and
'On
M a, 4 ( 2 ~O, -0.95).
I,
Ymln=-2
when
Answers
x
=2;
x =
413
n;
x=2n;
Ymax= 1 when
M 2 (1.21, 0.86);
M. (5.50, 0).
M a (2.36,
points
of
M 4 (3.51,
0);
VI
x=4+2k~; Ymax=--2-whenx=-"41t+2kn
~ n + kn
965.
Even
Ymax =
Ymln =
(k=O,
I,
x=arcCOs ( -
~3> Ymln=O
~2, 4~7);
M. (arcsin
~2
when
2,
... );
with
3
I, 2, ... );asymptotes,x=4n+k~.
period 2n
On
the
interval
4
I
,r- when x = arc cos ,r- ; Ymax = 0 when x::.:: ~; Ymin = -
3r 3
0.86);
-0.86);
~
V2) (k=O,
-2( 4+k~,
inflection, M k
M s (4.35,
963.
asymptotes, x=
M 1 (0.36,
inflection,
-0.86);
r 3
3r 3
M.(
n-arcsin
[0,
.1t
4
.. r- when
~2, _ 4~f).
(; ,
966.
0) ;
Even
periOdIC function with period 2~. On the interval [0, ~] Ymax = I \vhen
2
x==O;
Ymax= lrwhen
x=arc cos - ,r- ; Ymin= ,rwhen
3r6
r6
3r 6
( I)
:6" ;
l
x=arc cos
Y~. ~ y~);
V~),
M.(
,0);
-{ y~}
M. (arc cos
arc cos ( 967. Odd function. Points of inflection, M k (k~, k~) lk =0, I, 2, ... ).
968. Even function. End-points, Al 2 (2 83, -1 57) Ymax == I 57 when x=O
(cusp); points of inflection, M 1 ~ ( 1.54, -0.34).
969. Odd function.
Litnlting points of graph (-I, ' - 00) and (I,
00). Point of inflection,
=~
+kn;
Mk(k~, 2k~);
I.
~ -I + ?kn when
y =2""x-1 (as x-++oo). 972. Ymin=O when x=O (node); asymptote, y=l.
973. Ymln = 1
+~
when x= I; Ymax= 3: -I
when
x=-I;
point of
x=-I;
point
of
inflection,
(0,
~);
asymptotes, Y=
~ +n
(when
Answers
414
2n.
Ymln=
when x=
i- n + 2kn ;
+2kn
}IS-I')
lrr5-1
(k=O, I, 2, ... ); points of inflection, M k ( ;lTCSin---+2k31, e
2
Y5-1
YS+l\
and N k ( -arcsin-2-+(2k+l)n,
978. End-points, A(O, I)
and B (I, 4.81). Point of inflection, M (0.28, 1.74). 979. Points of innection~
M (0.5, 1.59); asymptotes, y=0.21 (as x -+- 00) and y=4.81 (as x ~ -1- 00).
980. The domain of definition of the function is the set of intervals (2k31,
2k31 + 31), where k = 0, 1, 2, ... Periodic function wit h period 231.
31
Ymax=O when x=2"+ 2kn (k==O, I, 2, ... ); asymptotes, x=k31.
e')'
981.
The
( 2k +
-4- )
domain
of
definition
X=
function;
(k
asymptote, x=O.
983.
I x-2kn 1< ;
Domain of definition,
y = 1.57; Y -i""-1.57 as x
-+
(linliting
x == e
0.37; y
-+
I as
-+
Ynllll = I when
984.
end-point).
985.
Asymptote,
End-points,
986. Ymln=(
f)"e ::::::0.69
when
A (+0,
O)~
Ymax =
331
t=+T (x=O);
31
when 1=4'
990.
3Jt
xmin=--
731
(
a
a)
x= 2y"2" , Y= V2 .
I
531
4' T' T
~.
t==2
Y2,
)12'
Y -2 eV -" eva);
Le., ( -
:::~,
V 2eva )
and when 1 =
V 2.
-++OJ.
Answers
X
a dx,
'993. ds=y
~osa=
1
=Y
Va 4 ---.c2 x2
V p2+y 2 dx;
cosa=
~VXa;
sina-==-
cosa==
bx
;sina-==-
Ya 2 - c2 x!
y ;.
sma=
2 2
_C X
dx;
V'
a
-dx,
a
a -x
..r - -2
,where c=-ra"-b 995. ds=
V p2+ y 2
VI.
ya
r
d s=-
994
y.
cos a=-;
Sin a-= - - .
V aI_xi
415
p
V p2+
.
996. ds=
y"
ds=cosh~dx;
997.
cosa=_l_;
cosh ~
~;
sin a= cos
. 999. ds =
V +
Sill
~ = cos
~,
y 1 -1-
-t
K -= a
1010.
1012. (
1003.
1006. K---=36.
V-_.
+
+q>
ds = a cos
sin
p=
1007. K-=3
:'2
_ 1n 2
2'
at
Y2 )
2
_I
. 1013. R -
+ (y -3)2 = 8.
2
+ (bl")
a ==
1024.
1026. py2 =
ds-=
1004.
6x
. 2t 1 .
(X-3)2+
~ (X -
1020.
(y- ~
and
_ (b 4x2
R == I at I.
RIc.,st =
=
~.
-3).
(:'
. 1014. R -
1017.
aSHl
/.
i ' 3)
(1 -1- 9X 4)3/2/
~ = cos ~.
101 I.
vertices.
+ 1)21 1016. R = I 23
R =-:: (y2 4y
t015.
sin
V 1 + (In a)2
Y2
both
~ dcp;
I p I.
+a ab4y!)3/2
4 4
1018.
R=
1022.
1025.
(2,2).
(X+2)2+
.!-.
p)' (scmicubical parabola). 1027. (aX)
C 3 ,
\vhere
c2 ::::: a2 _b 2
Chapter IV
In the answers of this section the arbitrary additive constant C is olnit..
5
x.
ted for the sake of brevity. 103t. 7 a2x7 1032. 2x 3 +4x 2 +3x. 1033. T+
(a
+3b) Xl + abx
2
1l-1
abx4
1034. a x + 2
2
b2x"
-1- 7
1035.
2x '1m=::-
3 '
2px. 1036.
nx 11
n-l'
Answers
416
4
V/ -nx.
1037.
9 -
1038. alx-Sa
Vx
X I
Vx - 63V-x.
3x
3x
1040. --13- 7
\x- V
VIOl.
1 In
...rf 10
x+
1047. arc
10
9 -
+7a I
4m
2x'
../"_
1045. In (x
1009.
yX 4xm + n
+1
Yx
2m + 2n + 1 +
Y7
+ .rr
4+
Xl).
arc
arc
1046.
+1
x
7".
4n
tan
sin
Yx
Sin
In(;e~ I'
1051. a In
cos
I I
aC x
=-a5~(a-X)=-alnla-xl+alnc==alnl-C-I.
a-x
a-x
1
h I . 1049.a)-cotxx
Solution.
Sa a x dx =
1052. x+lnI2x+ll
;;~~ =
Whence
=x+ ln I2x+ll
a
+ x.
2x 2n Yx
1043.
5 r ax
2x 5Yx
l
Xl
-3.
2x 2m
1041.
X I
1053.
5 + =5 5
2x 3
2x+l dx
3
11
-2x+41nI3+2xl.
ba-a~
2 dx
d (2x + 1)
2x+l=x+
2x+l =
x
a
1054. 7]-bllnla+bxl.
dx+
x2
1057.
Xl
2+2>:+
-~ 1n
I x +31 1058.
b?
t060.~
x-a
dx
+1 1
In 1 x+ll+ x
5(x+l)2=
x dx
S(x(x+l)2
+ 1) - 1 dx=
Hint.
2 '1r (
... r -
dx
1062.
-3ij'" (a-bx).
Sx+I-J (x+l)2' 1061. -2b f l-y.
X1
1
t063. V Xl + 1. Solution. S.: dx = 2 S
+ I) = y' Xl + l. 1064. 2 yx +
.
x +1
+1
+ lnlx
-2
t065.
1
-./3
..rarc tan x JI -5'
f
15
Ir
1
Ya-b
1067.
II""
In - .. f"' a+b+x Y
2 f a"-b 2
r a+b-x
a-b
1069.
1071.
- (
~2
2
+
1
~I
In I a2 -x ll )
Y2 1n (2
1
.rIn
4 ,,14
1066.
I.
1070.
.. r.. ~
r 2x+ r 7+8x l ).
5
~r3 __
1073. 3"ln l 3x -21- 2 f6 1n " V3+
Ix
Xl
t068.
Ix YY7-2 V
Y21
x- .rr-2
x-
In (x 2
arc
7 +2
tan
x
1r-'
r 2
+4) +arctan ~
1
... is
Vsarc sin x JI 7'
1072.
Y21
Y2 1074.
/S
V 7"-
...
Answers
i Y5x
+ 31n I x+
1079.
;5
1n (xY5+
+ I+
1
-8 In (1
1087. -
1081.
J!
-4 +
I
41n (2x 2 +3).
1084.
1086.
Yx
( arc tan
1088.
-~
+ 1).107&.
1078.
Y(arc sm x)'.
+ 4x 2)
e-"'''.
ax
1
Xl
arc tan b 1080. 2" arc sin (ii".
} In I x' + Y x6 - 1 I 1083.
1085.
Y5x
21 In lxi - 5 1.
1077.
2U In (a1x' + b2 ) + a
1082.
wr-r x2 -41 .
417
-i
r-------::::----
In (x+ YI
2X
+ X2)~
3-1- Ya 3X +
n a~ n a n
a
In a W/
r aX
1093. - 2
1
X2
2 In 7 7.
1094.
X 2 +1.
-,~
'105.
hX
..rx
y 2 ~1l) Y"2
xcos (log x)
S1 n 2(
+-4-
1109.
2a cos 2ax.
hint
-2 tan (x).
. Hint. Put
.
09
In 11
1123.
l 1125.
i t
X I sin (x + I).
n' an x I.
1
1
1131.
1129.
- 9"2 .r
r (1 +3 cosx)
cos (a + bx) .
1108.
-In lOX
1
x ="2 (I-cos 2~). 1110.
I
I
"2
cos (l-x ).
4
4
a sin ax
b1
co t ax
lIlt. -tan(ax+b). 1112. ----x.
a
a
xlnlslna~bl. 1122.5Inlsin~l
1128.
_Y2Inltanx~I.I119. -lnlcosxl.
1104.
.r-
Stll!
i-
1100.
l
1101. In a arctan (a").
3)'
1107. 2 sin r x.
~lnltan(?;+i)l.
1117.
~(ea +1)3.
arc sin et
Sitl 2~.
"2 - - 4 -
( 1- 2}:
1103.
1106. x-
.
S
Hint. ee
1116.
2 5 V-X
li15
1096.
1099.
Y(a-be")'
1 In 111 +e2b
_e- hX
-e x
1095.
ItIS.
1118.
Inltan
x-
axtwr- I.
b
I
V-2
cot x
r 2-
asin
. I
"2
- -3 In (3 +cos 3x).
32
11..
1130.
3 t an 4 3
x
"4
a
X
~Inx
1 27 SI1)4 6x
1 ~.
I wr--
- -2
Ct S
2x.
1133 . " 3
2 .r-tr an ,-x.
1134.
t4-1900
(tan3x+cos\x). 1136.
{(lnltan~I+2sll1ax)-
Answers
418
1
a .
I i I
tt40. In tanh
tt41.
5
tt44. In I sinh x I 1145. - 12
xarc tan
x.
Y5'
-X2
-"2 e
1148.
Y3+ (2+3x
1._ 1n (X
V (5-x
1142.
1 In I ~-4x + 1 . 1147. 4 Y5
1 X
1146. 4"
)'.
(r
11 a)
'2 -
13
V 2" arc tan
...
1149.
a' -
1150.
x +x-2In/x+1I1151. -}._.
2
,. eX
1
1
1152. Inlx+cosxl. 1153. 3 (Inlsec3x+tan3xl+~3).
1154. --1sin x
n x- .
2 ).
1155.
a SI n x
1158.
l"il""a.
1157.
V\X +
Y2
1)2
1
1
--2- 1159. 2 arcsin (x 2 ). 1160. a-tanax-x.
I (
1161. x
1165.
l
I.1164."43 V (1+lnx)."
I i /.
{-In tan
1166.
eare tan %+
1167.
x
+ 1n (14+ x ) +arctanx. 1168. -lnlsinx+cosxl 1169. Y21n
tan 2 (2
Y2 cos
- 2x 1172. e
sin 2X
';'2'
1173.
I-
1170.
1175 r 1
a;ctanx,la-+bb.1176.1n(eX+Ye2X-2).1177.-.!.lnltanaxl.
f a2 -b 2
a
a
( 2nt)
r+q>o
- Y 1 -Xl.
arc sin
~2 arc tan (
1187.
1179.
1188.
tanh %
1190 -1.
33
1191. a)
X)2
5-sin2x
I.
Hint.
Y2
arc cos -
st
4 ,. 5
j-Vlln(x-I-Y1-I-X'))"
1/;i
~
arc cos
2
dx
==.\ta~~:2'
(-7i) .
Y sec
t;:;) .
1 1n /2 + In x
2-1nx 1180.
x when x >
1189.
"lry
2;
i-
Jt
Answers
c)8~(5r-3)';
1192.
(2~lt5)tt].
~2X+T-1 1.
y
1193. 2
(V;- ; +2 yX~2Inll+Vii)
(arc~tlx)l.
yeGs x. 1200. In
II+Vx
1
1202.
}(tr-2)
1198.
/'
+1
Inx-ln2Inllnx+
1196.
x=-}.
VeX + I.
1199. j.(COS'X-5)X
x2 .. r - -2 4 .. r - -2
-'3
y2--x -:r y2-x
In(sinx+Vl+sin'x).
e)
2x+I+1
+21n21. 1197.
X
~ V(x+1)1-2VX+'1;
d)
[(2Xi;5)12 - 5
1194. Inl
419
1205. J"X'i+1-1n 11
>
+ ~XZ+TI.
-i Vl-x'+
1203.
'1r-x2 a2
f
-!.)
if x <0 *)
x
1206.
Hint.
V~ . Note. The
x .. r2- -2
+"21 arc sin x. 1208. 2 arc sin ..rr-x. 1210. "2
y x -a -+l
a
'1r-I
+2"
In 'x+ y X 2 _ a2 1. 1211. x In x-x. 1212. x arc tan x-'2ln (l-t- x2 ).
x ..r - -2
1207.
2 y
1213.
x arc sin x+
1216.
1 _x
x+1
-ex-.
YI
Xl.
1217. -
1214.
x In 2 + 1
2 xlf1i2
e~x
2f (9x
1215.
x Sl; 3x + cn~ 3x .
of repeated integration by parts we can use the following method of undetermined coefficients:
~ re1xdx=(Ar+Bx+C)e'X
or, after differentiation,
1 = 3A; 0 = 38 + 2A; 0 = 3C + 8,
1 8=-2 ; C=2j.
2
whence A="3;
In the general form,
Pn(x)eaxdx=-.
ax
= Q (x) e , where P n (x) is the given polynomial of degree nand Qn (x) is
a p01 ynomial of degree n with undetermined coefficients 1219. _e- JC (x 2 +5).
x
Hint.
See
Problem
1218*.
1220.
-3e
14*
Answers
420
Problem
12IS*.
+ 2X: 5 cos 2x
_ x c~ 2x
1221.
+ SillS2x.
1222.
2x
1226. 2
V -x In x-4
..rx +I
X
x
1
r x. 1227. -2- arc tan x-"2. 1228. 2 arc sin x-"4 X
2
+ In I sin x I
1233
-~
+ 1 It!-.I
sin x
n an 2
1231.
ax (sin x +cos x In 3)
+ (In 3)1
e-
eX (sin x--cns x)
+b
X2
1232.
x 2 -1
Xl
1 35
2
y-
x (Vx-l).
I-x
!- [ .
2 sin
(x
(I
nx
)_
1238.
3-X2+
In 2 x 21n x
2
1
x(arctanx)2-xarctanx+"21n(l+x2).
x +2 ..rf x.
1247.
I + V I
x
-1246. -2 yrI-xx
1
I-xl
x
x tan 2 x+ In I cos 2x ,_ ~
1248
e-
.
xarcslOx-2x.1245.
1244.
1)
2'
249
+xcos(2Inx)+2xSin(21nx)
1.
2
10
x l .
x dx
1250. - 2 (Xl + 1) + 2 arc fan x. Solution. Putting u = x and dv = (x 2 -t- 1)2 '
COS2X-2Sin2x
X(
5
1
x dx
x
we get du=dx and v= 2(x2 +1)' Whence (x 2+1)2
2(x 2 +1)
dx
x I I
x
2(xl+l)
2(xl+l)+2arctanx+C.
1251.
2a2 iarctan(i+
+S
+ xl~al)'
X
Hint.
..r l- f
(1
at
a -x'+2
arc sin
x
tJ'
Solution. Put
;1
[(xl+al)-x l ).
1252.
1-
.. r - -
U= f
dU=-V
XdX
II
Yal-xi
Val-x'
Answers
Consequently, 2
+~
+~
X In
I x+
In
SVa2-x2dx=x a 2_-x2+a2arcsin :
VA +x" I.
i.
I
arc sin
HInt. See
Vll
2 . 1257.
1268. In
l-x 2
2x-1
-4-
+1 I '
1277. In (
1279.
~'5
In ( x V5-
1275.
1276.
x-
1286.
(X-4)51
+ :3)7
-i
1284. 5x
+ In
(X-4)
2--V-
2
Ir,2
(x> V2).
1
3-~1flX
.. r- arc tan
y 3
J
V-
1289.
~b In
0-
11.
x +-1- b I.
x a
,X + 2)4
12
2.
1287.
8
.1285I~X+ln IX~II.
.,,-ml
arc tan x.
W.
161
~x+~lnl(2X_I/~~X+1)81
I
I.
..!.-lnl(X-l)\~+3)~1
1282
(x-I)
___9__
px+q
V5x -2x+ I)
1280.
, 5
2(x-a) 2(x+I)O
49(x-5)
1
1290. -2(X 2 _ 3X+2)2' 1291. %+Inl
1288.
V Xl +
\x
2x+ 1 .r
- 4 - y 2-x-x 2 +
1274.
IIX - 3 1
-4 In - l - I .
+{ + VI +eX +e2 X
(x-l)4
x+l.r
y x~+2x+5+2In(x+l+, x +2x+5).
1283. In
7
V3
~5 +
~X
1260. x-2'ln (x 2+
x+3In/x-31-3In)x-21
1281.
1256.
1266.
.f r
-- I
.
x-x2+'8arcS10(2x-l)o
2x+l
+-98 arc S111 \i
I.
V5x l -2x+ I + 5
1+
In (r-7x+ I. +
I V \.
+x2+
-i V9-x +
x;
I f
-arCS1tl
1273.
1258.
arc tan
1267.
1271.
VIT'
3 Vx 2-4x+5.
1265.
i-
9
2x+3
+ 3x + 4) + y"7
arc tan "7 .
/-2
6x-1
arctan
1253.i VA
Ix+ 2x-7
1262.
421
;-(X~2)i-X~2.
27
~ In 1 ~-5
49 (X+2)+\i4J
x+2
1292.
x++ln
1;::1-
6~ In lx + 4x +5) + I~O X
2
Answers
422
1
6 In x-x+
.(x + 1)1
1
2
1294.
t
xarcan(x+).
Y2 + 1 Y2
x Y"2
JI- 2+ 1 +-4- arc tan I-xl'
x! + x
X In xl-x
xarctan
+ .;_
r3 arc tan ~r-l
r~ .
x'-I
'
XYa
+arctan(x+I).
1295.
.~_ X
4r2
1
x2 + X + 1
I
Tin xl-x+ 1 + 2 Y3 X
1296.
arc tan x
2
2x-l
2(x2+2x+2)+
1297.
2(1+x2)+
1299.
x+2
5
2x+1
Inlx+II+3(X2+x+l)+3 Y3arctan ya-
1298.
3x-17
I
15
In (x'+x+ 1).1300. 2 (x2- 4x +5) + 2 1n (x 2 -4x+5) + 2" arc tan(x-2).
_x 2 + x
I
I
I
1301. 4 (x+ 1) (x2+ 1) +"2 ln I x+ II-Tin (Xl + 1)+4 arctan x.
