Science SPM 2015

HOT TIPS
SCIENCE
SPM 2015
PAPER 1 & 2
100 %
SULIT
PREPARED BY : A.LAVANYA
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Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Thing
1.1 5 Groups of Microorganisms / Microbes
1. Bacteria
i. when condition unfavourable, it becomes spore. Spores can only be
destroyed by heat over 120C in an autoclave
ii. types of bacteria according to its shape.
2. Fungi
i. Reproduce by spores like mucor or budding like yeast.
ii. Do not have chlorophyll / cannot make food by photosynthesis.
3. Protozoa
- eg: amoeba and paramecium.
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- Reproduce by binary fission
4. Viruses
a. smallest microorganisms that can pass through filter.
b. cannot be destroyed by antibiotic.
5. Algae (green plant / producer)

- Contain chloroplast and can make own food by photosynthesis.
1.2 Factors affecting the growth of Microorganisms

a. temperature (37C optimum)
b. humidity (high)
c. intensity of light (dark)
d. pH value (neutral, pH7)
e. nutrients
f. concentration / type of antibiotic
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1.
2. During incubation, the petri dishes containing sterile nutrient agar and
bacteria culture is inverted to prevent the condensation of water vapour
from spoiling the growth of bacteria.
3. Definition of antibiotic: is a chemical substance that can inhibit bacterial
growth.
4. Optimum temperature for bacteria growth is 37 .
1.3 Uses of microorganisms
1. Food digestion
a. protozoa / bacteria herbivores
2. Decaying process / putrefaction / decomposition
3. Medicine
a. Bacteria
b. antibiotic
4. Agriculture
a. Nitrogen fixing bacteria found in the root nodules of leguminous plants
provide the plants with nitrates
5. Industry
a. Food industry
i. Alcoholic drinks - Yeast
ii. Bread - yeast
iii. Soy sauce - Yeast
6. Defination of Bacteria Growth
Bacteria growth is a process which causes nutrient broth to become cloudy
at pH7 and temperature 37 C.
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7. Diseases
8. Vectors insects or animals that carry pathogens that cause disease
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9. Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes.
1.4 Immunity (body defence system)
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1.5 Treating diseases caused by microorganisms
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Form 5 Chapter 2: Nutrition and Food Production

Nutrition and good eating habit
1. a. Calorific value of
i. Carbohydrates = 17.2kJg-1
ii. Protein = 22.2kJg-1
iii. Fats = 38.5kJg-1 (2 x carbohydrates)
(highest calorific value)
b. A pupil takes 20g of bread and 100g of milk. What is the total energy
consumed?
Answer:
Bread: 20g x 17.2 KJg-1 = 344kJ
Milk: 100g x 22.2kJg-1 = 220kJ
Total = 2564 kJ
2. Factors affecting the calorie requirement.
a. Gender/sex
b. Body size
c. Age
d. State of health
e. Physical activities/job (a laborer needs more energy than a clerk)
f. Climate
3. Health problems
a. Anorexia nervosa too thin
i. Is a psychological illness of dislike eating/refuse to eat
b. Good eating habit
- Reduce sugar intake
- Eat more vegetables + fruit
- Eat according to the need of the body
4. Balanced diet
i. Milk is the most balance food for baby
ii. Contains all the classes of food in the right amount that needed by our
body.
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a.
b. Priority of food for the growth of teenager is protein for growth of tissue
follow by carbohydrate and lastly fats.
5. Old people need more vitamins to maintain good health.
The nutrient requirements of plants
1.
2. Nitrogen Cycle Important
Maintain the composition of nitrogen in the atmosphere.
To convert nitrogen into nitrates.
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Ensure that plant is constantly supplied with nitrogen.
3. Leguminous plant soy plant, alpha-alpha grass and peanut plant/

groundnut
contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the root nodule which change
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates (increase the fertility of soil).
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Form 5 Chapter 4: Carbon Compounds

Alcohol
a. Consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
b. E.g. methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol.
2. Fermentation
a. Is a process to produce alcohol from glucose/starch.
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b. Fermentation to produce carbon dioxide.
c. Distillation to obtain pure ethanol.
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3. a. Properties of alcohol
i. Colourless, neutral, pleasant / sharp smell.
ii. Soluble and mixed easily with water.
iii. Highly flammable / combustible without soot.
iv. Low boiling point.
v. Volatile / vapourise easily.
4. Esterification process
5. Uses of alcohol
a. Ethanol is used to make alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine, brandy and
whisky.
b. Organic solvents for shellac, inks, perfumes, cosmetics, or medicine such as
cough mixture.
c. Disinfectant to kill microorganism e.g. is rubbed on skin before an injection is
given.
d. Antiseptics such as iodine solutions.
e. Ester is used to prepare artificial flavours, fragrances, perfumes and
cosmetics.
f. As fuels, burn completely without soot.
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g. Methanol to prepare formalin for preservation (when consume can cause

