Troubleshooting Common Boot Issues

This document (3864925) is provided subject to the disclaimer at the end of this document.

Environment
Novell SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 10
Novell SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 9
Novell SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 8
Novell Open Enterprise Server (Linux based)

Situation
This document is intended as a general guideline for troubleshooting system boot
issues. Please read and evaluate the entire document prior to contacting Novell
Technical Support.

Resolution
Symptom:
Regardless of the kernel selected to boot (failsafe or default), a kernel panic stops the
system from booting.
Error(s):
RAMDISK: Couldn't find a valid RAM disk image starting at 0.
VFS: Cannot open a root device "sda2" or unknown-block(0,0)
Please append a correct"root=" boot option
Kernel panic - not syncing: VFS: Cannot open a root device "sda2"
or unknown-block(0,0)
Probable Cause:
A corrupted or missing initrd.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Verify that the / (root) and /boot (if used) filesystems are mounted. The mount
command should supply sufficient information. If not, comparing its output with
the contents of /etc/fstab should.
4. Run mkinitrd.

5. Reboot.
Symptom:
The system fails to boot and prompts for the root password.
Error(s):
error on stat() /dev/hdb3: No such file or directory
Failed to open the device'/dev/hdb3' : No such file or directory
fsck.reiserfs /dev/hdb3 failed (status 0x8). Run manually!
fsck failed for at least one filesystem (not /).
Probable cause:
Invalid/etc/fstabentry, /dev/hdb3 is a non-existent device.
Resolution:
1. Enter the root password to enter maintenance mode.
2. Remount the root filesystem as read-write:
mount -o rw,remount /
3. Edit /etc/fstab and remove the non-existent device entry. Comparing the
output of fdisk -l may provide additional guidance for the non-existent device.
4. [CTRL]+[D] reboots.
Symptom:
The system simply hangs after POST. The screen is completely blank. The option to
Boot Installed System* is not available.
Error(s):
If Rescue System is attempted, and fdisk -l run, no partitions are seen. If parted is
used, and check run,Error: Partition doesn't existis returned.
Probable cause:
The MBR has been damaged or corrupted.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.

3. Reinstall GRUB:
grub-install bootdevicepath (e.g. /dev/sda)
4. Reboot.
-or1. If Boot Installed System* is unavailable, the most likely probable cause is that the
partition table is damaged or corrupt, no recovery is possible unless a previous
backup of the partition table is available.
Symptom:
When the system boots, an error message is seen, and the system locks. Sometimes
the screen just goes black or the server reboots. Sometimes all that is seen is the grub
details screen halted after trying to load the/boot/initrd(see below).
Error(s):
No setup signature found ...
initrd /boot/initrd
[Linux-initrd @ 0x1fc38000, 0x2a7ab8 bytes]
Probable cause:
Damaged or corrupted kernel in/boot.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Install a valid kernel rpm. This can be had from the selected installation medium
(under /suse/arch) or from our website at http://www.novell.com/download
(search the patches section for kernel-).
rpm -Uvh --force kernel-type-revision-arch.rpm
4. Reboot.
Symptom:
The system boots up toSystem Boot Control: Running
/etc/init.d/boot.local, then gracefully reboots.
Error(s):

None.
Probable cause:
Corrupted or misconfigured boot script.
Resolution:
1. At the GRUB menu, type in
init=/bin/bash
on the Boot Options line.
2. Edit /etc/init.d/boot.local and modify or remove the corrupted or
misconfigured line.
3. Reboot.
Symptom:
Once exited from a virtual console, the console is not respawned. The console prompt
just blinks.
Error(s):
INIT: no more processes left in this runlevel
Probable cause:
Corrupt or misconfigured/etc/inittab
Resolution:
1. Login as root.
2. Edit /etc/inittab and change any tty configuration(s) from once to respawn.
3. Reboot or pkill -1 init.
Symptom:
The kernel panics after trying to mount the root filesystem.
Error(s):
Waiting for device /dev/sda1 to appear: . ok
rootfs: major=8 minor=1 devn=2049
rootfs: /sys/block/sda/sda1 major=8 minor=1 devn=2049
mount: unknown filesystem type 'swap'

umount: /dev: device is busy

Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on sda1
Probable cause:
Corrupt or misconfigured/boot/grub/menu.lst.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Edit /boot/grub/menu.lst.
4. Modify the kernel parameter root= to point to the correct root partition. fdisk
-l should provide sufficient guidance to determine the root filesystem.
5. Reboot.
Symptom:
The system boots to the GRUB prompt (grub>).
Error(s):
None.
Probable cause:
Corrupt or missing/boot/grub/menu.lstfile.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System* -or- if sufficiently familiar with GRUB, manually boot the
system.
2. Login as root.
3. Verify the existence of /boot/grub/menu.lst.
If existing, but misnamed, rename it.
If corrupt, delete it and Repair Installed System** (just the Boot Loader
Configuration check should be sufficient).
If missing, Repair Installed System** (just the Boot Loader Configuration check
should be sufficient).
4. Reboot.