1
- 2
IX-II
3
x
3
15x5 +40x s +33x
-Sarctanx- 4 (X 4 _1)+16 In x+l 1303.
48(I+x2 )'
+
. 15
x-I
+48arctanx.
1304.
x x2_2x+2+21n(x2-2x+2)+3arctan(x-l).
1302.
+ 11)
1306.
I
~
I
12X4 + 1- Y
Y51' 1307.
- -4 In I x +x4-II--;y=-ln
2 r 5
2x + I + 5
+2Inl;_~I. 1308. ~ (2InIXlx~II-~I-XI~I)'
4
X- 2 1
+In x-I.
.
21 (81nl xl +81-1n I xl
t305.
1311.
In)xl- 71 In lx7+11.
1310.
1
5
1
In I x I-SIn) x + 1 1+ 5 (xs + I)' 1312.
x+1
X -2- 1313.
-arc tan x.
g (x-I).
V(ax+ b)Zl
13
x-
s Y x+l.l.
I)2+ x
2 arc tan
xarc tan
x+2+
... /x
2. 1322 .
lr-~-
+, x -II 1324.
z=
x+ I
x 1
x-I 1325.
r 3
arc tan 2
Y7
3
l~alX
1316.
1318.
X5 _
I (JrXT~_1)2 1-.;-
- 5x 5 + 3x 3 -X--
V
V -x+2rlr-x-6In(l+ 11h/-)x. 1319. "76 x V"/-x- S6"/;5
+2Vx-3 Vx-6vx-31n II + Vx 1+ 6 arc tan vx.
In
xii +
1=(x7 +1)-x7
-3
1320.
3
+-4
+
x-
4)3
1309.
Put
I
7 (X-I)7' 1314.
1317.
2(
2Yx=I[(X-;I)"+3(X
1315.
X[2 V(ax+b)S-5b
I
4 (x-I)!
Hint.
+ I . 1321. 2
6
3
V"X -
V-r+
rX-2 V'2x
lrVX~-I
1
-2 arc tan r I-x. 1323.
2
(x-2) +2 In I x
1
Z2+ Z + 1
2
22+ 1
2z
3 1n (Z_V+Y3arctan Y3 +zl-l'
where
V2x+3
2.x+3 .r
1
- - - x - ' 1326. ---8- r x2 -x+l+ In(2x-l+
16
Answers
+2
'If ,
f x
7
8+4x'+3x
-x+l). 132.
IS
4
..
423
r-l-x.
- I 13 8 ( S
5 3 1
2. 16 x -:24 x +"6 x
s) X
..r 5
.. r (1
3 ) ..r2 - 3
1
X y 1 + x2 -16 1n (x+ y 1 + x2 ). 1329.
4x4 + 8x!
r x - 1- 8 arc sln-X
.. r-z--
2x-l .. r
19
- -} arc tan
V x- + 1.
(2x! -
1334.
va arc tan 73
2z+ 1
+ -S
1337. - 2
..
-Seas x.
Vx- + 1 + 1
V--x- +1-1
1 1 -b- x'
1
Yx'-x+I). 1332. -2 -;r-----==-.
1333. -4 In
y 1+2x2
where
(x"
1) Y 1 + Xl
1335.
3x s
Z ==
VlXi
+.
,.
TO In
(z - 1)'
z~+z+ 1
1 4 + 3x
- 8" x (2 -t- xa) 2/,
3
1336.
2
1338. sin x- ; sin' x. 1339. -cosx+3" cos s x -
+ 1)1.
s,ft' X
1342. -'2'--
1.
3x
sin 2x
sin 4x
2 sin' x - 21n I Sln x I
1343.
T - -4- + ~
x sin 4x
x sin 4x sin a 2x
5
1
1
1344. 8-32. 1345. 16-64+----:ta 1346. T6x+i2sin6x+64 sin 12x+
1
cotl x
2
1
144 sin a 6x.
1347. -cot x - -3- .
1348. tan x "3 tans x + "'5 tanS x.
cot a x cotS x
tanS x
1
1349. - - 3 - - -S-
1350. tan x + - 3 - - 2 cot 2x.
1351. "2 tan' x+
+
-I
3 In I tan
3 x - 4 tan
1 x 1352. ~
1 + 21n tan 2
xl . 1353. -2Y2 X
x 1- 2 tan2
4
cos "2
I i I+ I i + ~ ) I]
X [In tan
1355.
1357. -
In tan (
sin 4x
16 cos4 4x
3 sin 4x
32 cos2 4x
cot 2 X
2-- 1n I sin x I
s~::: - : ~:~I: +f In
1t )
I I+x.
1360.
x -l~
V cos
Xl
sin 2\:1
4--8-
I i I
tan
1356.
x
x
x
+tanla-3tan"3+31n cos "3
1359.
tan! 3"
coP x
1361. - - 3 - .
1362. -
~ V cos x + ~
1354. 4
I (2x +""4 I.
3
32 1n tan
_ .!.2 cos x.
4a
COSiO
+ x cos22b
Answers
424
Si '1
5x
S1 f1
7x
tan~-2
2
x
';'2 I
1377.
In
In tan (
i+i) \.
x-tan ~.
1375.
tan ~-5
~).
tan2"-3
+ 3cf's x
Solution.
We
+ P(2 ~1I) x + 3cos X)' Whence
12
~=-13
a=T3'
X
(2
S2
~i11
X)
. 1383.
51
2 r 2
2tan!--1
2
X --.,-- -
r3
V2+
V
- c;to 2x
2 - Sill 2x
1
lr- arc tan
r2
x) (J-sln x)
1
(2-Std
2-S111
\388.
1 In X
1384. -5
I
.r- In
1387.
x + 3- vG
.
v--1 3 In 122 tan
. I Hint.
tan x + 3 + V IJ
X tant y an x
HX-~lnI2sinx+
x+ c ~ "
1381. } arc tan ( ta~
';ll
We
3 sin x
put
-x+tanx+secx.
1376.
1379.
+2
1
2
-cos x )2 1386. In(1 +5i11 x).
1
5-')in x
-4 In -1- - .
S111
2
r 3
1389.
Use
the
3tan~-1
2
.,-
Hint.
2r2
tan~
2
3-S1n
identity
x 1390.
-x+ 21n
tan
2+1
. Hint.
, I-sin x +c 0 s x
2
cosh' x
Use the IdentIty I
+ Sltl x - cos x ==-1+ 1 Sl'l x-cos x . 1391. -a--coshx.
1392. ~ + SIO~ 2x + sin: 4x
1393. sin~4 x
1394.
_
+ sin: 4x .
2
2
x
1
tanh! x
1395. In tanh 2" +coshx. 1396. -2coth2x. 1397. In (cosh X)--2-
cotha x
1398. x-coth x - -- . 1399. arctan(tanhx). 1400. y-garctan
3
or
2
("~)l
V5
arc tan eX , 5
. h - I
-SU1
x-cos
(3
x
tanh 2 +2)
Y5
sInh x sinh 2x
x
..
1401.--- - - 4 - - 2' Hint. Use the Identity
2
1402.
.;_In
V2
2
,
cosh x
+ Vcosh 2%).
Answers
425
. x+l
x ..r - ..r - 3-2x-x"+2arcsln -2- 1404. 2 ' 2 +x 2 In(~+ r 2+x 2 ) ..
x .. r - -2 9
. . r - -2
x-I '1r l
"2
f 9+x -2"ln(x+ f 9+x ),
1406.
-2-" x -2x+2+
x+l lr
1403. -21405.
Y x 2-2x+ 2)
1407.
Yx 2-4-2In I x+ y;t=4l
..r - 1
I
. r-X-3 .. F
,. Xl +x-Sln 2x+ 1+2 y xl+x I 1409. -2- ,. x 2 -6x-7-
+} In (x-I +
2t+ I
1408. - 4 -
Yx +x+I).
1
1413. r_arctan
Vx Y2 1414.
l
14tt.
1- x
2
X (x4-2x -I- 5x -51: + { )
1416.
X cos 3x
Stfl 3x
X Cf'S X
SHI x
1417. - - 6 - + 1 8 + - 2 - - - 2 -
ir (XI
eX
1419. "2
(2 Sl1l2t 5
+l:( S
2~
Y21
1
VI + x +x Y
.r-In.r
2 y 2
y 1 + x2 -x
2
,. 2
x-I
1412. 4Vx2-2x+5'
.. IX-2
V x-I
~2 sin 6x +
2X
1415. eT X
2X
e
1418."8 (2-sin2x-cos2x).
S4t)
4 ~ln 4X+Cf
1420 eX ( (.
1 7 ' "2 x sin x
+cosx )-Slnx.
. ]
x I I
.. F 1421. -"2+31nle"-I/+lfln(e"+2) 1422. x-ln(2+e"+2,. e2x +x+I).
1423.
X V20x-25x l -3.
1426.
sin x
(X2"-100,
9) arccos (5x-2)-1QO
5x+6
X
2
1427. I
2 (n -
I) at
'
sin
n-2
1429.1n=(n_l)Cosn-lx+n_l/n-l;
1&= - 3
'+-3 tanx.
cos x
-1
X""l
~nx
I (
sin x
1
1'=2cos1x+-2 1n tan
110 =-e
_1_
-x
(x
1t )
10
+ 10x'+
2+"4
V2(x-l)
Y7
~) +
IX+31
1
I
... i - r
1
1
+"2arctan(2x+I). 1434. 5 1n V x"+5 1435. 21n x+2 -x+2-x+3 ~
1436.
~(lnl':x~:II-x~I)'
1437.
~ (XI~2+~aretan;2)
Answers
426
I + I)
1 ( 2x -L
x 1
1438.4" I-xl ,In x - I
1
x- 2
1 2x - 1
1439. 6(xl-x+I)I+6xl-x+I+
x(3+2 Yi)
1
4
I
1440.
..r 1441. - -x- 3x ..yF---2
I
1-2 y x
x
x
2
2x-I
+ 3 .r_arctan
.r-
,. :3
y 3
(2X-I.
4. 1-2x+ 1
1448.
1477.1nlx+Jlx -1
x
(xl-I'
--I
z
. x
1
,
.2(x+l)
.X arc sin
~-1
1450
X+4.
.. r
,.x~+1
In
-2 (V5-x-I)I-4In (1 + V5-x).
1448.
1 ... tl- x l!
Y l+xl
-2
1(4-
1
-8 In
1451.
2x + 1 + 2 (Xl + X + 1
1)'
3 I
x
-"4 cot 4 x.
1464.
1462.
/.
(x
1455.
+ 2x + 2)
arc tan
1471.
4 ~an
-cotx
3 cos 5x
X In (sin ax
1463.
Itan"25x I
,. 10
i)
2
,-
2x -t 2
y~
2 YtcotX)3
1469.
V"2
(x
1456.
5
I2lcos! x- 6)
tans x
1465.
i + ~ ) +21n Icos ( ~ + ~ ) I
2Y_
.
tan
x .. r-2y x - 9-
v- ,
'xarctan (
1
.. r- X
8,3
IV
-3 In
1487. tanl (
x
C0S 5t"
3
- -20 SiU4 5x - 40 sin 2 5x + 40 In
).
21
2x
VI-X a - 1 1
1
1459. -2 X
f 3
3
x
3x Sill 2x sin 4x
1460. 8+-4-+32.
1461. Inl tanxl-cotlx-
1457.
1452.
_(xt l ) V.l.I+2X+2-fln(x+I+Yx'+2x+2).
y'(x
1449.
'
1)
1(1
1453.
-V~+l'
V'(2x)'. 1444.
Y2X-:
(2 ,rtanx)
.
f
cosec x. 1472.
5 -V
cos x.
2
tanS x
+ -5-
1468. - ~3x
-3-
10
(3 xarc tan
~\
I
V3)- Y2 x
(tan
I
1473. Inltanx+2+ytan l x+4tanx+ll 1474'-a x
+ .r
,. a l +5111
ax).
x sin 2x cos 2x
elx
~-4---~- 1477. Tl 2x - 1). 1478
a1
eX3
1479.
xl
1476.
3' -In
Xl
4"-
_-
Vl-x-
Answers
- } In I x-I 1- ;~- ;~-
~.
427
VI +
1480.
Xl
VI + xl).
1
3x
1 5x
I
x
I
I I
-sln---sin--- sln- 1482. -I t
. 1483. n l+cotxl-cotx.
2
2
3
2 10
2
+
anx
sinh 2 x
.. r - I
1481. - 2 - . 1485. -2cosh y I-x. 1486. Slncosh2x. 1487. -xcothx+
1
x
I
I
eX -3
+lnlsinhxl.
1488. 2eX-4+4InleX-21.
1489.
arctan-- .
2
2
4
4
I
I + 2x
10- 2X
X
ln
1490.7"
+I)1- 3 Vtex+l)I. 1491. In4
1-2x 1492. -2InIO X
1481
V(e
x
i_ ) .
X ( x2 _ 1 + _
+_
In 10 21n2 10
1494.lnj
1493.
_x_l_arctanx.
y 1+ x 2
1495.
1496. 2x (coslnx+sinlnx).
1497.
'1r-xVex + I - 1 .
r e +1+ln V--
eX + I + 1
2
1
4 (x.arCSlnJ..+x + 2 Vxl _ 1).
3
X
-iJ.
5)~
+ 6x +
Chapter V
T2
210 -1
1502. voT -g -2" . 1503. 3.
1504. lii""2.
1505. 156.
Hint. Divide the interval from x= I to x=5 on the x-axis into subintervals so that the abscissas of the points of division should form a geo1501.
b-a.
See Problem
Sil1a+Sin2a+ ...
Xl
=xoq,
1505.
1507.
X 2=
X n =x(lqn.
1506. In!!...
a
Hint. Utilize the tormula
r(Jq2, . "
I-cos x.
+Shlna=~ [cos~-cos(n+~)aJ.
2S1n
1508. 1)
"2
~=
- __1_. 2) dl __l_
5
I
_ lr--.
2 -X4
-Xl
In a '
db - In b 1 09. n x. 1510.
y 1 +.t . 1511. xe
-e
.
cos x
I
I
3
1512.
.r- + 2 cos 2 1513. x = nn (n= 1,2,3, ... ). 1514. In 2. 1515. - -8
2 y x
x
x
1516.
1
2
I (I
2
n- I)
=2+"2+
+ n-I
-2-=- + -+
n
n
n
nn
n ... + -n-
may be regarded as the Integral sum of the function f(x)=x on the interval [0,1]. Therefore, lim sn=
n
xdx=-2
S
o
I
1519. In 2. Solution, The sum sn = --I
-+,,, +~)
=*(_1-1 +_1_2
I+nI+n-
I+n-
n+
-+<Xl
I
I
+ --2
+, .. + -n+n
-=
n+
Answers
428
f (x) = I ~ x
the function
the form
1520. p
Xk=I+~n
+1 .
"3.
1521.
3 = 33 "3 .
1522.
n~ct>
4" .
1523.
16
"3.
1524.
1525. -
In 3' . 1527. In 8 1528. 35 15- 321n 3. 1529. arc tan 3-arc tan 2=
1
4
n
1
n
11:
= arc tan 7 1530. In 3". 1531. 16 1532. 1- Y3 1533. "4. 1534. '2.
1526.
100
lim
.
1
l+YS
1535. 3" In - - 2 -
1540. O. 1541. 9
1536.
~3 + ~
8+ '4.
1537.
e- T'
1543. sinh 1= ;
~+~
. 1545. -
;5'
1556. Diverges.
1557. Diverges.
1
.
1
1560. In a' 1561. DIverges. 1562. 7i
(e- ~ ).
1555.
1539. I-cos 1.
1538. In 2.
p~ 1.
1558. I; 2
n
1
1563. 8"' 1564. 3"
1550.
1554.
.
31.
1559. Diverges.
+ T1 ln3
1565. 3
2n
Y3
1566. Diverges 1567. Converges 1568. Diverges 1569. Converges. 1570. Converges. 1571. Converges. 1572. Diverges 157J. Converges. 1574. Hint. B (p, q)=
I/J
1
~ f(x) dx+ ~ f (x) dx, where f (x) =x P-' (l-x)q-,; since lim f (x) x'-P= 1
II
x~o
and lim (I-x) -q f (x) = I, both integrals converge when I-p< 1 and I-q< I.
% -+ 1
I (x) =
(p) =
~ f (x)
CIJ
dx
+ ~ f (x) dx,
wherE
xp-1e- X. The first integral converges when p>O, the second when p i~
Y2 Sy'tdt.
1578.
In a
In
QI)
1580.
t)
dt. 1581.
X=
1t
1584.2-2
41
1585.
1t
1/y 5
1586.
n
1 - -
y 1 + a2
n
1587.1-- .
4
1588.
1
~
7+2Y7
1 1t
Sin 112. 1,,91. In - - 9 - 1592. 2+4
V3 31 ,
.. r- n
y 3-- .
3
na2
1593. 8
Answer"
1594.
31
2' 1599. 2 -
e2 +3
t601. -8-
1600. l.
1.
42f)
1
1602."2 (e1r
+ll.
1603. 1.
tIJ
1604. a2 ~ b
1605. a2 ~ b2 ' 1606. Solution. r (p I) =
xPe- X dx. Applying
"
o
the fornlula of integration by parts, we put x P = U, e- x dx = dv. Whence
du =px P - 1 dx, v = -e- X
and
r(p+I)=[-xPe-xI:'+p ~ xP-'e-xdx=pr(p)
(*)
ll
r(l)=~ e-xdx=l,
o
we get:
(p+ 1)=p1
128
6331
10 =-= :~ 15; 110 = 512 .
(p-l)!(q-l)!
1 (m+l n + l \ .
"
1608.
(p -t-q-l)!
.
1609. 2 B - 2 ' -2-)' Hint. Put sin x=t.
1610. a) Plus; b) minus; c) plus Hint. Sketch the ~raph of the integrand for
values of the argument on the interval of integration 1611. a) First; b) second;
1
1
3
. 1
c) first.
1612. 3'
1613. a.
1614'"2 . 1615. 8"'
1616. 2 arc Sill "3
1617.
~ </< ~.
n2
O<I<a2.
1623. s=
..r-
32
3.
1637.
11
2-3.
1638 .
1
2 =2(coshl-I)
e+e-
..r3
f 3)]. 1640. 8" nal . Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 27.
1620.
(2+ ~ ).
16
a 1649. 3
va
24.
4 V3
32
4
3
n - - and "3 n + -- . 1650 t nab.
a-
Answers
430
33
60 9
14 -8
F Ig.
16 2"lt. 1661.
3
~r-
1664. n f 2.
Vh
Hint.
V2 a.
I
663
1tp2
1662. (I-el)"'o' 1
'3+-2-
1666.
1669. 1+
~r-
V3)
1(31
.a
In
~.
V2 +
I) .
e2b -1
sinh b
1
2
3 1675. InW-l+ a - b =ln-.-- 1676. -2 aT.
b
e sin h a
l
Hint. See Appendix VI, Fig. 29. 1677. 4 (a:;-b ) 1678. I6a. 1679. na YI +4n l +
a
lrf
v:
aVl+m
1
4
+ In 3+V5
2
1683.
m
1684. 2 (4 + In 3). 1685. 30' 1686. :r 31ab
-1
88
31
4 31
1687. aJ31
4 (eI + 4 -e).
16.
83 31 2 1689. vx=T.
1690. v'=7
2
1691.
1696.
31
16rra a
32 a
4
a
3
v X =2"' vv=231. 1692. -5-' 1693. 15 31a . 1694. "3 np . 1695.
a.
b ) 6n aa,
c)
2ltla. 1698.
32 31aa.
105
1702
1705.
h (
Ab +a B )
3"
AB +
2
+ab.
1709.
I
2nalh.
lt~IH.
1706.
nabh
-3-'
10 31
1703
38 31a.
1707.
128
105 a.
1704
1708.
4 na a
2i
8
2
3Ul o.
'3
16
1710. :ra. 171t.nal Vpq. 1712. nabh
(hI'.
4
I+). 1713. ltabc.
~6nal[5V5-8].
2n[V2+ln(V2+I)].
1714. 8;lVI7'-I];
t7t5.
17t6.
1721. 4n!ab Hint. Here, y== b Va2 -xl Taking the plus si~n, we get the
external surface of a torus; taking the minus sign, we get the internal sur2
face of a torus. 1722. 1) 231b l + 2nab arc sin e; 2) 2na l 1(b In 11 e, where
Vaa
l
8=
-e
64M
32 2
(eccentricity of ellipse). 1723. a) -3-; b) 1631' a2 ; c)
31a
Answers
1724.