blindness or even death).
h. To make ethanoic acid / vinegar.
i. Thermometric liquid to measure temperature.
6. Effects of excessive consumption of alcohol on health
a. Cause nervous system slows down.
b. Become drunk, poor body coordination, cause accidents, disturb body
balancing and vision blur.
c. Damage the stomach, liver (cirrhosis), kidneys and heart.
d. Cause addiction and social problems.
e. Cause retardation to foetal growth.
7. Fats is molecule of Glycerol and Fatty acid.
a. Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
b. Provide double energy than carbohydrate.
c. As insulator for our body.
d. Solvent for vitamins A, D, E and K.
e. Excessive cause obesity and raise the level of cholesterol
8.
9. Bad (LDL) cholesterol cause

a. Formation of bile stones which cause jaundice.
b. Accumulated of cholesterol on the wall of the arteries which narrow the
passage of arteries such as:
- Atherosclerosis (artery blocked)
- Thrombosis (blockage of blood vessels)
- Stroke (thrombosis in artery leading to the brain )
- Heart attack (thrombosis in the coronary artery and out off oxygen to the heart)
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10. Oil Palm Fruit.
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11. Uses of Palm Oil

a. To make foodstuff such as chocolates, milk, margarines, cooking oil..
b. To make non-foodstuff such as candles, ink, wax, fertilizer, diesel, lubricating
oil, soap / detergent and biogas.
12. Nutritional substances in palm oil
a. Cholesterol free.
b. Lower LDL (bad cholesterol) but increased HDL (good cholesterol).
c. Rich in beta-carotene which is anti-cancer and contains vitamins A and E which
are antioxidants.
d. Vitamin A also prevents night-blindness and vitamin E prevents infertility.
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13. Sapronification / Alkaline Hydrolysis Process - to produce soap
14. Characteristics of soap

a. Soap dissolves in water to form bubbles.
decrease the surface tension of water.
emulsifies oil in water.
remove oil and grease.
b. Soap molecules
d. Action of cleaning by soap
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15.
16 a. Depolymerisation - decompose long chain of polymer into smaller unit of

monomers.
b. Polymerisation
- combine smaller unit of monomers into a long chain of polymer.
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- Catalyst = to speed up the formation of Perspex.

Note:
Perspex
Can replace glass in industry e.g.

aeroplanes window
Low density and non-fragile.
17. Acid can coagulate latex
a. Rubber is consists of polymer molecules which is surround by a protein

membrane which is negative charged.
b. These negative charged repel one another and prevent the rubber molecules
from coagulate.
c. When acid (formic acid) is added, positive charged hydrogen ions from the
acids neutralize the negative charges on the protein membrane.
d. When the rubber molecules collide one another, the protein membranes break
e. The rubber molecules are released and combined to coagulate
18. When expose to air, bacteria in the air can produce lactic acid which
coagulates the latex as well.
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19. Ammonia or any alkali solution can be added to latex to prevent coagulation
because negatively charged hydroxial ions of ammonia solution can
i. Neutralize any positively charged hydrogen ions from acids that presence
ii. Prevent the growth of bacteria.
20. Vulcanisation of rubber
a. Natural rubber which is soft, easily stretched and cannot withstand heat can
be vulcanised with sulphur to be more hard, elastic, resistant to heat and
stronger.
b.
c. Vulcanisation Process
Form 5 Chapter 5: Motion
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1. Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (Car)
a. i . Inlet (induction) Stroke

- the mixture of air and petrol vapour enters the cylinder
ii. Compression Stroke
- the mixture of air and petrol vapour is compressed and heated
iii. Ignition (power) stroke
- the spark plug produces a spark, ignites the mixture and causes an explosion
iv. Exhaust Stroke
- the piston rises and drives out the products of combustion of the fuel
2. The Four-Stroke Diesel Engine
(Heavy vehicles such as lorries/buses)
- No spark plugs but using fuel injector to spray diesel into the cylinder.
- Inlet valve draws in air only not petrol-air mixture
- Diesel engine is more efficient and produces more power and less heat lost
3. Comparison of Engine
- The structure is thicker to withstand high pressure.
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a. i. Inlet (induction) stroke

- air enters the cylinder
ii. Compression stroke
- the piston moves up and compresses the air which becomes very hot
- just before the end of the stroke, the fuel injectors injects the diesel into the
cylinder
iii. Ignition (power) stroke
- the diesel-air mixture is sprayed by fuel injector and burns itself due to the high
temperature in the cylinder
- the expanding gases push the piston down
iv. Exhaust stroke
- the piston moves up and pushes the exhaust gases out of the cylinder
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SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION
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INERTIA
1.
a. Inertia is the ability of a mass to resist any changes to its original position
whether it is stationery or moving.
b. Inertia is influenced by mass
i.
ii.Variables:
Manipulated: Mass of can
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Constant variable: Length of string

