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Chapter 9
Sinusoids and Phasors
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
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Overview
Sinusoids
Phasors
Phasor Relationship for Circuit Elements
Impedance and Admittance
Impedance Combination
9.1 Overview
DC Versus AC
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Waveforms
Periodic Waveforms
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Sinusoid
Square
Triangle
Sawtooth
Cycle
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Waveform Parameters
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Period
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Frequency
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Radians
It is related to degrees by
radians = 180
Well often need to convert between
radians and degrees:
by
.
180
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Angular Frequency
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1.
2.
3.
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Relating T, f, and
T = 1/f
= 2f = 2/T
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Peak-to-Peak Value
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Instantaneous Value
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v2 leads v1 by
Phase Angle
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9.2 Sinusoids
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v(t) = Vmcos(t + )
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Type of Voltage
Source
Generic voltage source
(may be DC or AC)
DC voltage source
AC sinusoidal voltage
source
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Sine or Cosine?
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i 1
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or
j 1
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Rectangular form; z x jy
Example: 3 + j 4
j
Example: 5 53.1
Rectangular Form
z x jy
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Polar Form
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The angle is
measured from the
positive real axis.
x2 y2
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x r cos
and its imaginary part is
given by
y r sin
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Exponential Form
r
Example: 330
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Exponential Form
rej
3ej/6
Mathematical Operations
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Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Complex Conjugate
Addition
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Subtraction
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Multiplication
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Division
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Complex Conjugate
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Scientific Calculator
Casio Fx-991ms/Fx-570ms
Example : (4+3i) (5 -20)=?
1. Set your calculator and display it in CMPLX
MODE
, and Deg Mode
2. Then press
key a number of times until
you reach the setup screen
press
3. Toggle to select r setting (i.e., all solutions
will be presented in polar)
Disp r = 25
Disp = 16.87
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630+53
Example:
2+4
Useful Properties of j
j is the only number whose reciprocal is
equal to its negation: 1
Also,
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1
j
jC
C
Example: In the
circuit shown,
KVL tells us that
v = v1 + v2.
But suppose
v1 = 10 cos(200t + 30) V and
v2 = 12 cos(200t + 45) V
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9.3 Phasors
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We call
V the phasordomain representation of the
same sinusoid. (Its also called the
frequency-domain representation.)
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21.8
38.2
2
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Example:
If i = 2 cos(200t + 30) A and R = 5 ,
then v = 10 cos(200t + 30) V
For this same example, in the phasor
domain we have:
2
If I = 30 A and R = 5 , then
V=
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2
10
30
2
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domain: =
Example:
If i = 2 cos(200t + 30) A and L = 5 H,
then v = 2000 cos(200t + 120) V
For this same example, in the phasor
domain we have:
2
If I = 30 A and L = 5 H, then
V=
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2
12
120
2
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domain: =
Example:
If v = 2 cos(200t + 30) V and C = 5 F,
then i = 2000 cos(200t + 120) A
For this same example, in the phasor
domain we have:
2
If V = 30 V and C = 5 F, then
I=
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2
2000
120
2
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A Resistors Impedance
For resistors, V = IR, so a resistors
impedance is:
= =
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An Inductors Impedance
For inductors, V = jLI, so an
inductors impedance is:
= =
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A Capacitors Impedance
For capacitors, I = jCV, so an
inductors impedance is:
= =
=
=0
or
1
=
90
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to frequency, since =
for a
capacitor.
As , Z0, inductors act like
short circuit.
Also, as 0, Z, which is why
capacitors act like open circuits in dc
circuits.
= +
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Admittance
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= +
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The equivalent
impedance of
series-connected
impedances is the
sum of the
individual impedances:
= 1 + 2 + +
Thus, series-connected impedances
combine like series-connected
resistors.
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Voltage-Divider Rule
As in dc circuits, the
voltage-divider rule
lets us find the
voltage across an
element in a series
combination if we
know the voltage across the
entire series combination.
Example: In the circuit shown,
1 =
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1 +2
and
2 =
1 +2
Current-Divider Rule
As in dc circuits, the
current-divider rule
lets us find the
current through an
element in a parallel
combination if we
know the current through the entire
parallel combination.
Example: In the circuit shown,
1 =
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1 +2
and
2 =
1 +2
Impedance Transformation
Delta-Wye
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Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Z1
Z1
Zb Zc
Z a Zb Zc
Za
Z2
Zc Za
Z a Zb Zc
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Zb
Z2
Z3
Z a Zb
Z a Zb Zc
Zc
Z1Z 2 Z 2 Z 3 Z 3 Z1
Z3
Summary of Chapter 9
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Ohms law ( = )
Kirchhoffs laws (KVL and KCL)
Series and parallel combinations
Voltage-divider rule
Current-divider rule
Impedance Transformation
2.
3.
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Whats Next?
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Nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Superposition
Source transformation
Thevenins theorem
Nortons theorem
Thank You
Q&A
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