1~8nal.
1~8nal.
a .. ~
M Y ="2 r a 2 +b 2
ab 2
M a =2;
1728.
43t
a2b
Mb=y.
MX=:
1727.
1729.
Yal+bl ;
a'
M x =M Y ="6;'
a
3
2
x=Y=a' 1730. Mx=M Y =5 a2 ; x=y=Sa. 1731. 2na 2 1732. x=O~
a 2 + sinh 2
- a sin a 4
- 4a
y 4 sinh 1 1733. x =-a- ; y=O. 1734. x=1ta; Y=3 a . 1735. x=3xt:
4b
y -=3xt'
1736.
(a
)
0,0, 2" .
1738.
Solu-
2n
~ az dz
;Jla
Whence z =
=;.
tance of : altitude from the vertex of the cone. Solution. Partition the
cone into elements by planes parallel to the base. The mass of an elenlen
tary layer (slice) is dmi=y1tQ2dz, where y is the density. z is the distance
M
of
the
cutting
plane
from
the vertex
S;:
Zl
z = I0
- xtr 2h
3
dz
= : h.
1740. (0; 0;
+:
x-== Y=O.
~ (al o
2
-na 8
3
Zl) Z dz
3
=aa.
1
1741. I=na 8
1
1745. I =
in (R:-R:).
concentric circles.
The
R2
the moment of inertia J =2nS r l dr=
element dm = y2Jtf dr
and
R1
Solution. We partition the cone into elementary cylindrical tubes para lie!
to the axis of the cone. The volume of each such elementary tube is
dV = 2xtrh dr, where r is the radius of the tube (the distance to the axis of
the cone), h = H ( 1- ; ) is the aHi tude of the tube; then the moment 01
Answers
432
R
Inertia I=y
Jor - ( 1 - a
"1/
Y
':
1-
rldr =~ rra5y,
15
,2
2
~ naly.
it fol.
22
-2
2
2
lowsthatJ=r;Ma
1748. V==2Jtab; S=4n 211b. 1749. a) x=Y=5 a ;
--9
-4r
b) x=y= lOP. 1750. a) x=O, Y:=3 It Hint. The coordinate axes are cho-
sen so that the x-axis coincides with the diameter and the origin is the
centre of the circle; b)
x= ~
cone obtained from rotatin f1 a trIangle about it~ bClc;;e, is equal to V -==-!.. '!'b1z 2
3
f.;,
'
where b is the base. Iz is the altitude of the tnan(!le. By the GuldIn theo-1
gravity
1752.
1755.
trom
the
~
In (1 +~).
2g
11= ~ In (II a bl);
c~
=]y R2H!
base.
1753.
\\ hence
=3
tiL'
centre
175t.
x==
h= ~ x
It
"111 wt;
(I)
v av
A=l~ yRJHJ.
1758.
A-~'Jl4Y RTM::::::079JOI=079IO'
kgm.
l+ R
on a mass m is equal to F= k
of the earth. Since for
f=
m~
, '
~~
(~
1+1[
Answers
433
5c;:=
%.
performed
moving charge el
in
from
point
XI
to XI Is A =e'l
x)
(...!.-- 1-)
= 1.810
x
VI
from volume
Vo
to volume
VI
is A =
Va
Solution. For an adiabatic process, the Poisson law pull = Pov~, where
k ::::::: lA,
hold.
true.
Hence
Pov.
' Pov~ dv ~ k-I
Sv
A=
(V
[I _
o ) k-
VI
J] _
Vo
1764. A =3" nJ.LPa. Solution. If a is the radius of the base of a shaft, then
==.!!.".
M
2JJ.:
S,2 dr = 33tJ..tPa..
4
a
4nJ.LP X
dA = 43lJ.LP
i2 ,2d,. Therefore, the com pi ete work A = (i2
i- MR oo
2
1765.
o
2
Qr 2oo 2
mo 2
dK=T=-2dO, where
{ronl
the
axis of
rotation,
Q=
:rr.RI'
Thus.,
Moo 2
Moo25
MR2CJ)2
r 1 dr=--4-
3
1766. K=20,,><MR2W 2.
1767.
K=~ R 2oo 2 =2.31O' kgm. Hint. The amount of work required is equaf
2
bh
P=T.
(a +2b) h 2
1769. P=--6--~11.3.10' T
hb"p
kMm.
gm
laT - Tr
B
,2
21,
npa
0 = 8l11' 1777. Q=
Sv a dY:Z::32 P abiLl
15-1900
Answers
434
along the large lower side of the rectangle, and the y-axis, perpendicular to
5
V2
s= ~
v.
Mx =- S~ (x-t)dt+ ~ x=x
Jra
dv
=5.
til
1780. Mx = -
a,
t',
1779.
:~ =
[xt-
~]:+~ x= ~x (1-+)
),
Hint.
Chapter VI
2
X2)X.
V=3(y2_
1782.
1784.
f ( -2' 3 =-3;
1783.
f(l, -1)==-2.
2
~r 2
S="3(x+y)
r 4z -l-3(x-y)2.
y2_x2
2xy '
1785.
R4
2xy
x -y
-2--2
X2_ y 2
2xy '
I(
~)=
by x.
x-Y=v.
, u2 -uv
Then
1789.
f(x,
u-t;v
y)=x
-;
u-v
xy. Solution.
u+v
VI-I-x 2
x
V(; r+
Designate
y2_ x 2
2xy '
I and
x+y=u,
-2-+ (U-V)I
-2- =
u-v
f (u)=
Vx - I =
u;
plane loeated above the straight line x+y=O (x+y > 0); d) strip contained
bet~een the straight lines y= I, including these lines (-I ~y~I); e) a
square formed by the segments of the straight lines x= 1 and y= I, including its sides (-I ~x~ I, -1 <aU ~ I); f) part of the plane adjoining the
x-axis and contained between the straight lines y:= x, including these lines and
excludi,ng the coordinate origin (- x ~ y E:; x when x > 0, x <; y ~-x when
x<O); g) two strips x~2. -2~y~2 and x~-2, -2~y~2; h) the
ring contained between the circles x2 +y2=a 2 and x2+y2=2a2, including the
boundaries; i) strips 2nn ~ x~ (2n + I) rt, Y ~ 0 and (2n+ I) n ~ x ~ (2n + 2) 1,
y.-; 0, where n is an integer; j) th~t part of the plane located above the
435
Answers
par~bola Y = - x2 (x2 + Y > 0); .k) the entire xy-plane; I) the entire xy-plane,
with the exception of the coordinate origin; m) that part of th~ plane located
above the parabola y2=X and to the right of the y-axis, including the pOtnts
of the y-axis and excluding the points of the parabola (x ~ 0, y > Y x);
n) the entire place except points of the straight lines X= 1 ~nd y =0; 0) the
family of concentric circles 21tk~x2+y2~n(2k+l) (k=O, 1, 2, ... ).
1793. a) First octant (including boundary); b) First, Third, Sixth and Eighth
octants (excludIng the boundary); c) a cube bounded by the planes X:c:: I,
y =~ 1 and z== 1, including its faces; d) a sphere of radius 1 with centre
at the origin, including its surface 1794. a) a plane; the level lines are
straight lines parallel to the straight line x+y=O; b) a paraboloid of revolution; the level lines are concentric circles with centre at the origin;
c) a hyperbolic paraboloid; the level lines are equilateral hyperbolas;
d) second-order cone; the level lines are equilateral hyperbolas; e) a parabolic
cylinder, the gcneratrices of which are parallel to the straight linex+y:+-I=O;
the level lines are parallel lines; f) the lateral surface of a quadrangular
pyramid; the level lines are the outlines of squares; g) level lines are parap
olas y =- Cx2 ; h) the level lines are parabolas y = C
I) the level Hnes
are the circles C(t 2 +y2)=-2x. 1795. a) Parabolasy=C-x2 (C>0); b) hyper2
bolas xy = C (I C I ~ I); c) circles x + y2 = C2; d) straight lines y = ax + C;
c) straight lines y-=CX (x =1= 0). 1796. a) Planes parallel to the plane
x -t- Y -1- z --= 0; b) concentric sphere~ \vith centre at origin; c) for u > 0,
one-sheet hyperboloids of revolution about the z-axis; for u < 0, two-sheet
hyperbololds of revolution about the same axis; both families of surfaces
are divided by the cone X 2+y2_ Z2=0 (u=O). 1797. a) 0; b) O;c) 2~
d) e'l; e) linlit does not exist; f) linlit does not exist. Hint. In Item(b)
pass to polar coordinates In ltcnls ~e) and ef), consider the variation of x
and y along the straight lines y == kx and show that the given expression
may tend to different lilnits, dependin~ on the choice of k. 1798. Continuous.
1799. a) Discontinuity at x=O, y==O; b) all points of the straight line
x==y (line of discontinuity); c) line of discontinuity IS the circle
X 2 +y2= 1;
d) the tines of discontinuity are the coordinate axes.
Yx;
1800 Hint.
Puttin~
Y = YI
== const,
\ve
2XYI
x2 +
y: ,
which
x:
x~o
l/-+O
passing to polar coordinates (x= , cos cp,y = , sin q>l, we ~et z == sin 2'Pt \vhence it is
eviden t that if x ---+ 0 and y -+ 0 in such nlanner that q> = const (0 ~ q> ~ 231),
then z -+ sin 2({). Since these linliting values of the function z depend on the
direction of cp, it follows that z does not have a lilnit as x -+ 0 and y -. o.
dz
2
az
2
az
2y
az
2x
1801. dx=-=3(x -ay), ay=3(y -ax).
1802. ax=(x+y)2' ay=-(X+y)2
1803.
az=_
ax
x2'
az=~
ay
1805. ~=
y2
ax (x 2 -1_ y2)3!2 '
y
1804
az
ay
= Yx2+ y2 (x + Y x 2+ y2)
az_ x
ax- X
xy
(x 2 + y 2)3!:. .
az
1807. ox =
y 2'
1806 dz _
. ax 2_
x2
+ y2'
az
az__ y
ay- Yx2_y2
1
Y x2 + y2'
az
iJz _
ay-
Answers
436
iJz
..:3
=xY lnx.
~=_1!..,
1809.
ox
Y2x
I - 2y
xy'l
- JY I (xl_yl)'
~% = _
X ~ra_ cot
2y , Y
iJu
uy
sin
.1L
Xl
at!:::a ,. Y
sin
1L oZ::z.!..e
X
ay
yx l 2x l - 2y
I y I (Xl_yl)'
OZ
x.~~.
"'"cos
JL
xcoslL.
1
az
1811.
ox = Yi
~~
1810.
iJx
X +a
cot
yi'
~u = (xy)Ztn(xy).
uz
OU
iJu
_
'
1
'.1813. ox=yzxYlnz,
iJy=xzxYlnz,
oz==xyzxy I.
1814. fx (2,1)=2'
.,
,
1
z
1
'1/(2, 1)=0.
1815. Ix (1,2,0)= 1, ' , (1.2.0)=2'
f (I, 2,0)=2 .
1820. -
+y
x
3/ 1821.
(x 2 +yl + Z2) ,
y
z=arc tan -+<1' (x).
x2
1827. z=-2
1
1
lnx+siny-'2. 1828. I) tana=4. tan~=oo. tanY=T; 2) tana~oo,
p=4.
tan
r. 1826.
tan
Y=4
as
1
oS
1
iJS
1
1829. iJa =2" h, iJb =2 h, iJh =2 (a+b).
1830. Hint.
Check to see that the function is equal to zero over the entire x-axis and
the entire y-axIs, and take advantage of the definition of partial derivatives.
Be convinced that f~(O. O)=f~(O, 0)=0.
1831. L\f=4L\x+L\y+2L\x2 , +2L\xl\Y+~XI~y;
df=4dx+dy;
a) t1f-df=8;
b) L\f-df=0.062.
1833. dz=3{x 2 -y)dx+3(y2_ X )d y. 1834. dz=2xy 3dx+3x 2y 2dy. 1835. dz=
2
1
(.l.2
1/2)2 (xy 2dx-x 2y dy). 1836. dz= sin 2xdx-sin 2ydy. 1837. dz =y xY- dx+
+x)/(l+ylnx)dy. 1838.dz=
t8oW. dz=O.
2
x
2+
J!.
dx ) .
1844. du
1845. du= (x y +:
~) zdx+
X ( xy
+ : ) dz].
1846. du
= 25l5dz-3dx-4dy).
df (1, 1) = dx -
y+
= X2y:~ Z4 (y dx +x dy- 2:
2dy.
r-1[ (
1842.
1850.
Cl11 3
(rela-
of the sector equal to zero and find the differential of the radius froIn that.
1851. a) 1.00; b) 4.998, c) 0.273. 1853. Accurate to 4 lnetres (more exactly,
g
1854. n a -:; ~l
g f 19
e' (t 1n t - I)
du
.=
t In 2 t
1857. i[j=
4.25 m).
t
x (
x )
Yu
eot yy' 6- 2y 2
du
1856.
d~t =
1858. dt = 2t In t tan
t+
2
~(ttl+ l)tant+(t +1)lnt 1859 ~=-=O 1860 ~- (. )COSX(
t--;T
t
cos2 t
dt
dx - S1n x
cos x co x
Answers
437
az
y . dz
1862 az . a.<>V-I. dz
-slnx 1n sin x). 1861. a-=-~+
a-=U~
, d-=
x
x Y2' d-=-lx
+x, .
x
x
az,
,
az
,
Y]
Y
=x [ q>'(x)lnx+-X .1863. ax=2xfu(u,v)+yrYfv(u, V); ay z:-2Yf u (U,v)+
;;=1.
:~=Y(1-:2)f'(XY+~);
:~=f~(X. y. z)+<p' (x)f~ (x, y. z)+
1865.
1867.
1873. The
y) <p' (X.
perimeter increases at
1+2ta+3t~
Y2 km/hr.
1875. 20 V5-2
68
C0S
1876.
_9~3.
+ C0S3 ~ + C(l5 V .
1891
1886.61
dz
ax 2
abcL/2
~3-.
. 1879. _
. .
cp === 8337'.
~2
4"1 (51-3j).
1877. 1. 1878.
1 + t 2 + te
az
2
_ _
1889. tan<p:::::8.944;
abcxy
az
2
,2-
1898.
a'z
ax oy2=
-A 2
1899.
1902. Hint.
f"x
(0, 0)
m (m -
1);
f:
1:
':'1
1903.
"
+ 2 (Xl + y2) f"
uv (u, v) + xYfC'v (u.
aal/z:=21
,
+ 4xYl"uv (u,
u (u. v)
1904.
a!u
O~I
"
+ 4y f"uu (u,
l
",,,
v)
,,,
2 "
v) +x f vv (u, v).
v);
438
Answers
a"z
1905. ax"
'"
"""
",
""'"
"
,,,
I"
,,,
u(x, y)=<p(x)+'I'(y).
X dy)" + 2dx dy].
X [(y dx +
X (Yln~dx+xln!-dY);
fY x
1919. dz= ( ;
ey
II
+2 (x y In ex
In ey~+ In":")
dx dy + (X"ln"!...-~) d y2 ] .
y
ey y
y
1920. d"z = a2f~u (u, v) dx" + 2abf;'v (u, v) dx dy + b2f:v (u, v) dy".
1921. d z = (yeXf~ + e2Yf:u + 2yex +Y f;w + y2e!Xf~v) dx" +
2
--+
1931.
expression Xdx+Ydy.
_
1939. f;=f;.
1940. u=Sf(Z)dZ+C.
1941.
~=
bZx. d"y
b4
day
3b 8x
. . .
-d
.=-2'3; -d3 = - 4 5 1942. The equation definlngy IS the
x
ay
x
ay
---a"y '
:;=0
1946.
'!1t. =
dx
1948.
1945.
Yy)I'
x
+ ay ;
ax-y
~=x"-yz;
nx
XJJ
-z"
=xsiny-cosz
cos x-y sin z
(:t=1=3
or
In''~l'
-xy
-I;
(~:.t=1=8
1947.
c!lt. =
dx
JL ;
x
or
-8.
d"y 2y
dxl=XZ .
~=6Y"-3xz-2.
1949. az=zsinx-cosy.
az
3 (xy -2")
ax cos x- y sin z'
2
1950. oZ=_I; Oz
I
1951. az=_c x; ~=_c:21J.
ox
ay =2'.
ax
a2 z ay
b?z ,.
ay
au
-==.,-
Answers
439
1953.
2v d 2
-(I+y)2 y.
1971.
a)
1965.
dz
dx =
Answers
440
3x+4y+12z-169=O.
1985. x+4y+6z=21
1986. x+y+z=
(2
1987 At the points (1, 1. 0), the tangent planes are
parallel to the xz-plane; at the points (0, 0, 0) and (2, 0, 0), to the yz-plane.
There are no points on the surface at which the tangent plane is parallel to
1983.
=
y a2 + b2 +
O
IY=O
3x 2
\ 4+ z2 - 1 =0.
;:::Z2_
I =0
{Z:=+O!
1-0
x y -xy- - .
der projecting this surface on SOIne plane is a locus at which the tangent
plane to the given surface is perpendIcular to the planf of the proJcclion
1996. f (x + h,
y+ k) =ax 2+ 2bxy + cy2+ 2 (ax + by) h + 2 (b..: +cy) k -t-- ah 2 +
+ 2bhk + ck 2
1997.
f (x, y) = l-(x + 2)2+ 2 (x + 2) (y-l) + 3 (y_l)2.
1998. ~f(x,y)=2h+k+h2+2hk+h2k. 1999. f(x, y, z)=(x-l)!-t-(y-l)2+
+ (z-I)I+2(x-I)(y-I)-(y-I)(z-I). 2000. f(x+h, y+k, z+l)=
= f (x, y, z) + 2 (h (x - y - z) + k 2(y - x - 4 z) +2 I (z - x - y)] + t (h. k, 1).
3"(2 y _ y'
X +y2 x +6x y2+ y"
2001. y+xy+
3!
.2002.1-4!
2003. I+(y-I)+
2
,-+
+tx-I)(y- I).
(x-I)+ (y+I)]'
2005
31
b) "' / (I +a)m
V2
+ (3n
1+[(.t -I)
2004.
(y
I)]
+ [(x-I)
-t-
2!
(y+I)]2
+
(l + ~)n :::::: I +! (ma +n~) +!
2
4
32
[(3m 2
4m)
2 _
2mna~ +
-4n) ~2]o 2006. a) 1.0081; b) 0.902. Hint. Apply Taylor's formula for
Yx- V;
+ ...
yi
3 r 3
ab
Y3
x=y=O.
2015.
2 m in=0
when x=y=O;
nonrigorous n18XilllUIlJ
2017.
x= ~ .
4 2 1
Umin=-a
when
Answers
441
the boundary of the circle (x-l)2 + (y + 2l =: 23, at the points of which both
functions assume the value z =3. This value is the least for the first function
and is the greatest for the second. 2020. One of the functions defined by the
2) for x =-= - 1, Y = 2. the other has a
equation has a rnaxim UIn (<'max
mininlum (zmin == 1) for x = - 1, Y == 2, both functions have a boundary extremUlTI
-4":: -
18
12
2024. zmJx =
I3'
2 t-
V2-
7n
x == "8
for
+ ktt.
2 - V2
3n
Sn
Y= 8" kn,
zmin ~ - - 2 - for x =8" + kn,
Y=
krt. 2025. lJ m1l1 =
=-9 f~r x==-I, y==2, z=-2, umax =9 for x=l, y=-2, z=2.
2026. llm.lx --= a for x == a, y = z = 0; umin =.: c for x == y = 0 z -=-= c.
2027. umax=2.42.63 for x=2. y=4, 2=6. 2028. umax=44/27 at the P011ltS
4)
4
3' 3' 3" ; (4
3"' 3' 3"
: 3' 3'
3 ; umtn -=4 at the potnts (2,
2, 1) (2, I, 2) (I, 2, 2). 2030. a) Greatest value z=3 for x=O, y = I;
2
b) smallest value z=2 for x= 1, y=O. 2031. a) Greatest value z=---;r for
3 r 3
,;2
(T
2
.. /2
x= V 3' Y=
3: smal1t'st value z=- 3
for x= V 3'
9n
8+
( 4 4 7)
(7
4)
~-
y~;
Y3-
I, !/--= 0; smallest
V3
value
n
z=- 1 for x=O, Y= I. 2032. Greatest value z=--2- for x=Y=3 (Internal maximulll); slTIallest value z=o for x===y-~O (boundary rTIlnlmum).