Responding: Time taken to stop swinging
iii. Hypothesis: The bigger the mass, the longer the time taken to stop.
iii. Observation: Can A which has bigger mass is hard to move / stop or take
longer time to stop.
iv. Inference: The bigger the mass, the bigger the inertia.
c. Two types of inertia
i. Stationary inertia
- Stationary inertia is possessed by a body at rest, which resist a force to make it

move.
- When the cardboard is hit out of its position quickly with a ruler, the coin falls
into the glass. This is because the coin remains at rest at its original position due
to its stationary inertia
d. Moving Inertia
i. When a moving car stop suddenly, you are thrown forward because the moving
inertia of your body continues to move your body forward
ii. When a car start to move, you are thrown backward because the stationary
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inertia of your body continue to maintain the stationary position of your body
iii. Large aircraft needs a longer runaway to land.
iv. Big ship needs to off the engine several kilometers before reaching the port
because of large moving inertia.
Safety Measures in Vehicle to Reduce Negative Effect of Inertia
i. Seat belts To prevent the drivers/passengers from the being thrown forward.
ii. Air bags Prevent the driver/passenger from being injured of hitting the
dashboard.
Other Safety Measure
i. Steering column Easily collapsed during accident to prevent it from injuring
the driver.
ii. Head rests Prevent the head of the passengers from being thrown
backwards.
iii. Centre of Gravity is lowered to increase the stability.
iv. Screens Only crack into small pieces and not sharp
v. Engine Collapse downward during collision.
vi. Reinforced body structure To protect the passengers/driver.
vii. Speed and passengers limits To reduce the momentum.
viii. Soft bumper To reduce the impulsive force.
MOMENTUM
Momentum = mass velocity
Momentu
=mv
m
= kg
ms-1
a. Hypothesis
The bigger the mass/velocity, the greater the momentum.
b. Applications of Momentum
i. Pile driver (has high momentum due to big mass)
ii. Bullet fired from a gun (has high momentum due to high velocity)
iii. Steam roller (has high momentum due to big mass)
iv. Rocket
c. Safety Measures in Motor Vehicles
e. Parts of the motor car are specially designed to increase the time taken in
order to reduce the force.
i. Has front and rear crumple zones to absorb force.
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ii. Has soft bumper to increase the time of collision

iii. Has air bags/safety belt to reduce the impact.
Pressure
2. Hydraulic system
a. Transmission of pressure in liquids is same to all directions.
b. Pascals principle
= pressure is transmitted equally to all directions
c. Principle of hydraulic system
Pressure excerted on = Pressure produce on

small piston, P2 big piston, P2
d. Application of the Hydraulic Principle

i. Hydraulic Jack
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ii. Hydraulic Brake

iii. Bulldozer, Forklift, Excavator
iv. Crane, Garbage truck
3. Streamlined shape
a. Enable object to move easily in water with little resistance (reduce friction)
b. Eg.: fish , ship, torpedo and etc.
Archimedes Principle
- When an object is immersed in water,

i. the object experience an upthrust
ii. the upthrust is equal to the weight of water being displaced
iii. the object loses some weight
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Application of Archimedes Principle

1. Plimsoll line
- Show how much the ship can be safety loaded when sailing in the sea
2. Submarine
- A submarine has ballast tanks. The submarine becomes dense and submerged
in the sea when the ballast tanks are filled with the sea water.
- The submarine becomes less dense and rises to the surface when the ballast
tanks are emptied.
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Application of Bernoullis Principle
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1. Aerofoil
i. The high speed of air moving above the aerofoil produces a low pressure.
ii. The slower speed of air moving below the aerofoil produces higher pressure.
iii. The differences of pressure cause an uplift force on the aerofoil.
2. Other apparatus using Bernoullis Principle
a. Bunsen burner
b. Filter pump
c. Insecticide spray
Bernoullis Principle
- States that the pressure decreases when the speed of fluid / gas increases.
Food Technology and Production
1. The Purpose of Processing Food
a. To kill microorganisms.
b. Extend the shelf life of the food/making the food last longer (preserve the
food)
c. Maintain nutrients of the food.
d. Making the food look attractive, delicious and easier to digest.
e. Making the food easier to be stored and transported.
2. Additive Used in Food
Processing and their function
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3. Effects of Excessive Use of Food Additives

- Excessive used of additives can cause cancer or sickness to the human body.
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4. Technology Used in Food Processing
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5. Ways to Improve the Quality and Quantity of Food

a. Use of quality breeds or selective breeding (to produce high quality crop yield).
- MARDI and MPOB have carried out research and produced many type of new
breeds, e.g.
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b. Use of modern technology (Fastest and maximize production).

i. Reduce labour, saves energy and time.
ii. Example such as tractor, chemical fertilizers or genetical engineering.
c. Education and guidance to farmer.
i. Farmers are trained with skills and is kept inform up-to-date.
ii. Farmers can get help/advice from
- MARDI,BERNAS,FAMA,MPOB and FELDA
d. Research and development by MARDI and MPOB.
e. Optimum use of land and irrigated areas.
f. Efficient management of land
i. is maintaining the fertility by:
- Using natural/chemical fertilizers.
- Practice crop-rotation system.
- Practice alternate-cropping system.
- Plant leguminous plants.
ii. Preventing erosion of soil by:
- Plant cover crops.
- Terrace planting on hill slopes/use contour planting.
- Build concrete wall.
6. Genetically Modified Food
7. Technology, Research and Development

i. Has enabled large quantities of food to be produced and processed quickly
(maximize the production of food).
8. Consequences of Insufficient Food
i. Increase in the price of food because of food shortages.
ii. Health will be affected because of under nourishment.
iii. Famine/dead occur.
iv. Social problems such as thefts or riot.
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v. A country may be forced to import food instead

