Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gerald Burns
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York
Contents
*1
Symmetry Operations
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
A Symmetry Operation 4
Point Symmetry Operations 5
The Point Groups of a Molecule 9
Other Symmetry Operations of Crystals
Notes 20
Problems 20
17
Lattice 25
Primitive Unit Cell 26
The 7 Crystal Systems 26
The 14 Bravais Lattices 29
The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 35
Space Groups 38
Definitions of Directions, Coordinates, and Planes
Appendix to Chapter 2 46
Notes 47
Problems 48
43
Introduction 51
Several Cubic Symmorphic Structures
51
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
Introduction 87
Neumann's Principle 88
Tensors 88
Crystal Symmetry and Physical Properties
Nonlinear Optics 96
Notes 98
Problems 98
90
Classification of Solids
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
112
CONTENTS
138
Introduction 149
Bonding and Antibonding 150
The Hydrogen Molecule 154
Maximum Overlap 157
The Formation of a Crystal 164
"Classical" Semiconductors 168
Continuous Range of Bonding (S) 175
Appendix 183
Notes 184
Problems 185
Metals
PART A
9-1
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-5
9-6
9-9
9-10
9-11
9-12
9-13
9-14
9-15
191
PART
9-7
9-8
DRUDE'S MODEL
198
203
Xll
233
Band Theory
PART A
QUALITATIVE DISCUSSION
243
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
PART
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
10-15
10-16
10-17
10-18
10-19
10-20
10-21
Holes 281
Band Preliminaries (A) 289
/ ( k ) for a Two-Dimensional Square Lattice 293
Body-Centered Cubic Lattice Sodium (S, A) 302
Si,Ge, GaAs, andGaP 304
Carrier Concentration at Thermal Equilibrium 313
p-n Junctions 323
Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 334
The Gunn Effect (S) 337
Other Topcis(S) 339
Summary 345
Notes 348
Problems 349
HEAT CAPACITY
355
CONTENTS
PART
11-6
11-7
11-8
11-9
11-10
11-11
371
Lattice Vibrations
12-1 Introduction 407
12-2 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Monatomic
Chain 408
12-3 Vibrations of a One-Dimensional Diatomic Chain
12-4 Real Crystal Systems 419
12-5 Phonons (A) 425
12-6 Crystal Momentum (A) 428
12-7 Neutron Diffraction from Phonons 430
12-8 Thermal Conductivity (S) 433
Notes 441
Problems 443
412
450
PART
13-8
13-9
13-10
13-11
13-12
13-13
MACROSCOPIC THEORY
LATTICE VIBRATIONS
464
465
Introduction 465
Long Wavelength Optical Vibrations 466
Measurements and Results 471
Polaritons (S) 476
A Microscopic Model (S) 480
Clausius-Mossotti (Lorenz-Lorentz) Equations (S)
484
CONTENTS
XIV
PART
13-14
13-15
13-16
13-17
486
Introduction 486
Oscillator Model 487
Experimental Results 490
Transverse and Longitudinal Free Electron
Modes (S) 495
PARTD
13-18
13-19
13-20
13-21
13-22
INTERBAND TRANSITIONS
498
Introduction 498
Fundamental Absorption Near % 500
Excitons (Mostly Weakly Bound Excitons)
Fundamental Absorption Above it 520
UrbachEdge(S) 521
Notes 524
Problems 526
509
Introduction 531
The Free Energy 536
Soft Modes 542
Microscopic Model of Soft Modes 550
Renormalization Group 552
Optical Properties of Ferroelectrics (S) 554
Other Related Properties
Notes 559
Problems 562
15 Magnetism
PART A
Introduction 584
Molecular Field Theory 584
The Heisenberg Exchange Interaction 588
Magnetic Structures 590
Special Techniques Used to Study Magnetic
Structures 596
584
565
CONTENTS
Superconductivity
16-1
16-2
16-3
16-4
16-5
16-6
16-7
16-8
Surface Science
17-1
17-2
17-3
17-4
17-5
17-6
17-7
Artificial Structures
PART A SEMICONDUCTORS 716
18-1 Introduction 716
18-2 A Particle in a 1 -D Rectangular Well 717
18-3 3-D Motion with a 1 -D Rectangular Well 719
18-4 Experimental Aspects 724
18-5 Semiconductor Superlattices 726
18-6 Inversion Layers 737
xvi
CONTENTS
Introduction 747
Sample Preparation 748
Properties of Layered Metal Structures 749
Other Artificial Structures (S) 752
Notes 753
Problems 755
Appendix
757
Appendix Units
Bibliography
Index
800
796
792
,