2033. Greatest value Z= 13 for x==2. y ==-1 (boundary maXllnUnl)~ snlallest
value 1.:.=-2 for x-=,y== 1 (internal minimum) and for x=O, y=-1 ,bounnary minirn urn). 2034. eu be. 2035.
2V,
2V, 2"1
2V. 2036. I sosceles
.
.
3
3
p
2040. Sides of the tnangle are -4 p, -4 p, and -2 . 2041.
+ nIl + nla
.~a_.
y
:2
In x
+ nl 2x 2 + rnat a ,
+ 111 + lila
111 1
abc
,2):--,
r 3
X=::
-+. +) .
,~_,
r 3
x=y=2~+ V 2V.
l=
~.
2045. x=
Vf '
2046. Major axis, 2a=6. minor axis. 2b=2. Hint. The square of
the distance of the point (x, y) of the ellipse from its centre (coordinate origin)
IS equal to x 2 + y2. The problem reduces to finding the extrenlum of the function
X 2 +y2 provided 5x 2 +8xy+5y 2=9. 2047. The radius of the base ot the cylinder
Answers
442
is
2+
;5
the altitude R
2-
;5'
spkere. 2048. The channel must connect the point of the parabola
with
the
point
of
th~
straight
s~n~=~.
line
~,
-:
Hint. Obviously,
(~, ~)
t~e
point M, at which
SlD p
v2
4
the ray passes frem one medium into the other, must lie between AI and B l ;
a=~.
2052. 11 :1.:/.=
~1: ~. : ~.'
+ y'/.=l'!a.
2067.
XY=~S.
whose equations, if the axes of symmetry of the ellipses are taken as the
coordinate axes, have the form xy =
2~
y=O is the locus Qf pOints of inflection and of the envelope of the givell
family; b) the discriminant curve y = 0 is the locus of cusps and of the envelopE
of the fain i ly; c) the discriminant curve y == 0 is the locus of cusps and is not an en
velope; d) the discriminant curve deconlposes into the straight hnes: x == 0 (locu~
2
00
1
2
of nodes) and x=a(envelope). 2070.y= 2 _gx .2071. 7 .2072. y'9+4n 2 ,
3
g 20:
..r- t
In 10
2073. r 3 (e -1). 2074. 42. 2075. 5. 2076.
X o -l- ze 2077.
11 -1- -92079. a) Straight line; b) parabola; c) ell ipse; d) hyperbola.
2)
ad~O; 3)~ao+add~0.
2081.
2080. I)
'1n aO
:t(abC)=(~~bC )+(ad~c)+(ab~~)
2082. 4t (t 2 + 1). 2083. x = 3 cos t; Y = 4 sin t (ell ipse); for t =0, !' = 4j, tv =. -31; fo
1t
3 Y2
. r-3 y~r
-.
rt
t=4,t1==--2- 1+ 2 r 2J, w=--2-1-2 Y2J;fort="2 ,t1=-31, w==
= -4}. 2084. x == 2 cos t, Y = 2 sin t, Z = 3t (screw-line); !' = - 21 sin t -t
+ 2jcos t-I-3k; v= yf3 for any t; w=-2icost-2jsint; w-=2for any t
for
t=O,
'D=2j+3k,
tv =-21;
[or
t=~,
'D=-2i+3k,
tv=-2J
Answe,~
443
rot
2085. X= cos a cos rot; y = sin a cos rot; z = sin rot (circle); f1 = cos a sin rot -- oo} sin a sin rot rok cos rot; v = I ro I; tv = - ro 2i cos a cos rot - ro 2} sin a cos rot -
v=VV~+Vy2
+(v x -gt)2; wx=wy=O;wz=-g;
o a
0
w=g. 2088. 00 Ya + hI, where 00= ~t is the angular speed of rotatien of the
l
yet
(i-k).
2091. 'f=
~2(l+k);
(sin t
+ cos t)j +
= -4i-f-5J-8k.
=.i+4j+2k.
y2f'
't
R=
'II
yi05
'Y=-};
~3;
-2i+k
'11
cos('Y~)=O.
2093
Y5
k);
!J=
x-acost =
-a sin t
_y-asint __ z-bt
(t
t)o
x-acost y-asint z-bt (b'
I).
- acost - b
angen,
b sin t
-beast
a
lnorma,
x-a cos t = y-a sin
t =z-bt
I Th e dtrec tIon cosines 0 f
t
0 - (pnnclpa I norma).
cos t
sin
a sin t
t
the tangent are cos a = - y 2
; cos ~ = ya cos
; cos Y= ~r 2b l .
a + b2
a2 + b2
f a +b
The direction cosines of the principal normal are cos a l =cos t; cos ~l = sin t;
cos '\'1 = O. 2094. 2x-z = 0 (normal plane); y-I = 0 (osculating plane);
x-2 y-4 z-8
x+2z-5=0 (rectifying plane). 2095. -1-=-4-=12 (tangent); x+
+4y+12z-114=O (normal plane); 12x-6y+z-8=0 (oscutating plane).
0
t2
y-a-t '
t2
tf.
t~
t3
Y2096. -t2- = - t - = - I - (tangent); t 3 +2t = I - tol
x- 4
x-T
z-2
t3
t"
(bJJ10rmV~~ cos a l =
z-T R
_
Y2
Yi";
(binormal);
y+2 z-2
=-=1=-2-
cos ~I=
Y2 '
MJ
({-,
-t
(prin-
-+,
~);
(tan~ent);
(principal normal);
+1=-1-=-0-
R
x-2'
Y-7[
COSY2=Q. 2098. a) -2-= - 0 - ==
= -2t
t2
z--
x-- y-4
cipal normal); -1-- = -2}=~
8)
x-2
M 2 ( 4, -3"' 2 2097. -1x-2 y+2
z-2
ing plane); -I-=--=t= - I
z-2
x~,.~ u-2 V3 =
z-:
1
2 r a
-2 3
(tangent); 2 Va x+y-2 y3i=O (normal plane); 2099. x+y=O. 2100. xy-z V2-.=O.
2101. a) 4x-y-z-9=0;
b) 9x- 6U+ 2z- 18=0;
c) b2 x:x-a 2 y:u + (a 2 _b 2 )
= a2 b2 (a 2 -b!). 2102. 6.Y-8y-z + a = 0 (osculat_
ing plane);
z:z
x-I
y-I
z-I
31 =26= -22
(principal normal);
x-I
-6 =
y-l
z-1
-S-==-r
Answers
444
g' } (principal
+ 3y + 19z-27 =
b) K
--
= T = 2a C~Shlt'
av l
a2 +bl
2111.
2109. a) R = Q =
(y~a)1
1 ,/'19
= 31
; T
K=2,
22
e- t
(P~;:~~)'
; b) R = Q =
t=O,
K=7 JI 14'
t=l,
2106. 2x
Y2
e- t
2108. a) K =
When
2112.
when
w n =2;
yEf
T.
O. 2107. a) Y2; b)
J.
'V
normal);
w-,;=O,
w'1;= Y14'
wn =2
T.
,/19
JI
14
Chapter VII
2
25
2113. 4"3. 2114. In 24
2120.
~.
11:
4".
na 2
2119. 2.4.
x= I; x=3.
y=3; y=2x;
x=2.
x=-I;
o
I
Sdy Sf (x,
2128.
o
1
Sdx Sf (x,
y) dy+
Sdx Sf(x,
J-y
tx+lt
Sdx S f(x,
y) dx =
0
I
2130.
y) dy.
Sdy S f (x,
y) dy. 2129.
2-X
0
1
Sdx Sf (x,
0
y)dy=
IX
.!L.
y) dx=
y)dx=
y.
Sdy Sf(x,
2127.
Sdy Sf(x,
2
y) dx+
II
2131.
_ YI
- y
111-
Sdx S
o
V 2-
x"
y2
Sdy S f (x, y) dx + S dy S
o
VI
yl
IX 2
'V 2 -
X2
S dx S
f (x, y) dx=
f (x, y) dy+
- X
V~
..
-j-
-v f
f(x,
y) dx.
Answers
-
V4="X2
445
V1=Xi
V~ - r
2133. S dx S
{(x, y)dy+ S dx S
{(x,y) dy+ S dx S f(x.gldy+
- 2 _ V 4 - x2
- V 4 - x2
-]
y, - t'2
- 1
J
Yi"'=X2
-1
V4 _y2
1-~
t- SdX
S
- y4
{(x, y)dy= S dy
- X2
{(x, y)dx+ S dy
1/4 IJ2
1/4 - l/~
'V e -
2134. S dx
t SdX
JI"5
JI e -
V, -
2135.
V CJ2
y2
S dx S
- a _
1+
xJ
5dy 5
y + 2a
e) S dy
u Y
5dy
o
f(x, lJ)dll-=
-. x.l
{(x, y)dx; d)
-J
VI4';i2
dy S {(x, y)dx;
--I-I
{lx, y) dx= S dx
{If
S
fa
{lX, y) dy
3...
aa
Vu
- y2
S
VU~-Jay
{(x, y) dx+
Va
JL
a
2 - y2
Sdy 5
a
IQ
f (x. y) dx.
f(x. y)dy.
x- 10
Sf (x, y) dx +S dy S f(x.
a
O!!..
12
2138. S dy
VX
2"
1 ] 1X - x 2
1 -
{(X, y) dy-J-
VJ:4iii
1/'J
- J/J
- ~ .a 2 - lJ2
V. _ yl
1 - X I I -
V a2 - 1/2
{(x, y) dy= S dy
V CJ2
a)
V.Y2"'=1
S
x2
{(x, y) dx+ S dy
V;;;-:-i
2136.
y) dx+
II',
- 1.1 2
S dy S
1
f (x,
{(x, y)dx.
{(x,y)dy+
lJ2
lJ2
dy
1/ I
5 5
S dy
J
{(x, y) dx +
t- SdY S
_. Vi V y 2
tIL.
1 r 1 + ..(2
- JI i - V 9
V e - lP
y),
-Vy2-1
-I
{(x, y)dy=
f (X,
_11 2
x2
V;-:-xi
_
- 1
b)
{(x,y)dy+ S dx
Ye-x 2
J! 1 +
_ Ve .- x 2
- a
X2
11 2
y2
+ S dy S f (x, y) dx + S dy
-] vJ=Yi
]
- y,
-
f(x.y)d+
Jl 4 V4 -
y)
dx..
Answers
444
(binormal). 2103.
bX-J -
O,} (binormal);
.
x + bz =
= 2a cosh1t 2109. a) R =
av l
a2 +bi .
=2;
2112.
rl+b
yEf
1(=+
2106. 2x +
Y2
e- t
(y + a)2
t = 0,
-V:;,
w~=
; T
Bpcx:'
K = 2,
;14'
e- t
= 3
Q = - a - ; b) R = Q =
When
t= I,
when
} (principal normal);
T 2108. a) K =
2107. a) Y2; b)
b) K = T
wn
rl+b
--
+ 3y + 19z-27 = O.
;:~'
l' =
Y= O
2111.
0 (osculating plane);
w-,;= 0,
wn =2
-V~;.
Chapter VII
2
2113. 43". 2114.
2120.
2115. 12
4 .
2116.
na2
T.
2119.2.4.
yl.
2121. x=4- 1, x=2-y; y=-6; y=2. 2122. y=x l ; y=x+9;
6.
x=l;
25
1"24
x=3.
y=2x;
x=l; x=3. 2125. y=O; Y= Y25-x 2; x=O; x=3. 2126. y=x2 ; y=x+2;
1
x=- 1;
x=2.
2128.
1
2-y
S dy
S f (x,
y"
2-
y) dx =
IX + I
S f(x,y)dy.
=SdXSf(X,y)dy+SdX
0
y) dy.
o
1
2127.
o
I
SdX S f(x,y)dy=
2130.
2X
.JL
4
2131.
+ S dx
o
Y2
S
~
- y
_ y
f (x,
y)
dy. 2132.
2 _
f(x, y) dx=
Sdx YIX'f(x,y)dY+
yl
- ]
S dx S f (x, y; dy = S dy
-1
Ix l
-{
+
f (x, y) dx.
.-j-
-V
Answers
Y~
-I
2133.
5 v"5dx
+ 5dX
dx
5 5
f(x, g)dg+
y~
-Y~
x2
2 _
dg
2134.
dx
dx
JI 8
11a 2 - x 2
S dy
- a _ Va
I
f (x,
V .. -
S dy
_1/ 2
11.. _ yl
J -
e)
5dy
o
y+ 2a
X I I -
f (x, g) dx; c) S dx
y~
x2
{(x, lJ)dll
S
11 x --
5f (x, y) dy = S
-I
a::
x~
1/
S dx
VX
dy S '(x, y) dx;
--1-1
fa
aa
48 II
2136. S dy
o
.!!.
2
2138. S dy
VUl
S
Vu~ -
la x - la
S
.!!..
O.!!..
2.1L
12
f(x,g)dg-J,..
{(x. y) dx; d)
YY2="i
fIX, y)dx+ S dg
y2
V a 2 - '/~
I-V~
1/). ttL
y) dx+
V,
f (x,
- lJ 2
11 2
a)
y) dg = S dy
S
- V al
- a
1/ 2
2135.
x
+ Vt:4ij2
2 -
y" _ y2
f (x, g) dg +
- V9
f (x,
S dx S
y2
-V'y2-l
S f (x, y) dx.
Vii'2=J
1 r 1 + x2
S dg
114.
dx
- V,"
- 1/ 2
f(x.!I)d~ +
JI" _ y2
f (x, g) dx + S dg
-1
f (x, g) dy =
f(x.gldg+
t'2
J! I + x 2
+S
x2
1
2
_ y2
b)
f (x, y) dg
-_
V;-:-xi
- 1
1-
S
'V It
Ye-x 2
Y8="Xi
'V r
J-Y1='Yi
'1 2
S
VI
dx
f (x, g) dx+ S dg
11" -
5 5
-
V" _. lJ2
f(x,g) dg+
V'" _y2
~-r
'V" - x 2
f (x, g) dy= S dg
- 'V4=X2
445
y1.
.E..
f (x, g) dx + dy
2ay
Ya
2 - y2
'lx, y) dx.
446
Answers
aY""'I
a
S dy S1 (x, y) dx + 5 dy S
2139.
a
2140.
a'V a
Jla;-::y;
a-
a-l'a 2
S
~
y) dx.
2a
S dy
o
f (X,
_y2
JI"ia 2a
S
a+V a 2 _ y 2
4a
ta
J
'V 1 - x 2
S dx S
2141.
-I
Y"-;:-
'V'-
dxSI(X,y)dY+
.!...
1-
dx
RV"I
Y"i'=X2
1/ R2 _ y2
- 2-
5 5
VI
f (x,
y) dx. 2145.
2142.
5 5
'V
-;:
S I(x, y)dy.
dy
I(x,y)dx.
n - arc sin y
5dy 5
2144.
arc
2149. 6.
2150.
~ln
2146.
21 5.
2
a)
2.
2151.
In 2
I
Y2 P5 .
-21-
2153. 8
~nRI.
5dx S
2154.
Hint.
55
13t
R (I-cos t) dt
i-.
2148.
(I -
b) 15n - 16
150
3";
) 2 2
XYdy=i
~ a Y2a.
2155.
231R
ydxdy=
(8)
~ a.
2147.
Vl-(X -2)2
2156.
Y=f (t')
5 5
dx
y dy=
cos t)
R
80
"61 .
2158.
3t
4
2159.
2160.
5 S rl
cos q>
dq>
(r cos '1', r
o
n
'2
sin q>
+S dlp
n
5
0
.:!..
5
4.
r/(rcos<p, rsluijl)dr.
2161.
dlp
cos q>
S rl (r
0
dr,
Answers
2162.
441
'31
4.
sin cp
4.
5 5
dcp
sin cp
C8,2
4)
S dcp S
n
S r dr+
sin cp
cp
aY~
4.
ces 2 cp
an
2164.
5f
2163.
. sin cp
uta'V~
5d cp S
an
4.
31:
a cos cp
5dcp 5
2168. (~+ i )
2166.
2165.
2171.
32
Y2 -20) ~
( ~_16
3
9
2
2170.
2169.
ai,
2167.
f\
l+fJ
I-V
S dv S f (u -
uv,
uv) u duo
Solution.
We
l+a
= - c1 .
-v
of variation of v:
Linlits
since
+a
2173.
+ ~ d<
+ ~(~ dv
t>
2 -V
5f
II
(U
v,
I=~ (~ du ~t f (U~V,
2V) dV] = ~ ( _~ dv
f (U
~ v,
u2
V) dv +
U2V) du +
(u+V
u2 V) dU.] Hint. After change of variables, the equa-2-'
tions of the sides of the square will be u=v; u+v=2; u-v=2; u=-v.
~~l +::].
448
Answers
r4 .. r' (:: cosacp- :: slna cp). whence the lower limit for r will be 0 and
Y ::
real. It
b2
a2
follows that hI cos 2 q> -Ji2 sin l q> ~ 0; whence for the first quadrantal angle
ak
we have tan q> ~ bh . Due to symmetry of the region of integration relative
.. /~ a~
ak
10 Ihe ftrst
SS dx dy = 4
Quadrant:
(S)
~171 ) 4~;
Sdy
o
.178
~183.
16 ,r-
"3
2180.
{naa 2184. 6.
b+4,1=u.
tll8. v =
15.
IOn.
Hint.
J&
2179 n
I
H nt.
4:t
3- ..r-;f 3 .
x-2y = u,
n;a.
2193.
2194.}. 2195.
mt
as
a-
l i b
"3(b-a)(~-a).
2187.
3(~-a)lna.
10
"3 a I .
(' n
1)
3\ 4+2 . 2182.
17
2 8.
7a
120
2181.
2185.
2186.
217 7.
aya;-::.-;z
b)
Y- 2
(2 +4n) a.
) 29.' b)
-l<x<;l.
Vy
abr dr.
S dx+ S dy S dx;
_
ki sln2 cp
dcp
Yg
b2
cP -
COS2
V II
hi
48
V6
88
al
abc
2196.
2205.
na'
T
2209. JUI(l-'-
tllnt.
Change
2206.
RI
na
3
4
3 nabc .
2207.
variables
lr-;rf
3 -5).
2208.
32
"9 a3
va2
V2 lr-2
.2212. -2-(2 r 2 -J).
3xab
3
). 2210. -2-. 2211.
the
(6
xy=u. ~ =v.
2213.
~ Valbl+blcJ+clal
Y2
2214. 4 (m-n) RI. 2215. -2- a2 Hint. Integrafe in the uz-plane. 2216. 4a l .
b
1
,r2217. Sallfe alna-. 2218. "'3 nal (3 , 3 -I).
Pus to polar coordinates. 2221.
0=
:rra 2
[(
2219.
I
8a2
2220.
+ ~: )';- -1 ].
3M2
Hint.
Hint. Pass to
polar coordinates.
~ a'
2222.
Y52
Hint.
449
aaa.
and
a
2223. 8a l arc tan
Answers
0'=5' dx5! y a -x
a dy
i-Sa 51 arc sin 2 .. r~~.
-Y
r a -x
2
~ 3 sin to
lransform
31
5
2~ sin a 2
Y 6(4-31) 2228. x=1fa; y=O. 2229. x==3<l; y=O. 2230. ~==5;
n
n
y =0.
2231.
Ix=4
2232. a) I O Z:::
(D4_d 4 ); b) IX==64 (DC-dt ).
32
'Vax
tJ
8
5 aC
2234.
161n 2-9
2235.
Hint.
1-
5 5
dx
i.
Hint.
(y+a)1 dg.
-JI'ax
straight lin.
a sec cp
I" =
J J
kr (r sin <p)! r dr
d<p
a cosec cp
+~
dq>
nac
35
2238. 10 =2' 2239. 12nac. Hint. For the variables of infeiratlon take Land
1
2241.
2242.
Jl'RI_X:il
dx
b
__
-a-JI'a 2 -xl
dy
I (x,
5 5 5f
5 S
0 0 '
dx
dll
-R -V'RI-x1
b
_ _0
y
(J
G a2 - x 2
-a
l-X-y
I-X
dy
(x, y, ,) d,.
f (Je, 1/, .) d.