9. Food Act 1983
- To control food manufacturers and safeguard consumers.
10. Food Regulations 1985
a. Require food manufacturers to provide certain information on their food labels
for consumers.
b. Examples
i. Name and address of manufacturer.
ii. Type of food.
iii. Expiry date (most important to ensure that the food is safe for consuming and
prevent food poisoning).
iv. Net weight.
v. Ingredients and food additives.
vi. Halal label.
vii. Keep in cool dry place to extend the shelf- life of the food
Chapter 7: Synthetic Materials in Industry
1.a. Polymer is a long chain of molecules / monomers that are combined

together.
b.
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c.
2. Comparison
3.
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4. Effects of improper disposal of plastics

a. Non-biodegradable plastics can clog up the waterways and cause flash flood.
b. Burning of plastics cause air pollution:
- It releases toxic gases such as dioxin and chlorine.
- It releases acidic gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.
c. Thrown plastics in the sea can destroy marine lives.
d. Thrown plastics can destroy the surrounding beauty.
e. Develop breeding ground for vector.
f. Rivers become smelly.
5. Proper management of disposal of plastics
a. Non-biodegradable plastics are compressed and buried in landfills.
b. Recycle dispose plastics waste into useful items.
c. Burnt in incinerators.
d. Source reduction such as using less plastic to manufacture a product.
e. Use paper biodegradable bags or recycle bags instead of plastic bags.
e-cap Form 4 Chapter 2: Body Coordination
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A. Human Nervous System
1. Spinal Cord
a. Connect the brain with the rest of the body parts if damage would be
paralyzed.
b. Control reflex actions.
2. Synapse
i. To connect two neurones together:
a. Sensory neurone to relay neurone.
b. Relay neurone to motor neurone.
ii. A tiny space that allow impulse to travel chemically from one neuron to
another in one direction.
3. Reflex Action (involuntary actions)
a. Controlled by spinal cord
b. Rapid and automatic reaction by a stimulus.
c. Important: Prevents our body from injury
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4. Examples of reflex actions

- Withdraw hand when touched hot / sharp object.
- Blink, sneeze, pupil constricts
- Knee-jerk reaction.
5. Voluntary actions
6. Neurone / nerve cell
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- To receive and transmit nervous impulses
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7.
a. Cell body
- Control and activity of the neuron.
b. Dendrites and Dendrons.
i. Received impulses and
ii. Send impulses to the cell body.
c. Axons
- Carry nerves impulse along the nerve.
d. Myelin Sheath
- Insulates, protect axon and speed up the transmission rate of nerve impulses
along the nerve fibre.
8. Kinaesthesis Sense
a. Contains proprioceptor / stretch receptors found in muscle, ligaments, tendons
and joints.
i. To maintain the body balance and coordination without looking at.
ii. Detect the movement, change of position, muscle stretching, contraction or
twisting.
b. Example,
i. Walking on rope by an acrobat.
ii. Buttoning shirt, cycling.
iii. Tying shoe string.
iv. Typing, clapping or walking up stairs.
v. Estimate the weight or length of an object.
B. Differences between voluntary actions and involuntary actions.
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C. Human Brain
1. The brain is highly folded to increase the surface area to pack more neurons.
2. a. Cerebrum (biggest part)
- Voluntary actions
Eg: Speaking, reading, walking, thinking, swimming
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b.
c. Cerebellum
- Maintaining body posture, equilibrium or body balancing. Control contraction
and relaxation of muscles.
d. Medulla Oblongata
- Controls in involuntary actions, e.g. heartbeat, breathing, circulation of blood,
peristalsis, swallowing, growing, digestion and respiration, yawning.
- If injured, the person will die.
D. Hormonal or Chemical Coordination in the Body.
1. Endocrine System
i. Endocrine glands do not have ducts / ductless glands.
ii. Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream and carry by blood to the
target organs.
2.
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3.
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4. Body coordination to coordinate bodys responses towards stimuli
5. Drug Abuse (Excessive use of drug)

a. Types of drugs:
i. Stimulants (caffeine stimulate metabolic rate)
ii. Depressants (slow down responses towards stimuli)
iii. Hallucinogen
iv. Opiates
6. Alcohol
a. Effect of excessive consumption of alcohol on body coordination.
i. Affect the brain Loss of memory, poor judgment of distance, double vision,
loss of self-control and slurred in speech.
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ii. Slow down the nervous system, coordination and movement slows down and
become clumsy.
iii. Blockage in blood capillaries resulting in unconsciousness.
iv. Dehydration due to frequent urine.
v. Malnutrition because of loss of appetite.
vi. Cause obesity, heart disease, liver/cirrhosis, gastritis/ulcers.
vii. Retardation of foetus or birth defect.
Chapter 3: Heredity and Variation
1. Chromosomes
a. Small thread-like structures exist in pairs which contain genes / DNA.
2. Genes (DNA)
3. Mechanism of trait in inheritance
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4. a.
b. Chromosomes in Gametes
Sperm = 22 + x / 22 + y
Ovum = 22 + x
c.
5. Sex of baby:
a. The probability of having a male or female child is the 50% because half of the
sperms carry y chromosome and half of other sperms carry x chromosome (Ratio
1 : 1)
b. The sex of the baby is determined by the sex chromosome in the sperm
6.
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7. Occurrence of twins.
c. Siamese twins (identical twins)