Symptom:
The system boots, but filesystems are not mounted. Many mount-related errors are
seen during boot.
Error(s):
Mostly mount-related error messages are seen during boot.
startproc: mount returned not-zero exit status
startproc: /proc not mounted, failed to mount: No such file or
directory failed
Probable cause:
The mount binary is either corrupt or missing.
Resolution:
1. Either Repair Installed System** -or - the following.
2. Boot into rescue mode (Rescue System) from the selected installation medium.
3. Login as root.
4. Manually mount the root filesystem (i.e., mount /dev/sda2 /mnt). fdisk -l
should provide sufficient information to determine the correct partition.
5. Copy in a valid mount binary from the Rescue System.
6. Reboot.
Symptom:
The system boots, but login fails.
Error(s):
INIT: no more processes left in this runlevel
INIT: /etc/inittab[xx]: missing action field
Probable cause:
Corrupt or misconfigured/etc/inittab
Resolution:
1. Login as root.
2. Edit /etc/inittab and change any tty configuration(s) to include an action
(once or respawn) in the action field (third column).

3. Reboot or pkill -1 init.

Symptom:
The system boots, but only to a GRUB screen, then hangs.
Error(s):
GRUB Hard Disk Error
Probable Cause:
As the full GRUB prompt is not achieved, the problem lies somewhere in GRUB stage1.
The /boot/grub/stage1file may be missing or corrupted.
Solution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Copy /usr/lib/grub/stage1 to/boot/grub/stage1.
4. Reinstall GRUB:
grub-install bootdevicepath(e.g., /dev/sda).
5. Reboot.
-or1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Identify the installed version of GRUB:
rpm -q grub
4. Remove the installed version. E.g.,
rpm -ev --nodeps grub-0.97-16.1
5. Reinstall the grub package. This can be had from the selected installation
medium (under /suse/arch) or from our website at
http://www.novell.com/download (search the patches section for grub).
rpm -Uvh grub-version.rpm.

6. Reinstall GRUB:
grub-install bootdevicepath(e.g.,/dev/sda).
Symptom:
The system either doesn't boot, or boots, but some modules aren't loaded and/or some
devices are undetected.
Error(s):
FATAL: Error insertingmodulename(modulepath): Unknown symbol in
module, or unknown parameter (see dmesg).
modulename: Unknown symbol symbolname
Probable cause:
Occasionally, when modules are updated, the modules dependency
file/lib/modules/kernelversion/modules.depis improperly configured or
corrupted prior to updating the initial ramdisk.
Resolution:
1. Boot Installed System*.
2. Login as root.
3. Run depmod to regenerate the modules dependency file.
4. Run mkinitrd to generate a new initial RAM disk image.
5. Reboot.
Symptom:
EVMS is used for the root filesystem. The system doesn't boot, with errors related to
finding the root filesystem.
Error(s):
Waiting for device /dev/evms/lvm2/system/root to appear: ... not
found
Probable cause:
The initial RAM disk image lacks EVMS support.
Resolution:
1. Boot the rescue system and enter the shell.

2. Probe EVMS information:

echo "probe" | evms -s
3. Query devices:
echo "q:d" | evms -s
4. Query volumes:
echo "q:v" | evms -s
This should display the name your root container.
5. Mount the root filesystem (note the comma in the mount command):
mkdir -p /old
echo "mount:/dev/evms/lvm2/system/root,/old" | evms -s
6. The contents of the old root filesystem should be visible now:
ls -l /old/
7. Enter the environment of the installed system:
chroot /old
8. Generate a new inital RAM disk, with EVMS support:
/sbin/mkinitrd -f evms
9. Exit the environment of the installed system through [CTRL]+[D].
10. Reboot.

Status
Top Issue

Additional Information
* Boot Installed System is the process of using a SuSE Linux Enterprise Server
installation medium to boot the installed system. These are the steps:
1. Boot the system off of the selected installation medium (CD/DVD in most cases).
This medium should be the same (or later) revision level as the installed system.

I.e., if the installed system is SLES9SP2, the installation medium should be

SLES9SP2 or later.
2. At Welcome screen, Installation should be selected in place of Boot from Hard
Disk.
3. Select the desired Language.
4. Accept the License Agreement(s) (if prompted).
5. At the Installation Mode screen, select Boot Installed System. On SLES10 and
later, click on the [Other] button to see these options.
**Repair Installed System is a process similar to Boot Installed System and provides a
more automatic repair process. In some cases, when a broader approach to fixing the
issue is needed (sledgehammer rather than scalpel), Repair Installed System is the
desired process. These are the steps:
1. Boot the system off of the selected installation medium (CD/DVD in most cases).
This medium should be the same (or later) revision level as the installed system.
I.e., if the installed system is SLES9SP2, the installation medium should be
SLES9SP2 or later.
2. At Welcome screen, Installation should be selected in place of Boot from Hard
Disk.
3. Select the desired Language.
4. Accept the License Agreement(s) (if prompted).
5. At the Installation Mode screen, select Repair Installed System. On SLES10,
click on the [Other] button, on SLES11 click on the [Expert Tools] button to see
these options