II. ,) da
Answers
450
Sdx S
-x2
-1
5
2"1 In 2- 16
=25 dx
X2
dy
la cos q>
't'
.. r -
0
3t
=.!a
cos cp
2a
4
="3'
4)
n- '3
[1=
la
rdr 5 dh =
60 -:rna.
3
3 SIr
22.
e u Ion.
S(2aCOSljl)4 dm=!nal.
4
226.
x = 0; y
x
8 r8
22 56 ."3
2261.
't'
2na
V2
. Hint. Pass
aI (3jt-).
4
2263. "9
a.2
xtabc'
,2
S dz=2 5dq> S
~9 n.
2268.
8
2255. 9
32
2h
ga.
22 59.
n
2a
59
2250. 480
1
2247. 720
:llal
2246.
r'dr
2a
2267.
97)
-"6
n Ra
2254
Y2
4xt
-3-
2245.
18 f 3
xt
2258.
10.
x2 +/p
3t
--25 dm
5na
'V 2QX -
2a
2249.
RI
2253. xth
-4-
4 31 RI .
15
2257.
z) dz.
.. r .. rf 2 -27 f 3).
+ 12
4
bc.
2252. 5111
f (x, y,
dy
- 'VI
8
2244. 15 (31
2248.
YI-x2 _y2
Yi'='Xi
2243.
= 0;
-
rcabc.
z=
-
22 65.
"52 a.
Hint.
Introduce
ab (6c 2 -a 2 - b2 )
22 66 24
spherical
coordinates.
na h
12
(3a 2 +4h 2 ).
the cylinder we t~ke the z-axis, for the plane of the base of the cylinder,
the xy-plane The moment of inertia is computed about the x-axis. After
passing to cylindrical coordinates, the square of the distance of an elelnent
r dip dr dz from the x-axis is equal to r a sin a <p
+za.
2270.
Hint. The base of the cone is taken for the xy-plane, the axis of the cone,
for the z-axis. The filoment of inertia is computed about the x-axis. Passing
to cylindrical coordinates, we have for points of the surface of the cone:
r
=f
(11- z); and the square of the distance of the element r dq> dr dz fronl
'" = ~2 -
a, and the
=--/!:- .
Sin '"
From the symmetry it follows that the resulting stress is directed along the
z-axis. The nlass of an element of volume dm=Qr 2 cos", dcp d", dr, where Q
is the density. The component of attraction, along the z-axis, by this element
of unit mass lying at the pOint 0 is equal to k
~m
Answers
n
'2 - a
2n
451
5 5
dlp
h cosec
11'
d'ljl
0 0 0
at the centre of the sphere and with the z-axis passing through a material
point whose mass we assume equal to m. We denote by ~ the distance of
this point from the centre of the sphere. Let r= Y QI+(;-Z)2 be the distance from the element of volume dv to the mass m. The attractive force of
the element of volume dv of the sphere and the material point m is directed
along r and is numerically equal to -kym
~.
where y= ~ is the
-1tR8
density of the sphere and dv = Q dcp dQ dz is the elelnent of volume. The projection of this force on the z-axis is
kmydv
A
E- z
dF = - - - I- cos (rz) = - ktny _. -3- Q dq> dQ dz.
r
r
Whence
R
231
F=-kmy5 d lp
YRJ - zJ
S(~-z)dz
-R
Qr~Q=kmy4n:RI~~.
ex>
kMm
F=~. 2273. -
Se
y2 -XJ
dy _e- X3 .
2275. a)
2276.
-.!.
P
_..!...
n
2
a; c)
2277.!.
Hint. DilJerentiate
p8
~
a
m
>
a
If
2283. 1.
r
J
(p
e- pl dt
=...!..P
R2
-t"'
twice.
(p> 0)
2278. In
~.
2280. -2 In(l+a).
2284.
~"it.
z~
RZ
PI-I-'
2"
2288.
2285.
1.
2286. 4a 2
HInt. Pass to
from S the coordinate origin together with its e-neighbourhood, that is,
consider II = ~ ~ In V Xl + yZ dx dy. where the eliminated region is a circle 01
(8 )
1.=
,n;
dlp= 2n:
(~-~
In
e-f)
Whence lim Ii =- - ~. 2290. Converges for a > 1. 2291. Con,oerges. Hint. Sur8-.0
2
XdY
round the straight line g=x with a narrow strip and put S\~
Z
(5)
(x-g)
Answers
452
x-e
== lim
8-+0
> "2 .
2297.
6-+oJ
.!]
-1). 2301.
+b
. 2298.
ab
dy
V(X-y)2
Y-52 + 3 .
In
2294.
(1 +411 2)1 -1
x+~
2293. O.
+ linl r dx
(X-y)1
Sdx Jr V dy
arc tan
21Tb
a . 2302.
ab (a l
+ ab + b
3 (a + b)
2295.
Y5m
1+ m
a"
Converges
2292.
2296.
.2299. a 2
2
231a. 2303.
Y2.
2300.
54 (56
for
2Cl6 a
15 a
Y7-.
16
.. r27
(10 y 10-1).
Hint.
--
f;
2312. a)
Y3.
2305. 2
b) 0; c)
21rb
-2
kMmb
2310.40
O. 2318.
b) 12; c)
a) 8;
(ia.; a)-
2307.
19
30 ,
2311. -2na
+ V"-:-2-+-4-n b-2).
2309. Y(at+bl)I'
~;
(n Ya2+4nb2+~ln
2na Ya 2 +b 2
2308.
2; d)
~;
ab 2
2316. -2 sin 2.
%2
~ q> (x) dx +
e) In (x+ y); f)
XI
liz
+~""(Y)dY.
2319.
YI_-
- V 1 + b2
2322.
c) eX-Y(x+y)+C; d)
2325.
a)
= SSy2 dx dy.
2328. -
2329.
n:
b) xl -x2y xy2_ yl C;
2323. -2na(a+b). 2324. -nR2cos2a
~.
x2+ 3xy-2y 2 C;
Inlx+yl+C.
V2;
d) O. 2327. 1=
t
.
2330. - { .
2331. O.
2332.
a)
0;
(5)
b) 2nn. Hint In Case (b). Green's formula is used in the region between the
contour C and a circle of sufficiently small radiuc;; with centre at the coordinate origin 2333. Solution. I f we consider that the direction of the tangent
coincides with that of positive circulation of the con1our, then cos (X. n) =
= cos (Y.
t)=1!-.S
hence. 1 cos (x.
ds= 11t ds= 1 dy=O
ec s
c
n)
S is the area bounded by the contour C. 2335. -4. Hint. Green's formula is
not applicable. 2336. nab. 2337.
~ nat,
2338. 6nat
2339.
a l Hint. Put
Answers
453"
a
00.
2341. n (R
+ r) (R +2r);
6nR2 for
R=r Hint. The equation of an epicycloid is of the form x=(R+r)cost_ r cos R +r t, y= (R + r) sin t-r sin R +r t, where t is the angle of turn 01
,
r
the
radius of
a sta tionary
circle
drawn
to
the
point of
tangency.
11 (R - r) (R - 2r).
llR2 for r = ~ Hint. The equation of the hypocycloid is obtained from the equation of the corresponding epicycloid (see
Problem 2341) by replacing r by - r
2343. FR.
2344. mg (Z.-2 2 ).
2342.
2345.
(a l -b2 ). where k
U =1:... work.
~l
~
r
a2 + b2 +C2
k
k
8
c) potential, U=-T(X 2+y2+ Z2), work, 2" (R 2- r l ).
2347. 3 M .
U =mgz.
mg (Zl-ZI);
work.
b)
potential.
V3a" + b
2na2
2348.
25
2349. O.
V5 + 1
V2
(y-- _ ) a. 2354. - 2 - h
2353.
10 5
2356. O. 2357.
iJP
= iJy 2361. O. 2362. 2
-lla2
2361.
.1. 2
2366.
2.
2367.
12
2360.
~: = ~~ .
iJ U)
Jr~5 (dox2U + iJ2U
oyl + OZ2 dxdydz.
,
as
2359. -al .
rr
J J (x + y +z) dx dy dz.
(V)
(V)
2365. 3a4
2352.
rr (cos a + cos p +
JJ
2355. a) 0, b) -
2358.
411.
rr V d1C +dyy2dz+Z2'
.\J
2 .
(5)
+ cos yl dS.
nat
2351.
oP oR
oQ
iJz = ox' ox
2363.
3" nabc.
2350.
na 2 b2
2363. -2-
5" na.
yo; Z2=xy;
d)
the vector e.
ens (', r)
2379
iJU
or
au
-iJl =0
= e;
2U
x= y=z.
2377. a) !.-;
r b) 2r. c)- ,~ ;
ar=
=-'-'
2 .
2382. - .
2383. dlV
,2
r),
rot
for I
J..r.
(I (r) e) = I'
,,0
(r) ex r.
r
2386. div!'::.:: 0;
2388.
~nR2H (R2+2H2).
points except the origin. The flux is equal to -4nm. Hint. When calculatine
Answers
454
2395.
-~R
'2396. U =
2397. ; .
a)
2398.
No
b) U =xyz +c;
polential;
r.,
Chapter VIII
1
11
2401. 2n-l
1
2407. n(n+l).
135
1.4.7
2408.
2404.
(2n-l)
(3n-2)
1
n2'
n +2
2405. (n
2n
+ 1)2 2406. 3n + 2 .
2409. (_I)n+l.
2410.
n+ 1
n(-I)
2416. Diverges. 2417. Converges. 2418. Diverges. 2419. Diverges. 2420. Diverges.
2421. Diverges. 2422. Diverges. 2423. Diverges. 2424. Diverges. 2425. Converges. 2426. Converges. 2427. Converges. 2428. Converges. 2429. Converges.
2430. Converges. 2431. Converges. 2432. Converges. 2433. Converges. 2434. Diverges. 2435. Diverges. 2436. Converges. 2437. Diverges. 2438. Converges.
2439. Converges. 2440. Converges. 2441. Diverges. 2442. Converges. 2443. Converges. 2444. Converges. 2445. Converges. 2446. Converges. 2447. Converges.
2448. Converges. 2449. Converges. 2450. Diverges. 2451. Converges. 2452. "-Diverges. 2453. Converges. 2454. Diverges. 2455. Diverges. 2456. Converges.
2457. Diverges. 2458. Converges. 2459. Diverges. 2460. Converges. 2461. Diverges. 2462. Converges. 2463. Diverges. 2464. Converges. 2465. Converges.
2466. Converges. 2467. Diverges. 2468. Diverges. Hint. all+ 1 > I
an
2470. Con-
verges conditionally. 2471. Converges conditionally. 2472. Converges absolutely 2473. Diverges. 2474. Converges conditionally. 2475. Converges absolutely.
2476. Converges conditionally. 2477. Converges absolutely. 2478. Converges
absolutely. 2479. Diverges. 2480. Converges absolutely. 2481. Converges conditionally. 2482. Converges absolutely. 2484. a) Diverges; b) converges absolutely; c) diverges; d) converges conditionally. Hint. In exaillpies (a) and (d)
00
and
k=1
00
00
2485. Diverges.
2486. Converges
k=1
L2n
n=1
1 .
an
"2501. I R4,1 < 120' I R., < 720' R4,<O, R,>O. 2502. R n < 2n+ 1 =2 n (2n
1) n!
Hint. The remainder of the series may be evaluated by means of the sum of
1
a geometric progression exceeding this remainder: Rn = an [2 _1_
< all
ri ~ 1 +( ~ )
n
n+l
(n
~ 1 + .]
)1
455
Answers
2503. Rn
= __1
RIo
<
I
310-'. 2504. n+ I
1_
<
i
< Ii
Rn
Solution.
_
_(_I
I) (I I)
I
n + 1- n + ~ + n + 2- n + 3 + ... = n + 1 ' R
<
I+ I) +
n (n
+ (n + I)1(n + 2) + .. =(iI
Rn=(n+ I) (}
We multiply by
(f
~Rn=(n+l)
rn
yn-z.
(f yn+z+<n+2) ({-yn+4+ ..
Whence we obtain
16 R"
(~)2n
4
+ (!.)2n
4
+ (!)2n+2
4
+ (!.)2n+.&
4
+ ... -_
_ (!)2n
_(-}
4
-t
-n
Fronl this
\ve
1-
r.
_ (
I -
n+ ~)
15
16
the series S -= (
(.!.)2n
4
11
2507. 2; 3; 5.
2508. S = I.
Hint.
I
I
a'J~----1 2509.8::::1 when x>O, S=-I \vhen x<O; 8==0 when
n
n-tx == O. 2510. COllvcrge~ absolutel y for x> 1, diverges for x ~ 1. 2511. Converges
absolutely for x > 1, converges conditionally for 0 < x ~ I, diverges for
x ~ O. 2512. Converges absolutely for x> e, converges conditionally for
l<x~c, diverges for x~1. 2513. -oo<x<oo. 2514. -oo<X<():).
2515. Convergls ahsolutely for x> 0, diverges for x~O. Solution. I) Ian I~
..;;;; ~x; and when x > 0 the series with general term ),; converges;
2)
)x ~ 1
for x ~ 0, and cos nx does 110t tend to zero as n ---+ 00, since from cos ,1X -~ 0
it would follow that cos 2nx -+- -1; thus, the necessary condition for convergence is violated when x ~ O. 2516. Converges absolutely when 2kn < x <
< (2k + I) n (k == 0, I, 2, ... ); at the remaining points it diverges. 2517.
Diverges everjwhere. 2518. Converges absolutely for x :1= O. 2519. x > I, x ~-l.
1
2
2520. x>3, x<l. 2521. x~l, x~-I. 2522. x~53'
x<4"3' 2523.
2524. - I
of
L xfl and
k=l
the series
L 2x
1l k
k=l
When
I x I ;;;::= I
Answers
456
-and
when
I
'x I ~ "2'
O<x<l.
-1<x<O,
2525.
2526. -l<x<L
I
2527. -2~x<2.
2529.-Y2~X";;;;V2' 2530.-1<x~1.2531.-1<x<1
2528. -l<x<l
< x < 1.
< x < 4.
-3 ~ x < 3.
2532. - I
2533. -
.2536. -4
2537.
<x<
00
-3I
< x<
2534. x -= O.
00.
I
3'
2538. -2
2540.
2541. - I < x < I 2542.
gence of the series for I x I ~ 1 is obvious (it is interesting, however, to note
that the divergence of the series at the end-points of the interval of convergence x= I is detected not only with the aid of the necessary condition
of convergence, but also by means of the d' Alembert test). When I x I < 1 we
have
lim
n -+ :t>
l(n+l)IX~n+I)J
1= lim
n! x
-+ '"
II
2550. x =
2551.
- 7< x< - 3
-2~x~O.
-3~x~-1
.
d'Iverges,
.
sInce
l'1m
n~C7J
)n
13
2556.2<x<4 2557.1
1--!.<x<I+J.
2559.
e I
.
series
<x~3.
the
# 0
2560.
-2
< x<
2561. 1 < x~3 2562. 1 ~x < 5. 2563. 2~x~4. 2564. I z 1< 1 2fi6:>.' z 1< 1
2566.
I z 1< {
-In(l-x)
(-I~x<l)
2577.
In(l+x)
(-I<x~l).
1 tx
I
i-x (I x f < I) 2579. arc tan x (f x I ~ 1). 2580. (x- 1)2 (I xl < I).
l-x 2
2
x
2581. (1+x2)2(1xl<l)
2582. (l_x)I(lxl<I). 2583
(X_I)2(Ix l >I).
2576.
2578.
"2 111
2584.
I I-X)
+
1 ( arctanx-2"ln
the series x-
sum of
2586.
3.
= ~2
2587.
x'
x
x
Va
(Ixl<l). 2585. n- 6
- . Hint. Consider the
3 +5"-...
aX=l+I. xn~~na.
(see
Problem
2579)
for
X=
I
V3.
X+~)=
451
Answers
cos (x + a) = cos a- x sin a -
2589.
x2
x Sln
. r
-l-nr
a+ (n -t-21) nl +... ,-oo<x<00.2590.s1n
n
2:. n - J x2n
2 )' + ... , - 0 0 <x<
\ n .
... -l-'(-l)"-'
x'
x,2
the
relnainder,
xn
n.2 n + ....
2
2t
2S 4 25 x'
x=2T-4f-l-m-
In(2+x)=ln2+--2
2591
00.
-2<x~2.
2x-3
3x-5
00
2592.
~
=-~
~
n=o
-
+{_I)n-I
x;4
Xl
00
( 1+3 2) x
n +1
< xa<
n==o
~
n,
L(-I)n-12n-Jxn
(n-l)l
2n
(SJ
00
<
<
00
00
n=1
~..,
2L(-ll
(n
+ 2) 32n.x21l+1
(2n+I)'
,~
2596.
I+~~
'
n=2
-oo<x<oo.
x2 -4x+3
x%n t
~(2n+I)'
n=o
(-1)"(2x)2"
(2n)'
11=1
(-oo<x<oo).
n=o
~
X 2n + 1
2600. L(-I)n gn + J
n=o
1.3.5 x'
-1- 2.4.627 1-
2602.
~x~n+,
2~
211 + I
(-3<x<3).
(I
xI
<
I) 2603
~(-1)n+12n-l.n(
x
1)
n=1
x,"
00
2606.
+ ...
. ~
n=o
2604
260).
X2n+1
QCI
L(-J)"2n+1
('x,~).
n=o
1 x' 13 x'
13.5 ... (211-1) X 2n + 1
x-f-"23+2.4S++ 2.4.6 . . 2n 2n+l+
(I.I~)
2n
1 x' I 3 X
11 13 5 . . (2n I) x + 1
2607. x- 2 3"+2.4S-+(-1)
2.4.6 ... 2n
2n+I+'" (lxl~I).
f7J
24n-1 x2n
go
1
2608.
(_1)"1'\ (2n)1
(-oo<x<oo). 2609. 1 t(-l)"-lnnl x"
n=1
n=2
00
1 2n + 3n-,
(-oo<x<oo). 2610. 8--t- 3
nl
X,n (-oo<x<oo).
n=1
2x 2
25x'
l)n-l 258 .. . (3tl-4) xn
2611.2-1-22.3.11-25.32.21+28.:33.31+ ... + (--23n-l.3~-I- t,
X
Answers
458
2612.
(-00 <X<oo).
3
L (I +(2n)1
x2n
2n - l )
"26t3. 1+"4
x
L 4n+1
4n
Q)
I<
<I x
2614.
00).
n=1
<
(-I
x..;;; I).
2616.
X2n + 1
+ I) (2n + I)!
L (_I)n X
Q)
x!n+1
(0). 2617. x+
(_I)n (2n -r- 1) ti! (lxl<oo).
n=l
<x<
( - 00
2618. L(-W+l~1
2619.
(I xl".;;; I).
I s
1.3.
+
+ 2.5
x +2 .9.2r x + ...
2
n=l
~2n-l) 4n+l +
+ 1.3.5...
2n (4n+l)n! x . . .
2x5
2621. x- 3 +15-'
(1-2"+6"-'.'
X 2 X4
)
. 2625.
x3
x+ 3
2620.
(lxl<I).
2622. e
(~+ ~+ ~+ ... )
2624. -
2).
n=o
n=1
<
< Y2).
(.I xl
a:>
n=o
26tS.ln2+L(-I)n-l(I+2- n) :
X (2n
<
(-2
2x
+U-+
...
5x4
xl
.2623.1+2"+24+.
ct)
ct)
L(-WIX)
2632.
(-2
<x<
0).
2633.
n=o
L (2- n-l_3- n -
(x+4)n
n=o
Q)
2n
(-2-3<x<-2+3).
n=o
2835. e-' [ I
+~ (x~12)n]
(I x 1<00).
2'
46.8
28
(0~x~8).
2637.
+ x '}/ - ~
(x 244 )1
Ql
2636. 2
~(_l)n
468 .. . 2n
x-~ yn-l
(2n-=-l)!
(Ixl <
22n
2638.
00).
2+
n=l
+ \1
n.fd (-I)
(0 < x
<
4n 1
n -
ClO).
X-T
yn-l
(2n-l)!
i,
2n
+1
(I-X)2n+l
1 +x
Answers
~640.
+=
4590
-3-+~-5-:::::0.523.