i. Sometimes, the division of the embryo is not complete, therefore Siamese
twins are formed.
ii. Siamese twins may share certain organs, like brain, stomach or heart. They
may be joined to one another at the head, abdomen, breast or buttocks.
8. Mutation
a. Is the sudden change to the structure of genes or number of chromosomes.
b. Can be caused by mutagen such as:
i. Chemical substances (e.g. pesticide, nicotine in cigarettes, drugs, nitrogenous
acid, preservatives, colouring or artificial sweetener)
ii. Radioactive radiation (gamma ray, ultraviolet, x-ray)
iii. Temperature (too high or low)
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9. Agriculture
a. Selective breeding or cross-bred to produce new varieties which have better
characteristics.
Example:
i. Oil palm Pisifera crossed with Dura to produce Tenura which bear more and
larger fruits, thinner shell and more oil content / thick mesocarp.
ii. Two types of papaya cross-bred to produce big and sweet fruit.
iii. Cross-bred between a seladang bull and a cow to produce selembu.
10. Variation
- Differences in characteristics among the individuals of the same species.
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11. Importance of Variation

i. Formation of various new species / different characteristics / increase diversity.
ii. Adapt better to any changes of environment.
iii. Enable us to distinguish individuals in the same species.
iv. Resistance to diseases or pests.
Electronic and Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
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1. Radio Transmission System (Note: radio wave = also called carries waves)
2.
3. Radio Reception System
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4. Electronic Component
5. Waves length ()
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6. Amplitude = distance of displacement from equilibrium position.
7. Frequency = number of complete oscillations per second

8. Speed = distance travel per second
9. Velocity = frequency x wavelength
10. Type of radio waves
11. Advantages of Radio waves used in mobile phone and micro-waves

used in satellite
- Can propagate through vacuum
- Can modulate with audio waves ( to carry information)
- Move at the speed of lights (information can be transmitted / received
immediately)
- Can travel without any hindrance
12. Satellite
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- Using micro-waves
13. Geostation / Syndronous Satellite

a. Satellite stays in a fixed position above the earth surface because
i. it is orbiting on the same direction as the earth rotates
ii. it is orbiting on the same speed as the earth rotation
iii. it is orbiting on the place of the equator
b. A minimum of 3 satellites are used for
i. worldwide coverage
ii. live-telecast
- to provide communication services throughout the world
c. Functions of satellite
i. Detect the location of earth resources, e.g. gold or petroleum
ii. Weather forecasting
iii. Defence system
iv. Navigation for ship / vehicle
v. Sensing disaster
vi. Live transmission of TV / live-telecast
d. Advantages of satellite communication
i. Multicasting of sending message to unlimited end-users.
ii. Least disturbance or interference
iii. Provide wide coverage and live telecast / radio broadcasting
iv. Low cost of maintenance
Chapter 4: Matter and Substances
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1.
2. Sublimation
- Process where solid changes to gas or gas to solid without going through the
liquid.
- E.g. iodine, dry ice, ammonium chloride and naphthalene.
3. Changes in the state of matter
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4. Atom (a basic unit of all matter)

- All matters consist of tiny units called atoms
5.
a. Neutral atom is the number of protons equal to the number of electron
b. Ions are atoms which have charges.
i. Positive ion = atom which losses of electrons (Number of electron <
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proton)
ii. Negative ion = atom which receives more electrons (Number of electron >
proton)
6.
a. Proton number = number of protons or number of electrons
b. Nucleon number = total number of protons and neutrons
c. Isoto = atoms that possess the same number of proton
pes
but different number of neutrons
= same proton number (same chemical properties)
but different nucleon number (different physical properties)
7
a. The periodic table is classification of elements. The elements in periodic
table are arranged from left to right based on the increasing number of
proton.
b. From left to right, the elements change
i. from metallic to non-metalic
ii. reactive to less reactive
iii. increasing of proton number.
c.
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d. Advantages of Periodic Table allow us:

i. to classify the elements systematically
ii. to predict the properties of elements
iii. to study the elements systematically
e.
8.
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9.
10. a. Characteristic or Properties of Metals and Non-Metals
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11. Pure Substances

i. Distilled water is pure water because it does not contain any dissolve
substance or foreign matter.
ii. The boiling point of pure water is 100 and melting point is 0.
iii. However impurities such as salt can increase the boiling point to 102
and lower the melting / freezing point to -2.
iv. Ice-cream hawkers add salt into the ice box to lower the melting point of ice to
prevent the ice cream from melting too quickly.
v. Workers add salt on the road during winter to prevent the snow from melting
too quickly.
12. Experiment: To study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of
distilled water
Aim:
i. Variables
Manipulated : presence of salt
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Constant : volume of distilled water

Responding : reading of the thermometer / boiling point
ii. Relationship :
The reading of the thermometer is directly proportionate to the time.

iii. Definition of distilled water Distilled water is pure water that boil at
100
iv. Definition of impure water Water that contain dissolve substances that
boil at 102
v. Inference : Salt can increase the boiling point of distilled water.
vi. Conclusion : Impurities can affect the boiling point of distilled water.
2. Experiment: To study the effect of impurities on the melting point of
ice
Aim:
i. Variables
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Manipulated : presence of salt

Constant : mass of ice
Responding : reading of the thermometer / melting point
ii. Definition of distilled water Distilled water is pure water that melt at
0
iii. Definition of impure water Water that contain dissolve substances that
melt at -2
iv. Inference : Salt can decrease the melting point of ice
v. Conclusion : Impurities can affect the melting point of ice.
vi. Application : Workers pour salt onto the snow to prevent the snow from
melting too fast.
12. a. Purifying Substances
Distillation (to obtain pure liquid)
- Is the process of boiling the liquid and condensing the vapour
into pure liquid.
b. Crystallisation (to obtain pure solid / salt / sugar)

- Is forming of pure sugar crystal from a hot saturated solution of a sugar
when it is cooled.
- E.g. mining salt (sodium chloride) from sea water / obtaining sugar from
sugar solution / solid copper sulphate.
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Obtaining pure salt crystal
Chapter 5: Energy and Chemical Changes

1.
c. Similarities
i. Both processes undergo changes.
ii. Both processes need energy.
2. Heat change in Chemical Reaction
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c. Reactivity of metal with acid/water
i.
ii.
Aim: To determine the reactivity of different metal with acid

Hypothesis: Zinc produces more hydrogen gas than iron and copper.
Variables:
iii.
Manipulated variable: type of metal
iv.
Responding variable: volume of gas collected
v.
vi.
vii.
Constant variable: mass of metal / volume of acid

Inference: Zinc is more reactive then iron and copper
Operational definition of
Rate of reactivity: Volume of gas collected
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viii.
Conclusion: Difference metal has different rate of reactivity with acid
d. Reactivity of metal with oxygen
Extraction of ore by
b.
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i.
Electrolysis Process
- Metals which are located higher than carbon in the reactivity series can
be extracted using the electrolysis process. These metals are more
reactive than carbon therefore cant use reduction method of carbon.
- E.g. aluminium is extracted from the bauxite ore by electrolysis.
ii.
Extraction of metal by carbon located below carbon in the

reactivity series are extracted by the reduction method by carbon,
such as Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, and Copper.
iii.
Carbon is used because carbon is more reactive than tin.
1. Electrolysis used for

i. Extraction of metals
ii. Purification of metals
iii. Electroplating of metals
2a. Extraction of Metals (Aluminium from bauxite)
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b. Purification of metals (Purification of copper)
c. Electroplating of Metals (Electroplating iron nail with copper)
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Electrical Energy from Chemical Reaction

1. Simple cell (Chemical energy ------> Electrical energy)
i.
The less reactive metal like copper is made the positive electrode
(anode).
ii.
The more reactive metals like zinc is made the negative electrode
(cathode) because this metal is more likely release electrons to form ions
iii.
No electricity is produced when both metals are the same.
iv.
The further the metals apart, the higher the voltage/current are produced.
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2.
3. a. Dry Cell/Alkaline batteries used in torch light / portable radio.
i.
Ammonium chloride paste as electrolyte.
ii.
Carbon powder to reduce the resistance.
iii.
Manganese oxide to oxidizes the hydrogen gas produced into water to

reduce the polarisation of the cell.
b. Advantages of dry cell

- non-spill over
- small light and portable.
c. Disadvantage
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- non- rechargeable.
- short life span.
4. Lead - Acid Accumulator (rechargeable) used in car.
Chemical Reaction that Occur in the Presence of Light/Photosynthesis

Reaction
1. Photosynthesis (Light energy --------> chemical energy)
2. Photographic paper
Form 4 Chapter 6: Nuclear Energy

1.Radioactive substances
- Unstable nuclei of an atom that is decaying and emitting radioactive
radiation such as beta, alpha and gamma.
- e.g, Uranium-238, Carbon-14, Polonium-210, Radium-226, Cobalt-60, Iodine131, plutonium
2a.Radioactive decaying
- Is an unstable nuclei that emits radiation such as beta, alpha particles and
gamma rays until it becomes a stable nuclei.
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2b. Radioactive decaying process
3. Radioactive radiation/ray
4. Uses of radioactive substances

a. Agriculture field
- Gamma ray is used to sterilize pests.
- Gamma ray is used to produce new breed of plant with better quality.
- Phosphorus-32 is used to study the absorption of fertilizers by plant
roots.
- Carbon-14 is needed to study the path of carbon in photosynthesis.
b. Medical field
- Cobalt-60 used to kill cancer cell.
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- Gamma rays to sterilize surgical instruments.