+ I: ~I
~.
I -
n=1
2647. 99; 999. 2648. 1.92 2649. 4.8 I R 1< 0.005. 2650. 2.087.2651. J x 1< 0.69;
x
2654.
0.~68.
I x 1< 0
2655.
0.608
00
(2n
(211)!
2656.
2659.1-t-~(-1)" x-y)
0 621
2657.
0.2505
2658.
0.026.
(-oo<x<oo; -co<y<oo).
11=1
2660.
~(_I)II(X_y)3n_(x+y)2n
(-co<x<oo; -<Xl<y<co).
2(211)'
11=1
00
( 2
X
2661. ~(_l)n-I
I-
2)'2n-1
-oo<y<oo).
(-oo<x<oo;
-!I ----(2n-l)!
11=1
oJ)
2662.1-1-2
~ (y-x)n;lx-YI<1
.
I-x+y
2
Hint. I
=-1+1 (
. Use
-J-x-y
- y-x)
tt=1
(X)
+11 'I
(-1
~ x < 1;
tt=1
I: (-1)/1
JJ
X 2n + 1
-1
2n+l
211:1
~y <
I).
(-I~";;;;;I;
n=o
-1
2665.
f(x-t-h,
I x I ~ 1, I y J ~ 1).
It'
x2 _y!
x8 -3xy2
n=l
2669.
-,-+
1+x+2
,,00
.2668.1-L~(-1)n
I
i.J
[ x + ( y - ~) 1zn
2
(2n)!
n=1
3'
+ ...
2670.
-t- X -I-XY+"2
-L c2 ;
21
S ( n) =
xlJ +
(1
+.~ C2
-
Answers
-460
b-an_2lb-a)~~COS(2n+l)x+(a+b
'2672.
b-a
.s ( n)= -2- n.
n=o
nl
'3 + 4
2673.
(2n
+ 1)2
~(_l)n-I sinnx.
)~
n=1
cos nx
2
L (-1 )nfi"l
; S ( n) = nl. 2674. 1t sin h anx
CD
n=1
1 ~ ( - 1)11
]
2 sin axt
X [ 2"a+ ~a2+nl(aCosnx-nsinnx) ; S(n)=coshan. 2675. - n - X
R=I
:1"
ClIO
X ~ (_l)n n
n: if a is nonintegral; sin ax if a is an integer; S ( n) =0.
~
a-n
R=1
2 sin axt [ 1
CD
Cf'S-nx]
.If a .
.
.
2676. - 2- + ~
(_l)n -a 2I
IS nonlntegral; cos ax If a Is an
a-n
~
n=1
CD
2Si"ha:rr[2~+~(_Wa~('+sn:];
xt
a.....
a n
2678.
~
n=1
(_l)n-l n
S(:n:)=coshan.2679.
n=1
CD
x . ) ~.
,a
4'
b) ~.
3' c
2681
xt
V3
a)
2~
stnnx.
n'
b)
~_.! ~c0s(2n-l)x.
2
xt
t2a-l)1
'
xt
"8.
~bnsinnx,
2682. a)
211
where
n=1
n=1
blk -
1n
~ (- ) - X
n=1
n=1
~slnnx.
n
~
n=l
8
xt
=2k-l-n(2k-l)' and b2k =-/i; b)
011
~
" cos nx
I) n
3+ 4 .L(-1)"11"2;
6'
xt
n=1
2)
~121 .
2683.
'I)
~;..
n
L...
a +n2
b)
n=1
nxt
rt>
rt>[(
2~ ~~
+ 11 ~
n=1
(X)
-)Inan
e - I)'ens nx
a +n
l
2684
2 .
) _2IJI-COS-
xt
SIn
nx,
b)
~+
2
n=1
nn
2 \.1 sin 2
cos nx. 2685.
11......
n
+-
'J --
n=1
n=1
(2n-l)"
.J
"(~
k
1
1...bnSlnnx, where b2k =(-1) -12k,b2k+l=
n=1
Answers
461
2689.
n-I
1-~+2
~ (-1)"-1 COlnx.
2
~
n
1
2691.
2892.
..!.
1'
[i
n=1
n~1
~ (_l)n-I ens
21tX]
4n - l .
~
n-I
Solution.
2694.
I)
alII
n
I
11:
Integ:al and t = x - ;
f( ;
identity
f(~ - t ),
+t ) = -
(n = 0, I,", ... );
bill
0.11 =0
that
3t
2)
Sf (x) sin 2nx dx = ~ Sf (x) sin 2nx dx +- ; Sf (x) sin 2nx dx.
=;
The same substitution as in Case (I), with account taken of the assumed
Identity
f (~
+- t
2695.
n2
~-
(2/1
sinh 1
~ ~~
;t......
= 0 (n = l, 2, ... ).
sin 2nnx .
n
n=l
11=0
2697.
2696. 1_
1)2
bZII
Ii.,
[T f-2 l.J
l2+ n2Jt2
(-1)"
1l=1
00
10 ~
nL
2698.
lJ
(_I)n
""
2699. a)
. fl nx
S1Il -1-
n;.1
8 [
=n
n2
nx
cos -
n=1
ctJ
_ i. ~
n ~
2
n=o
2k+I-\ 2k 1- 1)'
I.J
1)
21~~1 n~:
b)
2700
Il'J
(2'1 - I) nx
oc
41 ~ cos - - / - - ..
fl \'
.2701.a) bn Sll17)'
(2n - 1)2
....
'"
(_1)n+l _ _ ; b) - - -l
11
2 n
blk +- 1
a)
SIn
n=l
11=1
where
nL
4' 2(
n=1
21
a) n
IlJ'tX
SlI1
- ' - 1-
11=1
4n
b2k =-/i;
(2'1 1- 1) 3lX
sin - - - : - - (_I)n
')
b)
00.
~
n2 1"J
n=o
{2.1
+ 1)2
b)
4 n::!
-S--
Answers
462
Chapter IX
2704. Yes. 2705. No. 2706. Yes. 2707. Yes. 2708. Yes. 2709. a) Yes; b) no.
2710. Yes. 2714. y-xy'=O. 2715. xy'-2y=0. 2716. y-2xy'=0. 2717.
xdx+ydy=O. 2718. y'=y. 2719. 3y2_X!=2xyy'. 2720. xyy'(xy2+1)=1.
,ry 3)
Y=
= In Cxt. 2745.
IJ
2748. 2e 2
~
x=y__
; y=O.
1 + 1/2
X2 +y2.=
2744.
= Ye (l-t-e x ).
2749.
2
1 +y2=-1- 2
-x
y= I.
2750.
2751.
2752.
8x+2y+l=2tan(4x-I-C).
2753. x+2y+
+3InI2x+3y-7J=C. 2754. 5x+lOy+C=3InllOx-5y-t-61. 2755. Q=
arctan(x+y)=x+C.
I
C
- cos (J>
The seg-
x '
~ xydx
o
3
-x--=4
x.
) ydx
o
2770._x=Ce y.
2771.
,ix
V y+ln1yl=C.
(X-C)2_ y2=C2;
2773.
y=2 X2 -2C;
s..
2769. y=.E._!-2 .
x
x
y=
(x-2)!_y2=4;
x=O.
2774.
x.
2772.
(X +y2)3(X+y)IC.
Xln 1x+u-1J =C. 2778. In 14x +8y +51 + 8y-4x =C. 2779. xl = 1-2y.
463
Answers
~y
is equal to
2784. y =Cx-x In I x
dx.
I.
278li.
y=Cx +x l .
y=
2786.
tl
,-::i-X4+~I' 2787.
t~x
respect
I
eX ab-e fJ
and d-. 2788. X=C y 2 _ - . 2789. y=--f---.
y
y
x
x
.. r -
dx
=-2 (x r l - x 2 +
yl+X
.
arc Sill
x)
-1- .
-x
2.
2791. y =
x4
yS
?807. -2
x!
y'(3+CeC09X )=x
2795.
a
y
In - . 2800. -
+ -by = I.
Y
2+yl_2 arc tan-:t=C.
2806.
+ ye l/=2
-
RO
1
y
-lnx+
1- 2Cy) X
Qeneral
f-
Inte~ral
y+C ) X
x=sinp+lnp,
{ Y = P sin 191- cos P + p +
Sin~ular
2801.
y 2=Cy.
II"
X Xl
2808. Inlxl-~=C. 2809. --1-- =C. 2810.
x
y
2
X ( x-
X 2_
(.t C 2 +
'
XlJ=
2804.
2797.
Xl
"3+xy2+X2=C.
+xy+y2=C. 2803.
2805.
y=
2790.
solution:
__
c.
2818
y=O.
{x=eP+peP+c, 2819.
y = p2eP .
2820.
p
4Y=X +pl.
y2+ p 2
JX=2P--p~ +C.
\
y=p'+21np.
x
Inlp-x/=C+--.
p-x
Answers
464
2822.
Y=21 Cx I + C2.
t
y::;g
2x.
x=Ce-P-2p+2,
{ y=C (1 +p) e- P - pZ+2.
2824.
--
1
_
y="6 (2Cp I
p2).
+ y I + CI;
Xl + yl
= I.
= -In Ix, + C;
b) x= y.eCY+1.
1n 1 x)= 1.
2838.
y=
-'2 1n (1+y')=C.
2842. y=xI(l+Ce X
).
2843. x=yl(C-e-Y ).
2844. y=
slny
y-l
x
x2
--
2852.
V~ + In I x I =C.
~ sin x+
2860.
x
Yx-+y2
__ =C. 2861.xeY l
y2=C. 2862.
2859. (xy+C) (x 2y
+C):.:O.
VI +p2
1
C
x=t+.In(p+
..~ _ _ 2p
2p
( + f 1+p2),
Y = 2px + V 1 + pl.
465
Answers
~~
, 2
-t- Ce - 2
4(
1 2 = 0.
+-x
x
x+-=C.
y
8
286.
y=
2869.
C-x"
.
a 2 In(x+Ya 2 +x 2 )+C
2
1)3,2.2870.y==CS1l1X-a.2871.Y=
x X+ y a2 +x2
2872.
(y -Cx) (y2_x 2
+C):.= 0.
2873. Y=-= Cx
I
+ C2'
Y==-
2" Vi
\ 2x 2
x'
2874.
+ x y2
_y2x _ y3===C. 2875. p2+4y2:-=Cy 3. 2876. y=-=x-l. 2877. y-=-=x. 2878. y=2.
(0,0) is a singular point. 2886. y -=-e". 2887. y=-=(Y2a YX)2. 2888. y2=-=
--::l-e- x . 2889. r=Cea~. Hint. Pass to polar coordinates. 2890. 3y2_2~=O
2891. r--kcp 2892. x 2 -1-(y-b)2=.-b 2. 2893. y2--l-16x=O. 2894. Hyperbola
!/ _x 2 -~ "C or circle x 2 1- y2 --- C2 2895. Y = 21 (eX -)- e- x ). Hint. Use t h~ fact
x
IS
equal to
Sydx
and
u
2
l-ry'2
1r..
2897. 1/2_4C (C-;-a-x). 2898. Hint. Use the fact th:lt th~
re"ultant of the force oi ~ra\'lt~ and the centrIfugal force is nornlJI to thl' surface.
'1 akll1~ the y-axl~ as the :tXIS of rotation and denotlIlI1: by (J) the ,11lgular velocity -of rotatll)l1, \\ e ~t't for the plane aXIal cross-section of the deSired surface the differential equation g ~~! ={t)~x. 2899. p -=e- IJ .I)QIl1671l. Hint. The pr<:s..
dr
sure at each level of a vertical CUIUlll11 of air IBay be consHlcrcd HS due solely
to the pre~"1I1C uf the upper-lyIng layers Usc the la\v of Boyh~-.J\LI!" utte, ~c
cordll1~ to \\ 11Ich the dCllsIty IS proportional to the pressure. The sought-for
dtflefl\J1tlal equation
_'k'WI-~xdx.
IS
1t
dd~ =kQ.
(h'-2h) dh =
(2"I)!!'
I.
2908. v ~
1t
Q -= Q. (
(~r rJ dt.
.V. / grn
T as t
m~~ =mg-ku
kl~.
~ - 3~O)
; U=
)00.
2907. Id24'
-+- 00
(k
g;; tanh
2910. i =
2906.
IS
t =:::
HInt.
a propor-
(t V~ ).
Answers
466
R
-- t
L
].
di
Hint. Equation Ri + L dt = E sin rot.
1+Cly2=(C2+~;r.
Y ==
2911.
2913. y=ln/e
2x +C I
!-
y=(l+C~)lnlx+Cll-C1X+C2'
2919.
y=
Clee," +
~2'
2922. Y =
[x V C~ _x + C~ arc Sin~] + C2
x
-+J
e
2924. y==(C1x-C:)e Ct +C 2 ; y=2X2+C
1
2929. Y-=="2 (x 2
+ I).
'2935.
+C
2927. Y=
2923. Y =
(singular salu-
(singular solution).
Y=
2926.
~
2928. Y---=
+ C2e y=C.
X 1
l-C~x;
=aln\sinY~C21
(x-C I )
2918.
2
1 In \ y+C
!I
x==C 1 +ln y-C
y-t-C \ 2934. X==Cl-~
2
2
X=C ty2+ y Iny+C 2 2936. 2y 2_4x 2=:: 1. 2937. !J=-x-~-l. 2938. y:-=.
x 2 _1
2 (e 2 -1)
2933.
e2 -1
I-x!
e2 +1
+ 4 - 1n I x I.
2939.
!I -
2 x
1 3
x
2940. y == 2 x2
2944.
2941. Y =-= 2e
e- x
y2="e_I+I_e
2942.
2945.
x ==
-"2
(y -~. 2)
JI2
2943.
+-1.
Y-== -:~-x-
Y - eX.
461
Answers
xcosh x-t-C +C 2, where H
IS
VI -/- (:~r
::~=1i
ds
dt 2 =g(sina-l-tcosa). La\v of nl0tlon,
gt
!!..=a.
q
s~2(sin(L-l-tcosU)
s=/i
2966.
yg ~).Hint.EqUatiOnOfmotJon.m:;~=mg-k(~r.
Xincosh(t
Hint_
2967. In
6.45 seconds. Hint. Equation of nlotlon, 300 dd:!~ =-10 v. 2968. a) No, b) yes.
g
d) yes, e) no, f) no, g) no, 11) yes 2969. a) t/, + y = 0; b) y" -2y' + y -= 0;
c) x 2 y"-2xy' +2y=O, d) y"'-3y"-J-4t/-2y-=-=O 2970. 1I:::.=3x-5x 2 +2x 3 2971. Y-=
c)
Yl~S,
=~(CISlnx-J-C2COSX).
x
+C
x2
B
In x. 2973. Y = A -t- Bx 2 +Xl. 2974. y == -3 -f- Ax + -. Hint. Particular so-
lutlons~
YI~=X' .tI2-=--=~'
x
x
+ A,
C2 =
x:s
6 -t- B
2975.
y= A
-I B Sl1l x., C cos x -t-In/ sec x + tan x 1-1- "in x Inl cos \" I-x cos x. 2976. Y == C 1e -12X
-1-C2e3.\: 2977. !I:....:Cle-3~ j-C2,e 3 ';. 2978. y--=CI-1-C2e~ 2979. y=C.Losx+C 2 sinx.
2980. !J --=. eX (C I cos x -1- C 2 Sill x) 2981. !I =-= e- 2X (C l co~ 3t -1- C:! 5111 3x) 2982. Y =
=-
Cle J Ii
C 2e-d -1/;
If
<
y-~CI cos
O.
.' -5" x
-Jr-:- x
--t
2 (Cle 2 -1-C 2e 2 ) 2986.y=-e 6
x
--
298t).y=e
If
2984.
V -llX
Y-=
Il> 0,
-t- C 2
Slll
(~rJ' 11
V -kx.
r- )
l 11
Clcos~x-t-C2Sill-6-X
.
2987. !I =- 4e x -1- elX". 298R.!I ~ e-". 2989. Y:=-;: sin 2x. 2990. y = 1. 2991. y
== a cosha-
2992.
2995. II=(C I -!
XSln2x)
,-
Y3)
,. x 2C 2 s1n
c.x)eX-/-~(2x2+4X+3).
'~ 2 2997
+x 3 -1- .\.
+2
~e-x
lC, cos 2x
16*
3004.
+C
__ (C I-f-:!X
C ,) e -x -19
L 1
lj---
2999. Y ~ C .ex
+C2SiIlX-l-ixSinx. 3001.
2996.
l
Y=e:(clcosX~3+
,2.'\:
+ C .e-\ + xe~.
3000. y
Y=C,l!x+C2e-2X-i(:~S1l12X+COS2X). 3002.
+ x l 10Xl)
- 25 e
I
2X
TeX
Y=
eX
y=c,+c2e-x+~x+~(2COS2x-Sin2X).
sin 2x) -/-
= C I cos x+
sin 2x.
3006.
-= cos 2x +
3005.
y=eXx.
Answers
468
A
x Xl x
- 200 tcos rot. 3008. y= C1e'x + Cae4X-xe4X. 3009. y =C 1 +Cae"x + 4-4-"6
1
5
-8010. y:::eX(C 1 +C 2X+X 2). 3011. y=Cl+C2e2X+2xe2X-2"x.
3012. y:::::l
=Cle-IX+czeU'_~ eX+ ~ (3cos2x+sln2x). 3013. y=C1+Cze-X+eX +
5
+ 2XI-5x.
1
xe- x + 4 eX.
3017.
3016.
y=(Cl+caX+x~elx+xtl.
3018. y=C1+CiI'X-f6(COsx+3sinX)-
x3 x 2 X
X
_X
(4x+ 1)- 6- 4+"4 3020. II=C 1e +C 2e e2X
- x sin x-cos x. 3021. y = e1e- 2X + C~e2X -20 (sin 2x 2 cos 2x). 3022. Y ==
Xl
- 6-9
3019.
1 2X
Y=g e
c:
)( (2-3x) +
1
3
3
16 (2x 2-x)e3X 3027.y=Cl+C2e2X-2xex-4x-4"xl 3028.y:::::a
~ sin 3x.
-=(CI+Clx+~)eIX.
+
3023.
3029.
Y=Cle-,x+cr-i(2xl+x)e-'x+~x
II=C1cosx+C 2 sinx+
8030.
Xl
cosx+"4slnx-acos3x+
8031. Y= C1e- x 'VI; +Cr 'VI +xeX sin x+e x cos x. 3032. y=C 1 cos x+C I slnx+
+COSXln/cot
(-i-+~ )/.
3033.
y=C1COSx+Caslnx+slnx.tnltan;
I.
eX +xex
i-(~a:')=2-k(X+2);
-=
(k=l);
T=2n
vi
sec.
3041.
x-
Answers
and
x=ccos (t
= ~
is
(e
:;~
lUt
V;
e- wf );
=ro 2r.
469
b) r = ;~
(elllf _e- mt )
Yi5). 3044.a)r=
y=C.+C~x+Cael2~.
3045.
In (6+
y--
X(
3047. y=C.e-X+el c 2 cos-+x+C,sin
y=C.+C~-x+Carr.
3046.
y;--3 )
2 x
3052. y=--CI-rC~e-x
I
-1- e~
+ (Ca-l- C
x) sin 2x
(caCOSTX1-C4SlIl-2-x.
yJ
. Y3 )
+-
+
+
3056.
Y = CI
C 2x
3057. U _::.- CI 1- C 2x -1- (C a C4 t) e- x
3058. y:-::: (C I
-f- C2 x) cos x -t- (C a + G\x) sin x.
3059.
y -- e-o,; (C I -t- C2 "< -!- ...
C'l"(n-I).
12r:!_L:3X3---l_~
r
"I
2'\4_L~.\5_;
I 20
(C S -l-C
t)c'Y:
I
-l
3
(rtf
C cOS-i-X-1 Ca<;':lT
-~
2
}'F
-x 3 -5.
c~e-'>;+1~88(4CnS'lx-sin4X)
-I-{ x
+Xl
' n x --,I
.3065
.
Y:- - C Ie -x + C 2 C( IS x -t' C
3 "1
e~
-I-
~3 ) .
"4x - ~
C I -t- C2 cos x 1- C3 sin x -1 sec x -1- cos x In I cos t 1- tan x sin x +x sin .'(.
(
3066. Y =.3067.
V"3
1
}/3) -1-x-2
y=-e-X+-e - ~2 ( COS--X1--sin-x
Y3
1
x) . - . 3069. Y =-= CIXS
X
_2
3075.
~ CIX~ +- Cx
(:~x
-1- 2) - 4/3
y=C.XI+C~2
-I-{ x.
2
3076.
3078.
2X
z=(C.x+C 2 )e-
2X
Answers
470
t
-~ ( C CosTt+Casln-3081. x=Cle +e
2
2
. ya- t ) ,
ya
C t+ -{- (C s
Y = Ie
e
Y3-C
Y3 t
2
2
cos -2-
C2
t) ,
3
Y3-I-C
y~r
2
SID -2-
s ,. 3 t)
t+ e--~(-Cs Va-c
:3" t+ C2 Y3-C
2
cos 2
2
n 2
t
t
2t
t
2t
x= Cle- + C e , Y =-=Cae- + C e , z = -(C + Cal e- + C2e~t.
-C
Z -
3082.
Ie
81
2X
d-f (x -x-I).
_
3087.y (C
)2' z - C - - '
3088. a)
=C ,
---C 2 ,
2- X
2- X
x , (I O Y
2+y2.=arc tan JL +C , lr z
b) In
==C 2. Hint. Integrating the horno1
x
y x2 + y2
Yx
geneous equation
= arcX tan
~=~,
x-y
1L
+ CI'
x
.. r z
y
x2+ y2
\ve
x~+y~
+ y2
Whence 1n z == -2 111 (x
y X +p2-:-:-:
2
tlltegral In
y~
-~z = x (x~
x-y ) = y (x + y )
hence,
x+y
dx
dtj
dz
dx+dl/-I-dz
--=----=-==--==
0
y-z z-x x,-y
S, nlilarl y,
(x dx )-
x Y-Z
z dz
x dx II dy z dz
Y dy
- - - - - - . xdx-'-ydtj-t-zdz-=--Q and x 2
fy(z-x) z(x-y)
0
'
I.
2
2
+Z2 == C2 Thus, the integra I curves are the circles x +!I + z -:: C1, x
y -I- Z2 - C~
From the initial condition<;, x=l, y==l,z=-=-2, \VC will haveC 1 =O,C 2 ={).
C
x2
3089. y==C l x2 +-f-T8 (31n 2 x-2ln x),
+y0)
3091.
X=
v m cos a (
_.!!0 k
l-e m
t) 'Y=/i2(kv
m
(_!- t) - T
mg t
'
o sina+mg) l-e m
Solution. m d;t = -kv g ; m ~;: = -kvy-mg for the initial conditions: when
Answers
t=o,
xo==Yo==O,
k
== V o cos ae
til
t,
YIll
d!t
x2
-:;+-~- -=-
u"
d2~
dt 2 =-= - k"x,
III
kV y
t'
3096
1
Y =- : 3"
y=
dt;- --= - k y.
III
1.
Il
-- t
Integrating, we obtain v x
- -- t
=_0_ _
471
-7.9 x
x2
-1- 16
+ 32 X
x3
21
x4
x4
XS
3!
3099. Y --= ) -
)4
1 47
-t- 6! x 6 -
~}-,-
x' . .. ; the
sene~
converges for-
00
<X< +
CX).
I (/.::
0).
x~
xG
~'I
U~C
2
-1- ~r!
t 4 - ()!
tlon~: Ll
the
(0, t)-::-::o,
L 1 (I-cos
no-a
(I-~
t 2 -t2!
. T
:rl X
31 03 u =-= A cos art
-l-t S1I1
HInt. l'Jse t 1h~ condi-
t)-:--o,
U (1.
x -- a
(x, 0) --.
(x, 0) --= A'
sin nx
T' iJu dt
00
3104. U -=
21
-2
-f)-
It
. l11tut
rt=1
u (0, t) =-= 0,
Ii
(l, t) --= 0,
rzrx
(x, 0) -= 0,
au (x,
dt
0)
Hint.
Usc
the
conditions:
= 1.
00
3105.
Biz
== 312
11:rl
1t2 SlIt 2
ll:Tat.
IUtX
11=1
iJu
~/
211t
-1-
0) _-=-0,
It
(0, t)=O,
It
Jt ( .\
1-3.- \
2h
< I
00
,-.,
3106 u ~ ~
n=o
Answers
472
1
x
= T S-1
. (2n+I)1tx
dx. Hint. Use the conditions
21
Sill
au
(1, t)
x
u (0, t)=O, ---ax=0, u (x, 0) 1
3107. u =
au (x,
0)
iJt
o.
a 2 n:!j't2t
CJ)
400
'
na ~ fi3
. nnx -1""002
(I-cos n1t) Sin 100 - e
n=l
Chapter X
3108. a) ~ I"; ~0.0023!o;
b) ~ I mm; ~0.26/0; c) ~ I gm; ~0.OOI6%.
3109. a) ~ 0.05; ~ 0.021%~ b) ~ 0.0005; ~ 1.45% ; c) ~ 0.005; ~ 0.16/0.
3110. a) two deciInals; 48.108 or 49.10 3 , since the number lies between 47,877
and 48,845; b) two decimals; 15; c) one decinlal; 6.10 2. For practi~" purpo"es
there is sense in writing the result in the fonn (5.90.1).102. 31 I t. a) 29.5;
b) 1.6-102 ; c) 43.2. 3112. a) 84.2; b) 18.5 or 18 47 0.01; c) the result of
subtraction does not have any correct decimals, since the difference is equal
to one hundredth with a possible absolute error of one hundredth.
31131&. 1.80.3 cm 2. Hint. Use the fornlula for increase in area of a square.
3114. a) 30.00.2;
b) 43.70.1;
c) 0.30.1.
3115. 19.90.1 In 2
3116. a) 1.12950.0002; b) 0.120O.006; c) the quotient nlay vary behveen
48 and 62. Hence, not a single decinlal place in the quotient may be con~id
ered certain. 3117. 0.480. The last digit 111ay vary by unity. 3118. a) 0.1729;
b) 277.10 3 ; c) 2. 3119. (2.050.01)103 cm 2 3120. a) 1.648; b) 4.0250.001;
c) 9.0060.003. 3121. 4.01.10 3 cm 2. Absolute error, 6 5 crn!. Relative error,
0.16/0.3122. The side is equal to 13.8+0.2 cm; sin a=0.440.01, (1,=---=2615'
35'. 3123. 2 7 O.l. 3124. 0.27 ampere 3125. The length of the pendululll
should be measured to within 0.3 enl; take the nurnbers :t and q to three
decinlals (on the principle of equal effects). 3126. Measure the radii and the
generatrix with relative error 1/300. Take the number 1t to three decimal places
(on the principle of equal effects). 3127. l\\easure the quantity 1 to within
0.20/ 0 , and s to within 0.7/0 (on the principle of equal effects).
3128.
/).y
&2y
/).3 y
/).4 y
ti 5 y
-2
-6
14
-23
10
-8
-9
15
-3
-1
12
-3
-I
-4
473
4nswers
J129.
&y
/).2 y
flSy
-4
-12
32
48
-16
20
80
4,Q
fi
100
12R
48
104
228
176
332
40t
11
7:36
3130.
.\
.\ :l
IJ
I
- - I- - -
,--------
I
Hint. Compute the first live values of y and, after obtaining L\4 yo 24, repeat
the nUlllber 24 throughout the C01Un1l1 of fourth differences. After this the
remaining part of the table is tilled HI by the operation of additlo.1 (nl0ving
-=..:;
Answers
474
+~~ XZ-~x+8;
x~-~~ Xs +
x for y=20 take Yo== 11. 3135. The interpolating polynolnial is y =-= x 2 - lOx -t- 1;
Y= 1 \vhen x==O. 3136. 158 kgf (approxilllately). 3137. a) y (0.5)...:;;;- 1,
y(2)=1l; b)
Y(0.5)=-~,
y(2)=-3.
-1.325
3138.
3139.
1.01.
-1.86; -0.25; 2.11. 3141. 2.09. 3142.245 and 0 019. 3143. O.:~I and 4
2.506. 3145. 0.02. 3146. 0 24. 3147. 1 27
3148. -1.88; 0 35; 1 5:)
1.84. 3150. 1.31 and -0.67. 3151. 7.13. 3152. 0.165. 3153. 1.73 and O.
1.72. 3155. 1:38 3156. x=0.83; y-==O 56; x~ -0.83; y== -0.56
x== 1.67; Y== 1 22. 3158. 4 493. 3159. 1 1997 3160. Bv the trapezoidal formula, 11.625: by Sinlpson's formula, 11 417. 3161. -0 995; -1; 0.005;
0.5/o~ 6. -=0.005. 3162. 0.3068; 6. == 1.:~10-5.
3163. 0 69 3164. 0.79.
3165.0.84. 3166.0.28. 3167.0.10. 3168. 161. 3169. 1.85
3170.0.09.
3171. 0.67. 3172.0.75. 3173. 0.79. 3174. 4.93. 3175. 1 29. Hint. Make use
of the parametric equation of the elli pse x ~ cos t, Y -== 0.6222 sin t r'::11d tran~-
3140.
3144.
3149.
3154.
3157.
1t
fOlm the formula of the arc length to the form ~ VI-Ezcos z tdt, where E
IS
. .
x3
2x JJ
x2
XIS
XS
x3
x7
x3
3x 2
x3
x3
XS
-2x2 +3x-2. 3178. Yl(X)=X, Y2(X)=X-tf' Y3(x)~x-6+1~0
31 79. Y (1) == 3. 36 . 3180.
Y (2) == 0 .80 . 3181 . Y (1) === 3 . 72; Z ( 1) == 2 . 72
3182. Y:::: 1.80. 3183. 3.15. 3184. 0.14. 3185. Y (0.5) --:-:3 15; z (0 5) --.: - 3 15.
3186. Y (0.5) = 0 . 55; Z (0 5) = - 0 . 18. 3 t 87. 1. 16. 3188. 0 87. 3189. x (It) - 3. 58~
x' (rt) --=0.79.
3190. 429+ 1739 cos x-l0:37 SUI x-6:321 ros 2x -t- 126:J Sill 2x- ]242 cos 3x-33 S111 3x.
3191. 6 49-1 96 cos x -t- 2.14 SUI x-l.6H Cos 2x -t-t- O. 53 ~in 2x - 1. 13 cos 3x 0.04 sin 3x. 3192. 0.960 0.851 cos x 0.915 Sill x -I0.542 cos 2x 0.620 sin 2x 0.271 cos 3x -I- 0.100 sin 3x. 3193. a) () 608 ~In x 1+ 0.076 sin 2x 0.022 sin 3x; b) 0.338 0.414 cos x 0.111 cos 2x 1- 0.056 cos 3x.
+
+
+.
APPENDIX
I. Greek Alphabet
Iota-It
Kappa-}(x
Alpha-An
Beta- Bri
Ganll11a - ry
Delta-8b
Rho-PQ
Slgnla -~O'
Tau- Tt
Upsl1on- r"
Phi -(Dcp
Chi-Xx
Psi - 'l'~'
Oll1ega-Qw
LaInbda-AA
Mu-l\f~l
Nu-Nv
Epsilon-Ep,
Xi-3~
Zeta -Z~
Eta - II.,
Ornicron-Oo
Pi-Iln
Theta-eO
Quantity
1
log x
QU3nt It)
log x
0.79818
I
e
el
0.36788
7.3890fi
1.57080
0.19612
Ve
I.G48i2
O.R6859
0.21715
0.78540
I .89509
V-;
1 39561
0.14-176
--
0.31831
t .50285
1\1 = tog e
0.4342)
t .6:)778
n2
9.86n60
0.99130
-=lnl0
1
M
2.30258
O.~3G222
Vn
1.77245
1.46459
2.7182R
0.24857
0.16572
0.43429
1 radian
arc 1
5717'45"
0.01745
9.81
2.24188
0.99167
:t
2:t
j(
"2n
4
1
rt
V;
e
14159
0.49713
G.28318
:~
r 56571
476
Appendix
xl
1.0 1.000
1. 1 0.909
1.2 0.833
1.3 0.769
1.4 0.714
1.5 0.667
1.6 0.625
1.7 0.588
1.8 0.556
1.9 0.526
2.0 0.500
2. I 0.476
2.2 0.454
2.3 0.435
2.4 0.417
2.5 0.400
2.6 0.385
2.7 0.370
2.8 0.357
2.9 0.345
3.0 0.333
3.1 0.323
3.2 0.312
3.3 0.303
3.4 0.294
3.5 0.286
3.6 0.278
3.7 0.270
3.8 0.263
3.9 0.256
4.0 0.250
4.1 0.244
4.2 0.238
4.3 0.233
4.4 0.227
4.5 0.222
4.6 0.217
4.7 0.213
4.8 0.208
4.9 0.204
5.0 0.200
5.1 0.196
5.2 0.192
5.3 0.189
5.4 0.185
X2
X3
1.000
1.210
1.440
1.690
1.960
2.250
2.560
2.890
3.240
3.610
4.000
4.410
4.840
5.290
5.760
6.250
6.760
7.290
7.840
8.410
9.000
9.610
10.24
10.89
11.56
12.25
12.96
13.69
14.44
15.21
16.00
16.81
17.64
18.49
19.36
20.25
21.16
22.09
23.04
24.01
25.00
26.01
27.'()4
28.09
29.16
1.000
1.331
1.728
2.197
2.744
3.375
4.096
4.913
5.832
6.859
8.000
9.261
10.65
12.17
13.82
15.62
17.58
19.68
21.95
24.39
27.00
29.79
32.77
35.94
*39.30
42.88
46.66
50.65
54.87
59.32
64.00
68.92
74.09
79.51
85.18
91.12
97.34
103.8
110.6
117.6
125.0
132.7
140.6
148.9
157.5
VlO x
1.000
1.049
1.095
1.140
1.183
1.225
1.265
1.304
1.342
1 378
1.414
1.449
1.483
1.517
1.549
1.581
1.612
1.643
1.673
1.703
1.732
1.761
1.789
1.817
1.844
1.871
1.897
1.924
1.949
1.975
2.000
2.025
3.162
3.317
3.464
3.606
3.742
3.873
4.000
4.123
4.243
4.339
4.472
4.583
4.690
4.796
4.899
5.000
5.099
5.196
5.292
5.385
5.477
5.568
5.657
5.745
5.831
5.916
6.000
6.083
6.164
6.245
6.325
6.403
6.481
6.557
6.633
6.708
6.782
6.8G6
6.928
7.000
7.071
7.141
7.211
7.280
7.348
2.~9
2.0 4
2.098
2.121
2.145
2.168
2.191
~!. 214
2.236
2.258
2.280
2 302
2.324
lOOx
1.000
1.032
1.063
1.091
1.119
1.145
1.170
1 193
1.216
1.239
1.260
1.281
1.301
1.320
1.339
1.357
1.375
1.392
1.409
1.426
1.442
1.458
1.474
1.489
1.504
1.518
1.533
1.547
1.560
1.574
1.587
1.601
1.613
1.626
1.639
1.651
1.663
1.675
1.687
1.698
1.710
1.721
1.732
1.744
1.754
2.154
2 224
2.289
2.351
2.410
2.466
2.520
2.571
2.621
2.668
2.714
2.759
2 802
2.844
2.884
2.Q24
2.962
3.000
3.037
3.072
3.107
3.141
3.175
3.208
3.240
3.271
3.302
3.332
3.362
3.391
3.420
3.448
3.476
3.503
3.530
3.557
3.583
3.609
3.634
3.659
3.684
3.708
3.733
3.756
3.780
4.642
4.791
4.932
5.066
5.192
5.313
5.429
5.540
5.646
5.749
5.848
5.944
6.037
6.127
6.214
6.300
6.383
6.463
6.542
6.619
6.694
6.768
6.840
6.910
6.98e
7.047
7.114
7.179
7.243
7.306
7.368
7.429
7.489
7.548
7.606
7.663
7.719
7.775
7.830
7.884
7.937
7.990
8.041
8.093
8.143
(t.nantlssas)
0000
0414
0792
1139
1461
1761
2041
2304
2553
2788
30rv
3222
3424
3617
3802
3979
4150
4314
4472
4624
4771
4914
5051
5185
5315
5441
5563
5682
5798
5911
6021
6128
6232
6335
6435
6532
6628
6721
6812
6902
6990
7076
7160
7243
7324
In x
0.0000
0.0953
0.1823
0.2624
0.3365
0.4~55
0.4 00
0.5306
o 5878
0.6419
0.6931
0.7419
0.7885
0.8329
0.8755
0.9163
0.9555
0.9933
1.0296
1 0647
1 0986
1.1314
1.1632
1.1939
1.2238
1.2528
1..2809
1.3083
1.3350
1. 3610
1.3863
1.4110
1 4351
1.4586
1. 4816
1.5041
1.5261
1.5476
1.5686
1.5892
1.6094
1.6292
1.6487
1.6677
1.6854
Appendix
471
Continued
5.5
56
5.7
5.8
5.9
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6 4
6.5
66
6 7
68
69
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
S.O
8.1
8.2
8.3
8 4
8.5
8.G
8.7
8.8
89
1+1
o 182
0.179
0.175
0.172
o 169
0.167
0.164
o 161
o 159
0.156
~,~~ 154
0.151
0.149
0.147
o 145
0.143
0.141
0.139
o 137
0.135
0.133
0.132
o 1:\0
o 128
o 127
o 125
o 12~
0.122
0.120
o 119
0.118
0.116
0.115
0.114
o 112
9.0 O. III
9.1 0.110
9.2 0.109
9.:3 0.108
9.4 0.106
9.5 0.105
9.6 0.104
9.7 0.103
9.8 0.102
9.9 0.101
10.0 0.100
t''J
x"
30 25 166 4
31 36 175.6
32 49 185 2
33.64 195.1
34 81 205.4
36.00 216.0
37 21 227.0
38.44 2a8 3
39.69 250 0
40 96 262.1
42.23 274 6
43.56 287 5
44 89 300 8
46 24 314 4
47 61 ~i28 5
49.00 343 0
50.41 357.9
51.84 373.2
53.29 389.0
54 76 405.2
56.25 421.9
57.76 439 0
59 29 456 5
60.84 474 6
62.41 49~3. 0
64.00 512 0
6G.61 531.4
67.24 551. 4
68.89 571.8
70.56 592.7
72.23 614.1
7:3.96 636.1
75.69 658.5
77.44 681.5
79 21 705.0
81.00 729.0
82.81 753.6
84.64 778.7
86.49 804.4
88.36 830 6
90.25 857.4
92.1~ 884.7
94.09 912 7
96.04 941.2
98.01 970.3
100.00 1000.0
v"x
2.345
2 366
2 387
2 408
2 429
2.449
2.470
2 490
2.510
2.530
2.550
2 569
2 588
2 608
2.627
2.646
2 665
2.683
2.702
2.720
2.739
2 757
2 775
2.793
2.811
2.828
2 846
2.864
2.881
2.898
2.915
2 933
2.950
2.966
2 983
3.000
3.017
3.033
3.050
3 066
3.082
3.098
3.' 14
3.130
3.146
3.162
I IV-lv-/v-/ I
VTOX
x'
7.416
7 483
7 550
7 616
7.681
7 746
7.810
7 874
7.937
8.000
8.062
8.124
8.185
8.246
8 307
8.367
8 426
8.485
8.544
8 602
8.660
8.718
8.775
8.832
8.888
8.944
9.000
9 055
9.110
9.165
9.220
9.274
9.a27
9.381
9.431
9.487
9.539
9.592
9.644
9.695
9.747
9.798
9.849
9.899
9.950
10.000
1.765 3.803
1 776 3.826
1.786 3.849
1.797 3.871
1.807 3 893
1.817 3.915
I 827 3.936
1.837 3.958
1.847 3.979
1.857 4.000
1.866 4 021
I 876 4.041
I 885 4 062
1.895 4.08~
1.904 4.102
1.91a 4.121
1.922 4.141
1.931 4.160
1.940 4.179
1.949 4.198
1.957 4.217
1.966 4.236
1.975 4.254
1.983 4 273
I 992 4 291
2.000 4.309
2 008 4.327
2 017 4.344
2 025 4.362
2.033 4 380
2.041 4.397
2 049 4.414
2.057 4.431
2.065 4.448
2 072 4.465
2.080 4.481
2.088 4.498
2.095 4.514
2.103 4.531
2.110 4.547
2.118 4.563
2.125 4.579
2.133 4.595
2.140 4.610
2.147 4.626
2.154 ,4.642
IOgX
lOOx (~a n-
lOx
t ls~as)
In x
478
Appendix
---------------=-.....:..-_---------_._-
,,0
x
(fad lans)
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
0.0698
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
41ln .\
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
o .052:~
0.0698
0.0872
0.1045
0.1219
0.1392
0.156t
0.1736
0.1908
0.2079
0.2250
0.2419
0.2588
0.2756
0.2924
0.3090
0.32G6
0.087~
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
cos x
0.0000
0.0175
0.0349
0.0524
O.176~
0.1944
0.2126
0.2309
0.2493
0.2679
0.2867
O. ~~057
0.3249
0.~44:3
0.3640
0.3839
0.4040
0.4245
0.4452
0.4663
o 4877
0.5095
0.5317
0.5543
0.5774
0.6009
0.6249
tan x
0.9~O5
0.89R8
0.8910
0.8829
0.8716
0.8660
0.8G72
0.8480
0.8387
o 8290
0.81Q2
0.8090
O. 7~)86
0.7880
0.7771
0.7660
0.7547
0.7431
0.7314
0.7193
0.7071
~in
I
1.5708
1.55:33
1 5:~5q
1. 5184
l.fiOl0
1.48:35
1.4661
1.4-lR6
1 4:H2
1 41:37
I ~963
l. 37~8 .