- Iodine-131 is injected to detect any damaged to the thyroid gland.
- Gamma rays to trace the growth of tumor in the brain.
c. Archaeology field
- Carbon-14 used to detect the age of artifacts (carbon dating or
radiocarbon dating).
d. Industry field
- Controlling the thickness of paper / iron sheet
- Detecting leakage of underground pipe
e. Food preservation
- Gamma ray is used to sterilise food.
- Gamma ray is used to prevent germination of potatoes or onions.
- Gamma ray is used to kill bacteria in food can.
5. Producing nuclear energy through

a. Nuclear fission
- A high energy neutron bombards a uranium nuclease to split into two

lighter nuclei with the release of three neutrons and heat or nuclear energy and
radioactive rays.
b. Chain reaction
- Is continuous of nuclear fission
6. Nuclear Fusion
- Combination of two light nuclei to form a bigger nucleus with the release of
energy
- Example: Two hydrogen atoms combine to form a helium atom with the
releasing of nuclear energy in the core of the Sun.
- Occur naturally in the core of the Sun.
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7. Uses of Nuclear Energy

- To produce electrical energy in a nuclear reactors using uranium.
- To move submarine / carrier.
- To make nuclear bomb.
8. Nuclear fission is the process of generating electricity from nuclear
reactors
Nuclear fission in a nuclear reactor

i.
The process takes place in stages.
ii.
Nuclear energy is produced through nuclear fission of uranium in a

nuclear reactor.
iii.
Nuclear energy or heat energy boils water to produce steam (Vapour).
iv.
The steam under high pressure rotates the turbine and generates
electrical energy in the generator/dynamo to produce electricity.
v.
The turbine turns the electric.
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vi.
9. Effects of nuclear energy leakage / improper disposal of radioactive

waste
i.
Cause environmental pollution/disaster/destruction to ecosystem.
ii.
Cause mutation, cancer and abnormality to foetus.
10. Proper handling of radioactive substances / waste

a) Stored in thick lead containers and dumped into the deepest sea-bed (to
prevent emitting of radioactive ray into the environment).
b) Workers wear special protective outfit and film badge.
c) Enforcement of law.
d) Displayed of warning symbol.
e) Using remote-control.
11. Radioactive rays can be detected by Geiger Muller counter and cloudchamber.
12.
Form 4 Chapter 7: Light, Colour and Light
Plane Mirrors/Reflection of Light
1. The characteristics of an image formed by a plane mirror are:
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a. Virtual (not formed on the screen)

b. Inverted laterally
c. Upright
d. The same size as the object
e. Image distance and object distance from the plane mirror are the same.
f. Uses of plane mirror

- Periscope
- Kaleidoscope
2. Lenses
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3. a. Construction of Ray Diagrams
b.
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4. Camera
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5.
1. Mirror
- Periscope in submarine, double-decker bus or too see over the wall.
2. Convex lens
a. Magnifying glass
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b. Telescope the image is at infinity, virtual and inverted.
c. Microscope the final image is virtual, inverted and enlarged.

d. Human eye image formed are real, inverted, and diminished.
i.
ii.
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e. Camera
- amount of light entering a camera depends on:
i. The size of the aperture (diagram).
ii. The shutter speed.
- Image formed:
i. real,
ii. upside down (inverted)
iii. smaller size (diminished)
iv. mshorter image distance
f. Pin-hole Camera
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3. Comparison between Human Eyes and Camera
4a. Light Dispersion Using Prism

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i.
White light disperses because white light consists of different light colours.
ii.
Which travel at different velocities
iii.
Refracted at different angles when dispersed by a glass prism
b. When the spectrum is combined, a white light is produced
c. Natural phenomena of dispersion of light/ spectrum

i.
Rainbow
ii.
Soap bubbles
5. Light colour
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a. Primary colours
- Original colour that cant form by any combination of light colours.
- Red + Blue + Green = White
b. b. Secondary colours
- Consists of two primary colours combined together.
6. Colour filter
a. Only allow light colour which is same colour to pass through.
b. Other colours are absorbed.
7. Colour object
a. Only reflect light colour which is same colour with the object
b. Other colours are absorbed
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8. Phenomenon of Scattering of light

a. Sky looked blue
- The blue, indigo and violet lights are scattered by air molecules to the sky
causing the sky to look blue.
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b. Sunrise / sunset looked reddish in colour

- The blue, indigo and violet lights are scattered by air molecules. Only red
and yellow lights reach our eyes that make the sunset / sunrise looked reddish in
colour
9. Formation of rainbow (light dispersion)

- After the rain, the water droplets in the atmosphere act as glass prism and
dispersed the sunlight to form a spectrum of light called rainbow
10. Importance of colour
- Make peacocks feathers colourful to attract mate
- Lizard can camouflage itself with its surrounding colour
- To protect themselves from enemy
Chapter 8: Chemical in Industry
1. a. Alloying is a process of adding another substance to increase the hardness
of a metal.
b. Operational definition of Aloy = mixture of a metal with other substances.
c.
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2. Pure metal is weak/malleable because the atoms which are arranged

orderly can slide easily when a force is applied
3. Alloying fill up the space between pure metal atoms with foreign atoms which
prevent the layer of pure metal atoms from sliding over one another.
4. Alloying to make pure metal

i.
more resistant to corrosion
ii.
increase the hardness of metals
iii.
improve the appearance of metals
5. Superconductor Alloys
- Used as conductor which do not have electrical resistance
- Example : Perovskite ceramic is used to make magnets in bullet trains and
medical field in MRI and production of electical energy
6. a. Alloy is harder than pure metal
b. Alloy is corrosion resistant than pure metal
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7. Ammonia
a. Pungent smell, colourless and disolve into water become alkali (ammonium
hydroxide)
b. Used to make:
i.
Nitric acid
ii.
Ammonium fertilizer or synthetic fertiliser by neutralisation

process
- Ammonia + Sulpluric asid ----> ammonium sulphate + water
- Ammonia + nitric acid ----> ammonium nitrate + water
iii.
Production of urea
- Ammonia + carbon dioxide ----> urea + water
iv.
Cooling agent in air conditioners and refrigerators
v.
Making chemicals substances such as dopes, synthetic nylon, fibres and

sodium carbonate
vi.
As a cleaning agent such as detergent
vii.
Preventing the coagulation of latex
viii.
Making explosive such as TNT
8. Haber Process
- To produce ammonia in a large scale
9. Pollutant substances that are released into the environment that cause
damage to organisms
a. Effect of Industrial Waste Disposal on the Environment
i. Fossil fuels burning (Petroleum, natural gas and coal)
- Release of carbon dioxide which absorbs and traps heat from the sun and
cause greenhouse effect. The effects are:
i. Weather becomes warmer
ii. Desert area becomes bigger.
iii. Ice melting at mountain top and earth poles causing sea level to rise.
iv. Global warming
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- Release of carbon monoxide when burning causing lack of oxygen, the

effect is a reduced in the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to the brain.
b. Release of acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.
When dissolved in rain water, will cause acid rain which corrode roof and
concretes and destroy aquatic life.
c. Release of smoke, dust or soot which cause haze and cause
i. Reduction in visibility
ii. Respiratory problem
iii. Reduction on the rate of photosynthesis
iv. Destruction of plants / trees
v. Disturbance of the equilibrium of nature/ecosystem
10. The control of industrial waste can be carried out by:
i. Law enforcement / ban open burning
ii. Education / Awareness campaigns
iii. Use of technology in treating industrial waste such as
a. Fix electrostatic precipitator / air filter
- To filter smoke / soot / dust in the chimney / coal ashes
- The filtered coal ashes can be used to process fertilizer
b. Scrubber
- A liquid spray to dissolve poisonous gases such as nitrogen dioxide /
sulphur dioxide
c. Direct burning
- Agricultural industrial wastes are directly burned in a heating furnace and
thick smoke is filtered
- The heat produced can be generated electrical energy
d. Biogas technology
- Agricultural wastes like palm oil wastes are decomposed by
microorganisms
- The methane gas produced is used as fuel / electrical energy. The sludge
left can be used as fertilizer
e. Disposal drums
- Made of strontium to keep radioactive wastes like uranium / plutonium
deep below the soil surface ocean
f. Chimney
- Using tall chimney to disperse smokes
g. Incinerator
- Burn waste products inside incinerator to prevent releasing of toxic gases
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11.
SPM 2015
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HOT TIPS

- Reproduce by binary fission

5. Algae (green plant / producer)

1.2 Factors affecting the growth of Microorganisms

8. Vectors insects or animals that carry pathogens that cause disease

9. Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes.

1.4 Immunity (body defence system)

1.5 Treating diseases caused by microorganisms

Form 5 Chapter 2: Nutrition and Food Production

Ensure that plant is constantly supplied with nitrogen.

3. Leguminous plant soy plant, alpha-alpha grass and peanut plant/

Form 5 Chapter 4: Carbon Compounds

b. Fermentation to produce carbon dioxide.

c. Distillation to obtain pure ethanol.

g. Methanol to prepare formalin for preservation (when consume can cause

9. Bad (LDL) cholesterol cause

10. Oil Palm Fruit.

11. Uses of Palm Oil

13. Sapronification / Alkaline Hydrolysis Process - to produce soap

14. Characteristics of soap

d. Action of cleaning by soap

16 a. Depolymerisation - decompose long chain of polymer into smaller unit of

- Catalyst = to speed up the formation of Perspex.

Can replace glass in industry e.g.

17. Acid can coagulate latex

a. Rubber is consists of polymer molecules which is surround by a protein

Form 5 Chapter 5: Motion

1. Four-Stroke Petrol Engine (Car)

a. i . Inlet (induction) Stroke

a. i. Inlet (induction) stroke

SPEED, VELOCITY AND ACCELERATION

Constant variable: Length of string

- Stationary inertia is possessed by a body at rest, which resist a force to make it

ii. Has soft bumper to increase the time of collision

Pressure excerted on = Pressure produce on

d. Application of the Hydraulic Principle

ii. Hydraulic Brake

- When an object is immersed in water,

Application of Archimedes Principle

Application of Bernoullis Principle

3. Effects of Excessive Use of Food Additives

4. Technology Used in Food Processing

5. Ways to Improve the Quality and Quantity of Food

b. Use of modern technology (Fastest and maximize production).

7. Technology, Research and Development

v. A country may be forced to import food instead

Chapter 7: Synthetic Materials in Industry

1.a. Polymer is a long chain of molecules / monomers that are combined

4. Effects of improper disposal of plastics

A. Human Nervous System

4. Examples of reflex actions

6. Neurone / nerve cell

- To receive and transmit nervous impulses

B. Differences between voluntary actions and involuntary actions.

4. Body coordination to coordinate bodys responses towards stimuli

5. Drug Abuse (Excessive use of drug)

3. Mechanism of trait in inheritance

c. Siamese twins (identical twins)

11. Importance of Variation

3. Radio Reception System

6. Amplitude = distance of displacement from equilibrium position.

7. Frequency = number of complete oscillations per second