I ~61~
0.9135
0.906:3
1.5399
1.4826
1.4281
1.3764
1.3270
1.2799
1.2349
1.1918
1.1504
1.1106
1.0724
1.0355
1.0000
0.6745
0.7002
0.7265
0.7536
0.7813
0.8098
0.8391
0.8693
0.9004
o 9325
0.9657
1.0000
cos x
1.0000
0.9998
0.9994
0.9986
0.9<)76
0.9962
O.994S
0.9925
0.9903
0.9877
0.9848
0.9816
o 9781
0.9744
0.9703
0.9639
0.961:3
O. 956;~
0.9511
O.945[)
o 9397
O. 9;t~6
0.9272
I.GOO:3
o 64q4
rot x
00
0.0875
0.1051
0.1228
0.1405
o 1584
cot x
57 29
28.64
19.08
14 30
11.43
9.514
8.144
7.115
6 314
5.671
5.145
4.703
4. :~~~1
4.011
3.732
3.487
3.271
3.078
2.904
2.747
2.605
2.475
2.356
2.246
2.145
2.050
1.963
I.R81
1.804
1 732
1.6643
0.0()9~
0.1047
0.1222
0.1396
0.1571
0.1745
0.1920
0.2094
0.2269
O. 244'~
0.2618
0.2793
0.2967
0.3142
0.3316
0.3491
0.:~420
0.3665
0.3584
0.3840
0.3746
0.4014
0.3907
0.4189
0.4067
0.4363
0.4226
0.4538 .. o 4384
0.4712
0.4540
0.4887
0.4695
0.5061
o 484S
0.52:36
0.5000
0.5411
0.5150
0.5585
0.5299
0.5760
0.5446
0.5934
0.5592
0.6109
0.5736
0.6283
0.5878
0.6458
0.6018
0.6632
0.6157
0.6807
0.6293
0.0981
0.6428
0.7156
0.6561
0.7330
0.6691
0.7505
0.6820
0.7679
0.6947
0.7854
0.7071
tan
90
89
88
87
86
85
84
83
82
RI
80
I
79
78
1.34;~9
77
1.3263
1.3090
1.2915
1.2741
I 2566
I 2:392
I 2217
1.2041
1.1868
1.1691
1.1519
I 1343
1.1170
1.0996
1.0821
l.n647
1.0472
1.0297
I .OI2:l
0.9948
0.9774
0.9599
0.9423
0.9250
0.9076
0.8901
0.8727
0.8552
0.8378
0.8203
0.8029
0.7854
76
(rad~al") I
75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
66
6;)
64
():~
62
61
60
59
58
57
56
55
54
53
52
S!
50
49
48
47
46
45
Appendix
479
o 0
0.1
e-;J;
sinh x
cosh x
tanh x
sin x
cos x
0.4
1.0000
1.1052
I 2214
1.:3499
I 4918
1 0000
o 9048
o 8187
0.7408
0.6703
0.0000
0.1002
0.201:3
0.3045
0.4108
1.0000
1.0050
I 0201
1.0453
1.0811
0.0000
0.0997
0.1974
0.2913
0.3799
0.0000
0.0998
0.1987
0.29n3
0.3894
1.0000
0.9950
0.9801
0.9553
0.9211
o 5
o6
o 7
0.8
o 9.
1 6487
1.8221
2.0138
2.22;)3
2 4596
0.6063
0.5488
0.4966
o 4493
0.4066
o 5211
o 6367
o 7586
o 8881
1.0263
1.1276
1.1853
1.2552
1.3:374
1.4331
0.4621
0.5370
0.6044
0.6640
0.7163
0.4794
0.5646
0.6442
0.7174
0.7833
0.8776
0.8253
0.7648
0.6967
0.6216
0.3679
o 8415
12
1 :~
1 t
2. 718:~
3.0042
:l 3201
:~ 66 3
4 O:l52
0.9320
o 9636
0.9854
0.5403
0.4536
0.3624
0.2675
0.1700
15
4 4817
1.6
t.9':>:lO
-0.0292
-0.1288
-0 2272
-0.3233
0.2
o :l
I 0
1.1
17
I H
1~
2 ()
~ 1
22
2
:~
o :3329
() 22al
~.12n3
2.3524
2 5775
2 8283
:3.1075
3 4177
0.9051
o 9217
0.9354
0.9468
o 9:)62
0.9973
0.9996
0.9917
0.9738
n 9463
:~ 7622
4 .144:~
o. ~640
0.9704
0.9757
D.U8ul
0.98:37
0.9093 -0.4161
O.86~~ -0 5048
o 8085 -0.5885
o 74.:17 -0.6663
(1 6753 -G 7374
0.9866
0.5985 -0.8011
o 5155 -0.8569
0.4274 -0.9041
O. :3:350 -0.9422
0.23H2 -0.9710
o 2019
I;~~):~
122:>
IIn8
() 10n:~
o 0907
24
11
2 ;)
26
27
2.8
1~ 182.)
I:J. 4().~7
11.8797
16 4146
18.1741
0.0821
o 0743
o 06i2
2 3756
2.6456
2.9422
:~.2682
:~
6269
4 0219
4 4571
4.9370
5.46G2
4 567<)
S.0372
5.5569
0.0550
6.0502
6 6(}47
7.4063
8.1919
9.0596
6.7690
7. 4i~l5
8 2f)27
9.1146
0.991U
0.9926
0.9940
3 4
20.085!l
22.1979
24.5325
27.1126
29.9641
0.0498
0.0450
0.0408
0.03()9
0.0334
10.0179
11.0764
12.2459
I~l. 537n
14.9654
10.0677
11.1215
12.23G6
13.5748
14.9a87
0.9950
0.9959
0.9967
0.9973
0.9978
3.5
33.1154
0.0302
16.5426
16 05728\ 0.9982
2 9
:l.O
3.1
3.2
3.3
o 8912
o 8337
0.8617
o 8834
()
()
()
O~;~~
0.8005
1.8107
1.9709
2.1309
7 ~~8~} I
H 1662
()~.so
o 7616
1.5095
1.6981
1. 9043
o 1827
() 1653
o 11<)6
1.5431
1.6685
0.3012
o 2725
o 2166
:>.47:39
6.0496
h 68fi9
n 974~
1.1752
1.3356
o 0608
6.1.12:~
o ~)890
0.1411
0.0416
-0.0584
-0 1577
-0.2555
0007071
-0.9900
-0.9991
-0.9983
-0.9875
-0.9668
--0.3508 -0.9365
480
Appendix
y
y
X
3. Rectangular
2. Cubic parabola,
y == Xl.
1. Parabola.
y=x 2
hyperbola,
Y:_-=x
"''"'
y
-1 0
4. Graph of a fractional
function,
1
y=-X2
-1
1
5. The witch of Agncsi,
1
y;;:. 1
+x
o
6. Parabola (upper
branch),
y=x.
7. Cubic parabola,
11=
a -x.
V
481
Appendix
Bb Sem icubical
parabola.
f x=t'l.
y2=X' or
'
\ y=t'.
t'
or
x~
is
X: -
t-.
rtf
-f
Appendix
y=arc sin :r
""
Appendix
483
y=arc
-----..,...----'-......,;;.-
tan:l
------0------1[
-1
486
Appendix
x
x
24. Strophoi d,
a+x
y 2 =x2 -.
a-x
o
26. Cycloid,
x=a (t -sin t),
{ y=a (1- cos t).
28. Cardioid,
or
.\ a
+ 11 a = a 3-.
y
481
Appendix
x
tI--................_ - - " " ' _........._~
X
.30. Spiral of Archinledcs,
r =aq>.
ea'l'.
r =a sin 3tp.
INDEX
93
Ifft horizontal 94
l~ft inclined 94
right horizontal 93
right inclined 93
vertical 93
Bending point 84
Bernoulli's equation 333
Bernoulli's
lemniscate 155,
Beta-function 146, 150
B inorm al 238
Boundary conditions 363
c
Ca rdioi d 20, 105, 486
Catenary 104, 105, 484
Catenoid 168
Cauchy's integral test 295
Cauchy's test 293, 295
Cauchy's theorcln 75, 326
Cavalieri's "leInon" 165
Centrc of curvature 103
Change of variable 211-217
ina de fi nit e in t eg raI 146
in a double integral 252-254
in an indefinite Integral 113
Characteristic equation ~~56
Characteristic points 96
Chebyshev's conditions 127
Chord method 376
Circle 20, 104
of convergence 306
of curvature 103
osculating 103
Circulation of a vector 289
Cissoid 232
of Diocles 18, 485
Clairaut's equation 339
Closed interval 11
Coefficients
Fourier 318, 393, 394
Comparison test 143, 293, 294
Composite function 12, 49
486
Index
Coneave down 91
Concave up 91
Concavity
direction of 91
Conchoid 232
Condition
Li pschi t7. 385
Conditions
boundary 363
Chebyshev's 127
Dirichlet 318, 319
initial 323, 363
Conditional extrelTIUm 223225
Conditionally (not absolutely)
convergent series 296
Contingence
angle of 102, 243
Continuity of functions 36
Continuous function 36
properdes of 38
Convergence
circle of 306
interval of 305
radius of 305
region of 304
unifonn 306
Convergent i111prOper integral 143,
270
489
probability 19,484
sine 481
tangent 481
Cusp 230
Cycloid 105, 106, 486
D
D' Alembert's test 295
Decreasing function 83
Definite integral 138
Del 288
Dependent variable 11
Derivative 43
left-hand 44
logarithmic 55
nth 67
right -hand 44
second 66
Derivative of a function
in a given direction 193
Derivative of functions
represented parametrically 57
Derivative of an implicit functicn 57
Derivative of an inverse fUllction 57
Derivative of the second order 66
Deriv at ives
of higher orders 66-69
one-si ded 43
table of 47
Descartes
foliuln of 20, 21, 232, 485
Deternlinant
functional 264
Determining coefficients
first Inethod of 122
second method of 122
Diagonal table 389
Difference of two convergent
series 298
Differential
of a 11 arc 10 1, 234
first-order 71
higher-order 198
pri nci pal properties of 72
second 198
second -order 72
total, integration of 202-204
Differential equation 322
homogeneous linear 349
inhotnogeneous linear 349
Differential equations
first-order 324
forming 329
higher~rder 345
linear 349, 351
Index
490
Differentiation 43
of implicit functions 205-208
tabular 46
Diocles
cissoid of 18, 485
Direction of concavity 91
Direction field 325
Dirichlet
conditions 318, 319
function 40
series 295, 296
theorem 318
Discontinuity 37
of the first kind 37
infinite 38
removable 37
of the second kind 38
Discontinuous function 270
Discriminant 222
Dicriminant curve 232, 234
Divergence of a vector field 288
Divergent improper integral 143, 270
Di vergent seri es 293, 294
Domain 11
Domain of definition 11
Double integral 246
in curvilinear coordinatps 253
in polar coordinates 252
in rectangular coordinates 246
Double point 230
coupling 223
difTerenti al 322
Euler's 357
exact differential 335
first-order differential 324
homogeneous 330, 351, 356
honl0geneous linear difTerential 332,
349
356
327, 328
326
335
55, 483
F
E
Elimination
met hod of 359
Ellipse 18, 20, 104, 485
Energy
kinetic 174
Envelope
equations of 232
of a family of plane curves 232
E picycloi d 283
Equal effects
principle of 369
Equation
Bernoulli '5 333
charactrristic 356
Clairaut's 339
Factor
integrating 335
Field
direction fiel d 325
nonstati onary seal ar or vector 288
potenti al vector 289
scalar 288
solenoidal vector 289
Field (cont)
stationary scalar or vector 288
vector 288
Field theory 288-292
First-order differential 71
First-order differential equations 324
Flow lines 288
FI ux of a vector field 288
Folium of Descartes 20, 21, 232, 485
Index
Force lines 288
FOrl11
Lagrange's 311
Forn1ula
Adams' 390
Green's 276, 281, 282
Lagrange's 145
Lagrange's interpolation 374
Leibniz 67
t.\aclaurin's 77, 220
Nc\vton-Leibniz 140, 141, ~75
Newton's interpolation 372
()strogradsky-Gauss 286-~88
parabul1c 382
Sln1p~on's
Lagr~lnge
39~3,
:~8
223, 224
sin~lc-vallled
394
G
Gamma-function 146, 150
Gaussian curve 92
General integral 322
General solution 359
General solution (of an equation) 323
General term 294
Generalized antiderivative 143
Generalized polar coordinates 255
Geometric progression 293, 294
Gradient of a field 288
Gradient of a function 194, 195
Graph of a function 12
Greatest value 85, 225,227
Green's forrnul a 276, 281, 282
Guldin's theorenls 171
H
Illultiple-valued 11
periodic 14
11
vector 235
F11nctional detern1inant 264
Functional series 304
Functions
al~ebraic
logarit hm ic 49
.
transcendental, integration of 135
trigonometric 48
trigonometric, integrating 128, 129
Fundalnental system of solutions 349
382-384
491
48
equivalent 33
('\ ponenti al 49, 55, 483
hy perbol ic 49, 484
hyperbolic, integration of 133
inverse 12
Functions (cont)
inverse circular 48
inv('rse hyperbolic 49
inverse trigonometric 482, 483
Ii nearl y dependent 349
linearly independent 349
345
197
356
133
Inlproper integral
conver~ent
270
divergent 270
Improper Jllultiple integrals 269, 270
Incoillplete Fourier series 318, 319
Increasing function 83
Increment of an arguI11ent 42
Incren1ent of a function 42
Independent variClble 11
Indetenn inate forll1s
evaluating 78, 79
492
Index
Infinite discontinuities 38
Infinitely large quantities 33
Infinitely small quantities 33
Infinites 33
Infinitesimals 33
of higher order 33
of order n 33
of the same order 33
Inflection
points of 91
Inhomogeneous equation 349. 351. 356
Inhomogeneous linear differential
equation 349
Initial conditions 323. 363
Integral 322
convergent improper 143
definite 138
divergent improper 143
double 246
Euler 146
Euler-Poisson 272
general 322
improper multiple 269, 270
line 273-278
part icul ar 322
probability 144
singular 337
surface 284-286
triple 262
Integral curve 322
Integral sum 138
Integrating factor 335
Integration
basic rules of 107
under the differential sign 109
direct 107
by parts 116, 117, 149
path of 273, 274, 280
region of 246-248
by substitution 113
Integration of differential equation
by means of power series 361, 362
Integration of functions
numerical 382, 383
Inte~ration of ordinary differential
equation
nurnerical 384-393
Integration of total difTerentials 202204
Interpolation formula
Lagrange's 374
Newton's 372
Interval
of calculations 382
closed II
of convergence 305
of monotonicity 83
I nterv al (cont)
open 11
table interval 372
I nverse circular functions 48
I nverse functions 12
Inverse hyperbolic functions 49
Inverse interpolation 373
I nverse trigonometric functions 482,
483
K
Kinetic energy 174
L
493
Index,
Lima~on
Pascal's 158
Limit of a function 22
Limit on the left 22
Limit on the right 22
Limit of a sequence 22
Limiting absolute error 367
Lilniting relative error 367
Lilnits
one-sided 22
Line
straight 17, 20
Line Integral
application of 276, 28:3
of the first type 273, 274, 277, 278
Line integral of the second type 274,
275, 278-281
385, 389
of tangents 377
of undetermined coefficients 121, 351
of variation of parameters 332, 349,
352
Newton
trident of 18
Ne\vton-Leibniz fOrillula 140, 141, 275
Newton's interpolation formula 372
Newton's J11ethod 377, 379
Ne\\ton's serpentine 18
Niele's par abo! a 18, 234. 48]
Node 230
Nonstationary scalar or vector field 288
Nonnal 217
to a curve 60
equations of 218
principal 238
Normal plClne 238
NtlInber
Napier's 28
real 11
Number series 293
NUlllerical integration of functions 382,
383
o
One-sided derivatives 43
One-sided lilnits 22
Open interval 11
Index
494
Operator
Hamiltonian 288
Laplacian 289
Order of smallness 35
Orthagonal surfaces 219
Orthagonal trajectories 328
Osculating circle 103
Osculating plane 238
Ostrogradsky-Gauss formula 286-288
Ostrogradsky-Gauss theorem 291
Ostrogradsky method 123, 125
p
critical 84
stationary 222, 225
Polar subnormal 61
Polar subtangent 61
Potential (of a field) 289
Potential vector field 289
Po\vcr series 305
Principal normal 238
Principle
of equal effects 369
Runge 383, 386
of superposition of solutions 353
Probability curve 19, 484
Probability integral 144
Product of t\VO convergent series 298
Progression
~eometric 293, 294
Proper rational fraction 121
Proportionate parts
rule of 376
Q
12:~
R
Radi liS of convergence 305
Radius of curvature 102, 243
Radius of second curvature 243
Radius of tor~ion 243
Rate of change
of a function 43
mean 42
Ratio (of a geornetric progreC\sion) 294
Real nunlbers J I
Rectangular hyperbola 480
Rectifying plane 238
Reduction fornlulas 130, 135, 150
Reduction nlcthod 123
Regi on of convergence ~04
Region of integration 246-248
Relative error 367
Remainder 311
Renlainder of a series 293, 304
Remainder term 311
Removab!e discontinuity 37
Right -hand derivative 44
Right horizontal asymptote 93
Right inclined aSYlnptote 93
Rolle's theorem 75
Root multi plici ties 121
495
Index
Rose
four-leafed 487
three-leafed 20, 487
Rotation (of a vector field) 288
Rule
Leibniz 67, 269
I' I-Iospit aI-Bernoulli 78-82
of proport j onat c parts 376
Runge-Kutta nlethod 385-387, 390
I~unge principle 383, 386
S
Safety parabola 234
Scalar field 288
Scheme
twelve-ordin~lte
393-39!i
222
Sunl
Inte~ral 138
partial 293
of a seri es 293. 304
of two convergent serres 298
Su perposlti on of sol uti ons
principle of 353
Surfncc jnte~ral of the first type 284
Surface iI1t('~ral of the second type 284
Surface integrals 284-286
Surfaces
level 288
orthogonal 219
T
Table
d I ago naI tab I e 389
of standard integrals 107
Table interval 372
Tabular difTerentiation 46
Tacnode 230
Tangency
point of 217
Tangent 238
Tangent curve 481
Tangent plane 217
equation of 218
Tangents
met h od of 377
Taylor's formula 77, 220
496
Index
Undetermined coefficients
method of 121, 351
Uniform convergence 306
v
Value
greatest 85, 225, 227
least 85
mean (of a function) 151, 252
smallest 225, 227
Variable
dependent 11
independent 11
Variables sep.arable
an equation \vith 327 328
Variation of paranleters '332. 349, 352
Vector
acceleration 236
of binormal 238
of principal nOrIllal 238
of tangent line 238
velocity 236
Vector field 288
Vector function 235
Vector lines 288
Velocity vector 236
Vertex of a curve 104
Vertical asynlptote 93
Vertices of a curve 104
Volume of a cylindroid 258
Volume of ~olids 161-166
W